CA1051510A - Porous electrode with conductive fibres - Google Patents
Porous electrode with conductive fibresInfo
- Publication number
- CA1051510A CA1051510A CA247,304A CA247304A CA1051510A CA 1051510 A CA1051510 A CA 1051510A CA 247304 A CA247304 A CA 247304A CA 1051510 A CA1051510 A CA 1051510A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- fibres
- layer
- porous
- electrode
- porous layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Abstract
A B S T R A C T
An improved porous electrode comprised of a porous, electrically conductive layer and an electrically conductive grid in which the normally high internal resistance of the electrode is substantially reduced by the presence of electrically conductive fibers in contact with the porous layer.
An improved porous electrode comprised of a porous, electrically conductive layer and an electrically conductive grid in which the normally high internal resistance of the electrode is substantially reduced by the presence of electrically conductive fibers in contact with the porous layer.
Description
~vtji5~v This Lnvention relatea to a porous elec~rode, which electrode comprises a porous electrically conductlve layer and an electrlcally conductive grid which serves as collector, to electrochemical cells containing them; and to methods of manu-facturing such cells.
Electrodes of this type may be used in fuel cells.
During operation the fuel employed penetrates into the pores of the porous layer, which usually contains a catalytically active mate.rial for the galvanic combustion of the fuel in the porous layer. Generation of electric current takes place throughout the porous layer and is corrected by the electrically conductive grid and carried off. The electrode is in contact with a suitable elec~rolyte which closes the current circuit within the fuel cell and from which also the reaction products of the electrode reactions occurring at the cathode and the anode can be discharged.
., , A major disadvantage of known porous fuel-cell elec- `~
trodes~is their high internal resistance which has an adverse ' ~ influence on the efficiency of the current generation. In principle the internal resistance of the electrode could be ~!~
reduced by decreasing the mesh width of the collector gauze, ` but such an arrangement is not practicable due to the lack - of the accessibility of the electrode surface and/or the pore walls. In practice collector gauze is used having a wire -thickness of about 300 ~m and a mesh width of about 700J~m, or a corresponding perforated metal plate.
The invention is directed to the provision of a porous electrode suitable for a fuel cell, which has a strongly reduced internal resistance while retaining good accessibility of the catalytically active material. The invention provides a flat porous electrode comprising a porous electrically conductive layer, an electrically conductive grid which serves :;
: ' ~, ~ .,, ' . ' ' ' , : - ' ' , ~os~s~o as collector at the electrolyte ~lde thereof, wherein the said porous layer contains or supports ~-Lbre~ oE an e1ectrically conductive materinl oE thickness not more than 20~m.
The said fibres preferably have a length/thickness ratio of at least lO0 and preferably at least 500. The fibres to be used are much thinner than the customary collector gauze.
Preferably metal fibres are used but fibres from other materials of good electric conductivity may be used, e.g. carbon fibres.
The fibres may be circular in section or of flattered section.
Preferably the fibres are laid in a random orienta-tion to each other, for lnstance by strewing the fibres on the porous layer. A single layer or a plurality of superposed ~ layers of fibres may be provided in the electrode.
:, .
; The quantity of fibre necessary to achieve a substan- ~1 tial decrease of the internal resistance of the electrode is ~`I very small. Thus the Pibres have no perceptible detrimental I influence on the porosity or other properties of the electrode.
Preferably the fibres are of a metal having a high speci~ic conducti~ity and which metal is inert under the operating conditions of the fuel cell in which the electrode is used. Particular example of such metals are platinum, gold, rldium~ silver, nickel, or alloys of two or more o~ such metals. Alloy steels e.g. chromium nickel steel, may be used as~the fibre materials. For electrodes to be used with an alkaline electrolyte, nickel and silver are particuiarly ~`~ useful in the form of fibres. If an acid electrolyte is used, :i~ the noble metals are to be preferred.
' The electrodes according to the invention may be made -for instance by mixing a catalytically acti~e material, in i 30 powdered form with a powdery carrier material and/or a powdery binding agent and possibly a poreforming agent, followed by A
, t~
compression of the wh~le, for lnstanoe ln a mould, at an elevated temperature to orm an electrode and the pore~
forming agent if present - 3a -'`
51(~
; leached out with ho~ water. As carrier material for the cata-lytically active material electrically conduct1ve materials particularly carbon may be used. Carbon particles may be ce-mented together with the aid of a binding agent, for instance a polymer material eg. polyethylene, poly(tetraEluorethylene) -- or poly(vinylchlo~ide~.--As---poreforming--agent~ soluble-salts such as sodium sulphate, sodium carbonate and ammonium car-bonate may be used. For fuel-cell electrodes to be used as the -anode, a powdery catalytic material is incorpora-ted which may i ~ 10 be a commercially available platinum black or palladium black or a mixture thereof, or other suitable materials for instance nickel. For electrodes to be used as cathode the catalytically ,: .
~ active material is usually powdered silver. The porous layer ~-.~ :
if desired may contaLn a catalytically active material which ~j 15 is dispersed in a finely divided form in a porous matrix of ; carrier material and/or blnding agent, or the catalytically active material may be in a non-powdery but porous-coherent form. Such porous layers may then be obtained by sintering ~-of powder of the relevant catalytically active material, usually a metal.
` . .
~ The porosity of the porous layer may bP uniform over .
the entire thickness of the porous layer, or may increase or decrease in a direction of thickness. The porous layer may i~ desired consist of two or more layers in which the poro-sity is uniform in each of the constLtuent layers but 1s different in the various layers.
The invention can be applied for electrodes which are ln contact with a liquid phase on either side during operation, and also for gas-diffusion electrodes.
- :.. - ....
. . , . : . . . ~ - :. , , In gas-diffusion electrodes preferably a layer sealing against liquid but permeable to gas is in contact with a catalyst containing layer which is sufficiently porous to tran~mit gas and liquid. During operation the gas- and liquid-permeable layer is then in contact with the electro-lyte, for instance a sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solution or a phosphoric acid solution, the layer which is only permeahle to gas being in contact with the gas. At the anode the gas is the gaseous fuel, for instance hydrogen. At the cathode the gas is oxygen or a gas containing molecular oxygen, for instance air.
A method according to the invention of preparing a fuel cell electrode, comprises first preparing the porous layer of the cell, transferring one or more layers of the said '~ 15 fibres to the porous layer, and applying the grid on the fibre-layer~side of the porous layer, pressed at least partly into the said layer system. ;~
A practical procedure is first to prepare the porous I ~
layer and subsequently to transfer to it one or more layers ~ ;
of the fibres to be applied according to the invention gene-rally metal fibres. The coarse collector gauze is on the fibre-layer side, pressed at least partly into the layer system obtained. A very solid electrode with good porosity properties is then obtained. If necessary, the fibres may also ~ -be transferred to the porous layer during the preparation ofthis layer, so that in the finished electrode they are not present on but ln, the porous layer. ~ ~ -The lnvention is hereinafter more particularly des-cribed in the following Example, which illustrates the appli-cation of the invention to a gas-di~fusion electrode. Reference is made to the accompanying drawing, in which Figure 1 is a schematic plan view of part of the electrode and Figure 2 represents a cross-section of the electrode surface. Identical .'' , .
~ 5 .. . . . . . .
... . , . ~
~,~51~
numbers represent identical parts.
In the drawing, the nickel wires 1, 2, 3 and 4 con-; stitute a part of the collector gauze. Instead of a wire gauze a perforated plate in the form of so-called expanded metal may be used. The thickness of the wires is about 300 ~ m --- an~--the-porosity of-the--collector-gauze- is-~-about-50%~
The porosity is the ratio between the volume occupied by the pores (or the volume not occupied by the particular material), and the total volume of the relevant layer.
The wires are embedded in a porous layer which is made up of the constituent layers 7, 8 and 9. When the elec-trode is in operation the electrolyte phase is at 5. Some electrolyte will penetrate into the pores of the electrode. ~ -, ~.
The gas phase is at 10 during operation of the electrode. In this example a gas mixture containing molecular oxygen is ~ used, viz. air. Layer 6 has a thickness of 15 ~ m and consists i of a fibre layer according the invention, namely silver fibres with a clrcular section, a diameter of 5 ~ m and a length of 3 to 8 mm. The pOrQsity o layer 6 is preferably at least 80 in this examplel , Layer 7 consists of a mixture of 90% by weight of carbon and lQ% by weight of poly(tetrafluorethylene). The amount of poly(tetrafluorethylene) present may vary, but is preferably - ;
from 8 to 15~ by weight. Layer 7 is about 40 ~ m thick, but is less in the heighbourhood of the collector wires 1 and 3.
d cs J~ d-Layer 7 may if dcrivcd contain catalytically active material.
The porosity of layer 7, apart from the micro-pores in the ~-carbon particles which are not of interest as far as the action of the electrode is concexned is between 25 and 35%, ~ 6 lOS LSlV
in this example 30~. The pore width Erom 1 to 10 ~ m. Thls porosity depends on the particle size oE the poly(tetrafluor-ethylene) powder with which the layer is made and on the pressure applied during the manufacture of the electrode.
The same applies to the porosities of the layers 8 and 9.
Layer 8 has a thickness of 80 ~ m and consists also of a mixture of carbon and poly(tetrafluorethylene)~ This layer also contains 0.86 mg/cm2 of silver as catalytically active ; material. Preferably the poly(tetrafluorethylene) content is between 15 and 30~ by weight, in this example 21% by weight.
The porosity is by preference between 20 and 25%, in this .
example it is 20%.
` Layer 9 has an average thickness of 180 ~ m, and consists of poly(tetrafluorethylene). The average porosity is 50% and the pore width lies between 1 and 20 ~ m.
The electrode was used in an eletrochemical semi-cell and the polarization curve determined at 80C in a 30% by weight potassium hydroxide solution according to the method described by F. von Sturm, 'Elektrochemische Stromerzeugungl, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim/Bergstr., 1969, pages 71 and 72.
The specific internal resistance of the electrode was -~
., - :
0.2 Ohm.
Comparative experiment In the same way as in the Example the specific re-sistance was determi~ed of an electrode similar to the Example , : . .
except that the layer 6 was omitted. The specific resistance ~
. -~ did not dxop below 0.7 Ohm.
: ' :
' :
Electrodes of this type may be used in fuel cells.
During operation the fuel employed penetrates into the pores of the porous layer, which usually contains a catalytically active mate.rial for the galvanic combustion of the fuel in the porous layer. Generation of electric current takes place throughout the porous layer and is corrected by the electrically conductive grid and carried off. The electrode is in contact with a suitable elec~rolyte which closes the current circuit within the fuel cell and from which also the reaction products of the electrode reactions occurring at the cathode and the anode can be discharged.
., , A major disadvantage of known porous fuel-cell elec- `~
trodes~is their high internal resistance which has an adverse ' ~ influence on the efficiency of the current generation. In principle the internal resistance of the electrode could be ~!~
reduced by decreasing the mesh width of the collector gauze, ` but such an arrangement is not practicable due to the lack - of the accessibility of the electrode surface and/or the pore walls. In practice collector gauze is used having a wire -thickness of about 300 ~m and a mesh width of about 700J~m, or a corresponding perforated metal plate.
The invention is directed to the provision of a porous electrode suitable for a fuel cell, which has a strongly reduced internal resistance while retaining good accessibility of the catalytically active material. The invention provides a flat porous electrode comprising a porous electrically conductive layer, an electrically conductive grid which serves :;
: ' ~, ~ .,, ' . ' ' ' , : - ' ' , ~os~s~o as collector at the electrolyte ~lde thereof, wherein the said porous layer contains or supports ~-Lbre~ oE an e1ectrically conductive materinl oE thickness not more than 20~m.
The said fibres preferably have a length/thickness ratio of at least lO0 and preferably at least 500. The fibres to be used are much thinner than the customary collector gauze.
Preferably metal fibres are used but fibres from other materials of good electric conductivity may be used, e.g. carbon fibres.
The fibres may be circular in section or of flattered section.
Preferably the fibres are laid in a random orienta-tion to each other, for lnstance by strewing the fibres on the porous layer. A single layer or a plurality of superposed ~ layers of fibres may be provided in the electrode.
:, .
; The quantity of fibre necessary to achieve a substan- ~1 tial decrease of the internal resistance of the electrode is ~`I very small. Thus the Pibres have no perceptible detrimental I influence on the porosity or other properties of the electrode.
Preferably the fibres are of a metal having a high speci~ic conducti~ity and which metal is inert under the operating conditions of the fuel cell in which the electrode is used. Particular example of such metals are platinum, gold, rldium~ silver, nickel, or alloys of two or more o~ such metals. Alloy steels e.g. chromium nickel steel, may be used as~the fibre materials. For electrodes to be used with an alkaline electrolyte, nickel and silver are particuiarly ~`~ useful in the form of fibres. If an acid electrolyte is used, :i~ the noble metals are to be preferred.
' The electrodes according to the invention may be made -for instance by mixing a catalytically acti~e material, in i 30 powdered form with a powdery carrier material and/or a powdery binding agent and possibly a poreforming agent, followed by A
, t~
compression of the wh~le, for lnstanoe ln a mould, at an elevated temperature to orm an electrode and the pore~
forming agent if present - 3a -'`
51(~
; leached out with ho~ water. As carrier material for the cata-lytically active material electrically conduct1ve materials particularly carbon may be used. Carbon particles may be ce-mented together with the aid of a binding agent, for instance a polymer material eg. polyethylene, poly(tetraEluorethylene) -- or poly(vinylchlo~ide~.--As---poreforming--agent~ soluble-salts such as sodium sulphate, sodium carbonate and ammonium car-bonate may be used. For fuel-cell electrodes to be used as the -anode, a powdery catalytic material is incorpora-ted which may i ~ 10 be a commercially available platinum black or palladium black or a mixture thereof, or other suitable materials for instance nickel. For electrodes to be used as cathode the catalytically ,: .
~ active material is usually powdered silver. The porous layer ~-.~ :
if desired may contaLn a catalytically active material which ~j 15 is dispersed in a finely divided form in a porous matrix of ; carrier material and/or blnding agent, or the catalytically active material may be in a non-powdery but porous-coherent form. Such porous layers may then be obtained by sintering ~-of powder of the relevant catalytically active material, usually a metal.
` . .
~ The porosity of the porous layer may bP uniform over .
the entire thickness of the porous layer, or may increase or decrease in a direction of thickness. The porous layer may i~ desired consist of two or more layers in which the poro-sity is uniform in each of the constLtuent layers but 1s different in the various layers.
The invention can be applied for electrodes which are ln contact with a liquid phase on either side during operation, and also for gas-diffusion electrodes.
- :.. - ....
. . , . : . . . ~ - :. , , In gas-diffusion electrodes preferably a layer sealing against liquid but permeable to gas is in contact with a catalyst containing layer which is sufficiently porous to tran~mit gas and liquid. During operation the gas- and liquid-permeable layer is then in contact with the electro-lyte, for instance a sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solution or a phosphoric acid solution, the layer which is only permeahle to gas being in contact with the gas. At the anode the gas is the gaseous fuel, for instance hydrogen. At the cathode the gas is oxygen or a gas containing molecular oxygen, for instance air.
A method according to the invention of preparing a fuel cell electrode, comprises first preparing the porous layer of the cell, transferring one or more layers of the said '~ 15 fibres to the porous layer, and applying the grid on the fibre-layer~side of the porous layer, pressed at least partly into the said layer system. ;~
A practical procedure is first to prepare the porous I ~
layer and subsequently to transfer to it one or more layers ~ ;
of the fibres to be applied according to the invention gene-rally metal fibres. The coarse collector gauze is on the fibre-layer side, pressed at least partly into the layer system obtained. A very solid electrode with good porosity properties is then obtained. If necessary, the fibres may also ~ -be transferred to the porous layer during the preparation ofthis layer, so that in the finished electrode they are not present on but ln, the porous layer. ~ ~ -The lnvention is hereinafter more particularly des-cribed in the following Example, which illustrates the appli-cation of the invention to a gas-di~fusion electrode. Reference is made to the accompanying drawing, in which Figure 1 is a schematic plan view of part of the electrode and Figure 2 represents a cross-section of the electrode surface. Identical .'' , .
~ 5 .. . . . . . .
... . , . ~
~,~51~
numbers represent identical parts.
In the drawing, the nickel wires 1, 2, 3 and 4 con-; stitute a part of the collector gauze. Instead of a wire gauze a perforated plate in the form of so-called expanded metal may be used. The thickness of the wires is about 300 ~ m --- an~--the-porosity of-the--collector-gauze- is-~-about-50%~
The porosity is the ratio between the volume occupied by the pores (or the volume not occupied by the particular material), and the total volume of the relevant layer.
The wires are embedded in a porous layer which is made up of the constituent layers 7, 8 and 9. When the elec-trode is in operation the electrolyte phase is at 5. Some electrolyte will penetrate into the pores of the electrode. ~ -, ~.
The gas phase is at 10 during operation of the electrode. In this example a gas mixture containing molecular oxygen is ~ used, viz. air. Layer 6 has a thickness of 15 ~ m and consists i of a fibre layer according the invention, namely silver fibres with a clrcular section, a diameter of 5 ~ m and a length of 3 to 8 mm. The pOrQsity o layer 6 is preferably at least 80 in this examplel , Layer 7 consists of a mixture of 90% by weight of carbon and lQ% by weight of poly(tetrafluorethylene). The amount of poly(tetrafluorethylene) present may vary, but is preferably - ;
from 8 to 15~ by weight. Layer 7 is about 40 ~ m thick, but is less in the heighbourhood of the collector wires 1 and 3.
d cs J~ d-Layer 7 may if dcrivcd contain catalytically active material.
The porosity of layer 7, apart from the micro-pores in the ~-carbon particles which are not of interest as far as the action of the electrode is concexned is between 25 and 35%, ~ 6 lOS LSlV
in this example 30~. The pore width Erom 1 to 10 ~ m. Thls porosity depends on the particle size oE the poly(tetrafluor-ethylene) powder with which the layer is made and on the pressure applied during the manufacture of the electrode.
The same applies to the porosities of the layers 8 and 9.
Layer 8 has a thickness of 80 ~ m and consists also of a mixture of carbon and poly(tetrafluorethylene)~ This layer also contains 0.86 mg/cm2 of silver as catalytically active ; material. Preferably the poly(tetrafluorethylene) content is between 15 and 30~ by weight, in this example 21% by weight.
The porosity is by preference between 20 and 25%, in this .
example it is 20%.
` Layer 9 has an average thickness of 180 ~ m, and consists of poly(tetrafluorethylene). The average porosity is 50% and the pore width lies between 1 and 20 ~ m.
The electrode was used in an eletrochemical semi-cell and the polarization curve determined at 80C in a 30% by weight potassium hydroxide solution according to the method described by F. von Sturm, 'Elektrochemische Stromerzeugungl, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim/Bergstr., 1969, pages 71 and 72.
The specific internal resistance of the electrode was -~
., - :
0.2 Ohm.
Comparative experiment In the same way as in the Example the specific re-sistance was determi~ed of an electrode similar to the Example , : . .
except that the layer 6 was omitted. The specific resistance ~
. -~ did not dxop below 0.7 Ohm.
: ' :
' :
Claims (8)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A flat porous electrode comprising a porous electri-cally conductive layer, an electrically conductive grid which serves as collector at the electrolyte side thereof, wherein the said porous layer contains or supports fibres of an electrically conductive material of thickness not more than 20 µm.
2. An electrode according to Claim 1, wherein the said fibres are metal fibres.
3. An electrode according to Claim 1, wherein said fibres are metal fibres and the metal fibres are fibres of a noble metal, nickel or silver.
4. An electrode according to any of Claims 1 to 3, wherein the length thickness-ratio of the said fibres is at least 100.
5. An electrode according to any of Claims 1 to 3, wherein the fibres are present in a layer of porosity at least 80%.
6. An electrochemical cell containing one or more electrodes according to any of Claims 1 to 3.
7. An electrochemical cell containing one or more electrodes according to any of Claims 1 to 3 wherein said cell is a fuel cell.
8. A method of manufacturing an electrode according to any of Claims 1 to 3, comprising first preparing the porous layer of the cell, transferring one or more layers of the said fibres to the porous layer, and applying the grid on the fibre-layer side of the, porous layer, pressed at least partly into the said layer system.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL7502842A NL7502842A (en) | 1975-03-11 | 1975-03-11 | POROUS ELECTRODE. |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1051510A true CA1051510A (en) | 1979-03-27 |
Family
ID=19823340
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA247,304A Expired CA1051510A (en) | 1975-03-11 | 1976-03-08 | Porous electrode with conductive fibres |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4091176A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS51114648A (en) |
| BE (1) | BE839422A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1051510A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2610253C2 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2304184A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1535997A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1057951B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7502842A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20180097251A1 (en) * | 2016-09-30 | 2018-04-05 | Wentao Li | Porous Electrode for Electrochemical Cells |
Families Citing this family (44)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL7706998A (en) * | 1977-06-24 | 1978-12-28 | Electrochem Energieconversie | POROUS ELECTRODE. |
| NL7714464A (en) * | 1977-12-28 | 1979-07-02 | Electrochem Energieconversie | POROUS ELECTRODE. |
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| FR2461766A1 (en) * | 1979-07-16 | 1981-02-06 | Michelin & Cie | ELECTRODES WITH CURRENT OUTPUTS |
| US4248682A (en) * | 1979-09-27 | 1981-02-03 | Prototech Company | Carbon-cloth-based electrocatalytic gas diffusion electrodes, assembly and electrochemical cells comprising the same |
| FR2468220A1 (en) * | 1979-10-18 | 1981-04-30 | Alsthom Cgee | ELECTRODE FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL GENERATOR |
| US4350580A (en) * | 1980-04-25 | 1982-09-21 | Olin Corporation | Current distributors for reticulate electrodes |
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| US4735875A (en) * | 1986-03-24 | 1988-04-05 | W. R. Grace & Co. | Cathodic electrode |
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| US5318862A (en) * | 1993-09-22 | 1994-06-07 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Bifunctional gas diffusion electrodes employing wettable, non-wettable layered structure using the mud-caking concept |
| GB9324101D0 (en) * | 1993-11-23 | 1994-01-12 | Johnson Matthey Plc | Improved manufacture of electrodes |
| US6071635A (en) * | 1998-04-03 | 2000-06-06 | Plug Power, L.L.C. | Easily-formable fuel cell assembly fluid flow plate having conductivity and increased non-conductive material |
| US6007933A (en) * | 1998-04-27 | 1999-12-28 | Plug Power, L.L.C. | Fuel cell assembly unit for promoting fluid service and electrical conductivity |
| US6852395B2 (en) | 2002-01-08 | 2005-02-08 | North Carolina State University | Methods and systems for selectively connecting and disconnecting conductors in a fabric |
| WO2004003273A2 (en) * | 2002-06-28 | 2004-01-08 | North Carolina State University | Fabric and yarn structures for improving signal integrity in fabric based electrical circuits |
| CN100442589C (en) * | 2003-12-05 | 2008-12-10 | Lg电子株式会社 | Membrane electrode assembly of fuel cell |
| BR112014031220A2 (en) | 2012-06-12 | 2017-06-27 | Univ Monash | breathable electrode structure and method and system for use in water separation |
| US10297834B2 (en) | 2013-07-31 | 2019-05-21 | Aquahydrex Pty Ltd | Method and electrochemical cell for managing electrochemical reactions |
| WO2016033328A1 (en) | 2014-08-27 | 2016-03-03 | North Carolina State University | Binary encoding of sensors in textile structures |
| JP6841831B2 (en) * | 2016-01-15 | 2021-03-10 | アクシン ウォーター テクノロジーズ インコーポレイテッドＡｘｉｎｅ Ｗａｔｅｒ Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓ Ｉｎｃ． | Electrochemical cell for wastewater treatment with increased pollutant removal rate |
| AU2020216203A1 (en) | 2019-02-01 | 2021-08-05 | Aquahydrex, Inc. | Electrochemical system with confined electrolyte |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1370562A (en) * | 1961-03-10 | 1964-08-28 | Accumulateurs Fixes | Process for manufacturing active materials and electrodes for alkaline batteries, and active materials and electrodes thus obtained |
| US3423243A (en) * | 1962-07-30 | 1969-01-21 | Union Carbide Corp | Current collection means for fuel cells |
| US3423247A (en) * | 1963-06-07 | 1969-01-21 | Union Carbide Corp | Porous conductive electrode having at least two zones |
| US3481787A (en) * | 1964-06-11 | 1969-12-02 | Engelhard Ind Inc | Fuel cell comprising a raney catalyst alloy consisting of platinum and a member selected from the group consisting of zirconium,tungsten and rhenium |
| US3554809A (en) * | 1967-12-18 | 1971-01-12 | Gen Electric | Process and apparatus for distributing fluid inerts with respect to the electrodes of a fuel battery |
| US4001039A (en) * | 1968-07-31 | 1977-01-04 | Leesona Corporation | Electrochemical cell with alkali and alkaline earth metal containing electrolyte |
| US3835514A (en) * | 1971-05-17 | 1974-09-17 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Method of making laminated diffusion bonded battery plaques |
| DE2208632C3 (en) * | 1972-02-24 | 1981-07-30 | Battelle-Institut E.V., 6000 Frankfurt | Process for the production of carbon-containing gas electrodes with a hydrophobic backing layer |
-
1975
- 1975-03-11 NL NL7502842A patent/NL7502842A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
1976
- 1976-03-08 GB GB9197/76A patent/GB1535997A/en not_active Expired
- 1976-03-08 CA CA247,304A patent/CA1051510A/en not_active Expired
- 1976-03-09 FR FR7606670A patent/FR2304184A1/en active Granted
- 1976-03-09 US US05/665,447 patent/US4091176A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1976-03-09 JP JP51025517A patent/JPS51114648A/en active Pending
- 1976-03-10 IT IT48505/76A patent/IT1057951B/en active
- 1976-03-11 DE DE2610253A patent/DE2610253C2/en not_active Expired
- 1976-03-11 BE BE165040A patent/BE839422A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20180097251A1 (en) * | 2016-09-30 | 2018-04-05 | Wentao Li | Porous Electrode for Electrochemical Cells |
| US11450876B2 (en) * | 2016-09-30 | 2022-09-20 | LiBama, LLC | Porous electrode for electrochemical cells |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE2610253A1 (en) | 1976-09-23 |
| FR2304184A1 (en) | 1976-10-08 |
| US4091176A (en) | 1978-05-23 |
| FR2304184B1 (en) | 1981-09-04 |
| GB1535997A (en) | 1978-12-13 |
| JPS51114648A (en) | 1976-10-08 |
| BE839422A (en) | 1976-09-13 |
| DE2610253C2 (en) | 1986-03-06 |
| IT1057951B (en) | 1982-03-30 |
| NL7502842A (en) | 1976-09-14 |
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