CA1066896A - Method for making uniform pellets for fusion reactors - Google Patents
Method for making uniform pellets for fusion reactorsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1066896A CA1066896A CA223,764A CA223764A CA1066896A CA 1066896 A CA1066896 A CA 1066896A CA 223764 A CA223764 A CA 223764A CA 1066896 A CA1066896 A CA 1066896A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- tube
- heated
- frit
- range
- microspheres
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21B—FUSION REACTORS
- G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
- G21B1/11—Details
- G21B1/19—Targets for producing thermonuclear fusion reactions, e.g. pellets for irradiation by laser or charged particle beams
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B19/00—Other methods of shaping glass
- C03B19/10—Forming beads
- C03B19/107—Forming hollow beads
- C03B19/1075—Forming hollow beads by blowing, pressing, centrifuging, rolling or dripping
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors
Abstract
ABSTRACT:
A method and apparatus for making uniform pellets for laser driven fusion reactors which com-prises selection of a quantity of glass frit which has been accurately classified as to size within a few micrometers and contains an occluded material, such as urea, which gasifies and expands when heated.
The sized particles are introduced into an apparatus which includes a heated vertical tube with tempera-tures ranging from 800°C. to 1300°C. The particles are heated during the drop through the tube to molten condition wherein the occluded material gasifies to form hollow microspheres which stabilize in shape and plunge into a collecting liquid at the bottom of the tube. The apparatus includes the vertical heat re-sistant tube, heaters for the various zones of the tube and means for introducing the frit and collect-ing the formed microspheres.
A method and apparatus for making uniform pellets for laser driven fusion reactors which com-prises selection of a quantity of glass frit which has been accurately classified as to size within a few micrometers and contains an occluded material, such as urea, which gasifies and expands when heated.
The sized particles are introduced into an apparatus which includes a heated vertical tube with tempera-tures ranging from 800°C. to 1300°C. The particles are heated during the drop through the tube to molten condition wherein the occluded material gasifies to form hollow microspheres which stabilize in shape and plunge into a collecting liquid at the bottom of the tube. The apparatus includes the vertical heat re-sistant tube, heaters for the various zones of the tube and means for introducing the frit and collect-ing the formed microspheres.
Description
~o~
This invention relates to a Method and Appa-ra~us ~or Making Uniform Pellets for Fusion Reactors and more particularly to a method and apparatus for manufacturing microspheres (hollow glass spheres) of (1) controlled wall thickness and (2) size with a capa-bility of a wide parametric range.
There i9 much work being done presently to achieve a fusion reac~ion by exposing a quantity of fusion fuel as, for example, deuterium OL deuterium tritium to a pulsed laser beam. U. S. patents which disclose this process in a general way are:
3,378,446 Apr. 16, 1968 Whittlesey 3,489~645 Jan. 13, 1970 Daiber 3,624,239 ~ov. 30, 1971 Fraas 3,762,992 Oct. 2, 1973 Hedstrom me above patents disclose the use of a droplet o~ deuterium or a pallet under cryogenic temperatures so ., that it can be treated as a solid. These patents contem-plate dropping the uel into a xeaction cha~ber and timing ~ the laser pulse to meet the droplet at about the center of the reaction chambex. A c~pending Canadian appLication of applicant, Serial No. 214,049, filed ~ovem~er 19, 1974, ~ discloses a fuel ~onfiguration in the form of a hollow, `~ ~lass microsphere which is filled wi~h fusion fuel, such ~ : ... .
~ 25 a~ deuterium or deuterium-tritium, by utilizing the : . .. .
~ ~ 2 ~
8~3~i permeability charac-teristics of the glass walls of the microsphere and causing the fuel in qaseous form to move through the walls to the interic)r of ~le sphere.
Once the microspheres are charged, they can be stored for long periods under suitàble conditions until used in the fusion process.
While hollow microspheres are available in commercial quantities, the non-uniformlty of size and wall thickness makes them undesirable for use in the fusion process~
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus fvr the manufacture of microspheres in a very small diameter, e~g., 100~400 micrometers diameter. It is a further object to pro-vide a system which makes it possible to control theparticular size of microsphere being made by controlling the input material.
Other objects and features of the invention - relating to details of construction of the apparatus ;
and the control of ~he method will be apparent in the following description and claims in whi~h the principles of operation are set forth together with the best mode presently contemplated Eor the practice of the invention :
~': ' ~ . ' ~ 3 106~B96 Drawings accompany the disclosure and the various views thereof may be briefly described as:
FIGURE 1 - a vertical section of -the apparatus used in the production of the microspheres, 5FIGURE 2 - a diagrammatic circuit display illustrating the heating system.
Desirable microsphere specifications are as follows:
, ~' ' , ~ 4 ~Q6~ 6 TABLE I
Ability to Withstand Thermal Cycle: 4K - 600K
Shear strength: > 100,000 psl Tensile strength: > 1,000,000 psi Resistance to abrasion: high Permeability to hydrogen at 600K: 10 Permeability to hydrogen at 300K: 10 Permeability to hydrogen at 77K: 10 .:
Reflectivity from 10 to 50 microns: high ~ -~
Reflectivity at 1.06 microns: low ~
Absorptivity at 1.06 microns: high ` -Outside diameter: 100 - 400 ~m ~ l ~m -.
Wall thickness: 1 - 4% + .4 ~m of diameter Wall uniormity: ~ 2% of the wall ~:~
Concentricity of ID and OD: ~~ 1% of OD ..
` Sphericity: ~ 1%
Surface finish: ~ 2 ~m rms Specific gravity: < 0.3 .
Chemical composition: ~ 70% SiO2 ~ `
~ ~ 25% Na2O : ~ :
:: :
% X y : ' :
~: : ~ 0% Bi O : ~
x y 5% CaO
~: :
: ~ 5 ,` ' -.~6~ 3~
The manufacture of glass microspheres is presently done on a commercîal scale, but the quality is, as above mentioned, not satisfactory for ~le exact-ing demands of the fusion pxocess. One important factor in the manufacture of microspheres is the quality and size o~ the glass particles which are spheriodized (blown) into the hollow bodies needed for use as ~usion fuel containers.
With reference to Figure 1 of the drawing in the present application, the.re is illustrated a ver~
tical drop furnace in which the microsp~eres are made. -~he main element of the dxop furnace is a central straight refractory tube 20 formed of thxee aligned :~
section~ ~2, 24 and 26~ These sections can be about 36" iIl leng~h and a~out 3" in outside diameter. The inside diameter is 2-3/4". ~he tube sectjons are re-fractoxy in nature to withstand high temperatures.
One suitable material is Mullite as furnished by : McDanel Re~ractory Co~ The composite tuba is supportad : 20 ~y apertured panels 30~ 32, 34 and 36 formed of a heat resistant material such as Transite (Trademark)(22" x 22" x 1") spaced alon~ the lengthO Refractory bricks 9" x 2" x 4" are stacked around ~he tube between ~he : panels and spaced radially a short di~tance fro~l t~e tube.
6 ;~-~
~68g~
It is necessary to heat the tube ~ throughou-t its length and this is accomplished by three separate and in-dependently controlled heating units formed by enclosing -the tube in wrap-around heaters. The first heater unit 38 formed of~
hemi-cylinders 3~ fitted aroun~ -the tube 20, with suitable lead wires (not shown), is positioned as a completed cylinder between panels 36 and 34. The second heater unit 40 is located between the panels 34 and 32, and the third heater :~
unit 42 between panels 30 and 32. Suitable thermocouples ~.
1 to 12 are provided, spaced along the length of tube between panels 30 and 36 to allow proper observation and control of temperature.
The first zone heater unit 38 between plates 36 : -and 34 has the function of providing a proper preheat profile.
The heaters are rated at 8 amperes, 130 volts and a total of - 6 complete cylinders (12 half sections) are required. The second zone he`ater 40 between plates 34 and 32 establishes :.
a proper blowing profile. The third zone heater 42 between . plates 32 and 30.permits flowing of the molten glass.
The entire assembly is supported from a floor base 44 so that the bottom of the tube section 22 is spaced from ~:~ the base shelf (44t, about 3" or 4". In operation a container ~; 46 filled with a fluid such as water is positioned below tube section 22 so that the liquid level is above the bottom of the tube to clo~e it from su~rounding atmo~phere, ~t the top of the 7 :
'~ -~668~;
tube is an insulating block 48, apertured to receive a funnel 50. This assists in the introduction oE the frit into the center of the tube and also closes oEf the top of the tube. This toge-ther with the liquid trap a-t the bottom minimizes the chimney effect (updraft) in the heated tube.
A strong updraft tends to drive the falling frit against the walls of the tube and destroys the intended function.
The refractory tube as described smoothes the overall temperature profile and is self-cleaning. The sec-tioned construction permits easy replacement in the event of cracking or breakage.
In the operation of the system, glass frit of a chosen size, perhaps in a range of 50 to go micrometers, ~ ;~
is introduced into the heated tube 20 through the funnel 50.
This is preferably accomplished by depositing a quantity of frit in a small glass or metal trough and vibrating the .
trough to introduce the frit steadily without agglomenation.
The tube is preferably heated to temperatures ranging from 900C to 1100C in zone l, 1100C to 1300C in zone 2, and ; 20 800C to 1000C in zone 3. The frit is heated to a ; ~ molten condition and the occluded material, for example, urea, expands to create the hollow sphere. The molten hollow sphere stabilizes in shape as it completes its fall before it plunges into the liquid in beaker ~6. Broken spheres :..
fall to the bottom of the liquid while the complete spheres float on the top o~ the liquid.
-~ 8 ~G~396 A~ter a batch of a particular predetermined ~rit size is run through the tube, the collector 46 is removed and the Eloatiny spheres may be immediately removed to a glass specimen plate on which they can be examined under micro-scope for quality and size. A second batch can be run immediately using a different frit size without altering the temperature profile in the drop tube and a second and different microsphere size can be obtained. Thus the process can be repeated as often as desired during a particular temperature profile of the tube.
Established analytical procedures make it possible to determine outer diameter, wall thickness, wall uniformity, and other information on each sphere. The spheres may then be charged with a desired fusion fuel and mounted and stored for use in the ~usion reactor chamber.
Figure 2 of the drawings illustrates an electrical -` .:
circuit diagram which is utilized in the heating of the com-posite tube 22, 24, 26. There are three zones each of which has four resistance heaters, one for each semi-circular wrap around heater units. Zone 1 has resistance heaters 38 A, s, C, and D each controlled by a separate rheostats 60, 62, 64, and 66. Suitable supply lines 68 and 69, respec-tively, are provided as the electrical energy source. Zone 2 has resistance heaters 40 A, B, C, and D and control rheostats 70, 72, 74, and 76. Zone 3 has resistance heaters 42 A, B, C, and D controlled . ::
~ by rheostats 80, 82, 84, and 86.
'' ~
~' g ~::
.: .... . . .
66~3~6 Thus the temperature in the various zones can be closely controlled the indicated temperatures to achieve the desired results.
~:
~ ' ' ' ' ,', ' ."~
: ~ :
-.- . . . .. ...
This invention relates to a Method and Appa-ra~us ~or Making Uniform Pellets for Fusion Reactors and more particularly to a method and apparatus for manufacturing microspheres (hollow glass spheres) of (1) controlled wall thickness and (2) size with a capa-bility of a wide parametric range.
There i9 much work being done presently to achieve a fusion reac~ion by exposing a quantity of fusion fuel as, for example, deuterium OL deuterium tritium to a pulsed laser beam. U. S. patents which disclose this process in a general way are:
3,378,446 Apr. 16, 1968 Whittlesey 3,489~645 Jan. 13, 1970 Daiber 3,624,239 ~ov. 30, 1971 Fraas 3,762,992 Oct. 2, 1973 Hedstrom me above patents disclose the use of a droplet o~ deuterium or a pallet under cryogenic temperatures so ., that it can be treated as a solid. These patents contem-plate dropping the uel into a xeaction cha~ber and timing ~ the laser pulse to meet the droplet at about the center of the reaction chambex. A c~pending Canadian appLication of applicant, Serial No. 214,049, filed ~ovem~er 19, 1974, ~ discloses a fuel ~onfiguration in the form of a hollow, `~ ~lass microsphere which is filled wi~h fusion fuel, such ~ : ... .
~ 25 a~ deuterium or deuterium-tritium, by utilizing the : . .. .
~ ~ 2 ~
8~3~i permeability charac-teristics of the glass walls of the microsphere and causing the fuel in qaseous form to move through the walls to the interic)r of ~le sphere.
Once the microspheres are charged, they can be stored for long periods under suitàble conditions until used in the fusion process.
While hollow microspheres are available in commercial quantities, the non-uniformlty of size and wall thickness makes them undesirable for use in the fusion process~
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus fvr the manufacture of microspheres in a very small diameter, e~g., 100~400 micrometers diameter. It is a further object to pro-vide a system which makes it possible to control theparticular size of microsphere being made by controlling the input material.
Other objects and features of the invention - relating to details of construction of the apparatus ;
and the control of ~he method will be apparent in the following description and claims in whi~h the principles of operation are set forth together with the best mode presently contemplated Eor the practice of the invention :
~': ' ~ . ' ~ 3 106~B96 Drawings accompany the disclosure and the various views thereof may be briefly described as:
FIGURE 1 - a vertical section of -the apparatus used in the production of the microspheres, 5FIGURE 2 - a diagrammatic circuit display illustrating the heating system.
Desirable microsphere specifications are as follows:
, ~' ' , ~ 4 ~Q6~ 6 TABLE I
Ability to Withstand Thermal Cycle: 4K - 600K
Shear strength: > 100,000 psl Tensile strength: > 1,000,000 psi Resistance to abrasion: high Permeability to hydrogen at 600K: 10 Permeability to hydrogen at 300K: 10 Permeability to hydrogen at 77K: 10 .:
Reflectivity from 10 to 50 microns: high ~ -~
Reflectivity at 1.06 microns: low ~
Absorptivity at 1.06 microns: high ` -Outside diameter: 100 - 400 ~m ~ l ~m -.
Wall thickness: 1 - 4% + .4 ~m of diameter Wall uniormity: ~ 2% of the wall ~:~
Concentricity of ID and OD: ~~ 1% of OD ..
` Sphericity: ~ 1%
Surface finish: ~ 2 ~m rms Specific gravity: < 0.3 .
Chemical composition: ~ 70% SiO2 ~ `
~ ~ 25% Na2O : ~ :
:: :
% X y : ' :
~: : ~ 0% Bi O : ~
x y 5% CaO
~: :
: ~ 5 ,` ' -.~6~ 3~
The manufacture of glass microspheres is presently done on a commercîal scale, but the quality is, as above mentioned, not satisfactory for ~le exact-ing demands of the fusion pxocess. One important factor in the manufacture of microspheres is the quality and size o~ the glass particles which are spheriodized (blown) into the hollow bodies needed for use as ~usion fuel containers.
With reference to Figure 1 of the drawing in the present application, the.re is illustrated a ver~
tical drop furnace in which the microsp~eres are made. -~he main element of the dxop furnace is a central straight refractory tube 20 formed of thxee aligned :~
section~ ~2, 24 and 26~ These sections can be about 36" iIl leng~h and a~out 3" in outside diameter. The inside diameter is 2-3/4". ~he tube sectjons are re-fractoxy in nature to withstand high temperatures.
One suitable material is Mullite as furnished by : McDanel Re~ractory Co~ The composite tuba is supportad : 20 ~y apertured panels 30~ 32, 34 and 36 formed of a heat resistant material such as Transite (Trademark)(22" x 22" x 1") spaced alon~ the lengthO Refractory bricks 9" x 2" x 4" are stacked around ~he tube between ~he : panels and spaced radially a short di~tance fro~l t~e tube.
6 ;~-~
~68g~
It is necessary to heat the tube ~ throughou-t its length and this is accomplished by three separate and in-dependently controlled heating units formed by enclosing -the tube in wrap-around heaters. The first heater unit 38 formed of~
hemi-cylinders 3~ fitted aroun~ -the tube 20, with suitable lead wires (not shown), is positioned as a completed cylinder between panels 36 and 34. The second heater unit 40 is located between the panels 34 and 32, and the third heater :~
unit 42 between panels 30 and 32. Suitable thermocouples ~.
1 to 12 are provided, spaced along the length of tube between panels 30 and 36 to allow proper observation and control of temperature.
The first zone heater unit 38 between plates 36 : -and 34 has the function of providing a proper preheat profile.
The heaters are rated at 8 amperes, 130 volts and a total of - 6 complete cylinders (12 half sections) are required. The second zone he`ater 40 between plates 34 and 32 establishes :.
a proper blowing profile. The third zone heater 42 between . plates 32 and 30.permits flowing of the molten glass.
The entire assembly is supported from a floor base 44 so that the bottom of the tube section 22 is spaced from ~:~ the base shelf (44t, about 3" or 4". In operation a container ~; 46 filled with a fluid such as water is positioned below tube section 22 so that the liquid level is above the bottom of the tube to clo~e it from su~rounding atmo~phere, ~t the top of the 7 :
'~ -~668~;
tube is an insulating block 48, apertured to receive a funnel 50. This assists in the introduction oE the frit into the center of the tube and also closes oEf the top of the tube. This toge-ther with the liquid trap a-t the bottom minimizes the chimney effect (updraft) in the heated tube.
A strong updraft tends to drive the falling frit against the walls of the tube and destroys the intended function.
The refractory tube as described smoothes the overall temperature profile and is self-cleaning. The sec-tioned construction permits easy replacement in the event of cracking or breakage.
In the operation of the system, glass frit of a chosen size, perhaps in a range of 50 to go micrometers, ~ ;~
is introduced into the heated tube 20 through the funnel 50.
This is preferably accomplished by depositing a quantity of frit in a small glass or metal trough and vibrating the .
trough to introduce the frit steadily without agglomenation.
The tube is preferably heated to temperatures ranging from 900C to 1100C in zone l, 1100C to 1300C in zone 2, and ; 20 800C to 1000C in zone 3. The frit is heated to a ; ~ molten condition and the occluded material, for example, urea, expands to create the hollow sphere. The molten hollow sphere stabilizes in shape as it completes its fall before it plunges into the liquid in beaker ~6. Broken spheres :..
fall to the bottom of the liquid while the complete spheres float on the top o~ the liquid.
-~ 8 ~G~396 A~ter a batch of a particular predetermined ~rit size is run through the tube, the collector 46 is removed and the Eloatiny spheres may be immediately removed to a glass specimen plate on which they can be examined under micro-scope for quality and size. A second batch can be run immediately using a different frit size without altering the temperature profile in the drop tube and a second and different microsphere size can be obtained. Thus the process can be repeated as often as desired during a particular temperature profile of the tube.
Established analytical procedures make it possible to determine outer diameter, wall thickness, wall uniformity, and other information on each sphere. The spheres may then be charged with a desired fusion fuel and mounted and stored for use in the ~usion reactor chamber.
Figure 2 of the drawings illustrates an electrical -` .:
circuit diagram which is utilized in the heating of the com-posite tube 22, 24, 26. There are three zones each of which has four resistance heaters, one for each semi-circular wrap around heater units. Zone 1 has resistance heaters 38 A, s, C, and D each controlled by a separate rheostats 60, 62, 64, and 66. Suitable supply lines 68 and 69, respec-tively, are provided as the electrical energy source. Zone 2 has resistance heaters 40 A, B, C, and D and control rheostats 70, 72, 74, and 76. Zone 3 has resistance heaters 42 A, B, C, and D controlled . ::
~ by rheostats 80, 82, 84, and 86.
'' ~
~' g ~::
.: .... . . .
66~3~6 Thus the temperature in the various zones can be closely controlled the indicated temperatures to achieve the desired results.
~:
~ ' ' ' ' ,', ' ."~
: ~ :
-.- . . . .. ...
Claims
The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
1.
The method of making glass microspheres which comprises:
(a) selecting a quantity of glass frit of predeter-mined size and having an occluded material which expands when heated, (b) heating a vertical drop tube to a predetermined temperature profile, (c) closing the bottom of said tube with a body of liquid and closing the top of the tube to reduce updraft, (d) introducing said quantity into the top of said tube to permit frit particles to fall freely through said tube into said liquid, and (e) collecting unbroken microspheres from the surface of said liquid.
2.
A method as defined in claim 1 in which said size of said frit ranges in predetermined selected sizes from 50 to 90 micrometers to produce microspheres of differing sizes.
3.
A method as defined in claim 1 in which said tube is heated in a range of 800°C to 1300°C.
4.
A method as defined in claim 1 in which said tube has a preheat section near the top heated to a range between 900°C to 1100°C an intermediate expansion section heated to a range of 1100°C to 1300°C, and a shape stabilizing section near the bottom heated to a range of 800°C to 1000°C.
5.
An apparatus for forming glass microspheres which comprises:
(a) a vertical tube, (b) means to support said tube in vertical position, (c) means to heat said tube in a range of 800°C
to 1300°C, (d) second support means at the bottom of said tube.
(e) means on said second support means to hold a quantity of liquid around the bottom of said tube, and (f) closure means at the top of said tube to reduce updraft in said tube.
6.
An apparatus as defined in claim 5 in which said closure means is provided with a central opening to admit a quantity of frit to said tube.
7.
An apparatus as defined in claim 5 in which a plurality of heating means are disposed adjacent said tube to heat vertically delineated sections of said tube at varying temperatures independently.
8.
An apparatus as defined in claim 7 in which said heating means comprise a plurality of semi-cylindrical sections of resistance heaters disposed in cylinders around said tube.
9.
An apparatus as defined in claim 5 in which said tube has a composite length of about 108° and an inside diameter of about 2-3/4", said tube being formed of aligned sections about 36"
in length.
1.
The method of making glass microspheres which comprises:
(a) selecting a quantity of glass frit of predeter-mined size and having an occluded material which expands when heated, (b) heating a vertical drop tube to a predetermined temperature profile, (c) closing the bottom of said tube with a body of liquid and closing the top of the tube to reduce updraft, (d) introducing said quantity into the top of said tube to permit frit particles to fall freely through said tube into said liquid, and (e) collecting unbroken microspheres from the surface of said liquid.
2.
A method as defined in claim 1 in which said size of said frit ranges in predetermined selected sizes from 50 to 90 micrometers to produce microspheres of differing sizes.
3.
A method as defined in claim 1 in which said tube is heated in a range of 800°C to 1300°C.
4.
A method as defined in claim 1 in which said tube has a preheat section near the top heated to a range between 900°C to 1100°C an intermediate expansion section heated to a range of 1100°C to 1300°C, and a shape stabilizing section near the bottom heated to a range of 800°C to 1000°C.
5.
An apparatus for forming glass microspheres which comprises:
(a) a vertical tube, (b) means to support said tube in vertical position, (c) means to heat said tube in a range of 800°C
to 1300°C, (d) second support means at the bottom of said tube.
(e) means on said second support means to hold a quantity of liquid around the bottom of said tube, and (f) closure means at the top of said tube to reduce updraft in said tube.
6.
An apparatus as defined in claim 5 in which said closure means is provided with a central opening to admit a quantity of frit to said tube.
7.
An apparatus as defined in claim 5 in which a plurality of heating means are disposed adjacent said tube to heat vertically delineated sections of said tube at varying temperatures independently.
8.
An apparatus as defined in claim 7 in which said heating means comprise a plurality of semi-cylindrical sections of resistance heaters disposed in cylinders around said tube.
9.
An apparatus as defined in claim 5 in which said tube has a composite length of about 108° and an inside diameter of about 2-3/4", said tube being formed of aligned sections about 36"
in length.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US05/463,860 US4017290A (en) | 1974-04-15 | 1974-04-15 | Method and apparatus for making uniform pellets for fusion reactors |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1066896A true CA1066896A (en) | 1979-11-27 |
Family
ID=23841601
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA223,764A Expired CA1066896A (en) | 1974-04-15 | 1975-04-03 | Method for making uniform pellets for fusion reactors |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4017290A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1066896A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2515279C2 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2267287B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1498427A (en) |
Families Citing this family (36)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2537508C3 (en) * | 1975-08-22 | 1980-06-26 | Joachim Dr.-Ing. 7251 Warmbronn Wuenning | Process and device for the production of strand-like moldings with a cell-like structure from sinterable granules |
| US4257798A (en) * | 1979-07-26 | 1981-03-24 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Method for introduction of gases into microspheres |
| US4257799A (en) * | 1979-07-26 | 1981-03-24 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Method for producing small hollow spheres |
| US4315958A (en) * | 1980-06-02 | 1982-02-16 | The University Of Rochester | Colloidal coating for small three dimensional articles, and particularly for fusion targets having glass shells |
| US4336338A (en) * | 1980-08-15 | 1982-06-22 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Hollow microspheres of silica glass and method of manufacture |
| US4327192A (en) * | 1980-10-06 | 1982-04-27 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Method of fabricating nested shells and resulting product |
| US4340407A (en) * | 1981-02-11 | 1982-07-20 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Method of forming cavitated objects of controlled dimension |
| US4400191A (en) * | 1982-07-30 | 1983-08-23 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Sphere forming method and apparatus |
| US5284606A (en) * | 1984-06-14 | 1994-02-08 | Brotz Gregory R | Sphere production process at zero gravity |
| FR2566384B1 (en) * | 1984-06-21 | 1986-09-05 | Saint Gobain Vitrage | IMPROVEMENTS IN TECHNIQUES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF GLASS MICROSPHERES |
| US5256180A (en) * | 1984-06-21 | 1993-10-26 | Saint Gobain Vitrage | Apparatus for production of hollow glass microspheres |
| US4778502A (en) * | 1984-06-21 | 1988-10-18 | Saint-Gobain Vitrage | Production of glass microspheres |
| US5055240A (en) * | 1986-04-30 | 1991-10-08 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Method and apparatus for producing microshells |
| GB2206576B (en) * | 1987-07-09 | 1991-08-07 | Glaverbel | Spherulizing furnace and process of manufacturing vitreous beads |
| GB2206575B (en) * | 1987-07-09 | 1992-01-02 | Glaverbel | Spherulizing furnace and process of manufacturing vitreous beads |
| US6258456B1 (en) * | 1998-01-30 | 2001-07-10 | Black Diamond Granules, Inc. | Spheroidal slag particles and apparatus and process for producing spheroidal slag and fly ash particles |
| US7969092B1 (en) | 2000-01-12 | 2011-06-28 | Imaging Systems Technology, Inc. | Gas discharge display |
| US8198812B1 (en) | 2002-05-21 | 2012-06-12 | Imaging Systems Technology | Gas filled detector shell with dipole antenna |
| US7727040B1 (en) | 2002-05-21 | 2010-06-01 | Imaging Systems Technology | Process for manufacturing plasma-disc PDP |
| US7932674B1 (en) | 2002-05-21 | 2011-04-26 | Imaging Systems Technology | Plasma-dome article of manufacture |
| US7405516B1 (en) | 2004-04-26 | 2008-07-29 | Imaging Systems Technology | Plasma-shell PDP with organic luminescent substance |
| US7628666B1 (en) | 2002-05-21 | 2009-12-08 | Imaging Systems Technology | Process for manufacturing plasma-dome PDP |
| US7638943B1 (en) | 2002-05-21 | 2009-12-29 | Imaging Systems Technology | Plasma-disc article of manufacture |
| US8129906B1 (en) | 2004-04-26 | 2012-03-06 | Imaging Systems Technology, Inc. | Lumino-shells |
| US8368303B1 (en) | 2004-06-21 | 2013-02-05 | Imaging Systems Technology, Inc. | Gas discharge device with electrical conductive bonding material |
| US8113898B1 (en) | 2004-06-21 | 2012-02-14 | Imaging Systems Technology, Inc. | Gas discharge device with electrical conductive bonding material |
| US20060122049A1 (en) * | 2004-12-03 | 2006-06-08 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Method of making glass microbubbles and raw product |
| US8299696B1 (en) | 2005-02-22 | 2012-10-30 | Imaging Systems Technology | Plasma-shell gas discharge device |
| US7622866B1 (en) | 2005-02-22 | 2009-11-24 | Imaging Systems Technology | Plasma-dome PDP |
| US7730746B1 (en) | 2005-07-14 | 2010-06-08 | Imaging Systems Technology | Apparatus to prepare discrete hollow microsphere droplets |
| US7863815B1 (en) | 2006-01-26 | 2011-01-04 | Imaging Systems Technology | Electrode configurations for plasma-disc PDP |
| US8035303B1 (en) | 2006-02-16 | 2011-10-11 | Imaging Systems Technology | Electrode configurations for gas discharge device |
| US8815408B1 (en) | 2009-12-08 | 2014-08-26 | Imaging Systems Technology, Inc. | Metal syntactic foam |
| ES2716557T3 (en) | 2010-09-08 | 2019-06-13 | 3M Innovative Properties Co | Glass bubbles, composite materials from them and glass bubble manufacturing method |
| US9024526B1 (en) | 2012-06-11 | 2015-05-05 | Imaging Systems Technology, Inc. | Detector element with antenna |
| EP2708517B1 (en) * | 2012-09-13 | 2017-06-28 | Binder + Co Aktiengesellschaft | Method for the preparation of foamed glass |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2044680A (en) * | 1934-02-12 | 1936-06-16 | Research Corp | Spherulizing fusible pulverizable filler material |
| GB743265A (en) * | 1953-03-16 | 1956-01-11 | Kanium Corp | Improvements in or relating to method of producing expanded spherulized, thin-walled unicellular particles and the expanded spherulized thin-walled unicellular particles resulting from said method |
| US2676892A (en) * | 1953-11-13 | 1954-04-27 | Kanium Corp | Method for making unicellular spherulized clay particles and articles and composition thereof |
| NL286413A (en) * | 1961-12-07 | |||
| BE638163A (en) * | 1962-10-05 | |||
| US3365315A (en) * | 1963-08-23 | 1968-01-23 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Glass bubbles prepared by reheating solid glass partiles |
| US3313608A (en) * | 1964-12-11 | 1967-04-11 | Corning Glass Works | Method and apparatus for manufacturing glass beads |
-
1974
- 1974-04-15 US US05/463,860 patent/US4017290A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1975
- 1975-03-21 GB GB11840/75A patent/GB1498427A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-04-03 CA CA223,764A patent/CA1066896A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-04-04 FR FR7510584A patent/FR2267287B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1975-04-08 DE DE2515279A patent/DE2515279C2/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE2515279C2 (en) | 1984-05-03 |
| US4017290A (en) | 1977-04-12 |
| DE2515279A1 (en) | 1975-10-23 |
| GB1498427A (en) | 1978-01-18 |
| FR2267287A1 (en) | 1975-11-07 |
| FR2267287B1 (en) | 1982-10-01 |
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