CA1065465A - Mechanisms to heat fluids to higher temperatures and pressures - Google Patents
Mechanisms to heat fluids to higher temperatures and pressuresInfo
- Publication number
- CA1065465A CA1065465A CA324,594A CA324594A CA1065465A CA 1065465 A CA1065465 A CA 1065465A CA 324594 A CA324594 A CA 324594A CA 1065465 A CA1065465 A CA 1065465A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- cavity
- heat
- fluid
- water
- bath
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
- G01V1/02—Generating seismic energy
- G01V1/133—Generating seismic energy using fluidic driving means, e.g. highly pressurised fluids; using implosion
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The present invention relates to powerful sound impulse generation methods such as in use presently in the field of seismic explora-tion under water.
The present invention relates to powerful sound impulse generation methods such as in use presently in the field of seismic explora-tion under water.
Description
The present invention relates to powerful sound impulse generation methods such as in use presently in the field of seismic exploration under water.
The many advantages of the sound impulse generation method, described herein, result from an abrupt and clear sound impulse which is produced by remote control using variable power settings in a readily repeatable cycle. These powerful sound impulses are useful for seismic exploration.
This sound impulse generator operates for long periods of time, continuously producing powerful sound impulses at frequent timed intervals.
The present invention is illustratively described as a device capable of creating large amounts of accoustical energy in water in the form of a clear repeatable pulse, the frequency and amplitude of which may be readily varied. These pulses are ideal for use in seismic exploration systems and can also be used to advantage for other purposes.
Among many objects of the present invention is to create accoustical repetition whereby large amounts of sound energy is produced with a relatively small device. Also, said device is convenient and safe to use for a wide variety of functions.
Forthwith the term, Vapour Gun, is intended to include powerful impulse devices which are operated with liquids supplied under pressure to a compact high intensity electric vapour generator.
Mostly, however, the liquid used is water, but it is to be .. , -- ~
,~ ' . ~ . , .; ", . , " , i06S465 understood that the term, Vapour Gun, is not intended to be limited to water vapour alone.
Back~round of Invention Today, one of the most familiar sound soùrces used in seismic surveying is the compressed air gun. Such a gun is presently supplied in its many variations by Bolt ~ssociates, Canadian Patents No. 923611 and No. 9~3227. These sound sources work on the principle of quick controlled release of high pressure air in exact timed intervals. The high energy sound source is produced by a rapidly expanding air bubble. There are, however, a few problems with this system.
The first is commonly known as the bubble effect where the air bubble expands past its stabilization point, finally slowing then being forced back by water pressure down past its stabilization point. This bouncing effect sets up an extremely undesirable pattern of secondary sound sources that make it very difficult to get clean seismi~ data from surveying equip-ments. Many have been the inventions trying to stop this effect.
There have been different systems (Canadian Patents No.
9~3615 and No. 923611) proposed to stop this effect by inject-ing into said air bubble an extra amount of air just as the bubble passes its stabilization point. This tends to moderate the bubble effect for a short period of time lessening the ,: . . . . . ,- ..... . . . . . ..... .
.
:: . . . .
::- : , .
- . ~ : ., .
intensity of secondary sound waves thereby increasing the ratio of sound power between first pulse and secondary pulses.
Today, seismic survey companies are already quite concern-ed over the cost and complexity factors invol~ed with supply-ing the large amounts of compressed air needed to furnish the normal systems. These systems release in the neighborhood of 1 cu. ft. of air compressed to 2000 or over lbs./in. sq. every 6 to 10 seconds for extended periods such as 72 hrs. non stop.
Now seismic firms realize that eventually these requirements must be increased quite substantially in order to prospect in more adverse conditions. Preferably they would rather not expend extra air for bubble effect supression.
At present, a system is in operation called the tuned gun array (Can. Pat. No. ~6~502). In brief, this system works by releasing many different sizes of air bubbles as instantaneously as possible, on the assumption that the primary signal will be full strength, whereby secondary signals, though in existance, will be out of tune with each other since different size bubbles oscillate at different rates. Thus this system does not eliminate the effect but does manage to increase the sound force ratio between primary and secondary sound signals. Theoretically the ratio reached should be much higher for optimum performance.
To make up for this lack, again, greater amounts of expensive compressed air is required. Also this system requires a multi-plicity of an already complicated release mechanism. At present 32 such guns must be fired simutaneously to create this effect.
~ " "':: ' ' '' '' ' '' : ~ , . -This means an incredible increase in capital investment for machineries and the lines to supply air and electronic controls becomes exotic indeed.
A company from France, Can. Pat. No. 953015, investigated the production of sound waves for seismic prospecting using the principle of implosion. Further, a second company from France, Can. Pat. No. 914517, creates this same type of implosion e~fect by using heated vapour under pressure, this vapour being steam.
It has becn ~iscovered that creating sound waves by implosion 10 does not set up secondary sound sources and very high ratios of first signal to interference noise are therefore established.
As mentioned in Can. Pat. No. 914517, the vapour gun operates on this principle. Steam, at previously determined pressure and temperature, is released, under controlled valving con~itions, into the ocean waters, at a depth, creating a large vapour bubble. This bubble condenses at an extremely rapid rate from the outside circumference towards the center. The water follows this path creating a sonic shock wave when it meets in the center. Using this system one vapour gun can duplicate the 20 effects of thirty-two. However, the chilling effects of frigid ocean water makes the delivery of steam to the vapour gun a tremendous problem at greater depths. In the field of seismic exploration a need is beginning to be felt to create sound shocks at ever increasing depths. Also, theoretically, the vapour bubble implosion will occur with greater intensity at greater depths due to the higher pressure of the surrounding liquid , medium and the cooler temperature of this same medium. Ship board generation of steam thereby becomes increasingly im-practical. It is the purpose of this present invention to eliminate these problems of the vapour bubble system.
Also, this invention is capable of operating at pressures far in excess of that which the vapour bubble system requires.
The reason for this built in additional variable is because steam injected into water directly at say 5000 lbs. P.S.I.A.
causes a very strong shock wave. Since steam condenses at a very rapid rate it is possible to reverse the implosion system. ~his means the first shock of expanding steam at very high pressure would create said sonic shock wave. The escaping steam would be discouraged from forming any bubble of conse-quence by arranging the exhaust porting in such a way that condensa~ion would occur at a faster rate than bubble growth thereby creating a shock wave without the disadvantage of the bubble effect.
.
' . ' . , 1: , . .
.. , . ,, :. ~ '` ' ' ~- ' ' : '' - . , ; '' , , ' :, ' ~ ' .
' `- 106S465 Pri~arv Ob,iects of Invention Therefore, primary obJect of this invention is to introduce a tool for seismic re~earch capable of serving the ~`unction ol' previous vapour guns without the limitations of depth on steam delivery.
A further object of this invention is to furnish a tool of seismic exploration capable of exhausting extremely high pressure steam directly into a water medium.
Another,object of this invention is to supply a means of performing both of the previous functions at a much lower cost factor and with a much greater simplicity of operation, using components such as deisel powered generators and desalination units. These components are simpler and more reliable to operate on extended ocean voyages than 3 stage compressors, for example.
A further object of this invention is to supply a mechanism being easily variable by remote control so that any frequency or intensity sound wave can be created without having to bring said vapour gun out of the ocean.
Another object is a compact tool to supply portable high pressure steam for such other purposes as steam cleaning, steam sterilization and steam heating.
Description of Drawin~s The drawings diagrammatically illustrated are by way of example, not of limitation, forms for mechanisms to allow this invention to acheive its objectives. Reference numbers have been included to indicate parts used in verbal descriptions.
Fig. 1 is a bloc~ diagram of one embodiment of the invention as applied to seismic exploration. The numeral 9 represents a floating vessel on which is installed among other machineries:
1. A desalination unit to furnish the demineralized water necessary for operation of the vapour gun.
The many advantages of the sound impulse generation method, described herein, result from an abrupt and clear sound impulse which is produced by remote control using variable power settings in a readily repeatable cycle. These powerful sound impulses are useful for seismic exploration.
This sound impulse generator operates for long periods of time, continuously producing powerful sound impulses at frequent timed intervals.
The present invention is illustratively described as a device capable of creating large amounts of accoustical energy in water in the form of a clear repeatable pulse, the frequency and amplitude of which may be readily varied. These pulses are ideal for use in seismic exploration systems and can also be used to advantage for other purposes.
Among many objects of the present invention is to create accoustical repetition whereby large amounts of sound energy is produced with a relatively small device. Also, said device is convenient and safe to use for a wide variety of functions.
Forthwith the term, Vapour Gun, is intended to include powerful impulse devices which are operated with liquids supplied under pressure to a compact high intensity electric vapour generator.
Mostly, however, the liquid used is water, but it is to be .. , -- ~
,~ ' . ~ . , .; ", . , " , i06S465 understood that the term, Vapour Gun, is not intended to be limited to water vapour alone.
Back~round of Invention Today, one of the most familiar sound soùrces used in seismic surveying is the compressed air gun. Such a gun is presently supplied in its many variations by Bolt ~ssociates, Canadian Patents No. 923611 and No. 9~3227. These sound sources work on the principle of quick controlled release of high pressure air in exact timed intervals. The high energy sound source is produced by a rapidly expanding air bubble. There are, however, a few problems with this system.
The first is commonly known as the bubble effect where the air bubble expands past its stabilization point, finally slowing then being forced back by water pressure down past its stabilization point. This bouncing effect sets up an extremely undesirable pattern of secondary sound sources that make it very difficult to get clean seismi~ data from surveying equip-ments. Many have been the inventions trying to stop this effect.
There have been different systems (Canadian Patents No.
9~3615 and No. 923611) proposed to stop this effect by inject-ing into said air bubble an extra amount of air just as the bubble passes its stabilization point. This tends to moderate the bubble effect for a short period of time lessening the ,: . . . . . ,- ..... . . . . . ..... .
.
:: . . . .
::- : , .
- . ~ : ., .
intensity of secondary sound waves thereby increasing the ratio of sound power between first pulse and secondary pulses.
Today, seismic survey companies are already quite concern-ed over the cost and complexity factors invol~ed with supply-ing the large amounts of compressed air needed to furnish the normal systems. These systems release in the neighborhood of 1 cu. ft. of air compressed to 2000 or over lbs./in. sq. every 6 to 10 seconds for extended periods such as 72 hrs. non stop.
Now seismic firms realize that eventually these requirements must be increased quite substantially in order to prospect in more adverse conditions. Preferably they would rather not expend extra air for bubble effect supression.
At present, a system is in operation called the tuned gun array (Can. Pat. No. ~6~502). In brief, this system works by releasing many different sizes of air bubbles as instantaneously as possible, on the assumption that the primary signal will be full strength, whereby secondary signals, though in existance, will be out of tune with each other since different size bubbles oscillate at different rates. Thus this system does not eliminate the effect but does manage to increase the sound force ratio between primary and secondary sound signals. Theoretically the ratio reached should be much higher for optimum performance.
To make up for this lack, again, greater amounts of expensive compressed air is required. Also this system requires a multi-plicity of an already complicated release mechanism. At present 32 such guns must be fired simutaneously to create this effect.
~ " "':: ' ' '' '' ' '' : ~ , . -This means an incredible increase in capital investment for machineries and the lines to supply air and electronic controls becomes exotic indeed.
A company from France, Can. Pat. No. 953015, investigated the production of sound waves for seismic prospecting using the principle of implosion. Further, a second company from France, Can. Pat. No. 914517, creates this same type of implosion e~fect by using heated vapour under pressure, this vapour being steam.
It has becn ~iscovered that creating sound waves by implosion 10 does not set up secondary sound sources and very high ratios of first signal to interference noise are therefore established.
As mentioned in Can. Pat. No. 914517, the vapour gun operates on this principle. Steam, at previously determined pressure and temperature, is released, under controlled valving con~itions, into the ocean waters, at a depth, creating a large vapour bubble. This bubble condenses at an extremely rapid rate from the outside circumference towards the center. The water follows this path creating a sonic shock wave when it meets in the center. Using this system one vapour gun can duplicate the 20 effects of thirty-two. However, the chilling effects of frigid ocean water makes the delivery of steam to the vapour gun a tremendous problem at greater depths. In the field of seismic exploration a need is beginning to be felt to create sound shocks at ever increasing depths. Also, theoretically, the vapour bubble implosion will occur with greater intensity at greater depths due to the higher pressure of the surrounding liquid , medium and the cooler temperature of this same medium. Ship board generation of steam thereby becomes increasingly im-practical. It is the purpose of this present invention to eliminate these problems of the vapour bubble system.
Also, this invention is capable of operating at pressures far in excess of that which the vapour bubble system requires.
The reason for this built in additional variable is because steam injected into water directly at say 5000 lbs. P.S.I.A.
causes a very strong shock wave. Since steam condenses at a very rapid rate it is possible to reverse the implosion system. ~his means the first shock of expanding steam at very high pressure would create said sonic shock wave. The escaping steam would be discouraged from forming any bubble of conse-quence by arranging the exhaust porting in such a way that condensa~ion would occur at a faster rate than bubble growth thereby creating a shock wave without the disadvantage of the bubble effect.
.
' . ' . , 1: , . .
.. , . ,, :. ~ '` ' ' ~- ' ' : '' - . , ; '' , , ' :, ' ~ ' .
' `- 106S465 Pri~arv Ob,iects of Invention Therefore, primary obJect of this invention is to introduce a tool for seismic re~earch capable of serving the ~`unction ol' previous vapour guns without the limitations of depth on steam delivery.
A further object of this invention is to furnish a tool of seismic exploration capable of exhausting extremely high pressure steam directly into a water medium.
Another,object of this invention is to supply a means of performing both of the previous functions at a much lower cost factor and with a much greater simplicity of operation, using components such as deisel powered generators and desalination units. These components are simpler and more reliable to operate on extended ocean voyages than 3 stage compressors, for example.
A further object of this invention is to supply a mechanism being easily variable by remote control so that any frequency or intensity sound wave can be created without having to bring said vapour gun out of the ocean.
Another object is a compact tool to supply portable high pressure steam for such other purposes as steam cleaning, steam sterilization and steam heating.
Description of Drawin~s The drawings diagrammatically illustrated are by way of example, not of limitation, forms for mechanisms to allow this invention to acheive its objectives. Reference numbers have been included to indicate parts used in verbal descriptions.
Fig. 1 is a bloc~ diagram of one embodiment of the invention as applied to seismic exploration. The numeral 9 represents a floating vessel on which is installed among other machineries:
1. A desalination unit to furnish the demineralized water necessary for operation of the vapour gun.
2. A high power electrical generator, probably deisel motor driven, to furnish the electrical power needed for the vapour gun.
. A control system for electronically firing the vapour gun. Also controls for varying the amount and pressures of the demineralized water supply to the vapour gun.
. A cable feed system for raising and lowering the vapour gun from ship to ocean depths.
5. A trunk line cable with two large electric lines plus a water feed tube and selenoid activation wire.
6. A vapour gun as will be described later.
7. A vapour bubble as ideally created by this vapour gun.
.
: . . ' ' ' `'`'' " ~:
:
106S46~ -Fig. 2 is an exploded cutaway diagram of the high intensity liquid metal bath boiler where:
1. is an outer shell fabricated of a tough, low resistance metal, such as copper.
2. is a void filled with an insulant such as asbestos fibre.
. A control system for electronically firing the vapour gun. Also controls for varying the amount and pressures of the demineralized water supply to the vapour gun.
. A cable feed system for raising and lowering the vapour gun from ship to ocean depths.
5. A trunk line cable with two large electric lines plus a water feed tube and selenoid activation wire.
6. A vapour gun as will be described later.
7. A vapour bubble as ideally created by this vapour gun.
.
: . . ' ' ' `'`'' " ~:
:
106S46~ -Fig. 2 is an exploded cutaway diagram of the high intensity liquid metal bath boiler where:
1. is an outer shell fabricated of a tough, low resistance metal, such as copper.
2. is a void filled with an insulant such as asbestos fibre.
3. is the boiler tube which in operation contains water or steam on the inside and is surrounded by an elec-trical resistance heated liquid metal bath on the outside.
4. is an electrical terminal for the outer shell of the electrical circuit creating the liquid metal bath.
5. is an insulant and gasket of very high electric and ;` thermal resistance such as asbestos sheeting.
6. is a cavity between boiler tube and outer containing wall. This cavity is filled in operation with a machined plug of a medium resistance metal of previously estab-lished melting point. Upon completion of an electrical circuit through this plug, heat is generated which eventually melts this metal to create the desired liquid metal bath. Metals used may range from sodium to aluminum and certain alloys of either of these or any other metals.
7. is the cap. This unit comprises of a boiler tube, electrical terminals and a threaded adapter to accept _ ~ _ mechanisms to be described later. A material of high temperature capabilities such as ~.h. - 213-TP-304H-l~Cr-~Ni is used here.
. is electrical terminals on cap.
9. is the threaded extension on cap heading from the boiler tube cavity which allows attachment of different mechanisms that control the operation of this boiler.
10. is a thermally resistant collar that fits over the top of the cap to impede the loss of heat from liquid metal bath. Asbestos would be such a material as is required here.
11. is one of a number of bolts required to lock the cap to the metal bath container.
12. is the liquid metal bath container. Again material such as used for the cap is utilized for this construction.
Fig. 3 is a cutaway diagram of a quick release valving mechanism that allows this invention to fulfill its objective as a sound impulse generator.
1. is an electrical terminal used in activating the sele-noid.
2. is the electrical selenoid used for activating thevalve release mechanism.
3. is a spring that supplies energy to return piston valve to closed position after the release of a pulse of steam.
- 9 _ :~v~
- , . :
.
. ' ~
: . ' . .
- ' " : i ' ' ' ': . :: ' . is the piston of the valve.
5. is the surrounding body of the piston valve.
6. is the steam exhaust port.
7. is the threaded flange that allows mounting to the boiler unit.
. is the passages that water must follow in order to be inJected into boiler.
9. is a threaded nipple to allow the connection of a pressurized water line.
10. is a one way valve.
11. shows 3 bearings that allow operation of the flex joint release mechanism.
12. is the two connecting arms suspended on 3 bearing points.
13. is a section of tubing used as the body for upper part of valve control mechanism.
14. is the cap resting on tubing that encloses the top of the valve control mechanism and also includes one bear-ing point for flex joint action.
15. is one bolt of several that pass through cap into valve body in order to hold unit together.
Fig~ 4 is a cutaway view of a valving mechanism that allows this invention to perform another of its embodiments in rela-tion to being a compact source of continuous high pressure steam.
1. is an allen key stud used for adjusting the tension of .. . .
''' " : ''' .
.
1065~65 the valve piston spring.
2. is the valve body 3. is the piston tension spring.
. is the piston valve.
5. is the steam exhaust port.
6. is the water feed tube.
7~ is the threaded flange that allows mounting to boiler unit.
~. is the one way valve.
9. is a threaded nipple allowing a coupling with a water source.
Functionin~ of Invention It should be realised that the following descriptions of this invention are meant to be examples not restrictions of the potential uses of this invention.
For the purposes of this description liquid metal shall mean metals such as sodium, aluminum, alloys of aluminum. Also the fluid heated to vapour shall be water. But it should be clear that other metals in the bath can and may be used. Also other fluids besides water for totally different applications may be used. The invention is not limited to any specific metal for the bath or any specific fluid to generate vapour.
$-' Theoretical Functionin~
This boiler functions through the injection of wateragainst the inside of a closed container submerged in a liquid metal bath. Temperature and pressure of steam is directly related to temperature of liquid metal and amount of water supplied. The advantages of the liquid metal bath are quite specific to this invention.
The purpose of this invention is to create extremely high steam pressures through the use of electrical energy. Since this boiler must by necessity absorb different loads rapidly for specific and varying times this would tend to create large surges of energy during actual operation. Such surges at the high power rating intended to be used becomes very diffi-cult to control. One method would be the use of electronic switching equîpment and large capacitor bank's, similar for instance, to the opweations of induction furnaces; which must also control this kind of surrent sureg situation.
The present invention solves the problem by using a large heat capacitor. The heat capacitor being in the liquid metal bath. When in Gperation the metal in the bath is liquified by heat generated due to resistance to a large electric current flowing from boiler tube or tubes to liquid metal bath contain-er. After the metal is melted further resistance heating occurs and the metal bath can rise in temperature to its boiling , .. . . . . .
. . .~ :, - . ~.
., .' ~
.: '~,., .-,..... .
106S46~
point. However there would be no need to reach this boiling point. For example, pure aluminum melts at 1220.~ degrees F
and boils a 37~0 degrees F. The 1967 ASMF tables list 1000 degrees F as the temperature required to boil 1 lb. of water to 5500 P.S.I.A. and .1152 cu. ft. It also requires 1344.3 BTU to do this. Aluminum has a latent heat of fusion of 170 BTU per pound. Theoretically 7.9 lbs. of aluminum cooling from liquid state to solid state would supply the energy required.
The present invention utilizes this fact of nature to invest large amounts of heat energy about this pulsating boiler without letting temperature rise to burn out the boiler tube.
Current is applied to the metal bath and invested at a pre set constant rate. When water is injected into the boiler tube a situation of instability is created. Equilibrium is reached when the water has absorbed enough heat to reach the tempera-ture of its immediate surrounding environment. In this theoret-ical example this would be 1220.4 degrees F. This would create water vapour of extremely high pressure. Further embodiments of this invention releases this pressure extremely rapidly creat-ing a large sonic boom ideally suited for seismic prospecting.
By using alloys of aluminum or sodium or any other metal-lic substance, steam pressure operating levels can be raised or lowered at will. Also boiler tube configuration can be changed to effect different resuits. Again, by regulation of the charges of water injected, further regulation occurs. Such ,. . .
. ' ' - ~
regulation may be used for lower pressures to create steam bubbles in the ocean depths for large powerful implosion sonic booms as again is ideally suited for seismic research. Further by using another attachment for this invention the boiler becomes a single pass high pressure unit capable of emitting steam continuously at variable pressure according to prior adjustment of unit, Variable pressure meaning anywhere from boiling to over 5000 P.S.I.A.
Let it be understood, however, that sonic booms for seismic prospecting must usually occur every 6 to 10 seconds consecu-tively for periods such as 72 hours non-stop. Thus the previous description of steam pulses is occuring repeatedly every 6 to 10 seconds.
Practical Description of Operation Refering to Fig. No. 2. The boiler unit is basically an insulated container (1,2,12) isolated by a gasket (5) from the boiler tube assembly (7) called a cap. A piece of metal, chill cast to the exact internal measurements of space No. 6, is inserted into cavity No. 6. The boiler cap is then fitted, boiler tube No. 3 fitting within cavity of cast piece of bath metal. Bolts are inserted through insulating collar No. 10 and unit is bolted together. Electric leads are attached to termin-als No. ~ and No. 4.
.;, .
", ,.~ , . . .
At this point, valving mechanism is cho~en. The first example shall be Fig. No. 3 which is a very fast relief valve with spring bias return action. The valve illustrated in Fig.
No. 3 is threaded by flange No, 7 to boiler collar No, 9.
Water delivery tube No. ~ in Fig. No. 3 stops within a distance equal to its internal passage diameter from the bottom of boiler tube 3 Fig. No. 2. Then a selenoid actuating line is attached at No. 1 Fig. No. 3 and a water line is attached to nipple 9 Fig. No. 3. Now the unit is lowered into the ocean depths. Current is supplied to boiler unit melting liquid metal bath. Previous experimentation allows the operator to know what time period is required for initial melting of a cold metal bath. When metal is melted a metered amount of pure water is injected through one way valve No. 10 Fig. 3 into valve body No. 5 Fig. 3. The water is metered by an inJection system on board ship basically the same way fuel is metered to a deisel motor. Water under pressure in valve body No. 5 Fig. 3 follows a passageway to valve piston. The piston at this point in its action, as shown No. ~ Fig. 3, presents to said channel a relief channel~cut into its outer circumference of its body. This channel allows water to reach a hole (No. ~ Fig. 3) which leads to water del~ivery tube (No. ~ Fig.3) which extends almost to the bottom of boiler tube No. 3 Fig. 2. As the water passes through this internal tube it begins picking up heat. When it reaches the bottom of the delivery tube it is already boiling.
- ~ -The supersaturated steam, with water drops thus formed, is then further forced into the channel existing between water tube delivery and boiler tube. Here extreme heat is applied to va~our raising temperatures extremely rapidly. This rise is transferred back to the central delivery tube further increas-ing the temperature of delivery water inside of the central delivery tube.
This extreme rise in temperaturealso causes a high rate of increase in pressure. When pressure of boiler exceeds water delivery pressure level, one way valve, No. 10 Fig. 3, closes effectively isolating boiler. Since electrical current is still being supplied to metal bath and metal bath still is releasing large amount of stored heat, temperature and pressure quickly mount. At a predetermined time setting, selenoid No. 2 Fig. 3 is activated, releasing piston No. 4 Fig. 3 to travel upwards exposing port No. 6 Fig. 3 thereby releasing a pulse of very high pressure steam into the immediate surrounding medium.
Preferably, time factors involved would be 6 to 10 seconds per cycle.
That means valve just closed by return spring No. 3 Fig. 3 equals 0. Liquid metal bath almost solidified. Current entering at great rate liquifies metal in say 3 seconds. Water is in-jected at beginning of 4th second. Water absorbs stored heat and direct heat for a further 3 seconds. On the 6th second selenoid activates. Within milliseconds piston valve 4 Fig. 3 . .
' has opened releasing steam and closed ready to repeat cycle, The pressure and characteriqtics of steam produced aré
directly controlled by:
1. How much water is metered to boiler.
2. How much current is supplied to bath.
3. How much time is allowed for cycle.
Looking more closely a~Fig. No. 3 for valve actuating method. Piston travel is controlled by a flex arm actuating system. Fig, 3 represents piston valve blocking exhaust port, The two flex arms No. 12, are supported on 3 bearings, No, 11.
One bearing mounts to Cap 14, another to top of piston No, 4 and the final bearing joins both arms together directly opposite selenoid actuating pin No, 2. It is simple to see that center bearing No. 11 is canted off center against selenoid No, 2. In this position pressure would have to overcome and bend arms No, 12 in order to raise piston No. 4. This it cannot do since arms are designed to take much higher for,ces of pressure than boiler operates at. However, upon activating selenoid No.
2, center bearing No. 11 is pushed through said center line.
Once it reaches past the center point opposite the selenoid nothing is left as resistance to further movement except tension spring No, 3 which is not at all equal to the task of stopping this motion. Piston No. 4 is thereby free to travel upward to clear exhaust port No. 6. Upon clearing port No. 6, pressure to continue upward travel of piston No. 4 is drastically reduced , . , :
~06546S
and the resistance of spring No. 3 serves to restrict further upward movement. Once the pulse of steam has exited and inter-nal boiler pressure has dropped sufficiently low, spring No. 3 serves to pull flex arm No. 12 back into position against ` selenoid No. 2 since deactivated. Selenoid No. 2 is threaded ~`~ through Body 13 enabling adjustment of travel required for center bearing No. 11 to pass through center and thereby re-lease. This mechanism thereby serves its purpose to quickly release boiler pressures and automatically close once pressures have been drastically lowered. A further possible use of this valve would be as a safety release valve for present day commercial boilers or compressed air systems.
Continuous sin~le pass hi~h pressure steam ~eneratin~ head Fi~. No. 4 This further attachment to the invention supplies a means for continuous generation of high pressure steam. Assembly to boiler is through threaded flange as in quick release valve previously described. Water delivery line is attached to nipple No. 9. Delivery to boiler is basically as in the quick release valve excepting that the relief area machined into piston body is long enough to st~ill allow water to pass even after piston has moved to open exhaust port. Spring No. 3 has its tension adjusted by stud No. 1 and delivery tube No. 6 rests flush, with tension, against bottom of boiler tube No. 3 Fig. 2. Four -: -..
' . , .. .,:: ' ' , 1065465holes near bottom of delivery tube No. 6 assure delivery of water to boiler in start up position.
As in previous description, metal bath boiler is set in operation by the application of an electrical current. When boiler has reached operating conditions a continuous high pressure flow of water is supplied to nipple No. 9. This water finds its way to boiler being flashed into steam. When pressure of steam has reached a point high enough to overcome the re-sistance of spring No. 3, piston No. 4 starts an upward move-ment uncovering exhaust port No. 5. Water passing through centerdelivery tube No. 6 is rapidly preheated to steam by escaping vapour from boiler o~t exhaust port. This probably saturated vapour exits at bottom of delivery tube No. 6 and must there-after pass between outer wall of delivery tube and inner boiler tube walls becoming very super heated. Conditions of operation depend on amount of current supplied, amount of water supplied and spring No. 3 tension as ad~usted by stud No. 1 ie: for any metal used in molten metal bath. One valve is included to protect water delivery system against possible pressure surges in boiler.
This embodiment is aimed primarily at small shops that most probably have an electric welder on their premises. Connecting said welder to this invention would allow these people to have an inexpensive, safe system of generating high pressure steam for cleaning or heating purposes. The main advantage here of ~'' ,' ' ' ~ .' ' ' ' :, . . . . ..
~. . . ~ .
.
. . .
' the liquid metal bath is that by storing heat from the limited supply of current to melt a high temperature bath would allow the creation of short bur~ts of very high pressure steam not normally attainable in a direct resistance heated boiler with such a low current supply.
At the other extreme this same design can be further adjusted to heat large circulating volumes of liquids to points below their boiling point. Very low melting point metals of alloys would then be used as the liquid metal bath.
~, ' ~ ' ................. :
:
.
.
. is electrical terminals on cap.
9. is the threaded extension on cap heading from the boiler tube cavity which allows attachment of different mechanisms that control the operation of this boiler.
10. is a thermally resistant collar that fits over the top of the cap to impede the loss of heat from liquid metal bath. Asbestos would be such a material as is required here.
11. is one of a number of bolts required to lock the cap to the metal bath container.
12. is the liquid metal bath container. Again material such as used for the cap is utilized for this construction.
Fig. 3 is a cutaway diagram of a quick release valving mechanism that allows this invention to fulfill its objective as a sound impulse generator.
1. is an electrical terminal used in activating the sele-noid.
2. is the electrical selenoid used for activating thevalve release mechanism.
3. is a spring that supplies energy to return piston valve to closed position after the release of a pulse of steam.
- 9 _ :~v~
- , . :
.
. ' ~
: . ' . .
- ' " : i ' ' ' ': . :: ' . is the piston of the valve.
5. is the surrounding body of the piston valve.
6. is the steam exhaust port.
7. is the threaded flange that allows mounting to the boiler unit.
. is the passages that water must follow in order to be inJected into boiler.
9. is a threaded nipple to allow the connection of a pressurized water line.
10. is a one way valve.
11. shows 3 bearings that allow operation of the flex joint release mechanism.
12. is the two connecting arms suspended on 3 bearing points.
13. is a section of tubing used as the body for upper part of valve control mechanism.
14. is the cap resting on tubing that encloses the top of the valve control mechanism and also includes one bear-ing point for flex joint action.
15. is one bolt of several that pass through cap into valve body in order to hold unit together.
Fig~ 4 is a cutaway view of a valving mechanism that allows this invention to perform another of its embodiments in rela-tion to being a compact source of continuous high pressure steam.
1. is an allen key stud used for adjusting the tension of .. . .
''' " : ''' .
.
1065~65 the valve piston spring.
2. is the valve body 3. is the piston tension spring.
. is the piston valve.
5. is the steam exhaust port.
6. is the water feed tube.
7~ is the threaded flange that allows mounting to boiler unit.
~. is the one way valve.
9. is a threaded nipple allowing a coupling with a water source.
Functionin~ of Invention It should be realised that the following descriptions of this invention are meant to be examples not restrictions of the potential uses of this invention.
For the purposes of this description liquid metal shall mean metals such as sodium, aluminum, alloys of aluminum. Also the fluid heated to vapour shall be water. But it should be clear that other metals in the bath can and may be used. Also other fluids besides water for totally different applications may be used. The invention is not limited to any specific metal for the bath or any specific fluid to generate vapour.
$-' Theoretical Functionin~
This boiler functions through the injection of wateragainst the inside of a closed container submerged in a liquid metal bath. Temperature and pressure of steam is directly related to temperature of liquid metal and amount of water supplied. The advantages of the liquid metal bath are quite specific to this invention.
The purpose of this invention is to create extremely high steam pressures through the use of electrical energy. Since this boiler must by necessity absorb different loads rapidly for specific and varying times this would tend to create large surges of energy during actual operation. Such surges at the high power rating intended to be used becomes very diffi-cult to control. One method would be the use of electronic switching equîpment and large capacitor bank's, similar for instance, to the opweations of induction furnaces; which must also control this kind of surrent sureg situation.
The present invention solves the problem by using a large heat capacitor. The heat capacitor being in the liquid metal bath. When in Gperation the metal in the bath is liquified by heat generated due to resistance to a large electric current flowing from boiler tube or tubes to liquid metal bath contain-er. After the metal is melted further resistance heating occurs and the metal bath can rise in temperature to its boiling , .. . . . . .
. . .~ :, - . ~.
., .' ~
.: '~,., .-,..... .
106S46~
point. However there would be no need to reach this boiling point. For example, pure aluminum melts at 1220.~ degrees F
and boils a 37~0 degrees F. The 1967 ASMF tables list 1000 degrees F as the temperature required to boil 1 lb. of water to 5500 P.S.I.A. and .1152 cu. ft. It also requires 1344.3 BTU to do this. Aluminum has a latent heat of fusion of 170 BTU per pound. Theoretically 7.9 lbs. of aluminum cooling from liquid state to solid state would supply the energy required.
The present invention utilizes this fact of nature to invest large amounts of heat energy about this pulsating boiler without letting temperature rise to burn out the boiler tube.
Current is applied to the metal bath and invested at a pre set constant rate. When water is injected into the boiler tube a situation of instability is created. Equilibrium is reached when the water has absorbed enough heat to reach the tempera-ture of its immediate surrounding environment. In this theoret-ical example this would be 1220.4 degrees F. This would create water vapour of extremely high pressure. Further embodiments of this invention releases this pressure extremely rapidly creat-ing a large sonic boom ideally suited for seismic prospecting.
By using alloys of aluminum or sodium or any other metal-lic substance, steam pressure operating levels can be raised or lowered at will. Also boiler tube configuration can be changed to effect different resuits. Again, by regulation of the charges of water injected, further regulation occurs. Such ,. . .
. ' ' - ~
regulation may be used for lower pressures to create steam bubbles in the ocean depths for large powerful implosion sonic booms as again is ideally suited for seismic research. Further by using another attachment for this invention the boiler becomes a single pass high pressure unit capable of emitting steam continuously at variable pressure according to prior adjustment of unit, Variable pressure meaning anywhere from boiling to over 5000 P.S.I.A.
Let it be understood, however, that sonic booms for seismic prospecting must usually occur every 6 to 10 seconds consecu-tively for periods such as 72 hours non-stop. Thus the previous description of steam pulses is occuring repeatedly every 6 to 10 seconds.
Practical Description of Operation Refering to Fig. No. 2. The boiler unit is basically an insulated container (1,2,12) isolated by a gasket (5) from the boiler tube assembly (7) called a cap. A piece of metal, chill cast to the exact internal measurements of space No. 6, is inserted into cavity No. 6. The boiler cap is then fitted, boiler tube No. 3 fitting within cavity of cast piece of bath metal. Bolts are inserted through insulating collar No. 10 and unit is bolted together. Electric leads are attached to termin-als No. ~ and No. 4.
.;, .
", ,.~ , . . .
At this point, valving mechanism is cho~en. The first example shall be Fig. No. 3 which is a very fast relief valve with spring bias return action. The valve illustrated in Fig.
No. 3 is threaded by flange No, 7 to boiler collar No, 9.
Water delivery tube No. ~ in Fig. No. 3 stops within a distance equal to its internal passage diameter from the bottom of boiler tube 3 Fig. No. 2. Then a selenoid actuating line is attached at No. 1 Fig. No. 3 and a water line is attached to nipple 9 Fig. No. 3. Now the unit is lowered into the ocean depths. Current is supplied to boiler unit melting liquid metal bath. Previous experimentation allows the operator to know what time period is required for initial melting of a cold metal bath. When metal is melted a metered amount of pure water is injected through one way valve No. 10 Fig. 3 into valve body No. 5 Fig. 3. The water is metered by an inJection system on board ship basically the same way fuel is metered to a deisel motor. Water under pressure in valve body No. 5 Fig. 3 follows a passageway to valve piston. The piston at this point in its action, as shown No. ~ Fig. 3, presents to said channel a relief channel~cut into its outer circumference of its body. This channel allows water to reach a hole (No. ~ Fig. 3) which leads to water del~ivery tube (No. ~ Fig.3) which extends almost to the bottom of boiler tube No. 3 Fig. 2. As the water passes through this internal tube it begins picking up heat. When it reaches the bottom of the delivery tube it is already boiling.
- ~ -The supersaturated steam, with water drops thus formed, is then further forced into the channel existing between water tube delivery and boiler tube. Here extreme heat is applied to va~our raising temperatures extremely rapidly. This rise is transferred back to the central delivery tube further increas-ing the temperature of delivery water inside of the central delivery tube.
This extreme rise in temperaturealso causes a high rate of increase in pressure. When pressure of boiler exceeds water delivery pressure level, one way valve, No. 10 Fig. 3, closes effectively isolating boiler. Since electrical current is still being supplied to metal bath and metal bath still is releasing large amount of stored heat, temperature and pressure quickly mount. At a predetermined time setting, selenoid No. 2 Fig. 3 is activated, releasing piston No. 4 Fig. 3 to travel upwards exposing port No. 6 Fig. 3 thereby releasing a pulse of very high pressure steam into the immediate surrounding medium.
Preferably, time factors involved would be 6 to 10 seconds per cycle.
That means valve just closed by return spring No. 3 Fig. 3 equals 0. Liquid metal bath almost solidified. Current entering at great rate liquifies metal in say 3 seconds. Water is in-jected at beginning of 4th second. Water absorbs stored heat and direct heat for a further 3 seconds. On the 6th second selenoid activates. Within milliseconds piston valve 4 Fig. 3 . .
' has opened releasing steam and closed ready to repeat cycle, The pressure and characteriqtics of steam produced aré
directly controlled by:
1. How much water is metered to boiler.
2. How much current is supplied to bath.
3. How much time is allowed for cycle.
Looking more closely a~Fig. No. 3 for valve actuating method. Piston travel is controlled by a flex arm actuating system. Fig, 3 represents piston valve blocking exhaust port, The two flex arms No. 12, are supported on 3 bearings, No, 11.
One bearing mounts to Cap 14, another to top of piston No, 4 and the final bearing joins both arms together directly opposite selenoid actuating pin No, 2. It is simple to see that center bearing No. 11 is canted off center against selenoid No, 2. In this position pressure would have to overcome and bend arms No, 12 in order to raise piston No. 4. This it cannot do since arms are designed to take much higher for,ces of pressure than boiler operates at. However, upon activating selenoid No.
2, center bearing No. 11 is pushed through said center line.
Once it reaches past the center point opposite the selenoid nothing is left as resistance to further movement except tension spring No, 3 which is not at all equal to the task of stopping this motion. Piston No. 4 is thereby free to travel upward to clear exhaust port No. 6. Upon clearing port No. 6, pressure to continue upward travel of piston No. 4 is drastically reduced , . , :
~06546S
and the resistance of spring No. 3 serves to restrict further upward movement. Once the pulse of steam has exited and inter-nal boiler pressure has dropped sufficiently low, spring No. 3 serves to pull flex arm No. 12 back into position against ` selenoid No. 2 since deactivated. Selenoid No. 2 is threaded ~`~ through Body 13 enabling adjustment of travel required for center bearing No. 11 to pass through center and thereby re-lease. This mechanism thereby serves its purpose to quickly release boiler pressures and automatically close once pressures have been drastically lowered. A further possible use of this valve would be as a safety release valve for present day commercial boilers or compressed air systems.
Continuous sin~le pass hi~h pressure steam ~eneratin~ head Fi~. No. 4 This further attachment to the invention supplies a means for continuous generation of high pressure steam. Assembly to boiler is through threaded flange as in quick release valve previously described. Water delivery line is attached to nipple No. 9. Delivery to boiler is basically as in the quick release valve excepting that the relief area machined into piston body is long enough to st~ill allow water to pass even after piston has moved to open exhaust port. Spring No. 3 has its tension adjusted by stud No. 1 and delivery tube No. 6 rests flush, with tension, against bottom of boiler tube No. 3 Fig. 2. Four -: -..
' . , .. .,:: ' ' , 1065465holes near bottom of delivery tube No. 6 assure delivery of water to boiler in start up position.
As in previous description, metal bath boiler is set in operation by the application of an electrical current. When boiler has reached operating conditions a continuous high pressure flow of water is supplied to nipple No. 9. This water finds its way to boiler being flashed into steam. When pressure of steam has reached a point high enough to overcome the re-sistance of spring No. 3, piston No. 4 starts an upward move-ment uncovering exhaust port No. 5. Water passing through centerdelivery tube No. 6 is rapidly preheated to steam by escaping vapour from boiler o~t exhaust port. This probably saturated vapour exits at bottom of delivery tube No. 6 and must there-after pass between outer wall of delivery tube and inner boiler tube walls becoming very super heated. Conditions of operation depend on amount of current supplied, amount of water supplied and spring No. 3 tension as ad~usted by stud No. 1 ie: for any metal used in molten metal bath. One valve is included to protect water delivery system against possible pressure surges in boiler.
This embodiment is aimed primarily at small shops that most probably have an electric welder on their premises. Connecting said welder to this invention would allow these people to have an inexpensive, safe system of generating high pressure steam for cleaning or heating purposes. The main advantage here of ~'' ,' ' ' ~ .' ' ' ' :, . . . . ..
~. . . ~ .
.
. . .
' the liquid metal bath is that by storing heat from the limited supply of current to melt a high temperature bath would allow the creation of short bur~ts of very high pressure steam not normally attainable in a direct resistance heated boiler with such a low current supply.
At the other extreme this same design can be further adjusted to heat large circulating volumes of liquids to points below their boiling point. Very low melting point metals of alloys would then be used as the liquid metal bath.
~, ' ~ ' ................. :
:
.
.
Claims (5)
OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A fluid heater containing an internal cavity concentricaly surrounded by a second cavity; the first cavity having means to control the entrance of a cold fluid and means to control the escape of heated fluid; the second enclosing cavity being filled with any one of a number of materials capable of absorbing and dissipating heat during the change of state of this material; this physical value being commonly known as the latent heat of fusion of that material; also a means to apply heat to allow the material in the second cavity to reach and surpass the temperature required for its physical change of state from solid to liquid or even liquid to gas; the principle of operation being always that more heat is invested in the material of the second cavity's latent heat of fusion than is required for the fluid of the first cavity to stabilize its rise in temperature to reach equilibrium with the more or less constant temperature value of the second, bath material's, change of state point.
2. Where the effect of claim one is repeated in a variable pulsating rythm according to timed injection and release of the first cavity fluid which it is the purpose of this machine to heat; that the fluid in the first cavity resides in that cavity until the desired amount of heat is absorbed and then upon which this fluid is released, yet, that there is still further heat available in the second cavity bath material needed to be released before a true full completion of its change of state can occur.
3. A fluid heater as in claim one but where the latent heat of fusion of the bath material is used to stabilize the operating temperature of a continuous, not pulsating, heating operation.
4. Such a fluid heater as claims one, two or three, whereby the passage of electrical current through the heating bath material causes, due to electrical resistance in the bath material, a release of heat allowing the bath material to become heated to meet the requirements of previous claims one, two or three.
5. Such a fluid heater as claimed in one, two or three, whereby the cavity partitions upon resisting an electrical current passed through them supply heat to the bath material to allow this material to meet its requirements as claimed in one, two or three.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA324,594A CA1065465A (en) | 1979-04-02 | 1979-04-02 | Mechanisms to heat fluids to higher temperatures and pressures |
| US06/585,522 US4571484A (en) | 1979-04-02 | 1984-03-02 | Mechanisms to heat fluids to higher temperatures and pressures |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA324,594A CA1065465A (en) | 1979-04-02 | 1979-04-02 | Mechanisms to heat fluids to higher temperatures and pressures |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1065465A true CA1065465A (en) | 1979-10-30 |
Family
ID=4113887
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA324,594A Expired CA1065465A (en) | 1979-04-02 | 1979-04-02 | Mechanisms to heat fluids to higher temperatures and pressures |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4571484A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1065465A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4668854A (en) * | 1985-08-13 | 1987-05-26 | Napco Scientific Company | Humidification system |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6051111A (en) * | 1999-05-05 | 2000-04-18 | Prestidge; D. Joshua | Cold distillation method |
| US20050066433A1 (en) * | 2003-09-25 | 2005-03-31 | Phillips Keith A. | System and method of heating swimming pools and spas with steam |
| US7370375B2 (en) * | 2003-09-25 | 2008-05-13 | Phillips Keith A | System and method of heating swimming pools and spas with steam |
| IT1404143B1 (en) * | 2010-11-26 | 2013-11-15 | Eni Spa | WAVE GENERATION DEVICE IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT BY MEANS OF IMPACT PISTONS AND GAS, HYDRAULIC, STEAM AND ELECTROMAGNETIC LAUNCHING SYSTEM FOR THE ACQUISITION OF SEISMIC DATA |
Family Cites Families (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2244180A (en) * | 1941-06-03 | Electric incense vaporizer | ||
| US909896A (en) * | 1907-02-11 | 1909-01-19 | Abbot Augustus Low | Electric vaporizer for internal-combustion engines. |
| US1475589A (en) * | 1923-05-01 | 1923-11-27 | Marden Basil Jock Newton | Steam generator |
| US2066127A (en) * | 1929-11-07 | 1936-12-29 | Games Slayter Inc | Electrical heating system |
| US2048104A (en) * | 1932-03-02 | 1936-07-21 | James C Clinefelter | Heater |
| GB480560A (en) * | 1936-05-12 | 1938-02-24 | Gaston Henri Charles Roux | Improvements in or relating to electrical heating |
| US3029596A (en) * | 1959-11-17 | 1962-04-17 | Gen Motors Corp | Power plant heat storage arrangement |
| AT251164B (en) * | 1963-08-02 | 1966-12-27 | Nikex Nehezipari Kulkere | Regenerative heat exchanger |
| US3410986A (en) * | 1965-03-15 | 1968-11-12 | David W. Groom | Electric steam generator |
| US3722445A (en) * | 1965-10-21 | 1973-03-27 | Us Navy | Underwater molten salt heat storage boiler |
| US3576424A (en) * | 1967-05-31 | 1971-04-27 | John P Strapp | Method and apparatus for melting a salt bed in a steam generator |
| US3419666A (en) * | 1967-12-29 | 1968-12-31 | David W. Groom | Electric furnace |
| US4015684A (en) * | 1975-05-05 | 1977-04-05 | Joseph Pauletich | Snow field sound imploder |
| US4203026A (en) * | 1977-02-14 | 1980-05-13 | Clairol Incorporated | Temperature responsive fluid delivery control device for a steam curling iron |
-
1979
- 1979-04-02 CA CA324,594A patent/CA1065465A/en not_active Expired
-
1984
- 1984-03-02 US US06/585,522 patent/US4571484A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4668854A (en) * | 1985-08-13 | 1987-05-26 | Napco Scientific Company | Humidification system |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US4571484A (en) | 1986-02-18 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| EP1067349B1 (en) | Device, system and method for on-line explosive deslagging | |
| US4209065A (en) | Thermal-operated valve for control of coolant rate of flow in oil wells | |
| EP0972159B1 (en) | Integral flash steam generator | |
| US4586334A (en) | Solar energy power generation system | |
| CA1065465A (en) | Mechanisms to heat fluids to higher temperatures and pressures | |
| JP2003225286A (en) | Integral flash steam generator | |
| US4781173A (en) | Evaporating device and electric supply station provided with such an evaporating device | |
| US4377737A (en) | Electrically heated steam boiler for generating superheated steam | |
| US4547656A (en) | Portable smoke generator | |
| US20040216698A1 (en) | Device, system and method for on-line explosive deslagging | |
| US5678637A (en) | Fire extinguishing apparatus and method | |
| RU2255388C2 (en) | Water accumulator and method for fluid medium preparation under pressure | |
| EP0232285B1 (en) | A valve actuator system for controlling of valves | |
| JP3486661B2 (en) | Method and apparatus for generating inert gas | |
| KR20050105186A (en) | Device for injection of a pulsed supersonic gas stream | |
| US5867989A (en) | Steam buffer for a steam engine power plant | |
| KR20120040187A (en) | Vapor explosion and shock wave generating device, motor, and turbine device | |
| US4684080A (en) | Pressure gas supply for a missile and the like | |
| US3603093A (en) | Heated porous plug microthrustor | |
| JPH05248998A (en) | Method and apparatus for forming high enthalpy clean air of high mass flow rate | |
| RU2066367C1 (en) | System of devices for gas-hydrate deposits on continental slope | |
| JP3902241B2 (en) | Passive pressure pulse generator for safety valve control in nuclear power plants. | |
| JP4941687B2 (en) | Electric vehicle equipped with MHD generator due to steam explosion in liquid metal, MHD generator due to steam explosion in liquid metal | |
| SU1262212A1 (en) | Heating device flow governor | |
| Maugain et al. | Study of a horn with integrated target for a Neutrino Factory |