CA1040083A - Method for the determination of total carbon in aqueous solutions - Google Patents
Method for the determination of total carbon in aqueous solutionsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1040083A CA1040083A CA222,236A CA222236A CA1040083A CA 1040083 A CA1040083 A CA 1040083A CA 222236 A CA222236 A CA 222236A CA 1040083 A CA1040083 A CA 1040083A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- carbon dioxide
- passage
- inert gas
- oxygen
- port
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/18—Water
- G01N33/1826—Water organic contamination in water
- G01N33/1846—Total carbon analysis
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/74—Iron group metals
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N31/00—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods
- G01N31/005—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods investigating the presence of an element by oxidation
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/20—Oxygen containing
- Y10T436/204998—Inorganic carbon compounds
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/23—Carbon containing
- Y10T436/235—In an aqueous solution [e.g., TOC, etc.]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/25—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing including sample preparation
- Y10T436/25375—Liberation or purification of sample or separation of material from a sample [e.g., filtering, centrifuging, etc.]
- Y10T436/255—Liberation or purification of sample or separation of material from a sample [e.g., filtering, centrifuging, etc.] including use of a solid sorbent, semipermeable membrane, or liquid extraction
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A method for the determination of total carbon, calculated as carbon dioxide, present in aqueous solutions containing organic compounds and/or inorganic carbonates by mixing the aqueous solutions with a solid reagent active at elevated temperature for the displacement of carbon dioxide from inorganic carbonates, contacting the mixture with oxygen at elevated temperature whereby carbon dioxide is produced by oxidation of organic compounds and by displacement from any inorganic carbonates present, drying the carbon dioxide so produced, separating the carbon dioxide from the oxygen by selective adsorption on a bed of particulate adsorbent which preferentially retards the passage of carbon dioxide, flushing the bed with inert gas to displace the oxygen, thereafter eluting the carbon dioxide by raising the temperature and reversing the flow of inert gas through the bed and finally measuring the eluted carbon dioxide.
A method for the determination of total carbon, calculated as carbon dioxide, present in aqueous solutions containing organic compounds and/or inorganic carbonates by mixing the aqueous solutions with a solid reagent active at elevated temperature for the displacement of carbon dioxide from inorganic carbonates, contacting the mixture with oxygen at elevated temperature whereby carbon dioxide is produced by oxidation of organic compounds and by displacement from any inorganic carbonates present, drying the carbon dioxide so produced, separating the carbon dioxide from the oxygen by selective adsorption on a bed of particulate adsorbent which preferentially retards the passage of carbon dioxide, flushing the bed with inert gas to displace the oxygen, thereafter eluting the carbon dioxide by raising the temperature and reversing the flow of inert gas through the bed and finally measuring the eluted carbon dioxide.
Description
The present invention relates to an improved method for the determination of total carbon in the form of organic compounds and inorganic carbonates in aqueous solutions, optionally containing other inorganic salts, and to an apparatus suitable for carrying out the method~
The determination of total carbon in aqueous solution is an analytical exercise commonly encountered in industry. For example it is often necessary to carefully monitor the carbon content of recycle streams in chemical processes and in effluents discharged to waste. British Patent Specification ~o. 1,174,2~1 describea and claims a method for the determination of total organic matter ; in aqueous liquors, the method comprising in combination the steps of ~1) oxidising a sample of the liquor by bringing it into contact with a solid oxidising agent which i9 insoluble in the liquor,
The determination of total carbon in aqueous solution is an analytical exercise commonly encountered in industry. For example it is often necessary to carefully monitor the carbon content of recycle streams in chemical processes and in effluents discharged to waste. British Patent Specification ~o. 1,174,2~1 describea and claims a method for the determination of total organic matter ; in aqueous liquors, the method comprising in combination the steps of ~1) oxidising a sample of the liquor by bringing it into contact with a solid oxidising agent which i9 insoluble in the liquor,
(2) reducing the carbon dioxide so formed to methane by admixing it with hydrogen and bringing the mixture into contact with a suitable catulyst, (3) quantitatively measuring the methane formed by means of a flame ionisation detector. An apparatus in which the method may be performed comprises an oxidat;ion unit provided with an injection port for a sample of the aqueous liquor and an inlet for ; an inert carrier gas and incorporating a solid oxidising agent insoluble in the aqueous liquor in contact with which the organic matter in the liquor is oxidised to carbon dioxide, an exit passage from the oxidation unit having an inlet for hydrogen and leading to a reduction unit which incorporates a suitable catalyst whereby the carbon dioxide is reduced in the presence of the hydrogen to methane, and an exit passage from the reduction unit leading to a flame ionisation detector whereby the methane formed is measured.
In a preferred embodiment a known voluma of sample is dropped onto ~0 a bed of copper oxide as oxidising agent at 900C producing carbon dioxide whlch i~ reducad to methane and eYtimated by flame ionisation.
The measurement of organic carbon in aqueous media using this technique tends to be unreliable, particularly when the aqueous media contains non volatile material~, polymers, compounds having a high molecular weight and boiling point or a high concentration of inorganic material. The rea30n for this is probably repeated deposition of involatile materials o~ the top of the copper oxide bed, thus reducing its oxidation efficiency~ Further problems are encountered in the injection of an aqueous solution, through a rubber septum, whereby fragments of the septum are carried into a furnace at 900C. Also the samples tend to spit and splash on to the walls leading to incomplete oxidation.
~he above and other disadvantages are substantially overcome by the method and apparatus of the present invention.
Thus aacording to the present invention there is provided a method for the determination of total carbon present in aqueous solutions containing organio compounds and/or inorganic carbonates, optionally in the presence o~ other inorganlc salts which comprise~
mixing the aqueous solution at ambient temperature with a solid reagent active at elevated temperature for the displacement of carbon dioxide from inorganic carbonates, contacting the mixture with oxygen at elevated temperature whereby carbon dioxide is produced by oxidation of organic compounds and by displacement from~any inorganic carbonates present, drying the carbon dioxide so-produced, collecting at least all the carbon dioxide in the gaseous mixture by pasqing the mixture at low temperature through a column packed with a sorbent phase which selectively retards the passage of carbon dioxide, displacing the oxygen from the sorbent phase by passing an inert gas therethrough, thereafter eluting carbon dioxide by raising the temperature and passing inert gas in the reverse direction and finally quantitatively
In a preferred embodiment a known voluma of sample is dropped onto ~0 a bed of copper oxide as oxidising agent at 900C producing carbon dioxide whlch i~ reducad to methane and eYtimated by flame ionisation.
The measurement of organic carbon in aqueous media using this technique tends to be unreliable, particularly when the aqueous media contains non volatile material~, polymers, compounds having a high molecular weight and boiling point or a high concentration of inorganic material. The rea30n for this is probably repeated deposition of involatile materials o~ the top of the copper oxide bed, thus reducing its oxidation efficiency~ Further problems are encountered in the injection of an aqueous solution, through a rubber septum, whereby fragments of the septum are carried into a furnace at 900C. Also the samples tend to spit and splash on to the walls leading to incomplete oxidation.
~he above and other disadvantages are substantially overcome by the method and apparatus of the present invention.
Thus aacording to the present invention there is provided a method for the determination of total carbon present in aqueous solutions containing organio compounds and/or inorganic carbonates, optionally in the presence o~ other inorganlc salts which comprise~
mixing the aqueous solution at ambient temperature with a solid reagent active at elevated temperature for the displacement of carbon dioxide from inorganic carbonates, contacting the mixture with oxygen at elevated temperature whereby carbon dioxide is produced by oxidation of organic compounds and by displacement from~any inorganic carbonates present, drying the carbon dioxide so-produced, collecting at least all the carbon dioxide in the gaseous mixture by pasqing the mixture at low temperature through a column packed with a sorbent phase which selectively retards the passage of carbon dioxide, displacing the oxygen from the sorbent phase by passing an inert gas therethrough, thereafter eluting carbon dioxide by raising the temperature and passing inert gas in the reverse direction and finally quantitatively
3~ 33 measuring the eluted carbon dioxide.
The carbon dioxide may be directly measurad by an infra-red analyser or, indirectly by con~erting it to methane by contsct with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst active for the chemical reduction thereof and sub~equently quantitatively measuring the methane so-formed by a flame ionisation detector.
The reduction catalyst is preferably nickel supported on fire-brick maintained at a temperature of above 275C, preferably a temperature in the range 300 to 500, even more preferably 350 to 400~C. The catalyst may suitably be prepared by slurrying the fire-brick with a saturated aqueous solution of a nickel nitrate, removing the excess aqueous solution, drying, heating to a temperature sufficient to produce nickel oxide and finally reducing the nickel oxide to nickel in a stream of hydrogen/inert gas at elevated temperature e.g. 250C.
For the purpo9e of bringing about the reduction of carbon dioxide, a 9uitable proportion of hydrogen is admixed with the inert gas and carbon dioxide feed to the reduction catalyst.
The choice of ~olid reagent active for the displacement of carbon dioxide ~rom inorganic carbonates depends on the composition of the aqueoua ~lution under examination. In the absence of free halogen in the aqueous solution suitable reagents are, for example vanadium pentoxide, tungstic oxide~silver orthovanadate or magnesium oxide/silver oxide/silver tungstate. The reagents are preferably mixed with an inert adsorbent, for example ssbestos, pumice, fire-brick etc. The preferred reagent is vanadium pentoxide mixed with pumice, suitably in the proportion of 1 part by weight vanadium pentoxide to ~ part~ by Neight pumice. In the presence of free halogen in the aqueous solution suitable reagents are sil~sr orthovnnadate and magnesium oxide/~ilver oxide/silver tungbtate, preferably mixed with an inert adsorbent such as asbestos, pumice ~Q~ 83 firebrick etc. ~he preferred reagent in the presence of free halogen is a silver orthovanadate/pumice mixture in a weight ratio of 1:4.
Organic carbon compounds are oxidi~ed at elevated temperature in the stream of oxygen which also serves as a carrier for the carbon dioxide formed. It is preferred to purify the oxygen. Thi9 may suitably be achieved by passage through a ~ilica tube packed with platinised asbestos maintained at 600 to 1000Cu The carbon dioxide and water formed by oxidation of any carbon compound impurities in the oxygen may be removed by passing the gRS stream through a vessel charged with soda asbestos and magnesium perchlorate.
~he carbon dioxide in the gaseous mixture i3 collected by passing the mixture at low temperature through a column packed with a sorbent pha~e which selectively retards the passage of carbon dioxide followed by displaoing oxygen from the sorbent phase with a stream of inart gas. Whilst the sorbent phase may be any material which retards the passage of carbon dioxide to a greater degree than the passage of oxygen and inert gas suitable materials are molecular ~ieves and crosslinked polymeric materials. A particularly suitable sorbent phase is a crosslinked polystyrene material manufactured and sold by the Do~ Chemical Co. Ltd., under the trade name 'Porapak Q' (Registered ~rade Mark). The sorbent phase is suitably maintained at a temperature in the range -65 to -90C, preferably at a temperature of about -78C, during the passage of the mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen. A temperature of -78C may suitably be achieved using a mixture of acetone and solid carbon dioxide. By passing a straam of inert gas through the sorbent phase oxygen is displaced and replaced by inert gas. In order to elute the carbon dioxide from the sorbcnt phase the passage of an inert gas is continued in the rever~e direotion whilst raising the temperature to, for example, room temporaturc. The carbon dioxide and inert ga~ may be quantitatively transferred either to an infra-red analyser or i9 combined with hydrogen and passed over a reduction catalyst. After contaoting the reduction catalyst the gas stream con~isting of inert gas, hydrogen, methane and water, may be passed directly to a flame ionisation detector. On the other hand it i9 preferred to dry the gas stream prior to entering the detector because the detector's respon~e may be affected by the presence of water. The gas stream may be dried by contact with, for example, self-indicating silica gel.
In order that the recorded signal from the flame ionisation detector or the infra-red analyser may be interpreted directly in terms of total carbon content of the ~amples submitted to test, it is necessary to calibrate the detector or analyser equipment with standard aqueous solutions containing organic carbon and/or inorganic carbonate.
In order to obtain the amount of organic carbon as distinct from total carbon present in an aqueous sample, should it be desired, it is neoes~ary to make an additional measurement of the contribution of the inorganio carbon present in the aqueous sample to the total carbon measurement. If the aqueous solution containing the organic compounds and/or inorganio carbonates is free from volatile organic compounds such as low-boiling alcohols, chlorides, esters, carbonyls, ethers, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, measurement of the contribution of the inorganic carbonate to the total carbon content may be accomplished simply by reactint~ a separate sample of the sam0 aqueou~ solution with a mineral acid e.g. dilute sulphuric acid, or a mixture of mineral acid and hydrogen peroxide if the sample contains chlorine, removing the carbon dioxide liberated in a stream of inert gas and thereafter measuring the amount of carbon dioxide evolved by an infra-red analyser or converting to methane by chemical ~V4~3 reduction in the presenee of a catalyst and hydrogen and measuring the amount of methane in a flame ionisation detector as hereinbefore described.
However, if the aqueous solution contains volatile organic compounds such as those hereinbefore described their presence may interfere with the measurement of inorganie carbonate if the evolved earbon dioxide i~ measured by reduction followed by measurement of the resulting methane in a flame ionisation detector. ~easurement of the evolved carbon dioxide by infra-red analysis is not affected by volatile organie eompounds and this method may be used in the presence of such eompounds.
It is preferred to measure the eontribution of the inorganie carbonate to the total carbon eontent of aqueous solutions containing organic eompounds and/or inorganie earbonates optionally in the presence of other inorganic compounds by reacting a separate sample of the same aqueous solution with a mineral acid, or a mixture of mineral aeid and hydrogen peroxide if the sample contains chlorine, removing the liberated carbon dioxide in a stream of inert gas, passing the gasoous mixture of carbon dioxide and inert gas through a column packed with a sorbent phase which preferentially retards the pas~age of organic compounds, whilst allowing the passage of carbon dioxide and thereafter quantitatively mea~uring the carbon dio~ide by chemical reduction to methane in th~ presence of a eatalyst and hydrogen and measuring the resulting methane in a flame ionisation deteetor.
~hilst the sorbent phase may be any material whieh retards the pas~age of organie compounds to a greater degree than the pflssage of carbon dioxide and inert gas suitable materials are molecular sieves and crosslinked polymeric materials. A partieularly preferred material is a crosslinked polystyrene manufactured and sold by the ~.~34~33 Dow Chemical Co. Ltd. under the Registered ~rade Mark 'Porapak Q'.
~he passage of the gaseous mixture of carbon dio~ide and inert gas through the column packed with a sorbent phase i8 suitably effected at ambient temperature.
The determination of total inorganic carbonate is preferably carried out whilst the carbon dioxide resulting from the total carbon determination is being separated from o~ygen by passage through the column of ~orbent phase maintained at low temperature, the inert gas stream used to remove the carbon dioxide liberated from the inorganic carbonate then being used to elute the carbon dioxide from the column.
Between each measurement of the inorganic carbonate contribution to the total carbon content it is preferred to remove organic compounds ~rom the sorbent phase by passing an inert gas through the column in the re~erse direction.
Whilst any inert gas may be used to displace oxygen and elute carbon dioxide from the sorbent phase in the total carbon determlnation and to remove organic compounds from the sorbent phase in the mea~urement of the oontribution of the inorganic carbonate to the total carbon content it is preferred to use nitrogen. It is preferred to purify the inert gas before using it to displace oxygen from the sorbent phase in the total carbon determination and to remove organic compounds from the sorbent phase in the inorganic carbonate measurement. When the inert gas is nitrogen it may be purified by passage through a silica tube packed with copper oxide at Q temperature in the range 600 to 1000C.
In order that the recorded signal from tha infra-red analyser or tha flame ionisation detector may be interpreted directly in terms of inorganic carbon content of the samples submitted to test it i9 neoessary to calibrate the instruments by reacting standard solutions of ino-rganic carbonate with mineral acid and ~easuring the signal .~
recorded by the instrument. By using solutions of different concentration a graph of recorded signal versus inorganic carbon content may be plotted~
The method is particularly suitable for the determination of total carbon at levels of 10-1000 ~g/ml. in aqueou3 streams an~
in the prssence of inorganic salts.
The present invention also includes apparatus suitable for carrying out the method hereinbefore described.
Thus according to another aspect of the present invention there is provided apparatus for the determination of total carbon present in aqueous solutions as organic compounds and inorganic carbonates, optionally in the pre~ence of other inorganic salts, which compri~es an oxidation sone comprising in sequence an input section, a pyrolysis section and a reactor section, both the latter sections being provided with heating means, the input section having an oxygen inlet port, a port for the introduction and recovery of a receptacle for solid reaBent active at elevated temperature for the displacement of carbon dioxide from lnorganic carbonate~9 additionally incoporating means for transferring the receptacle to and recovering it from the pyrolysis section and a port for chargine sample to the receptacle, the reactor section connecting by means of a passage incorporating water removal means to gas-flow directional switching means so adapted as to separately connect the reactor section through a column suitable for the quantitative removal of carbon dioxide to vent, to connect a source of inert gas through the column to vent and to connect a second source of inert gas through the column to means for measuring carbon dioxide.
In a further modification of the apparatus there is provided means for the determination of total inorganic carbonate comprising ~0 a vessel, provided with an inert gas inlet port and a port or ports ~4C~0~3 for charging mineral acid and sample, connecting through a pas~age Vi8 the gas-flow directional switching means to the means for measuring carbon dioxide.
Preferably the passage connecting the vessel to the gas-flow directional switching means incorporates an acid splash trap.
Preferably the vessel connects through a passage with a second gas-flow directio~switching means adapted to separately connect the vessel with a column suitable for the quantitative removal of organic compounds and thereafter to mesns for measuring carbon dioside.
The gas-flow directional switching mean~ is preferably a multi-port valve.
The input section of the osidation zone may be a silica or metal tube and the pyrolysis section an extension of this tube provided with heating means. The reactor section may be a further estension of this tube, also provided with heating means.
The port through which sample may be charged to the receptacle may be closed by a stopper or preferably by a septumless in~ection valve. A preferred form of septumle~s in~ection valve is a pneumatically operated valve comprising a pressure ohamber provided with two ln-line hose conneotlona and a port, a flexible tube linking the in-line hose oonnections to form a continuous passage through the ¢h~mber, the flesible tube being such that it oollapses to seal the passage on application of pressure through the port and re-opens the said passage on release of said applied pressure.
Preferably the opposed ends of the in-line hose connections are profiled by chamfering.
The flexible tube linking the in-line hose connections is preferably a silicon rubber tube.
The passage connecting the o~idation zone to the gas-flow 1~4~ 3 directional switching means preferably incorporates a water conden~er and a tube suitable for magnesium perchlorate.
The oxygen inlet port of the input section of the oxidation zone is preferably connected to a source of oxygen by means of a passage incorporating oxygen purification means, which may suitable be a silica tube packed with platinised asbestos and provided with heating means. ~he passage from the oxygen purification means to the oxygen inlet port preferably incorporates a tube for soda asbestos for the removal of carbon dioxide.
The receptacle for solid reagent may be a silica, platinum or porcelain boat.
The mean~ for measuring carbon dioxide may be an infra-red analyser. Alternatively and preferably the column connects through a pa~sage incorporating a tube packed with a reduction catalyst and provided with heating means to a flame ionisation detector, the signal from which is fed to an amplifier and an integrator.
Immediately ~rior to the detector it is preferred to incorporate water removal means, suitably in the form of a tube packed with silica gel.
A further preferred feature of the apparatus is a delay tube, suitably in the form of copper tubing wound in a helix, mounted in the passage to the carbon dioxide measuring means and positioned between the gas~flow directional switching means and the water removal means.
By way of illustration a preferred embodiment of the method and apparatu~ of the invention will now be described with reference to th~ aocompanying drawings in which:-~igure 1 is a flow diagram of the furnace assembly.
Figure 2 is a flow diagram iLlustrating the interconnections of the valve system.
Figure 3 is a plan-view of the input, pyrolysis and reactor sectionsforming the oxidation Yone.
Figure 4 is a calibration curve.
~ ith reference to Figure 1, 1 are Norgren Miniature Pressure Regulator~ (Model R06~100-~NEB); 2 ars Brooks Constant Mass Flow Controllers; 3 is a silica tube for copper oxide; 4 is a glass trap for soda asbestos; 5 is a silica tube for platinised asbestos; both 3 and 5 are mounted within a furnace (not shown) the temperature of which is controlled by a Robertshaw Skil Ltd. Series 9 Temperature Controller; 6 is a glass tube for ~oda asbestos; 7 is the input and pyrolysis section of the oxidation zone; 8 is the combustion section of the oxidation zone mounted within a second furnace (not shown) the temperature of which iB controlled by a Robertshaw Skil Ltd.
Series 9 qlemperature Controller; 9 is a water oondenser; 10 is a elass tube for magnesium perchlorate.
With re~erence to Figure 2, 11 is a pneumatioally controlled 6-port SV220 Servomex Slide Valve; 12 is a Drallim Miniature Valve 1500/2; 13 is a pneumatically controlled 6-port SV 220 Servomex Slide Valve; 14 is a pneumatically controlled 10-port SV 234 Servomex Slide Valve; 15 is a carbonate bubbler consisting of a small tube, with a total volume of about 4 ml for 9N sulphuric acid incorporating an acid splash trap oontaining silica wool (not shown); 16 is the organic volatiles trap con~isting of a coil (50 mm diameter) of 1/4 in (6 mm) O.D. glass tube, total length ~00 mm and tightly wound; 17 is a delay tube consisting of 180 cm. length of 3.2 mm OoD~ copper tubing wound in a helix; 18 is the reduction tube which consists of a stainless steel tube wound with 1.0 m of l'hermocoax (13.7 ohm/metre) connected to the 12v supply on the Radio Spares q`ransformer used nlso as the power supply for the. pyrolysis section of the oxidation zone. q'his gives a temperature of 375 + 25C inside the reduction ~ ~q/e ~o, /r~
~ ` ~
~()4(~ 3 , tube 18. The tube is packed before use with a nickel/firebrick catalyst;
19 is a *Pyrex glass U-tube of length 75 cm and O~Do 10 mm for silica gel; 20 is a standard Pye Flame Ionisation Detector, coupled with a standard Pye Flame Ionisation Amplifier (not shown), the signal from which is fed to an Infotronics CRS 208 Automatic Digital Integrator ~not shown). The Integrator functions are controlled by the apparatus' time sequence which has an override facility; 21 is a coil (of 50 mm diameter) of 1/4 in. (6 mm) O.D. glass tubing, total length 550 mm;
22 is a Drallim Miniature Valve 1500/2; 30, 31 and 32 are vents.
Parts of the apparatus briefly referred to above are described in further detail with reference to the appropriate Figures below.
Thus Figure 3 shows the input, pyrolysis and reactor sections forming the oxidation zone and fabricated from quartz glass. In the Pigure 23 is an oxygen entry port; one end of the tube terminates in a threaded silica portion 24 which mates with a plastic cap 25 complete with an 0-ring seal, through which cap slides a glass placing rod 26 for moving a porcelain boat (not shown); 27 is an injection port which is closed by a ssptumless valve; 28 is a heating coil consisting of 3m. 19 SWG Bright Ray C resistance wire wrapped around the tube. The power is supplied by a Radio Spares Transformer giving 3 amps at 15 volts, providing suf~icient power to maintain a temperature of 200C, and a Majestic transformer giving 12 amps at 50 volts, providing power for maintaining the temperature at 850 + 50C. The tube ends in a B.10 socket 29 which mates with a B.10 cone on one end of the combustion tube 8, the other end of the tube ending in a B.14 cone which mates with a B.14 socket on the condenser 9 Miscellaneous The valvesll, 13 and 14 are actuated with Festo Solenoid Valves, Type MC-4-Y8 (240VAC/50Hz). A festo Double Acting Combi *Trade Mark Cylinder Type DGS-25-140 is used for raising and lowering a Dewar vess01 around the coil 20.
ri ~ All operations are controlled using a (0-12 min ~Varicam Timer.
This actuates microswitches which control the aequence of the various functions $n the procedure. ~he timing of these operations follow~
in the description of the procedure.
A control module (not ~hown in the Figures) is mounted at the bottom of the reduction tube 18 and detector 20. It contains the timer and associated micro switches, the low temperature alarm and reduction furnace temperature indicator. ~he manual override functions are mounted on the front panel.
The power to the furnace heaters is fed through a gold strip which melts at 1063C, thus breaking the circuit and preventing overheating o~ the furnaoe.
Preparation o~ Nicke ~ ebrick Reduction Catal~st 10 g of 30 to 60 BS mesh firebrick (Chromosorb P) were weighed into 50 ml o~` a saturated aqueous solution of nickel nitrate and mlxed well. ~he surplus llquor was removed by filtration with gentle suction through a Buohner funnel. The filter-cake was dried overnight at 105C to 110C and then heated in a muffle furnace in a fume cupboard for 6 hr. at 400C to 500C, at which stage nitrogen oxides are evolved.
The dry material was packed into the red~ction tube to give a 10 cm length of packing held in position by silica wool plugs. A
hydrogen/nitrogen, 1:1 v/v supply line was attached and a glass exit pipe was attached to the other end. The hydrogen/nitrogen flow was adjusted to 20 ml/min and the effluent gas wa~ burned at the exit pipe. The electrical heater around the reduction tube was switched on and the current adjusted to maintain the temperature at 250 to 260C. The ga~ flow was continued for a further 12 hours to effect ~ /e f~c~
1(~4U~3 the reduction of n$ckel oxide to metallic nickel, in which condition it was ready for use.
Procedure The procedure dsveloped for using the apparatus is de~cribed with reference to the Drawings a~ follows:-~ a. ~ U~L - L ~C~ 5~
-~ lo (i) lg of Porapak Q, previously conditioned by heating overnight at a temperature of 180C in a strsam of pure nitrogen flowing at a rate of 50-100 ml/min, was packed into the coil 21 90 that it occupied the lower part (250 mm) of the coil.
(ii) 2g Porapak Q, conditioned as in (i) above was placed in the organic volatiles trap 16.
2. The tubes 4 and 6 were filled with soda asbestos.
3. The glass tube 10 was filled with magnesium perchlorate.
The carbon dioxide may be directly measurad by an infra-red analyser or, indirectly by con~erting it to methane by contsct with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst active for the chemical reduction thereof and sub~equently quantitatively measuring the methane so-formed by a flame ionisation detector.
The reduction catalyst is preferably nickel supported on fire-brick maintained at a temperature of above 275C, preferably a temperature in the range 300 to 500, even more preferably 350 to 400~C. The catalyst may suitably be prepared by slurrying the fire-brick with a saturated aqueous solution of a nickel nitrate, removing the excess aqueous solution, drying, heating to a temperature sufficient to produce nickel oxide and finally reducing the nickel oxide to nickel in a stream of hydrogen/inert gas at elevated temperature e.g. 250C.
For the purpo9e of bringing about the reduction of carbon dioxide, a 9uitable proportion of hydrogen is admixed with the inert gas and carbon dioxide feed to the reduction catalyst.
The choice of ~olid reagent active for the displacement of carbon dioxide ~rom inorganic carbonates depends on the composition of the aqueoua ~lution under examination. In the absence of free halogen in the aqueous solution suitable reagents are, for example vanadium pentoxide, tungstic oxide~silver orthovanadate or magnesium oxide/silver oxide/silver tungstate. The reagents are preferably mixed with an inert adsorbent, for example ssbestos, pumice, fire-brick etc. The preferred reagent is vanadium pentoxide mixed with pumice, suitably in the proportion of 1 part by weight vanadium pentoxide to ~ part~ by Neight pumice. In the presence of free halogen in the aqueous solution suitable reagents are sil~sr orthovnnadate and magnesium oxide/~ilver oxide/silver tungbtate, preferably mixed with an inert adsorbent such as asbestos, pumice ~Q~ 83 firebrick etc. ~he preferred reagent in the presence of free halogen is a silver orthovanadate/pumice mixture in a weight ratio of 1:4.
Organic carbon compounds are oxidi~ed at elevated temperature in the stream of oxygen which also serves as a carrier for the carbon dioxide formed. It is preferred to purify the oxygen. Thi9 may suitably be achieved by passage through a ~ilica tube packed with platinised asbestos maintained at 600 to 1000Cu The carbon dioxide and water formed by oxidation of any carbon compound impurities in the oxygen may be removed by passing the gRS stream through a vessel charged with soda asbestos and magnesium perchlorate.
~he carbon dioxide in the gaseous mixture i3 collected by passing the mixture at low temperature through a column packed with a sorbent pha~e which selectively retards the passage of carbon dioxide followed by displaoing oxygen from the sorbent phase with a stream of inart gas. Whilst the sorbent phase may be any material which retards the passage of carbon dioxide to a greater degree than the passage of oxygen and inert gas suitable materials are molecular ~ieves and crosslinked polymeric materials. A particularly suitable sorbent phase is a crosslinked polystyrene material manufactured and sold by the Do~ Chemical Co. Ltd., under the trade name 'Porapak Q' (Registered ~rade Mark). The sorbent phase is suitably maintained at a temperature in the range -65 to -90C, preferably at a temperature of about -78C, during the passage of the mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen. A temperature of -78C may suitably be achieved using a mixture of acetone and solid carbon dioxide. By passing a straam of inert gas through the sorbent phase oxygen is displaced and replaced by inert gas. In order to elute the carbon dioxide from the sorbcnt phase the passage of an inert gas is continued in the rever~e direotion whilst raising the temperature to, for example, room temporaturc. The carbon dioxide and inert ga~ may be quantitatively transferred either to an infra-red analyser or i9 combined with hydrogen and passed over a reduction catalyst. After contaoting the reduction catalyst the gas stream con~isting of inert gas, hydrogen, methane and water, may be passed directly to a flame ionisation detector. On the other hand it i9 preferred to dry the gas stream prior to entering the detector because the detector's respon~e may be affected by the presence of water. The gas stream may be dried by contact with, for example, self-indicating silica gel.
In order that the recorded signal from the flame ionisation detector or the infra-red analyser may be interpreted directly in terms of total carbon content of the ~amples submitted to test, it is necessary to calibrate the detector or analyser equipment with standard aqueous solutions containing organic carbon and/or inorganic carbonate.
In order to obtain the amount of organic carbon as distinct from total carbon present in an aqueous sample, should it be desired, it is neoes~ary to make an additional measurement of the contribution of the inorganio carbon present in the aqueous sample to the total carbon measurement. If the aqueous solution containing the organic compounds and/or inorganio carbonates is free from volatile organic compounds such as low-boiling alcohols, chlorides, esters, carbonyls, ethers, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, measurement of the contribution of the inorganic carbonate to the total carbon content may be accomplished simply by reactint~ a separate sample of the sam0 aqueou~ solution with a mineral acid e.g. dilute sulphuric acid, or a mixture of mineral acid and hydrogen peroxide if the sample contains chlorine, removing the carbon dioxide liberated in a stream of inert gas and thereafter measuring the amount of carbon dioxide evolved by an infra-red analyser or converting to methane by chemical ~V4~3 reduction in the presenee of a catalyst and hydrogen and measuring the amount of methane in a flame ionisation detector as hereinbefore described.
However, if the aqueous solution contains volatile organic compounds such as those hereinbefore described their presence may interfere with the measurement of inorganie carbonate if the evolved earbon dioxide i~ measured by reduction followed by measurement of the resulting methane in a flame ionisation detector. ~easurement of the evolved carbon dioxide by infra-red analysis is not affected by volatile organie eompounds and this method may be used in the presence of such eompounds.
It is preferred to measure the eontribution of the inorganie carbonate to the total carbon eontent of aqueous solutions containing organic eompounds and/or inorganie earbonates optionally in the presence of other inorganic compounds by reacting a separate sample of the same aqueous solution with a mineral acid, or a mixture of mineral aeid and hydrogen peroxide if the sample contains chlorine, removing the liberated carbon dioxide in a stream of inert gas, passing the gasoous mixture of carbon dioxide and inert gas through a column packed with a sorbent phase which preferentially retards the pas~age of organic compounds, whilst allowing the passage of carbon dioxide and thereafter quantitatively mea~uring the carbon dio~ide by chemical reduction to methane in th~ presence of a eatalyst and hydrogen and measuring the resulting methane in a flame ionisation deteetor.
~hilst the sorbent phase may be any material whieh retards the pas~age of organie compounds to a greater degree than the pflssage of carbon dioxide and inert gas suitable materials are molecular sieves and crosslinked polymeric materials. A partieularly preferred material is a crosslinked polystyrene manufactured and sold by the ~.~34~33 Dow Chemical Co. Ltd. under the Registered ~rade Mark 'Porapak Q'.
~he passage of the gaseous mixture of carbon dio~ide and inert gas through the column packed with a sorbent phase i8 suitably effected at ambient temperature.
The determination of total inorganic carbonate is preferably carried out whilst the carbon dioxide resulting from the total carbon determination is being separated from o~ygen by passage through the column of ~orbent phase maintained at low temperature, the inert gas stream used to remove the carbon dioxide liberated from the inorganic carbonate then being used to elute the carbon dioxide from the column.
Between each measurement of the inorganic carbonate contribution to the total carbon content it is preferred to remove organic compounds ~rom the sorbent phase by passing an inert gas through the column in the re~erse direction.
Whilst any inert gas may be used to displace oxygen and elute carbon dioxide from the sorbent phase in the total carbon determlnation and to remove organic compounds from the sorbent phase in the mea~urement of the oontribution of the inorganic carbonate to the total carbon content it is preferred to use nitrogen. It is preferred to purify the inert gas before using it to displace oxygen from the sorbent phase in the total carbon determination and to remove organic compounds from the sorbent phase in the inorganic carbonate measurement. When the inert gas is nitrogen it may be purified by passage through a silica tube packed with copper oxide at Q temperature in the range 600 to 1000C.
In order that the recorded signal from tha infra-red analyser or tha flame ionisation detector may be interpreted directly in terms of inorganic carbon content of the samples submitted to test it i9 neoessary to calibrate the instruments by reacting standard solutions of ino-rganic carbonate with mineral acid and ~easuring the signal .~
recorded by the instrument. By using solutions of different concentration a graph of recorded signal versus inorganic carbon content may be plotted~
The method is particularly suitable for the determination of total carbon at levels of 10-1000 ~g/ml. in aqueou3 streams an~
in the prssence of inorganic salts.
The present invention also includes apparatus suitable for carrying out the method hereinbefore described.
Thus according to another aspect of the present invention there is provided apparatus for the determination of total carbon present in aqueous solutions as organic compounds and inorganic carbonates, optionally in the pre~ence of other inorganic salts, which compri~es an oxidation sone comprising in sequence an input section, a pyrolysis section and a reactor section, both the latter sections being provided with heating means, the input section having an oxygen inlet port, a port for the introduction and recovery of a receptacle for solid reaBent active at elevated temperature for the displacement of carbon dioxide from lnorganic carbonate~9 additionally incoporating means for transferring the receptacle to and recovering it from the pyrolysis section and a port for chargine sample to the receptacle, the reactor section connecting by means of a passage incorporating water removal means to gas-flow directional switching means so adapted as to separately connect the reactor section through a column suitable for the quantitative removal of carbon dioxide to vent, to connect a source of inert gas through the column to vent and to connect a second source of inert gas through the column to means for measuring carbon dioxide.
In a further modification of the apparatus there is provided means for the determination of total inorganic carbonate comprising ~0 a vessel, provided with an inert gas inlet port and a port or ports ~4C~0~3 for charging mineral acid and sample, connecting through a pas~age Vi8 the gas-flow directional switching means to the means for measuring carbon dioxide.
Preferably the passage connecting the vessel to the gas-flow directional switching means incorporates an acid splash trap.
Preferably the vessel connects through a passage with a second gas-flow directio~switching means adapted to separately connect the vessel with a column suitable for the quantitative removal of organic compounds and thereafter to mesns for measuring carbon dioside.
The gas-flow directional switching mean~ is preferably a multi-port valve.
The input section of the osidation zone may be a silica or metal tube and the pyrolysis section an extension of this tube provided with heating means. The reactor section may be a further estension of this tube, also provided with heating means.
The port through which sample may be charged to the receptacle may be closed by a stopper or preferably by a septumless in~ection valve. A preferred form of septumle~s in~ection valve is a pneumatically operated valve comprising a pressure ohamber provided with two ln-line hose conneotlona and a port, a flexible tube linking the in-line hose oonnections to form a continuous passage through the ¢h~mber, the flesible tube being such that it oollapses to seal the passage on application of pressure through the port and re-opens the said passage on release of said applied pressure.
Preferably the opposed ends of the in-line hose connections are profiled by chamfering.
The flexible tube linking the in-line hose connections is preferably a silicon rubber tube.
The passage connecting the o~idation zone to the gas-flow 1~4~ 3 directional switching means preferably incorporates a water conden~er and a tube suitable for magnesium perchlorate.
The oxygen inlet port of the input section of the oxidation zone is preferably connected to a source of oxygen by means of a passage incorporating oxygen purification means, which may suitable be a silica tube packed with platinised asbestos and provided with heating means. ~he passage from the oxygen purification means to the oxygen inlet port preferably incorporates a tube for soda asbestos for the removal of carbon dioxide.
The receptacle for solid reagent may be a silica, platinum or porcelain boat.
The mean~ for measuring carbon dioxide may be an infra-red analyser. Alternatively and preferably the column connects through a pa~sage incorporating a tube packed with a reduction catalyst and provided with heating means to a flame ionisation detector, the signal from which is fed to an amplifier and an integrator.
Immediately ~rior to the detector it is preferred to incorporate water removal means, suitably in the form of a tube packed with silica gel.
A further preferred feature of the apparatus is a delay tube, suitably in the form of copper tubing wound in a helix, mounted in the passage to the carbon dioxide measuring means and positioned between the gas~flow directional switching means and the water removal means.
By way of illustration a preferred embodiment of the method and apparatu~ of the invention will now be described with reference to th~ aocompanying drawings in which:-~igure 1 is a flow diagram of the furnace assembly.
Figure 2 is a flow diagram iLlustrating the interconnections of the valve system.
Figure 3 is a plan-view of the input, pyrolysis and reactor sectionsforming the oxidation Yone.
Figure 4 is a calibration curve.
~ ith reference to Figure 1, 1 are Norgren Miniature Pressure Regulator~ (Model R06~100-~NEB); 2 ars Brooks Constant Mass Flow Controllers; 3 is a silica tube for copper oxide; 4 is a glass trap for soda asbestos; 5 is a silica tube for platinised asbestos; both 3 and 5 are mounted within a furnace (not shown) the temperature of which is controlled by a Robertshaw Skil Ltd. Series 9 Temperature Controller; 6 is a glass tube for ~oda asbestos; 7 is the input and pyrolysis section of the oxidation zone; 8 is the combustion section of the oxidation zone mounted within a second furnace (not shown) the temperature of which iB controlled by a Robertshaw Skil Ltd.
Series 9 qlemperature Controller; 9 is a water oondenser; 10 is a elass tube for magnesium perchlorate.
With re~erence to Figure 2, 11 is a pneumatioally controlled 6-port SV220 Servomex Slide Valve; 12 is a Drallim Miniature Valve 1500/2; 13 is a pneumatically controlled 6-port SV 220 Servomex Slide Valve; 14 is a pneumatically controlled 10-port SV 234 Servomex Slide Valve; 15 is a carbonate bubbler consisting of a small tube, with a total volume of about 4 ml for 9N sulphuric acid incorporating an acid splash trap oontaining silica wool (not shown); 16 is the organic volatiles trap con~isting of a coil (50 mm diameter) of 1/4 in (6 mm) O.D. glass tube, total length ~00 mm and tightly wound; 17 is a delay tube consisting of 180 cm. length of 3.2 mm OoD~ copper tubing wound in a helix; 18 is the reduction tube which consists of a stainless steel tube wound with 1.0 m of l'hermocoax (13.7 ohm/metre) connected to the 12v supply on the Radio Spares q`ransformer used nlso as the power supply for the. pyrolysis section of the oxidation zone. q'his gives a temperature of 375 + 25C inside the reduction ~ ~q/e ~o, /r~
~ ` ~
~()4(~ 3 , tube 18. The tube is packed before use with a nickel/firebrick catalyst;
19 is a *Pyrex glass U-tube of length 75 cm and O~Do 10 mm for silica gel; 20 is a standard Pye Flame Ionisation Detector, coupled with a standard Pye Flame Ionisation Amplifier (not shown), the signal from which is fed to an Infotronics CRS 208 Automatic Digital Integrator ~not shown). The Integrator functions are controlled by the apparatus' time sequence which has an override facility; 21 is a coil (of 50 mm diameter) of 1/4 in. (6 mm) O.D. glass tubing, total length 550 mm;
22 is a Drallim Miniature Valve 1500/2; 30, 31 and 32 are vents.
Parts of the apparatus briefly referred to above are described in further detail with reference to the appropriate Figures below.
Thus Figure 3 shows the input, pyrolysis and reactor sections forming the oxidation zone and fabricated from quartz glass. In the Pigure 23 is an oxygen entry port; one end of the tube terminates in a threaded silica portion 24 which mates with a plastic cap 25 complete with an 0-ring seal, through which cap slides a glass placing rod 26 for moving a porcelain boat (not shown); 27 is an injection port which is closed by a ssptumless valve; 28 is a heating coil consisting of 3m. 19 SWG Bright Ray C resistance wire wrapped around the tube. The power is supplied by a Radio Spares Transformer giving 3 amps at 15 volts, providing suf~icient power to maintain a temperature of 200C, and a Majestic transformer giving 12 amps at 50 volts, providing power for maintaining the temperature at 850 + 50C. The tube ends in a B.10 socket 29 which mates with a B.10 cone on one end of the combustion tube 8, the other end of the tube ending in a B.14 cone which mates with a B.14 socket on the condenser 9 Miscellaneous The valvesll, 13 and 14 are actuated with Festo Solenoid Valves, Type MC-4-Y8 (240VAC/50Hz). A festo Double Acting Combi *Trade Mark Cylinder Type DGS-25-140 is used for raising and lowering a Dewar vess01 around the coil 20.
ri ~ All operations are controlled using a (0-12 min ~Varicam Timer.
This actuates microswitches which control the aequence of the various functions $n the procedure. ~he timing of these operations follow~
in the description of the procedure.
A control module (not ~hown in the Figures) is mounted at the bottom of the reduction tube 18 and detector 20. It contains the timer and associated micro switches, the low temperature alarm and reduction furnace temperature indicator. ~he manual override functions are mounted on the front panel.
The power to the furnace heaters is fed through a gold strip which melts at 1063C, thus breaking the circuit and preventing overheating o~ the furnaoe.
Preparation o~ Nicke ~ ebrick Reduction Catal~st 10 g of 30 to 60 BS mesh firebrick (Chromosorb P) were weighed into 50 ml o~` a saturated aqueous solution of nickel nitrate and mlxed well. ~he surplus llquor was removed by filtration with gentle suction through a Buohner funnel. The filter-cake was dried overnight at 105C to 110C and then heated in a muffle furnace in a fume cupboard for 6 hr. at 400C to 500C, at which stage nitrogen oxides are evolved.
The dry material was packed into the red~ction tube to give a 10 cm length of packing held in position by silica wool plugs. A
hydrogen/nitrogen, 1:1 v/v supply line was attached and a glass exit pipe was attached to the other end. The hydrogen/nitrogen flow was adjusted to 20 ml/min and the effluent gas wa~ burned at the exit pipe. The electrical heater around the reduction tube was switched on and the current adjusted to maintain the temperature at 250 to 260C. The ga~ flow was continued for a further 12 hours to effect ~ /e f~c~
1(~4U~3 the reduction of n$ckel oxide to metallic nickel, in which condition it was ready for use.
Procedure The procedure dsveloped for using the apparatus is de~cribed with reference to the Drawings a~ follows:-~ a. ~ U~L - L ~C~ 5~
-~ lo (i) lg of Porapak Q, previously conditioned by heating overnight at a temperature of 180C in a strsam of pure nitrogen flowing at a rate of 50-100 ml/min, was packed into the coil 21 90 that it occupied the lower part (250 mm) of the coil.
(ii) 2g Porapak Q, conditioned as in (i) above was placed in the organic volatiles trap 16.
2. The tubes 4 and 6 were filled with soda asbestos.
3. The glass tube 10 was filled with magnesium perchlorate.
4. r~he tube 19 was filled with self-indicating silica gel (5-20 mesh).
5. r~he water was turned on to the condenser 9.
6. r~he gases N2I, N2II, 2~ H2I, H2II and air were switched on and thc pressure regulator~ 1 were set to 30 psi (ca. 2 bars). r~he flow controllers 2 were adjusted to give the following flows:-Oxygen 80 ml/min N2I 60 ~ "
N2II 3 "
H2I 60 " "
H2II 10 " "
Air 500 " "
(it was necessary to disconnect some lines to measure the flows).
r~he needle valves 12 and 22 which control the flow of N2 whichflushes the Porapak Q coil 21 used to retard carbon dioxide and the N2 which backflushes the Porapa~ Q organic volatiles trap 16 re~pectively were ad~usted as follows:-/e ~
~ he N2II flow was set to approximately 300 ml/min and valves 11, 13 and 14 were switched to the P-position. With valve 22 fully open valve 12 ~as adjusted to give appro~imately 200 ml/min at the vent 30.
Valve~ 11, 13 and 14 were set to the S-position. Valve 22 was adju~ted to give a flo~ of 90 ml/min at exit vent 310 Valves 11, 13 and 14 were then reset to the P-position and the flow at exit vent 30 was ascertained to be graater than 120 ml/min.
N2II 3 "
H2I 60 " "
H2II 10 " "
Air 500 " "
(it was necessary to disconnect some lines to measure the flows).
r~he needle valves 12 and 22 which control the flow of N2 whichflushes the Porapak Q coil 21 used to retard carbon dioxide and the N2 which backflushes the Porapa~ Q organic volatiles trap 16 re~pectively were ad~usted as follows:-/e ~
~ he N2II flow was set to approximately 300 ml/min and valves 11, 13 and 14 were switched to the P-position. With valve 22 fully open valve 12 ~as adjusted to give appro~imately 200 ml/min at the vent 30.
Valve~ 11, 13 and 14 were set to the S-position. Valve 22 was adju~ted to give a flo~ of 90 ml/min at exit vent 310 Valves 11, 13 and 14 were then reset to the P-position and the flow at exit vent 30 was ascertained to be graater than 120 ml/min.
7. The mains to the control panel, furnaces and transformers ~as switched on. The power supply to the reduction tube 18 was not affected by the panel switch.
8. After an initlal warm-up period the temperatures of the furnaces were checked as follows:-Reduction tube 18 furnace 350-400C
Combustion tube 8 furnace 850-950C
PurificQtion furnace 750-850C
Combustion tube 8 furnace 850-950C
PurificQtion furnace 750-850C
9. The ~lame on the Flame Ionisation Detector 20 was lit.
10. ~he amplifier was set up according to the manufacturer's instructions. The integrator was connected via the attenuator bo~
to the integrQtor connection on the amplifier. The attenuation was set to a value of 1 x 10 8 amps FSD giving 4000 counts/ppm carbon.
to the integrQtor connection on the amplifier. The attenuation was set to a value of 1 x 10 8 amps FSD giving 4000 counts/ppm carbon.
11. The reset on the control panel was pressed and the reset position of the valves Qnd controls were:
Valves 11, 13 and 14 in the P-position Furnace heat in the off position Dewar in the down position
Valves 11, 13 and 14 in the P-position Furnace heat in the off position Dewar in the down position
12. The Dewar, for cooling the coil 21, already containing acstone was topped up with solid carbon dioxide.
13. ~he lo-o level alarm was s~itched on.
14. ~ith valves 11, 13 and 14 in the P-position 1 ml of 9N sulphuric acid was injected into the carbonate bubbler 15. If the sample under analysis is known to contain free halogen the sulphuric acid i3 replaced with a mixture of hydrogen peroxide (100 vol) and 2N
3ulphuric acid (1:1 by volume).
3ulphuric acid (1:1 by volume).
15. With valves 11, 13 and 14 in the P-position the oxygen flow at vent 31 (vent line from valve 13) was determined. I'he start on the control panel was pressed and the oxygen flow at vent 31 redetermined with valve 11 in the P-po~ition, valves 13 and 14 in the S-position.
This operation was performed to check that the ogygen flow was the same in both positions of valves 13 and 14. If the flow in the S-position had been slow a leak in the system would have been indicated. Valve 11 was returned to the P-position and valves 13 and 14 to the S-position.
This operation was performed to check that the ogygen flow was the same in both positions of valves 13 and 14. If the flow in the S-position had been slow a leak in the system would have been indicated. Valve 11 was returned to the P-position and valves 13 and 14 to the S-position.
16. A mioro porcelain boat (Andermann ~ype M2a) charged with a mixture of 1 part vanadium pentoxide and 4 parts pumice, pretreated by heating to red-heat in a stream of oxygen for 3 minutes followed by cooling wao transferred to the input section 7 of the oxidation zone by re~oving the plastic cap 25, placing the boat in the tube and replaoing oap 25. Using rod 26 the boat was pushed to a point under the injection 27.
17. A Ilerumo (100 ~1) syringe, clean and free from grease was filled with a 100 ~1 sample for the total carbon determination.
18. Ilhe injection valve on the port 27 was opened and the sample was injected into the boat, the boat being in the cold zone of the input section 7.
19. q'he valve on the injection port 27 was closed.
20. q'~e placing rod 26 was carefully released and the boat was pushed into the zone28. The start on the control panel was pressed and from then on all operations.were controlled by the Varicam qlimer which actuates microswitches controlling the sequence of the various (iu~33 it is possible, if a failure or malfunction of the timing sequence i9 encountered or, iP desired, to oparate the instrument manually at the appropriate sequence times.
Calibration Preparation of Purified water Previously distilled water was further purified by distillation from acid dichromate and collected in a flask protected with soda lime. This procedure yielded water containing less than 1 ppm total carbon which was used to prepare all standard solutions.
Pre~a_ation of carbonate standards Sodium carbonate was dried by heating in a platinum crucible at 300C for 4 hr. About 0.9 g of the dried anhydrous sodium carbonate (11.33C~o C) accuratel~ weighed, was added to a 100 ml flask and made up to the mark with purified water. Aliquots (50, 20, 15 and 6 ml) of this ~olution were made up to 100 ml to give solutionscontaining respeotively 510, 204, 153, 61 ppm carbon when exactly 0.900 g sodium carbonate was taken initially.
PreParation qf carbon standards About 1 g of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Ethyl Digol) (53.6% C), accurately weighed, was added to a flask (100 ml) and made up to the mark with purified water.
Aliquots (20, 15, 10~ 5, 2 ml) of this solution were made up to 100 ml. to give solutions containing 1072, 804, 536, 268 and 107 ppm carbon for 1.00 g Ethyl Digol.
Calibration and calculation procedure The apparatus was calibrated by injecting the aliquots, as prepared above, in the manner hereinbefore described. It was po~sible to use the carbonate standards for both total carbon and inorganic carbonate determinations, the ethyl digol being used only for total carbon determination.
0~33 operations in the method. From pressing the start there i~ a delay of 20 second~ followed by valves 13 and 14 switching from the P-to the S-position, the Dewar being raised around the coil 21, the heating zone 28 was then heated to 200~C and the integrator switching to manual and then to automatic operation.
Calibration Preparation of Purified water Previously distilled water was further purified by distillation from acid dichromate and collected in a flask protected with soda lime. This procedure yielded water containing less than 1 ppm total carbon which was used to prepare all standard solutions.
Pre~a_ation of carbonate standards Sodium carbonate was dried by heating in a platinum crucible at 300C for 4 hr. About 0.9 g of the dried anhydrous sodium carbonate (11.33C~o C) accuratel~ weighed, was added to a 100 ml flask and made up to the mark with purified water. Aliquots (50, 20, 15 and 6 ml) of this ~olution were made up to 100 ml to give solutionscontaining respeotively 510, 204, 153, 61 ppm carbon when exactly 0.900 g sodium carbonate was taken initially.
PreParation qf carbon standards About 1 g of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Ethyl Digol) (53.6% C), accurately weighed, was added to a flask (100 ml) and made up to the mark with purified water.
Aliquots (20, 15, 10~ 5, 2 ml) of this solution were made up to 100 ml. to give solutions containing 1072, 804, 536, 268 and 107 ppm carbon for 1.00 g Ethyl Digol.
Calibration and calculation procedure The apparatus was calibrated by injecting the aliquots, as prepared above, in the manner hereinbefore described. It was po~sible to use the carbonate standards for both total carbon and inorganic carbonate determinations, the ethyl digol being used only for total carbon determination.
0~33 operations in the method. From pressing the start there i~ a delay of 20 second~ followed by valves 13 and 14 switching from the P-to the S-position, the Dewar being raised around the coil 21, the heating zone 28 was then heated to 200~C and the integrator switching to manual and then to automatic operation.
21. The syringe was filled with a 100 ~1 sample for the inorganic carbonate estimation and immediately injected into the carbonate bubbler 15.
22. At approximately T= 1 m integration of the inorganic carbonate peak began.
23. At T= 2 m the pyrolysis æone 28 was heated to 900C.
24. At approximately T = 4 m integration of the carbonate peak Einished.
25. At ~ = 5 m heating of the pyrolysis zone 28 was discontinued.
26. At T = 6 m valve 11 switched from the P- to the S-position.
Also the boat replacem0nt buzzer rang indicating that it was time to carefully rQlease the placing rod 26 and use it to remove the boat from the heater zone 28 and then using a pair of tweezers remove it ~rom the in~ection zone 7. It was immediately replaced with a preconditioned boat as described in st0p 16.
270 At ~ = 71/2 m the integrator switched to manual.
28. At T = a m valves 13 and 14 switched from the S- to the P-position.
Also the Dewar surrounding the coil 21 lowered.
29. At T = 81/2 m valve 11 switched from the S- to the P-position.
30. At T = 9 m (approx) integration of the total carbon peak began.
31. At ~ = 12 m (approx) integration of the total carbon peak finished.
When integration was compLete the reset on the control panel was pressed.
Although automatic operation of the instrument has been described The apparatus blan~ Na~ determined by injecti~g aliquots (100 ~1) of blank water, which was al~o used to flush the apparatus before the commencement of the a~alysis determinations.
From a graph of ug/ml carbon against integrator counts, the response per ~gC/ml. (i.e. the slope) was calculated. ~he slopes corresponding to the carbonate standards (total carbon and inorganic carbonate) and ethyl digol (total carbon) should in theory be the same but in practica slight variations (5%) were sometime~ found and allowance for this mu~t be made in the calculation. In the total carbon determination the apparatus blank was subtracted from the total carbon value to obtain the truevalue i.e.
Total carbon = A/Ft - B
Total inorganic carbonate = C/FiC
Where A = integrator count for total carbon Ft = respon~e faetor (counts per ~g C/ml) for total carbon ~ ~ blank for pure wat0r C ~ integrator count for inorganic carbonate F1C = r0sponse faetor (eounts per ~gC/ml) for total inorganie carbonat0 and organie earbon = total earbon minu~ inorganic carbonate.
Re~ults Figure~ for a typical calibration derived by manual operation of the apparatus are given in the following Table~ 1 and 2 and a graph of carbon against integrator counts is given in Figure 4.
- 20 _ Table 1 5 ~ bc~ate 9 ~ ~d~ :~
. ..
Integrator Counts C Total CarbonMethod Difference __ _ .
204 168 928 158 ~54 10474 blank 10 392 520 9872 mean difference = 9442 standard:deviation of mean difference = 1503 slope of carbonate line = 753 E hYl Di~ol Standards . . . . , pcpm ~tegrator Counts ! ~
_ . ~otfll CarbonTotal Carbon less ~lank , bl~nk 10 489 84 200 Slopeof Ethyl Digol line = 761 ~ he repeatabilities of the total carbon, carbonate-carbon and the blank are ~iven in the following Table 3.
Table 3 Repeatabilitv of Results ~_ C~o. ol r _ ~ing, Standard Devistion . . ., . -. , .
Digol 203 12 2.86 Blank 14 12 2.51 Carbon~te 204 12 0.94 . , _ . .
~ he results of a limited series of precisit~n tests conducted with the automatic embodiment of the apparatus are given in Table 4.
Tnble 4Carbon Determination3 -Analvtical Precision ._ .. ;
Total Carbon Inorganic Carbon Test Solution (Subttance -Determination Determination carbon _ concentration)Mean Mean n Response lOOS rx F n Response lOOS/x F
tcount9) (counts) _ _ _ _ Sucrose - 8 450944 iO.45 416 1084~gC/ml __ ___ _ _ _ ~utanol - 6 392590 0.71415 _ _ _ _ _ 946 I~gC/ml ~ , _ Ethyl digol 6 336936 0.53 404 ~34 llgC/ml Sodium carbonate - 6 24592 4O1~ 424 6 24418 0.26 421 58 ~gC/ml _ _ _ Sodium carbonate - 6 170136 1.38 417 6 171768 0.27 421 408 ~gC/ml _ _ The carbon blank determined from in~ections of purified water samplet was equivalent to 7 ~gC/ml with a relative standard deviation (5 determinstions) of 14 percent.
_ 22 -
Also the boat replacem0nt buzzer rang indicating that it was time to carefully rQlease the placing rod 26 and use it to remove the boat from the heater zone 28 and then using a pair of tweezers remove it ~rom the in~ection zone 7. It was immediately replaced with a preconditioned boat as described in st0p 16.
270 At ~ = 71/2 m the integrator switched to manual.
28. At T = a m valves 13 and 14 switched from the S- to the P-position.
Also the Dewar surrounding the coil 21 lowered.
29. At T = 81/2 m valve 11 switched from the S- to the P-position.
30. At T = 9 m (approx) integration of the total carbon peak began.
31. At ~ = 12 m (approx) integration of the total carbon peak finished.
When integration was compLete the reset on the control panel was pressed.
Although automatic operation of the instrument has been described The apparatus blan~ Na~ determined by injecti~g aliquots (100 ~1) of blank water, which was al~o used to flush the apparatus before the commencement of the a~alysis determinations.
From a graph of ug/ml carbon against integrator counts, the response per ~gC/ml. (i.e. the slope) was calculated. ~he slopes corresponding to the carbonate standards (total carbon and inorganic carbonate) and ethyl digol (total carbon) should in theory be the same but in practica slight variations (5%) were sometime~ found and allowance for this mu~t be made in the calculation. In the total carbon determination the apparatus blank was subtracted from the total carbon value to obtain the truevalue i.e.
Total carbon = A/Ft - B
Total inorganic carbonate = C/FiC
Where A = integrator count for total carbon Ft = respon~e faetor (counts per ~g C/ml) for total carbon ~ ~ blank for pure wat0r C ~ integrator count for inorganic carbonate F1C = r0sponse faetor (eounts per ~gC/ml) for total inorganie carbonat0 and organie earbon = total earbon minu~ inorganic carbonate.
Re~ults Figure~ for a typical calibration derived by manual operation of the apparatus are given in the following Table~ 1 and 2 and a graph of carbon against integrator counts is given in Figure 4.
- 20 _ Table 1 5 ~ bc~ate 9 ~ ~d~ :~
. ..
Integrator Counts C Total CarbonMethod Difference __ _ .
204 168 928 158 ~54 10474 blank 10 392 520 9872 mean difference = 9442 standard:deviation of mean difference = 1503 slope of carbonate line = 753 E hYl Di~ol Standards . . . . , pcpm ~tegrator Counts ! ~
_ . ~otfll CarbonTotal Carbon less ~lank , bl~nk 10 489 84 200 Slopeof Ethyl Digol line = 761 ~ he repeatabilities of the total carbon, carbonate-carbon and the blank are ~iven in the following Table 3.
Table 3 Repeatabilitv of Results ~_ C~o. ol r _ ~ing, Standard Devistion . . ., . -. , .
Digol 203 12 2.86 Blank 14 12 2.51 Carbon~te 204 12 0.94 . , _ . .
~ he results of a limited series of precisit~n tests conducted with the automatic embodiment of the apparatus are given in Table 4.
Tnble 4Carbon Determination3 -Analvtical Precision ._ .. ;
Total Carbon Inorganic Carbon Test Solution (Subttance -Determination Determination carbon _ concentration)Mean Mean n Response lOOS rx F n Response lOOS/x F
tcount9) (counts) _ _ _ _ Sucrose - 8 450944 iO.45 416 1084~gC/ml __ ___ _ _ _ ~utanol - 6 392590 0.71415 _ _ _ _ _ 946 I~gC/ml ~ , _ Ethyl digol 6 336936 0.53 404 ~34 llgC/ml Sodium carbonate - 6 24592 4O1~ 424 6 24418 0.26 421 58 ~gC/ml _ _ _ Sodium carbonate - 6 170136 1.38 417 6 171768 0.27 421 408 ~gC/ml _ _ The carbon blank determined from in~ections of purified water samplet was equivalent to 7 ~gC/ml with a relative standard deviation (5 determinstions) of 14 percent.
_ 22 -
Claims (20)
1. A method for the determination of total carbon present in aqueous solutions containing organic compounds and/or inorganic carbonates, optionally in the presence of other inorganic salts, which consists of mixing the aqueous solution at ambient temperature with a solid reagent active at elevated temperature for the displacement of carbon dioxide from inorganic carbonates, contacting the mixture with oxygen at elevated temperature whereby carbon dioxide is produced by oxidation of organic compounds and by displacement from any inorganic carbonates present, drying the carbon dioxide so produced, collecting at least all the carbon dioxide in the gaseous mixture by passing the mixture at low temperature through a column packed with a sorbent phase which selectively retards the passage of carbon dioxide, displacing the oxygen from the sorbent phase by passing an inert gas therethrough, thereafter eluting carbon dioxide by raising the temperature and passing inert gas in the reverse direction and finally quantitatively measuring the eluted carbon dioxide.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein, in the absence of free halogen in the aqueous solution, the solid reagent active at elevated temperature for the displacement of carbon dioxide from inorganic carbonates is selected from vanadium pentoxide, tungstic oxide, silver orthovanadate and magnesium oxide/silver oxide/silver tungstate.
3. A method according to claim 1 wherein, in the presence of free halogen in the aqueous solution, the solid reagent active at elevated temperatre for the displacement of carbon dioxide from inorganic carbonates is selected from silver orthovanadate and magnesium oxide/silver oxide/
silver tungstate.
silver tungstate.
4. A method according to claim 1 wherein the solid reagent active at elevated temperature for the displacement of carbon dioxide from inorganic carbonates is mixed with an inert adsorbent selected from asbestos, pumice and firebrick.
5. A method according to claim 1 wherein the oxygen is purified before contact with the reagent by contact with platinised asbestos maintained at a temperature in the range 600 to 1000°C.
6. A modification of the method claimed in claim 1 wherein the contribution of the inorganic carbonate to the total carbon content of the aqueous solution containing organic compounds is determined by reacting a separate sample of the same aqueous solution with a mineral acid, or a mixture of a mineral acid and hydrogen peroxide if the sample contains chlorine, removing the carbon dioxide liberated in a stream of inert gas and thereafter quantitatively measuring the amount of carbon dioxide liberated.
7. A method according to claim 6 wherein the organic compounds contained in the aqueous solution include volatile organic compounds and the liberated carbon dioxide removed by the stream of inert gas is passed through a column packed with a sorbent phase which preferentially retards the passage of organic compounds whilst allowing the passage of carbon dioxide prior to quantitative measurement of the carbon dioxide.
8. A method according to claim 1 wherein the sorbent phase is selected from molecular sieves and cross-linked polymeric materials.
9. A method according to claim 1 wherein the amount of carbon dioxide liberated is measured indirectly by converting it to methane by contact with hydrogen in the presence of a reduction catalyst consisting of nickel supported on firebrick maintained at a temperature in the range 300 to 500°C and subsequently measuring the methane so-formed by a flame ionisation detector.
10. A method according to claim 1 wherein the inert gas is nitrogen.
11. A method according to claim 10 wherein the nitrogen is purified by contact with copper oxide at a temperature in the range 600 to 1000°C.
12. Apparatus for the determination of total carbon present in aqueous solutions as organic compounds and/or inorganic carbonates, optionally in the presence of other inorganic salts, which consists of an oxidation zone formed of an input section, a pyrolysis section and a reactor section in series, both the latter sections being provided with heating means, said input section having an oxygen inlet port, a port for the introduction and recovery of a receptacle for solid reagent active at elevated temperature for the displacement of carbon dioxide from inorganic carbonates, additionally incorporating means for transferring the receptacle to and recovering said receptacle from the pyrolysis section and a port for charging sample to the said receptacle, water removal means, gas-flow directional switching means, a column suitable for the quantitative removal of carbon dioxide and means for measuring carbon dioxide wherein said reactor section connects by means of a passage incorporating said water removal means to said gas-flow directional switching means which is so adapted as to separately connect said reactor section through said column suitable for the quantitative removal of carbon dioxide to vent, to connect a source of inert gas through said column to vent and to connect a second source of inert gas through said column via a passage to said means for measuring carbon dioxide.
13. A modification of the apparatus according to claim 12 wherein there is provided means for measuring the contribution of the inorganic carbonate to the total carbon content of the aqueous solution which consists of a vessel provided with inert gas inlet and outlet ports and a port or ports for charging mineral acid and sample, said outlet port connecting through a passage via said gas-flow directional switching means to said means for measuring carbon dioxide.
14. Apparatus according to claim 13 wherein said vessel connects through a passage with a second gas-flow directional switching means adapted to separately connect said vessel with a column adapted for the quantitative removal of organic compounds and thereafter to said means for measuring carbon dioxide.
15. Apparatus according to claim 12 wherein said gas-flow directional switching means is a multi-port valve.
16. Apparatus according to claim 12 wherein said oxygen inlet port of said input section of said oxidation zone is connected to a source of oxygen by means of a passage incorporating oxygen purification means.
17. Apparatus according to claim 12 wherein said means for measuring carbon dioxide is a flame ionisation detector when said passage from said gas-flow directional switching means to said means for measuring carbon dioxide incorporates a tube packed with a reduction catalyst and provided with heating means.
18. Apparatus according to claim 17 wherein water removal means is incorporated in said passage immediately prior to said detector.
19. Apparatus according to claim 17 wherein said passage further incorporates a delay tube immediately following said gas-flow directional switching means.
20. Apparatus according to claim 12 wherein said port for charging sample to said receptacle is closed by a pneumatically operated valve consisting of a pressure chamber provided with two in-line hose connections and a port, a flexible tube linking the in-line hose connections to form a continuous passage through said chamber, said flexible tube being such that it collapses to seal said passage on application of pressure through said port and reopens said passage on release of said applied pressure.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB12792/74A GB1502261A (en) | 1974-03-22 | 1974-03-22 | Total carbon analyser |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1040083A true CA1040083A (en) | 1978-10-10 |
Family
ID=10011231
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA222,236A Expired CA1040083A (en) | 1974-03-22 | 1975-03-17 | Method for the determination of total carbon in aqueous solutions |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3955924A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS50131586A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1040083A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2512554A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2265095B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1502261A (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7503402A (en) |
| SU (1) | SU656552A3 (en) |
Families Citing this family (26)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2534620C3 (en) * | 1975-08-02 | 1978-08-17 | Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen | Method and device for determining the inorganic carbon content of a liquid |
| DE2811135C2 (en) * | 1978-03-15 | 1986-04-24 | Hoechst Ag, 6230 Frankfurt | Method for the quantitative determination of carbon organic compounds in water |
| SE432000B (en) * | 1978-07-18 | 1984-03-12 | Mo Och Domsjoe Ab | PROCEDURE FOR REGULATING THE DEGREE OF CUSTOMIZATION IN THE PREPARATION OF WHITE WIRELESS DEVICE FOR EXECUTING THE PROCEDURE |
| US4180389A (en) * | 1978-11-13 | 1979-12-25 | Envirochem Inc. | Isolation and concentration of sample prior to analysis thereof |
| FR2472754A1 (en) * | 1979-12-28 | 1981-07-03 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR DETERMINING IN PARTICULAR THE QUANTITY OF ORGANIC CARBON CONTAINED IN A SAMPLE |
| US4288229A (en) * | 1980-03-07 | 1981-09-08 | Envirotech Corporation | Determination of total organic carbon in a plurality of aqueous samples containing halide ion |
| US4273558A (en) * | 1980-03-07 | 1981-06-16 | Envirotech Corporation | Determination of total organic carbon in an aqueous sample containing halide ion |
| JPS5875059A (en) * | 1981-10-29 | 1983-05-06 | Japan Atom Energy Res Inst | Analyzing apparatus for quantitative determination of carbon |
| SE434575B (en) * | 1982-06-04 | 1984-07-30 | Metallforskning Inst | PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS OF COAL AND CARBON SOCIETIES ON CONSISTENT MATERIALS BY OXIDATION |
| US5047212A (en) * | 1984-01-10 | 1991-09-10 | Anatel Corporation | Instrument for measurement of the organic carbon content of water |
| US5275957A (en) * | 1984-01-10 | 1994-01-04 | Anatel Corporation | Instrument and method for measurement of the organic carbon content of water |
| US4868127A (en) * | 1984-01-10 | 1989-09-19 | Anatel Corporation | Instrument for measurement of the organic carbon content of water |
| US4775634A (en) * | 1986-08-06 | 1988-10-04 | Servomex Company | Method and apparatus for measuring dissolved organic carbon in a water sample |
| US5002894A (en) * | 1988-06-06 | 1991-03-26 | Parthasarathy Shakkottai | Method for the determination of lignin content of a sample by flash pyrolysis in an atmosphere of hydrogen or helium and method therefor |
| JP2822711B2 (en) * | 1991-07-29 | 1998-11-11 | 株式会社島津製作所 | Organic carbon measuring device |
| US5677190A (en) * | 1994-12-14 | 1997-10-14 | Anatel Corporation | Cell and circuit for monitoring photochemical reactions |
| DE19616760C2 (en) * | 1996-04-26 | 1999-12-23 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Method and device for the continuous determination of gaseous oxidation products |
| US5900532A (en) * | 1997-02-20 | 1999-05-04 | Nippon Sanso Corporation | Method of removing siloxanes from silicon compound gases and apparatus therefor |
| US6368870B1 (en) * | 1999-06-04 | 2002-04-09 | Hach Company | Controlled diffusion analysis |
| US20060133445A1 (en) * | 2004-12-16 | 2006-06-22 | U.S. Department Of Transportation | Flammability tester |
| GB2456017A (en) * | 2007-12-31 | 2009-07-01 | Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc | Combustion analyser and method for combustion analysing a sample |
| US8783090B2 (en) * | 2011-11-28 | 2014-07-22 | Southwest Research Institute | Apparatus and methods for determination of total and solid carbon content of engine exhaust |
| US10670573B2 (en) * | 2017-09-25 | 2020-06-02 | Hach Company | Chloride measurement using non-harsh reagents |
| KR102180627B1 (en) | 2017-12-04 | 2020-11-18 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | An apparatus for automated pyrolysis of a sample |
| CN111781092B (en) * | 2019-04-04 | 2023-09-05 | 应急管理部化学品登记中心 | Sample mixing method for determining gas production rate of substance and water reaction |
| CN110068656A (en) * | 2019-04-28 | 2019-07-30 | 陕西青朗万城环保科技有限公司 | A kind of device and method measuring gas phosphorus content |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1174261A (en) | 1966-10-28 | 1969-12-17 | Ici Ltd | Method and Apparatus for the Determination of Total Organic Matter in Aqueous Liquors |
| US3762878A (en) * | 1971-04-19 | 1973-10-02 | Beckman Instruments Inc | Apparatus for analyzing ambient air |
-
1974
- 1974-03-22 GB GB12792/74A patent/GB1502261A/en not_active Expired
-
1975
- 1975-03-17 CA CA222,236A patent/CA1040083A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-03-19 US US05/559,929 patent/US3955924A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1975-03-20 FR FR7508690A patent/FR2265095B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1975-03-21 DE DE19752512554 patent/DE2512554A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1975-03-21 NL NL7503402A patent/NL7503402A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1975-03-21 SU SU752120511A patent/SU656552A3/en active
- 1975-03-22 JP JP50034862A patent/JPS50131586A/ja active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US3955924A (en) | 1976-05-11 |
| FR2265095A1 (en) | 1975-10-17 |
| SU656552A3 (en) | 1979-04-05 |
| NL7503402A (en) | 1975-09-24 |
| FR2265095B1 (en) | 1979-03-09 |
| GB1502261A (en) | 1978-03-01 |
| DE2512554A1 (en) | 1975-10-02 |
| JPS50131586A (en) | 1975-10-17 |
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