CA1113875A - Xanthomonas biopolymer for use in displacement of oil from partially depleted reservoirs - Google Patents
Xanthomonas biopolymer for use in displacement of oil from partially depleted reservoirsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1113875A CA1113875A CA314,034A CA314034A CA1113875A CA 1113875 A CA1113875 A CA 1113875A CA 314034 A CA314034 A CA 314034A CA 1113875 A CA1113875 A CA 1113875A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- pyruvate
- xanthan
- free xanthan
- free
- oil
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/84—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
- C09K8/86—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds
- C09K8/88—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds macromolecular compounds
- C09K8/90—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds macromolecular compounds of natural origin, e.g. polysaccharides, cellulose
- C09K8/905—Biopolymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/04—Aqueous well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/06—Clay-free compositions
- C09K8/08—Clay-free compositions containing natural organic compounds, e.g. polysaccharides, or derivatives thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/20—Bacteria; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/205—Bacterial isolates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/04—Polysaccharides, i.e. compounds containing more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic bonds
- C12P19/06—Xanthan, i.e. Xanthomonas-type heteropolysaccharides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12R—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES C12C - C12Q, RELATING TO MICROORGANISMS
- C12R2001/00—Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
- C12R2001/01—Bacteria or Actinomycetales ; using bacteria or Actinomycetales
- C12R2001/64—Xanthomonas
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
- Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
- Y10S435/822—Microorganisms using bacteria or actinomycetales
- Y10S435/91—Xanthomonas
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S507/00—Earth boring, well treating, and oil field chemistry
- Y10S507/935—Enhanced oil recovery
- Y10S507/936—Flooding the formation
Abstract
Abstract A mutant strain of the genus Xanthomonas produces a pyruvate-free biopolymer. This biopolymer and the deacetylated form of this new biopolymer provide mobility control solutions which are especially useful for enhanced oil recovery where high brine applications are involved. The mobility control solutions of the present invention may be made from whole or filtered fermentation broth containing the pyruvate-free biopolymer its deacetylated form. Alternatively, the biopolymer its deacetylated form may be recovered from the broth and the recovered product used to form the desired mobility control solutions.
Description
~ P.C. 5898 1 1~13~7~
A NEW XANTHOMONAS BIOPOLYMER FOR ~SE IN DISPLACEMENT OF
¦ OIL FROM PARTIALLY DEPLETED RESERVOIRS
¦ There are extensive published reports relating to the 5 ¦ production of hydrophilic colloids by the aerobic propagation of bacteria of the genus Xanthomonas in aqueous nutrient media.
The earliest work in this field was done at The Northern Regional Research Laboratory of the United States Department of l Agriculture at Peoria, Illinois and is described in ~.S. Patent 3,000,790. Modified fermentation processes are described in U.S. Patents 3,020,206; 3,391,060; 3,427,226; 3,433,708;
3,271,267; 3,251,749; 3,281,329; 3,455,786; 3,565,763;
3,594,280 and 3,391,061. -Xanthan, the exocellular anionic heteropolysaccharide produced by Xanthomonas campestris, contains mannose, glucose, glucuronic acid, O-acetyl radicals and acetal-linked pyruvic acid in the molar ratio of 2:2:1:1:0.5. This gum and its derivatives have found wide food and industrial applications.
Of special interest is the increasing focus on the use of xant~an gum in displacement of oil from partially depleted reservoirs.
Typically, oil is recovered from underground reservoirs via a series of se~uential operations. A new well will generally ~' ~
I ~ ~
I
~ '7~
produce a limited amount of oil as a result of release of internal pressure in the well. As this pressure becomes depleted, it is necessary to pump further quantities of oil by mechanical means. These measures recover only about 25% of the total oil stored in the reservoir. A great deal of oil is still trapped within the pores of the formation. Further enhancement of recovery can then be effected by secondary recovery. In one method of re-covery a waterflood is carried out by pumping water into a well or series of wells, displacing part of the trapped oil from the porous rock and col-lecting the displaced oil from surrounding wells. However, waterflooding still leaves about 55-60% of the available oil trapped in the formation.
The explanation for this phenomenon is that water has a very low viscosity compared to the crude oil and tends to follow the path of least resistance, fingering through the oil and leaving large pockets untouched. In addi-tion, surface forces in the formation tend to bind the oil and prevent its displacement.
A number of processes have been developed in recent years to re-cover further quantities of oil from these reservoirs by the use of mobility control solutions which enhance oil displacement by increasing the viscosity or permeability of the displacing fluid. Of interest are those enhanced re-covery processes employing polymer flooding with a polysaccharide or poly-acrylamide to increase the viscosity of the displacing fluid. Variations of this process include the use of surfactants and co-surfactants to release the oil from the rock formation. Polyacrylamides have been found to suffer such deficiencies as viscosity loss in brines and severe shear sensitivity.
Since, as was well documented in the prior art, xanthan gum is insensitive to salts (does not precipitate or lose viscosity under normal conditions), is shear stable, thermostable and viscosity stable over a wide pH range, xanthan gum is a good displacing agent. Moreover, the gum is poorly absorbe~
on the elements of the porous rock formations and it gives viscosities 1$~
useful in enhanced oil recovery (5 to 90 centipoise units at 1.32 sec. 1 shear rate) at low concentrations (100 to 3000 ppm).
The use of solutions of xanthan gum or derivatives of xanthan gum for oil recovery is described in United States Patents 3,243,000; 3,198,268; 3,532,166; 3,305,016; 3,251,417;
3,319,606; 3,319,715; 3,373,810; 3,434,542; and 3,729,460. It is suggested in United States Patent 3,305,016 that aqueous solutions containing the heteropolysaccharide in sufficient quantity to increase the viscosity be employed as the thickening agent in preparing viscous water-flooding solutions. The polysaccharide may be prepared, separated, purified and then -added. Alternatively, according to this reference, the entire culture, after adding a bactericide (e.g., formaldehyde) to kill the bacteria, may be added to the flood water.
This invention provides a process for preparing a pyruvate-free Xanthomonas colloid-containing fermentation broth suitable for the preparation of mobility control solutions used in oil recovery which comprises aerobically fermenting a pyruvate-free xanthan producing strain of a species of the genus Xanthomonas in an aqueous nutrient medium whose ingredients comprise a carbohydrate, a source of assimilable nitrogen and trace elements and continuing the fermentation until at least about 100 ppm of pyruvate-free xanthan is present in the broth, and where required deacetylating as described below. The invention also provides a pyruvate-free xanthan-containing fermentation broth, pyruvate-free xanthan, and the deacetylated forms thereof. The pyruvate-free xanthan and the deacetylated form of this new biopolymer provide mobility control solutions which are especially useful for enhanced oil recovery where high brine applications are involved. The mobility control solutions produced in accord with this invention are employed in oil recovery in the same manner as previously known mobility control .. . .
`7~
solutions. Thus, according to another aspect of the invention, in the process for the recovery of crude oil from an oil~bearing subterranean formation wherein a hydrophilic colloid-containing -mobility control solution is injected into said formation, there is provided the improvement which comprises injecting into said formation a mobility control solution containing the fermentation broth above referred to or the deacetylated form thereof.
A troublesome problem encountered in some oil fields with brine containing high salt concentrations or areas where brine (especially brine high in calcium content) is used as diluent in preparing xanthan mobility control solutions is the tendency of the xanthan to precipitate out of solution or flocculate. The particulate matter soon plugs the oil-bearing formation at the -3a- :
.
~' :
'7~
site of the injection. In addition, the desired viscosity is lost from solution.
Xanthan gums of low-pyruvate content were reported by Sanford et al., Abstracts. Papers American Chemical Society Meeting, 172, CARB-89 (1976); Cadmus et al., Chem. Inst. Can. - Americal Chemical Society Joint ~-Conference, Montreal ~1977); Sanford et al., Abstracts. Papers American Chemical Society Meeting, 174, CARB-29 (1977).
The novel feature of the present invention is the planned develop-ment of mutant strain of a species of the genus Xanthomonas that produces a xanthan completely pyruvate-free. The reduction of the ionic character of the xanthan minimizes its incompatibility with calcium and other ions. Addi-tional reduction of the ionic nature of the xanthan can be accomplished by deacetylation of the pyruvate-free xanthan.
A culture of Xanthomonas compestris, treated with the chemical mutagen N-methyl-N-nitro-N'-nitroguanidine by techniques well known to those skilled in the art, was plated out and shake flasks containing appropriate nutrient medium were individually inoculated from selected bacterial colon-ies. The xanthan produced was analyzed for pyruvic acid by the method de-scribed in Nature 194, 478 (1962). Those organisms which are suited to the practice of this invention are determined by virtue of their ability to pro-duce xanthon that is completely pyruvate-free, and may include other strains of species of the genus Xanthomonas.
A desired mutant strain that produces xanthan that is completely pyruvate-free has been deposited at The American Type Culture Collection with the accession number ATCC 31313. The permanency of the deposit of this culture at the culture collection in Rockville, Maryland and ready accessi-bility thereto by the public are afforded during the effective life of the patent. Access to the culture is available during pendency of the applica-tion under Rule 14 and 35 USC 11. All restrictions on the availability to the public of the culture deposited will be irrevocably removed upon granting .. . .
- . :, - "
of the patent.
The mutant Xanthomonas culture was planted from a slant into var-ious media which were incubated at 28C. Readings of results were made at intervals extending over a period of 14 days. --The medium used for morphological observations and temperature study was yeast malt agar of the following compositions:
Ingredient Grams/liter Malt extract 3.0 Glucose 10.0 Peptone 5.0 Agar 20.0 References for biochemical tests and carbohydrate utilization are as follows:
1. Indole production, NaCl tolerance, nitrate reduction, starch hydrolysis, carbohydrate utilization - Gordon, R. E., Haynes, W. C. and Pang, C. J., 1973. The Genus Bacillus. Agriculture Handbook No. 427, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
A NEW XANTHOMONAS BIOPOLYMER FOR ~SE IN DISPLACEMENT OF
¦ OIL FROM PARTIALLY DEPLETED RESERVOIRS
¦ There are extensive published reports relating to the 5 ¦ production of hydrophilic colloids by the aerobic propagation of bacteria of the genus Xanthomonas in aqueous nutrient media.
The earliest work in this field was done at The Northern Regional Research Laboratory of the United States Department of l Agriculture at Peoria, Illinois and is described in ~.S. Patent 3,000,790. Modified fermentation processes are described in U.S. Patents 3,020,206; 3,391,060; 3,427,226; 3,433,708;
3,271,267; 3,251,749; 3,281,329; 3,455,786; 3,565,763;
3,594,280 and 3,391,061. -Xanthan, the exocellular anionic heteropolysaccharide produced by Xanthomonas campestris, contains mannose, glucose, glucuronic acid, O-acetyl radicals and acetal-linked pyruvic acid in the molar ratio of 2:2:1:1:0.5. This gum and its derivatives have found wide food and industrial applications.
Of special interest is the increasing focus on the use of xant~an gum in displacement of oil from partially depleted reservoirs.
Typically, oil is recovered from underground reservoirs via a series of se~uential operations. A new well will generally ~' ~
I ~ ~
I
~ '7~
produce a limited amount of oil as a result of release of internal pressure in the well. As this pressure becomes depleted, it is necessary to pump further quantities of oil by mechanical means. These measures recover only about 25% of the total oil stored in the reservoir. A great deal of oil is still trapped within the pores of the formation. Further enhancement of recovery can then be effected by secondary recovery. In one method of re-covery a waterflood is carried out by pumping water into a well or series of wells, displacing part of the trapped oil from the porous rock and col-lecting the displaced oil from surrounding wells. However, waterflooding still leaves about 55-60% of the available oil trapped in the formation.
The explanation for this phenomenon is that water has a very low viscosity compared to the crude oil and tends to follow the path of least resistance, fingering through the oil and leaving large pockets untouched. In addi-tion, surface forces in the formation tend to bind the oil and prevent its displacement.
A number of processes have been developed in recent years to re-cover further quantities of oil from these reservoirs by the use of mobility control solutions which enhance oil displacement by increasing the viscosity or permeability of the displacing fluid. Of interest are those enhanced re-covery processes employing polymer flooding with a polysaccharide or poly-acrylamide to increase the viscosity of the displacing fluid. Variations of this process include the use of surfactants and co-surfactants to release the oil from the rock formation. Polyacrylamides have been found to suffer such deficiencies as viscosity loss in brines and severe shear sensitivity.
Since, as was well documented in the prior art, xanthan gum is insensitive to salts (does not precipitate or lose viscosity under normal conditions), is shear stable, thermostable and viscosity stable over a wide pH range, xanthan gum is a good displacing agent. Moreover, the gum is poorly absorbe~
on the elements of the porous rock formations and it gives viscosities 1$~
useful in enhanced oil recovery (5 to 90 centipoise units at 1.32 sec. 1 shear rate) at low concentrations (100 to 3000 ppm).
The use of solutions of xanthan gum or derivatives of xanthan gum for oil recovery is described in United States Patents 3,243,000; 3,198,268; 3,532,166; 3,305,016; 3,251,417;
3,319,606; 3,319,715; 3,373,810; 3,434,542; and 3,729,460. It is suggested in United States Patent 3,305,016 that aqueous solutions containing the heteropolysaccharide in sufficient quantity to increase the viscosity be employed as the thickening agent in preparing viscous water-flooding solutions. The polysaccharide may be prepared, separated, purified and then -added. Alternatively, according to this reference, the entire culture, after adding a bactericide (e.g., formaldehyde) to kill the bacteria, may be added to the flood water.
This invention provides a process for preparing a pyruvate-free Xanthomonas colloid-containing fermentation broth suitable for the preparation of mobility control solutions used in oil recovery which comprises aerobically fermenting a pyruvate-free xanthan producing strain of a species of the genus Xanthomonas in an aqueous nutrient medium whose ingredients comprise a carbohydrate, a source of assimilable nitrogen and trace elements and continuing the fermentation until at least about 100 ppm of pyruvate-free xanthan is present in the broth, and where required deacetylating as described below. The invention also provides a pyruvate-free xanthan-containing fermentation broth, pyruvate-free xanthan, and the deacetylated forms thereof. The pyruvate-free xanthan and the deacetylated form of this new biopolymer provide mobility control solutions which are especially useful for enhanced oil recovery where high brine applications are involved. The mobility control solutions produced in accord with this invention are employed in oil recovery in the same manner as previously known mobility control .. . .
`7~
solutions. Thus, according to another aspect of the invention, in the process for the recovery of crude oil from an oil~bearing subterranean formation wherein a hydrophilic colloid-containing -mobility control solution is injected into said formation, there is provided the improvement which comprises injecting into said formation a mobility control solution containing the fermentation broth above referred to or the deacetylated form thereof.
A troublesome problem encountered in some oil fields with brine containing high salt concentrations or areas where brine (especially brine high in calcium content) is used as diluent in preparing xanthan mobility control solutions is the tendency of the xanthan to precipitate out of solution or flocculate. The particulate matter soon plugs the oil-bearing formation at the -3a- :
.
~' :
'7~
site of the injection. In addition, the desired viscosity is lost from solution.
Xanthan gums of low-pyruvate content were reported by Sanford et al., Abstracts. Papers American Chemical Society Meeting, 172, CARB-89 (1976); Cadmus et al., Chem. Inst. Can. - Americal Chemical Society Joint ~-Conference, Montreal ~1977); Sanford et al., Abstracts. Papers American Chemical Society Meeting, 174, CARB-29 (1977).
The novel feature of the present invention is the planned develop-ment of mutant strain of a species of the genus Xanthomonas that produces a xanthan completely pyruvate-free. The reduction of the ionic character of the xanthan minimizes its incompatibility with calcium and other ions. Addi-tional reduction of the ionic nature of the xanthan can be accomplished by deacetylation of the pyruvate-free xanthan.
A culture of Xanthomonas compestris, treated with the chemical mutagen N-methyl-N-nitro-N'-nitroguanidine by techniques well known to those skilled in the art, was plated out and shake flasks containing appropriate nutrient medium were individually inoculated from selected bacterial colon-ies. The xanthan produced was analyzed for pyruvic acid by the method de-scribed in Nature 194, 478 (1962). Those organisms which are suited to the practice of this invention are determined by virtue of their ability to pro-duce xanthon that is completely pyruvate-free, and may include other strains of species of the genus Xanthomonas.
A desired mutant strain that produces xanthan that is completely pyruvate-free has been deposited at The American Type Culture Collection with the accession number ATCC 31313. The permanency of the deposit of this culture at the culture collection in Rockville, Maryland and ready accessi-bility thereto by the public are afforded during the effective life of the patent. Access to the culture is available during pendency of the applica-tion under Rule 14 and 35 USC 11. All restrictions on the availability to the public of the culture deposited will be irrevocably removed upon granting .. . .
- . :, - "
of the patent.
The mutant Xanthomonas culture was planted from a slant into var-ious media which were incubated at 28C. Readings of results were made at intervals extending over a period of 14 days. --The medium used for morphological observations and temperature study was yeast malt agar of the following compositions:
Ingredient Grams/liter Malt extract 3.0 Glucose 10.0 Peptone 5.0 Agar 20.0 References for biochemical tests and carbohydrate utilization are as follows:
1. Indole production, NaCl tolerance, nitrate reduction, starch hydrolysis, carbohydrate utilization - Gordon, R. E., Haynes, W. C. and Pang, C. J., 1973. The Genus Bacillus. Agriculture Handbook No. 427, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
2. Litmus milk - Cowan, S. T. and Stéel, K. J., 1965. Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria, Cambridge Universtiy Press.
3. Hydrogen sulfide production and gelatin liquefaction -The Society of American Bacteriologists, 1957. Manual of Microbiological Methods, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, Toronto, London.
The culture was described as follows on the various media:
Biochemical Properties: Nitrate not reduced to nitrite; hydrogen sulfide not produced; starch hydrolyzed; gelatin liquefied; indole not pro-duced; moderate growth at 2% NaCl but no growth at 3% NaCl; no coagulation or alkali production in litmus milk.
Carbohydrate _tilization: Arabinose, cellobiose, lactose, mannose, galactose, glucose, trehalose, inulin and salicin utilized~rhamnose, adon-itol, dulicitol, inositol and sorbitol not utilized; acid produced from -~
, .` ' ' . ' - ~ ' :
~ 3~
.
arabinose, mannose, galactose, glucose and trehalose; acid and gas produced from cellobiose.
Organic Acid Utilization: Acetate, citrate and succinate uti-lized; malate, propionate, benzoate and tartrate not utilized.
Morphological Properties: Gram-negative; colonies cream-colored, mucoid, glistening, raised, smooth, with edge entire; cells rod-shaped, straight, single, 1-1.8 x 0.4-0.6 ~m.
Temperature Relations: Growth at 21C. and 28C.; no growth at 37C. and 45C.
In the practice of this invention, an aqueous nutrient medium con-taining an assimilable source of carbon and nitrogen is inoculated with Xanthomonas campestris ATCC 31313. A preferred inoculum medium is YM Broth ~Difco). After aerobic propagation for about 24 to 48 hours at 24 to 34C., preferably 28-30C., an aliquot is transferred to a fermentor containing an aqueous nutrient medium comprising a carbohydrate, an assimilable source of nitrogen and trace elements. Such media are, per se, well known to the art and may be selected from those described in the literature for the produc-tion of xanthan.
A suitable carbohydrate is present in the nutrient medium at a concentration from about 1 to about 5% by weight. Suitable carbohydrates include, for example, glucose, sucrose, maltose, fructose, lactose, pro-cessed inverted beet molasses, invert sugar, high quality filtered thinned starch or mixtures of these carbohydrates. The preferred carbohydrates are glucose, maltose, fructose, filtered starch hydrolysates or mixtures there-of.
Inorganic nitrogen in the form of ammonium nitrate at about 1 `
gram/liter, sodium nitrate at about 2 grams/liter or potassium nitrate at about 2.4 grams/liter may be used. Organic sources of nitrogen may be pro-vided by such materials as distillers' solubles, enzymatic digest of soy-bean ~Soy Peptone Type T, Humko-Sheffield Company).
~3~ 6 ~
Magnesium, manganese and iron ions are advantageously added to the fermentation medium along with a chelating agent such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or preferably citric acid which -functions as a growth promoting Krebs cycle acid and sequestering agent for excess calcium ions if present. -A simple and useful medium containing an extract of distil-ler's solubles ~Stimuflav, Hiram Walker), dipotassium hydrogen phos-phate, glucose and magnesium sulfate is described in Biotech. ~ Bioeng., XII, 75-83 (1970).
In order to obtain a rapid fermentation, it is essential to have the correct amount of oxygen available for the growing bacterial culture. The fermentation medium is aerated to provide sufficient oxygen to produce a sulfite oxidation value within the range of about 1.5 to about 3.5 millimoles of oxygen per liter per minute. A description of sulfite oxidation value is set forth in Industrial Engineering Chemistry 36, 504 ~1936. The sulfite oxidation value is a measure of the rate of oxygen uptake in the fermentor under the agitation and aeration conditions employed.
The fermentation is allowed to proceed at a temperature of about 30C. until the broth has a xanthan concentration of at least about 100 ppm, preferably at least about 1.0% and more preferably at about 1.4% (30-96 hours). Viscosities of the broth are typically at least about 4,000 centipoise units and preferably at about 10,000 centipoise units.
The pyruvate-free xanthan may be deacetylated by a modification of the procedure described in ~nited States Patent 3,000,790 for the - : - ,:
3& ~ ;~
deacetylation of xanthan. Whole or filtered fermentation broth containing pyruvate-free xanthan is adjusted to about pH 9, allowed to stand at room temperature for at least about 10 minutes and optionally neutralized.
The ability of a polysaccharide to recover oil from oil field B cores is measured using a Millipore filterability test which is an experimental procedure that measures flow rate through a Millipore filter(0.45 to 3.0 ~ pore size) as a function of volume under a constant pressure of 40 psig. The filter ratio is the ratio of the time to collect the fourth 250 ml of mobility control solution to the time to collect the first 250 ml of solution. A
filter ratio of 1.0 indicates that the solution has no plugging tendencies. A variation of this test procedure is the volume of mobility control solution passing through a designated Millipore filter under constant pressure during a measured period of time.
Mobility control solutions prepared from xanthan produced by normal strains of Xanthomonas campestris are suitable for use in most oil fields. However, normal xanthan precipitates in brines of greater than 7% salt content and so is not suitable where strong brines are used for the preparation of mobilty control solutions for injection in subterannean strata high in salt content.
A primary advantage of the present invention resides in the performance of pyruvate-free and deacetylated pyruvate-free xanthan in mobility control solutions having 7.0 to 8.8~ salt content wherc, unlike normal xanthan, these xanthans do not precipitate. In addition to insensitivity to salts, these xanthans are characterized by their insensitivity to pH and sharp decrease in apparent viscosity of solutions at 70C.
Mobility control solutions (750 ppm) were prepared from whole, unfiltered fermentation broths containing (A) deacetylated pyruvate-free xanthan, (B) pyruvate-free xanthan, (C) deacetylated normal - xanthan and (D) normal xanthan in salt solutions (NaCl:CaC12-10:1) ~ ~radelyl~rl~
~$~
of varying concentrations. A comparison of the filter ratios (F.R.) and the filter times employing Millipore filters with a pore size of 0.8~ is shown in Table 1.
Table I
.
SampleSalt Concentration (%) F.Filter Time (sec./1000-ml) A 2.0 1.16 41 B 2.0 1.23 47 C 2.0 1.22 44 D 2.0 1.25 46 A 5.0 1.31 74 B 5.0 1.52 103 C 5.0 1.52 96 D 5.0 1.50 100 A 7.0 1.75 112 B 7.0 1.82 134 C 7.0 1.81 114 D 7.0 2.05 142 A 8.8 -- 810 ml/600 sec.
B 8.8 --550 ml/1131 sec.
C 8.8 ppt.10 ml/600 sec.
D 8.8 ppt.8 ml/600 sec.
*Filter Ratio (F.R.) is the ratio of the time to collect the fourth 250 ml of mobility control solution to the time to collect the first 250 ml of mobility control solution, and is based on a filtration volume of 1000 ml.
It can be readily seen that pyruvate-free and deacetylated pyruv-ate-free xanthan did not precipitate under high salt conditions and that fil-terability was considerably greater than for either xanthan or deacetylatedxanthan.
It is understood that there may be conditions and factors that make impractical or expensive the transportation of large volumes of fermentation broth for injection into oil-containing reservoirs. Under such circumstances the pyruvate-free xanthan or its deacetylated form is recovered from the broth by any suitable means. For example, to the whole or filtered pyruvate-free xanthon fermentation broth is added a water miscible precipitating agent such as methanol, ethanol, acetone, t-butyl alcohol or isopropanol sufficient to precipitate the pyruvate-free xanthan _ .
.
1~13~
or the deacetylated product and separating the precipitate there-from, by centrifugation or filtration and drying. The preferred ¦ water miscible agent is isopropanol at a concentration of 20-75%
¦ w/w, preferably about 38% w/w. Reconstitution with water or brine ¦ to a xanthan concentration of 100 to 3000 ppm provides a mobility control solution that is comparable in performance with that of diluted whole or filtered fermentation broth.
Whole or filtered pyruvate-free xanthan fermentation broth, l deacetylated by adjusting the broth to pH 9.0 and allowing to ¦ stand at room temperature for at least 10 minutes, may be treated by the above described process to separate and recover the pre-cipitated deacetylated pyruvate-free xanthan.
During the process of re-dissolution of the dried pyruvate-l free or deacetylated pyruvate-free xanthan, it is important to ¦ provide sufficient shear to cause adequate dispersion of the polysaccharide and prevention of clum~ formation.
Mobility control solutions for use in enhanced oil recovery are prepared from pyruvate-free or deacetylated pyruvate-free l containing fermentation broths or the precipitated, dried prepara-¦ tions to a xanthan concentration of about 100 to 3000 ppm.
Optionally, additives known per se to be employed in xanthan containing mobility control solutions may be incorporated into the mobility control solutions of the present invention. For ¦ example, a surfactant may be added to enhance the recovery of oil.
Representative surfactants include various petroleum sulfonates ¦ well known to those versed in the art of oil recovery.
¦ Test Procedures I
¦ Xanthan Determination I ~
l Highly purified xanthan contains about 18.4~ glucuronic acid.
¦ Glucuronic acid in xanthan compositions is determined in the absence of formaldehyde and without borate at 100C. by the method ¦ of Knutson and Jeanes, Anal. Biochem., 24, 470 (1968); ibid, 432.
. -10-.
..
~- l ~ ~
¦ ~ Xanthan = ~ Glucuronic Acid x 100 18.4 Pyruvic Acid Determination I
A fermentation broth or purified xanthan solution (con-¦ taining 0.2-0.4% w/v polysaccharide) is hydrolyzed in 1 N HCl for 5 1 3 hours. A 2 ml aliquot is removed and is mixed with 1 ml of a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent (0.5% w/v in 2 N HCl) for 5 minutes. The reaction mixture is extracted with 5 ml of ethyl acetate, and the aqueous layer is discarded. After the ethyl acetate is extracted with three 5 ml portions of 10% sodium car-bonate, the extract is diluted to 25 ml with additional 10% sodium carbonate.
Concentration of pyruvate is determined by measuring optical density of the sodium carbonate solution at 375 nm.
B Millipore Filterability Test (A) Prepare 1000 ml of 750 ppm xanthan solution in 500 ppm salt solution (10:1 - NaCl:CaC12) as~follows:
I In a Waring type blender equipped with a rheostat, measure ¦ sufficient broth (based on xanthan content) to make 0.75 g xanthan ¦ solids. Dilute 1 to 6 with salt solution. Shear this mixture 20 ¦ as follows:
40% power/2 minutes , ~0% power/2,minutes 80% power/2 minutes Dilute in the blender to 750 ppm of xanthan and shear at 40% power for 2 minutes. (Solution also used for viscosity determination).
Use an experimental set-up that allows one to determine I the flow rate through a Millipore filter disc (47 mm, 0.45-3.0 ¦ pore size) as a function of volume under a constant pressure of 40 psig. Use a reservoir that will accomodate 1000 ml.
Trale ~ar~
.1 l ll I i~l3~
Charge the reservoir with a liter of xanthan solution (750 ppm). Set pressure at 40 psig. Open valve and start recording volume filtr~te and time (seconds).
l time to collect the 4th 250 ml of solution 5 ¦ Filter Ratio =
time to collect the 1st 250 ml of solution (b) Proceed as in (a) measuring time to collect 1000 ml of solution.
Viscosity Determination Measure the viscosity with a Brookfield synchro-lectric vis-cometer, model LVT, using a UL adapter. Measure at 25C. at 6 and 12 RPM. Viscosity is expressed in centipoise units.
1~ 5'-5 Cells of Xanthomonas campestris ATCC 31313 from a YM agar slant are transferred to 300 ml of YM Broth contained in a 2.8 l liter Fernbach flask and shaken on a rotary shaker for about 31 hours at 28C. A 25 ml ali~uot is transferred to a 2.8 liter Fernbach flask containing 500 ml of a medium of the following composition:
Ingredient Grams/100 grams ¦ Part A
¦ * Distillers' solubles extract 18 l X2~P4 ~ 0-5 B I Antifoam (GE 60) 0.08 Distilled water 57 l pH 7.1 autoclave 1 separately l Part B
Glucose 2.5 MgSO4 0.01 l Distilled water 22 pH 4.25 * The extract is prepared by boiling a 10% w/w aqueous slurry of distillers' dried solubles for 5 minutes, cooling, making up ¦ evaporation losses with fresh water, adding 4% diatomaceous l filter aid, and vacuum filtering.
¦ After shaking at 28C. for about 33 hours, a 200 ml portion is transferred to a 4-liter mechanically agitated fermentor con-taining 2 liters of the above medium. Aeration is at a rate to provide 1.5 to 3.5 millimoles of oxygen per liter per minute.
l The fermentation is conducted at 30C. until the level of reducing ¦ sugar is 0.3% and a viscosity of at least 4500 centipoise units and pyruvate free-xanthan yield of at least 1.0% is obtained.
~rl~h~,k -13-~31~7~
-i EXAMPLE II
To the whole or filtered fermentation broth of Example I
is added sufficient isopropanol (approximately 38~ w/w) to pre-l cipitate the pyruvate-free xanthan which is collected by centri-¦ fugation or filtration and dried.
EXAMP_LE III
The pyruvate-free xanthan in the whole or filtered fermenta-tion broth of Example I is deacetylated by adjusting the broth to l pH 9.0, allowing to stand at room temperature for at least 10 ¦ minutes and optionally neutralizing.
EXAMPLE IV .
The deacetylated pyruvate-free xanthan of Example III is ecipitated and recovered bV the process of Example II.
' .
The culture was described as follows on the various media:
Biochemical Properties: Nitrate not reduced to nitrite; hydrogen sulfide not produced; starch hydrolyzed; gelatin liquefied; indole not pro-duced; moderate growth at 2% NaCl but no growth at 3% NaCl; no coagulation or alkali production in litmus milk.
Carbohydrate _tilization: Arabinose, cellobiose, lactose, mannose, galactose, glucose, trehalose, inulin and salicin utilized~rhamnose, adon-itol, dulicitol, inositol and sorbitol not utilized; acid produced from -~
, .` ' ' . ' - ~ ' :
~ 3~
.
arabinose, mannose, galactose, glucose and trehalose; acid and gas produced from cellobiose.
Organic Acid Utilization: Acetate, citrate and succinate uti-lized; malate, propionate, benzoate and tartrate not utilized.
Morphological Properties: Gram-negative; colonies cream-colored, mucoid, glistening, raised, smooth, with edge entire; cells rod-shaped, straight, single, 1-1.8 x 0.4-0.6 ~m.
Temperature Relations: Growth at 21C. and 28C.; no growth at 37C. and 45C.
In the practice of this invention, an aqueous nutrient medium con-taining an assimilable source of carbon and nitrogen is inoculated with Xanthomonas campestris ATCC 31313. A preferred inoculum medium is YM Broth ~Difco). After aerobic propagation for about 24 to 48 hours at 24 to 34C., preferably 28-30C., an aliquot is transferred to a fermentor containing an aqueous nutrient medium comprising a carbohydrate, an assimilable source of nitrogen and trace elements. Such media are, per se, well known to the art and may be selected from those described in the literature for the produc-tion of xanthan.
A suitable carbohydrate is present in the nutrient medium at a concentration from about 1 to about 5% by weight. Suitable carbohydrates include, for example, glucose, sucrose, maltose, fructose, lactose, pro-cessed inverted beet molasses, invert sugar, high quality filtered thinned starch or mixtures of these carbohydrates. The preferred carbohydrates are glucose, maltose, fructose, filtered starch hydrolysates or mixtures there-of.
Inorganic nitrogen in the form of ammonium nitrate at about 1 `
gram/liter, sodium nitrate at about 2 grams/liter or potassium nitrate at about 2.4 grams/liter may be used. Organic sources of nitrogen may be pro-vided by such materials as distillers' solubles, enzymatic digest of soy-bean ~Soy Peptone Type T, Humko-Sheffield Company).
~3~ 6 ~
Magnesium, manganese and iron ions are advantageously added to the fermentation medium along with a chelating agent such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or preferably citric acid which -functions as a growth promoting Krebs cycle acid and sequestering agent for excess calcium ions if present. -A simple and useful medium containing an extract of distil-ler's solubles ~Stimuflav, Hiram Walker), dipotassium hydrogen phos-phate, glucose and magnesium sulfate is described in Biotech. ~ Bioeng., XII, 75-83 (1970).
In order to obtain a rapid fermentation, it is essential to have the correct amount of oxygen available for the growing bacterial culture. The fermentation medium is aerated to provide sufficient oxygen to produce a sulfite oxidation value within the range of about 1.5 to about 3.5 millimoles of oxygen per liter per minute. A description of sulfite oxidation value is set forth in Industrial Engineering Chemistry 36, 504 ~1936. The sulfite oxidation value is a measure of the rate of oxygen uptake in the fermentor under the agitation and aeration conditions employed.
The fermentation is allowed to proceed at a temperature of about 30C. until the broth has a xanthan concentration of at least about 100 ppm, preferably at least about 1.0% and more preferably at about 1.4% (30-96 hours). Viscosities of the broth are typically at least about 4,000 centipoise units and preferably at about 10,000 centipoise units.
The pyruvate-free xanthan may be deacetylated by a modification of the procedure described in ~nited States Patent 3,000,790 for the - : - ,:
3& ~ ;~
deacetylation of xanthan. Whole or filtered fermentation broth containing pyruvate-free xanthan is adjusted to about pH 9, allowed to stand at room temperature for at least about 10 minutes and optionally neutralized.
The ability of a polysaccharide to recover oil from oil field B cores is measured using a Millipore filterability test which is an experimental procedure that measures flow rate through a Millipore filter(0.45 to 3.0 ~ pore size) as a function of volume under a constant pressure of 40 psig. The filter ratio is the ratio of the time to collect the fourth 250 ml of mobility control solution to the time to collect the first 250 ml of solution. A
filter ratio of 1.0 indicates that the solution has no plugging tendencies. A variation of this test procedure is the volume of mobility control solution passing through a designated Millipore filter under constant pressure during a measured period of time.
Mobility control solutions prepared from xanthan produced by normal strains of Xanthomonas campestris are suitable for use in most oil fields. However, normal xanthan precipitates in brines of greater than 7% salt content and so is not suitable where strong brines are used for the preparation of mobilty control solutions for injection in subterannean strata high in salt content.
A primary advantage of the present invention resides in the performance of pyruvate-free and deacetylated pyruvate-free xanthan in mobility control solutions having 7.0 to 8.8~ salt content wherc, unlike normal xanthan, these xanthans do not precipitate. In addition to insensitivity to salts, these xanthans are characterized by their insensitivity to pH and sharp decrease in apparent viscosity of solutions at 70C.
Mobility control solutions (750 ppm) were prepared from whole, unfiltered fermentation broths containing (A) deacetylated pyruvate-free xanthan, (B) pyruvate-free xanthan, (C) deacetylated normal - xanthan and (D) normal xanthan in salt solutions (NaCl:CaC12-10:1) ~ ~radelyl~rl~
~$~
of varying concentrations. A comparison of the filter ratios (F.R.) and the filter times employing Millipore filters with a pore size of 0.8~ is shown in Table 1.
Table I
.
SampleSalt Concentration (%) F.Filter Time (sec./1000-ml) A 2.0 1.16 41 B 2.0 1.23 47 C 2.0 1.22 44 D 2.0 1.25 46 A 5.0 1.31 74 B 5.0 1.52 103 C 5.0 1.52 96 D 5.0 1.50 100 A 7.0 1.75 112 B 7.0 1.82 134 C 7.0 1.81 114 D 7.0 2.05 142 A 8.8 -- 810 ml/600 sec.
B 8.8 --550 ml/1131 sec.
C 8.8 ppt.10 ml/600 sec.
D 8.8 ppt.8 ml/600 sec.
*Filter Ratio (F.R.) is the ratio of the time to collect the fourth 250 ml of mobility control solution to the time to collect the first 250 ml of mobility control solution, and is based on a filtration volume of 1000 ml.
It can be readily seen that pyruvate-free and deacetylated pyruv-ate-free xanthan did not precipitate under high salt conditions and that fil-terability was considerably greater than for either xanthan or deacetylatedxanthan.
It is understood that there may be conditions and factors that make impractical or expensive the transportation of large volumes of fermentation broth for injection into oil-containing reservoirs. Under such circumstances the pyruvate-free xanthan or its deacetylated form is recovered from the broth by any suitable means. For example, to the whole or filtered pyruvate-free xanthon fermentation broth is added a water miscible precipitating agent such as methanol, ethanol, acetone, t-butyl alcohol or isopropanol sufficient to precipitate the pyruvate-free xanthan _ .
.
1~13~
or the deacetylated product and separating the precipitate there-from, by centrifugation or filtration and drying. The preferred ¦ water miscible agent is isopropanol at a concentration of 20-75%
¦ w/w, preferably about 38% w/w. Reconstitution with water or brine ¦ to a xanthan concentration of 100 to 3000 ppm provides a mobility control solution that is comparable in performance with that of diluted whole or filtered fermentation broth.
Whole or filtered pyruvate-free xanthan fermentation broth, l deacetylated by adjusting the broth to pH 9.0 and allowing to ¦ stand at room temperature for at least 10 minutes, may be treated by the above described process to separate and recover the pre-cipitated deacetylated pyruvate-free xanthan.
During the process of re-dissolution of the dried pyruvate-l free or deacetylated pyruvate-free xanthan, it is important to ¦ provide sufficient shear to cause adequate dispersion of the polysaccharide and prevention of clum~ formation.
Mobility control solutions for use in enhanced oil recovery are prepared from pyruvate-free or deacetylated pyruvate-free l containing fermentation broths or the precipitated, dried prepara-¦ tions to a xanthan concentration of about 100 to 3000 ppm.
Optionally, additives known per se to be employed in xanthan containing mobility control solutions may be incorporated into the mobility control solutions of the present invention. For ¦ example, a surfactant may be added to enhance the recovery of oil.
Representative surfactants include various petroleum sulfonates ¦ well known to those versed in the art of oil recovery.
¦ Test Procedures I
¦ Xanthan Determination I ~
l Highly purified xanthan contains about 18.4~ glucuronic acid.
¦ Glucuronic acid in xanthan compositions is determined in the absence of formaldehyde and without borate at 100C. by the method ¦ of Knutson and Jeanes, Anal. Biochem., 24, 470 (1968); ibid, 432.
. -10-.
..
~- l ~ ~
¦ ~ Xanthan = ~ Glucuronic Acid x 100 18.4 Pyruvic Acid Determination I
A fermentation broth or purified xanthan solution (con-¦ taining 0.2-0.4% w/v polysaccharide) is hydrolyzed in 1 N HCl for 5 1 3 hours. A 2 ml aliquot is removed and is mixed with 1 ml of a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent (0.5% w/v in 2 N HCl) for 5 minutes. The reaction mixture is extracted with 5 ml of ethyl acetate, and the aqueous layer is discarded. After the ethyl acetate is extracted with three 5 ml portions of 10% sodium car-bonate, the extract is diluted to 25 ml with additional 10% sodium carbonate.
Concentration of pyruvate is determined by measuring optical density of the sodium carbonate solution at 375 nm.
B Millipore Filterability Test (A) Prepare 1000 ml of 750 ppm xanthan solution in 500 ppm salt solution (10:1 - NaCl:CaC12) as~follows:
I In a Waring type blender equipped with a rheostat, measure ¦ sufficient broth (based on xanthan content) to make 0.75 g xanthan ¦ solids. Dilute 1 to 6 with salt solution. Shear this mixture 20 ¦ as follows:
40% power/2 minutes , ~0% power/2,minutes 80% power/2 minutes Dilute in the blender to 750 ppm of xanthan and shear at 40% power for 2 minutes. (Solution also used for viscosity determination).
Use an experimental set-up that allows one to determine I the flow rate through a Millipore filter disc (47 mm, 0.45-3.0 ¦ pore size) as a function of volume under a constant pressure of 40 psig. Use a reservoir that will accomodate 1000 ml.
Trale ~ar~
.1 l ll I i~l3~
Charge the reservoir with a liter of xanthan solution (750 ppm). Set pressure at 40 psig. Open valve and start recording volume filtr~te and time (seconds).
l time to collect the 4th 250 ml of solution 5 ¦ Filter Ratio =
time to collect the 1st 250 ml of solution (b) Proceed as in (a) measuring time to collect 1000 ml of solution.
Viscosity Determination Measure the viscosity with a Brookfield synchro-lectric vis-cometer, model LVT, using a UL adapter. Measure at 25C. at 6 and 12 RPM. Viscosity is expressed in centipoise units.
1~ 5'-5 Cells of Xanthomonas campestris ATCC 31313 from a YM agar slant are transferred to 300 ml of YM Broth contained in a 2.8 l liter Fernbach flask and shaken on a rotary shaker for about 31 hours at 28C. A 25 ml ali~uot is transferred to a 2.8 liter Fernbach flask containing 500 ml of a medium of the following composition:
Ingredient Grams/100 grams ¦ Part A
¦ * Distillers' solubles extract 18 l X2~P4 ~ 0-5 B I Antifoam (GE 60) 0.08 Distilled water 57 l pH 7.1 autoclave 1 separately l Part B
Glucose 2.5 MgSO4 0.01 l Distilled water 22 pH 4.25 * The extract is prepared by boiling a 10% w/w aqueous slurry of distillers' dried solubles for 5 minutes, cooling, making up ¦ evaporation losses with fresh water, adding 4% diatomaceous l filter aid, and vacuum filtering.
¦ After shaking at 28C. for about 33 hours, a 200 ml portion is transferred to a 4-liter mechanically agitated fermentor con-taining 2 liters of the above medium. Aeration is at a rate to provide 1.5 to 3.5 millimoles of oxygen per liter per minute.
l The fermentation is conducted at 30C. until the level of reducing ¦ sugar is 0.3% and a viscosity of at least 4500 centipoise units and pyruvate free-xanthan yield of at least 1.0% is obtained.
~rl~h~,k -13-~31~7~
-i EXAMPLE II
To the whole or filtered fermentation broth of Example I
is added sufficient isopropanol (approximately 38~ w/w) to pre-l cipitate the pyruvate-free xanthan which is collected by centri-¦ fugation or filtration and dried.
EXAMP_LE III
The pyruvate-free xanthan in the whole or filtered fermenta-tion broth of Example I is deacetylated by adjusting the broth to l pH 9.0, allowing to stand at room temperature for at least 10 ¦ minutes and optionally neutralizing.
EXAMPLE IV .
The deacetylated pyruvate-free xanthan of Example III is ecipitated and recovered bV the process of Example II.
' .
Claims (16)
1. A process for preparing a pyruvate-free xanthan-containing fermentation broth suitable for the preparation of mobility control solutions used in oil recovery which comprises aerobically fermenting a pyruvate-free xanthan producing strain of a species of the genus Xanthomonas in an aqueous nutrient medium whose ingredients comprise a carbohydrate, a source of assimilable nitrogen and trace elements and continuing the fermentation until at least about 100 ppm of pyruvate-free xanthan is present in the broth
2. The process of claim 1 wherein said pyruvate-free xanthan producing strain is Xanthomonas campestris ATCC 31313.
3. Pyruvate-free xanthan-containing fermentation broth.
4. In the process for the recovery of crude oil from an oil-bearing subterranean formation wherein a hydrophilic colloid-containing mobility control solution is injected into said formation, the improvement which comprises injecting into said formation a mobility control solution containing the fermentation broth of claim 3.
5. The process of claim 4 wherein said mobility control solution has a salt content of at least 7.0% w/v.
6. A process for preparing a deacetylated pyruvate-free xanthan-containing fermentation broth suitable for the preparation of mobility control solutions used in oil recovery which comprises (a) fermenting by aerobic propagation a pyruvate-free xanthan producing strain of a species of the genus Xanthomonas in an aqueous nutrient medium whose ingredients comprises a carbohydrate, a source of assimilable nitrogen and trace elements and continuing the fermentation until at least about 100 ppm of pyruvate-free xanthan is present in the broth, and (b) adjusting the pH of the whole or filtered broth to at least about 9, allowing the resultant broth to stand at room temperature for at least about 10 minutes and optionally neutraliz-ing.
7. The process of claim 6 wherein said pyruvate-free xanthan pro-ducing strain is Xanthomonas campestris ATCC 31313.
8. Deacetylated pyruvate-free xanthan-containing fermentation broth.
9. In the process for the recovery of crude oil from an oil-bearing subterranean formation wherein a hydrophilic colloid-containing mobility con-trol solution is injected into said formation, the improvement which com-prises injecting into said formation a mobility control solution containing the deacetylated fermentation broth of claim 8.
10. The process of claim 9 wherein said mobility control solution has a salt content of at least 7.0% w/v.
11. A process for preparing pyruvate-free xanthan suitable for use in the recovery of oil from an oil-bearing subterranean formation by inject-ing a mobility control solution containing said pyruvate-free xanthan into said formation which comprises a) fermenting by aerobic propagation a pyruvate-free xanthan producing strain of a species of the genus Xanthomonas in an aqueous nutrient medium whose ingredients comprise a carbohydrate, a source of assimilable nitrogen and trace elements and continuing the fermentation until at least about 100 ppm of pyruvate-free xanthan is present in the broth, and b) adding sufficient water miscible precipitating agent to cause precipitation of said pyruvate-free xanthan and separating said precipitated pyruvate-free xanthan therefrom.
12. The process of claim 11 wherein said pyruvate-free xanthan pro-ducing strain is Xanthomonas campestris ATCC 31313.
13. Pyruvate-free xanthan.
14. A process for preparing deacetylated pyruvate-free xanthan suitable for use in the recovery of oil from an oil-bearing subterranean formation by injecting a mobility control solution containing said deacetylated pyruvate-free xanthan into said formation which comprises a) fermenting by aerobic propagation of a pyruvate-free xanthan producing strain of a species of the genus Xanthomonas in an aqueous nutrient medium whose ingredients comprise a carbohydrate, a source of assimilable nitrogen and trace elements until at least about 100 ppm of pyruvate-free xanthan is present in the broth, b) adjusting the pH of the whole or filtered broth to about 9, allowing the resultant broth to stand at roam temperature for at least 10 minutes and optionally neutralizing, and c) adding sufficient water miscible precipitating agent to cause precipitation of said deacetylated pyruvate-free xanthan and separating said precipitated deacetylated pyruvate-free xanthan therefrom.
15. The process of claim 14 wherein said pyruvate-free xanthan producing strain is Xanthomonas campestris ATCC 31313.
16. Deacetylated pyruvate-free xanthan.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US05/851,757 US4296203A (en) | 1977-11-15 | 1977-11-15 | Xanthomonas bipolymer for use in displacement of oil from partially depleted reservoirs |
| US851,757 | 1986-04-14 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1113875A true CA1113875A (en) | 1981-12-08 |
Family
ID=25311604
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA314,034A Expired CA1113875A (en) | 1977-11-15 | 1978-10-24 | Xanthomonas biopolymer for use in displacement of oil from partially depleted reservoirs |
Country Status (13)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4296203A (en) |
| JP (5) | JPS54145290A (en) |
| BE (1) | BE871955A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR7807431A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1113875A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2848894C2 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK389178A (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2408653A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2008600B (en) |
| IE (1) | IE47753B1 (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1101407B (en) |
| LU (1) | LU80512A1 (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7811234A (en) |
Families Citing this family (28)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4375512A (en) * | 1978-04-13 | 1983-03-01 | Merck & Co., Inc. | Process for producing low calcium xanthan gums by fermentation |
| DE3274467D1 (en) * | 1981-05-22 | 1987-01-15 | Kelco Biospecialties Ltd | Production of xanthan having a low pyruvate content |
| US4466889A (en) * | 1981-08-20 | 1984-08-21 | Pfizer Inc. | Polyvalent metal ion chelating agents for xanthan solutions |
| DE3150749A1 (en) * | 1981-12-22 | 1983-06-30 | Supraton F.J. Zucker GmbH, 4040 Neuss | Method for activating the metabolism of microorganisms on submerged aerobic or anaerobic cultivation thereof |
| US4440225A (en) * | 1982-09-13 | 1984-04-03 | Exxon Research And Engineering Co. | Oil recovery using modified heteropolysaccharides in buffered brine |
| JPS59142201A (en) * | 1983-02-04 | 1984-08-15 | Agency Of Ind Science & Technol | High-molecular polysaccharide of improved hydrophilicity and its preparation |
| US4508629A (en) * | 1983-04-08 | 1985-04-02 | Halliburton Company | Method of viscosifying aqueous fluids and process for recovery of hydrocarbons from subterranean formations |
| GB8317696D0 (en) * | 1983-06-29 | 1983-08-03 | Shell Int Research | Preparing xanthomonas heteroplysaccharide |
| FR2551070B1 (en) * | 1983-08-30 | 1986-09-26 | Rhone Poulenc Spec Chim | PROCESS FOR TREATING POLYSACCHARIDE SOLUTION AND USE THEREOF |
| ES8801129A1 (en) * | 1984-07-05 | 1987-12-16 | Nelson Jerald C | Dialysis cell |
| US4868293A (en) * | 1985-08-06 | 1989-09-19 | Getty Scientific Development Company | Polysaccharide polymer made by xanthomonas |
| US5514791A (en) | 1986-03-26 | 1996-05-07 | Getty Scientific Development Company | Genetic control of acetylation and pyruvylation of xanthan based polysaccharide polymers |
| FR2586249B1 (en) * | 1985-08-14 | 1987-12-24 | Rhone Poulenc Spec Chim | PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A MODIFIED HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDE AND COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING THE SAME |
| FR2600862B1 (en) * | 1986-03-10 | 1990-04-13 | Rhone Poulenc Chim Base | AQUEOUS COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING A CATIONIC COMPOUND AND XANTHANE GUM AND METHOD OF PREPARATION. |
| WO1987005937A1 (en) * | 1986-03-24 | 1987-10-08 | Getty Scientific Development Company | Process for the synthesis of sugar nucleotides using recombinant-dna methods |
| DE3752096T2 (en) | 1986-03-24 | 1997-11-13 | Getty Scient Dev Co | Family of xanthan-based polysaccharide polymers containing non-acetylated and / or non-pyruvylated gum |
| US5194386A (en) * | 1987-04-14 | 1993-03-16 | Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. | Xanthomonas campestris strain expressing xanthan gum |
| US5300429A (en) * | 1990-08-23 | 1994-04-05 | Merck & Co., Inc. | PHB-free gellan gum broth |
| US5103909A (en) * | 1991-02-19 | 1992-04-14 | Shell Oil Company | Profile control in enhanced oil recovery |
| ATE246255T1 (en) * | 1991-05-07 | 2003-08-15 | Monsanto Co | GENETIC CONTROL FOR ACETYLATION OF POLYSACCHARIDES OF THE TYPE XANTHANE |
| US6573221B2 (en) * | 2000-05-12 | 2003-06-03 | Cp Kelco U.S., Inc. | Non-pyruvylated xanthan in oil field applications utilizing high density calcium-based brines |
| US6432155B1 (en) | 2000-08-11 | 2002-08-13 | Cp Kelco U.S., Inc. | Compositions containing phosphate and xanthan gum variants |
| US20070088736A1 (en) * | 2005-10-19 | 2007-04-19 | Filenet Corporation | Record authentication and approval transcript |
| WO2009026349A1 (en) * | 2007-08-21 | 2009-02-26 | Archer-Daniels-Midland Company | Hydrocolloid gum compositions, methods of forming the same, and products formed therefrom |
| DE102007041861A1 (en) | 2007-09-03 | 2009-03-05 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Producing an acylated polymer with a low degree of acylation, especially xanthan gum, comprises culturing a polymer-producing microorganism that has been modified to overexpress an acylase |
| US9284480B2 (en) | 2011-10-04 | 2016-03-15 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Polymer-enhanced surfactant flooding for permeable carbonates |
| JP7323881B2 (en) * | 2020-03-09 | 2023-08-09 | 独立行政法人エネルギー・金属鉱物資源機構 | Hydrocarbon recovery method and hydrocarbon recovery system |
| CN112075619B (en) * | 2020-07-27 | 2023-06-30 | 鄂尔多斯市中轩生化股份有限公司 | Production process of flavor stabilizer |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE129802C (en) * | ||||
| US3000790A (en) * | 1959-12-30 | 1961-09-19 | Allene R Jeanes | Method of producing an atypically salt-responsive alkali-deacetylated polysaccharide |
| US3373810A (en) * | 1966-06-17 | 1968-03-19 | Mobil Oil Corp | Waterflood process employing thickened water |
| US3485719A (en) * | 1967-10-13 | 1969-12-23 | Us Agriculture | Continuous process for producing xanthomonas heteropolysaccharide |
| US3964972A (en) * | 1970-03-02 | 1976-06-22 | John Tinsman Patton | Modified heteropolysaccharides |
| FR2328770A1 (en) * | 1975-10-23 | 1977-05-20 | Santerre Orsan | NEW PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF A POLYSACCHARIDE BY FERMENTATION |
| FR2342339A1 (en) * | 1976-02-26 | 1977-09-23 | Rhone Poulenc Ind | PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF POLYSACCHARIDES BY FERMENTATION |
-
1977
- 1977-11-15 US US05/851,757 patent/US4296203A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1978
- 1978-09-04 DK DK389178A patent/DK389178A/en unknown
- 1978-10-24 CA CA314,034A patent/CA1113875A/en not_active Expired
- 1978-11-10 DE DE2848894A patent/DE2848894C2/en not_active Expired
- 1978-11-13 BR BR7807431A patent/BR7807431A/en unknown
- 1978-11-13 LU LU80512A patent/LU80512A1/en unknown
- 1978-11-13 GB GB7844319A patent/GB2008600B/en not_active Expired
- 1978-11-13 BE BE191678A patent/BE871955A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1978-11-14 IE IE2248/78A patent/IE47753B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1978-11-14 FR FR7832084A patent/FR2408653A1/en active Granted
- 1978-11-14 JP JP14039878A patent/JPS54145290A/en active Granted
- 1978-11-14 IT IT29772/78A patent/IT1101407B/en active
- 1978-11-14 NL NL7811234A patent/NL7811234A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
1980
- 1980-10-28 JP JP15131380A patent/JPS5685292A/en active Granted
- 1980-10-28 JP JP15131580A patent/JPS5685294A/en active Granted
- 1980-10-28 JP JP15131480A patent/JPS5685293A/en active Granted
- 1980-10-28 JP JP15131680A patent/JPS5685284A/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NL7811234A (en) | 1979-05-17 |
| BE871955A (en) | 1979-05-14 |
| IT1101407B (en) | 1985-09-28 |
| JPS5685284A (en) | 1981-07-11 |
| JPS5685293A (en) | 1981-07-11 |
| JPS5685294A (en) | 1981-07-11 |
| DE2848894C2 (en) | 1983-02-03 |
| JPS5722323B2 (en) | 1982-05-12 |
| IE782248L (en) | 1979-05-15 |
| JPS5685292A (en) | 1981-07-11 |
| FR2408653A1 (en) | 1979-06-08 |
| JPS54145290A (en) | 1979-11-13 |
| JPS5722321B2 (en) | 1982-05-12 |
| DK389178A (en) | 1979-05-16 |
| GB2008600A (en) | 1979-06-06 |
| US4296203A (en) | 1981-10-20 |
| JPS5628921B2 (en) | 1981-07-04 |
| DE2848894A1 (en) | 1979-05-17 |
| IE47753B1 (en) | 1984-06-13 |
| JPS5722322B2 (en) | 1982-05-12 |
| BR7807431A (en) | 1979-07-24 |
| IT7829772A0 (en) | 1978-11-14 |
| LU80512A1 (en) | 1980-06-05 |
| GB2008600B (en) | 1982-03-24 |
| FR2408653B1 (en) | 1984-04-27 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CA1113875A (en) | Xanthomonas biopolymer for use in displacement of oil from partially depleted reservoirs | |
| US4352741A (en) | Xanthomonas biopolymer for use in displacement of oil from partially depleted reservoirs | |
| US4119546A (en) | Process for producing Xanthomonas hydrophilic colloid, product resulting therefrom, and use thereof in displacement of oil from partially depleted reservoirs | |
| US4752580A (en) | Process for preparing Xanthomonas heteropolysaccharides | |
| US3960832A (en) | Polysaccharide and bacterial fermentation process for its preparation | |
| US5175278A (en) | Heteropolysaccharide S-657 | |
| Sheppard et al. | The production of surfactin by Bacillus subtilis grown on peat hydrolysate | |
| CN101619300B (en) | Sphingomonas sp. TP-5 , method and application thereof for producing welan gum | |
| US3915800A (en) | Polysaccharide and bacterial fermentation process for its preparation | |
| US3933788A (en) | Polysaccharide and bacterial fermentation process for its preparation | |
| EP0073599B1 (en) | Polyvalent metal ion chelating agents for xanthan solutions | |
| EP0040445B1 (en) | Fluid displacement with heteropolysaccharide solutions, and the microbial production of heteropolysaccharides | |
| US3923782A (en) | Production of heteropolysaccharide by fermentation of methanol | |
| CA1318621C (en) | Heteropolysaccharide s-657 | |
| US4233438A (en) | Heteropolysaccharide biopolymer | |
| US4340678A (en) | Xanthomonas biopolymer for use in displacement of oil from partially depleted reservoirs | |
| US4061585A (en) | Method of using heteropolysaccharides produced by the fermentation of methanol | |
| US4689160A (en) | Acid stable heteropolysaccharide s-421 | |
| CA1094479A (en) | Process for producing xanthomonas hydrophilic colloid for use in displacement of oil from partially depleted reservoirs | |
| US4647657A (en) | Heteropolysaccharide - NW-01 | |
| US4078607A (en) | Oil recovery process using improved thickened aqueous flooding liquids | |
| US3650326A (en) | Hydrocarbon recovery employing aqueous medium driving fluid having increasing viscosity | |
| US4016085A (en) | Production of heteropolysaccharide by fermentation of methanol | |
| CA1134300A (en) | Process for treating xanthomonas fermentation broth for use in displacement of oil from partially depleted reservoirs | |
| US3932218A (en) | Production of heteropolysaccharide by fermentation of methanol |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |