CA1118344A - Bridging the sulphur atom of antigen, antibody or fragments to a substrate - Google Patents
Bridging the sulphur atom of antigen, antibody or fragments to a substrateInfo
- Publication number
- CA1118344A CA1118344A CA000320277A CA320277A CA1118344A CA 1118344 A CA1118344 A CA 1118344A CA 000320277 A CA000320277 A CA 000320277A CA 320277 A CA320277 A CA 320277A CA 1118344 A CA1118344 A CA 1118344A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- antibody
- antigen
- reagent
- fragments
- bridging
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D263/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings
- C07D263/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings
- C07D263/30—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D263/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D263/44—Two oxygen atoms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
- A61K39/44—Antibodies bound to carriers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
- G01N33/54353—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals with ligand attached to the carrier via a chemical coupling agent
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10S436/801—Electron dense compounds, e.g. ferritin
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Insolublised antibodies, F(ab')2 fragments thereof and protein antigens are made by coupling to a water-insoluble substrate using a bridging agent which covalently binds to sulphur atoms in antibody, fragment or protein rather than to free amino groups therein. This is preferably effected by using a chloracetyl-terminated bridging agent. Immunoassays utilising these insolubilised reagents are described.
One novel class of bridging agents comprising anhydride and monochloracetyl end groups, which is useful for making the said reagents, is also disclosed.
Insolublised antibodies, F(ab')2 fragments thereof and protein antigens are made by coupling to a water-insoluble substrate using a bridging agent which covalently binds to sulphur atoms in antibody, fragment or protein rather than to free amino groups therein. This is preferably effected by using a chloracetyl-terminated bridging agent. Immunoassays utilising these insolubilised reagents are described.
One novel class of bridging agents comprising anhydride and monochloracetyl end groups, which is useful for making the said reagents, is also disclosed.
Description
TITLE: "INSOLUBILISED PROTEINS AND IMMUNOASSAYS
UTILISING THEM"
This invention is concerned with immunoa~ayY
and, more particularly, with immunoassay~ involving insolubilised antibodie~ or protein antigens as reagent~, and with such reagents, a method of making them, and certain bridging substances useful therefor.
It is known to use insolubilised antibodies and antigen~ as reagents in various immunoassays.
These reagents are usually prepared either by absorbing the antigen or antibody on a water-insoluble support, or by covalently linking the antibody or antig~t~ to a water-in~oluble support u~ing a bifunctional bridging group. Among the commonest bifunctional bridging group~
aredialdehydes such as glutaraldehyde. Such bridging groups react readily with free amino groups in the antibody or protein antigen.
Many immunoassay procedures involving insolu-bilised antibody or protein antigen involve the well known immunospecific reaction between a particular anti-body (or antigen) and its corresponding antigen (or antibody). It i~ known that there are local active ~ites in the protein molecules which are specific to such reactions, and that there are free amino groups in or adjacent these active ~ites. When an antibody (or protein antigen) is insolubilised by covalent bridging according to ~tandard techniques, therefore, the active sites become blocked to ~ome extent. This reduces the , .
~b qP
~, .
~, ': '" ' `
111~3~4 activity of the protein in any subsequent immunospecific reaction, e.g. in an immunoassay, and this is dis-advantageous.
We have now found a way of overcoming or reducing this disadvantage. In particular, we have found that antibodies and protein antigens can be insolubilised by covalently binding them to a water-insoluble substrate, using as a bridging agent a sub-stanse which will link to the sulphur atoms present in the protein, in preference to amino groups therein.
According to one aspect of the invention, therefore, there is provided a reagent for use in immunoassays involving an immunospecific reaction between an antibody and an antigen, which comprises a reagent for use in immunoassay~ which comprises a protein antigen, an antibody or the F(ab')2 fragments of an antibody, covalently bonded to a water-insoluble substrate by a bridging group which is directly linked to sulphur atoms in the said antigen, antibody or fragments.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method of immunoassay which includes the step of effecting an immunospecific reaction between an antigen and an antibody or F(ab')2 fragment thereof, wherein there is used a reagent of the invention.
In a further aspect, the invention provides a method of making a reagent of the invention which comprises reacting a protein antigen or an antibody or the F(ab')2 fragments thereof, with a bridging reagent to covalently link the bridging agent directly to sulphur atoms in the said antigen, antibody or fragments, and wherein before or after said reaction the bridging agents is co~alently bonded to a water-insoluble substrate.
Antibody immunoglobulins comprise a number of polypeptide chains linked at inter~als by disulphide . . . .
3~4 honds. Thechains themselves may al~o contain disulphide groups. In a preferred apsect of this invention, the disulphide links are subjected to mild reduction to form sulphhydryl groups -S~l, and these are then re-acted with one function of a bifunctional bridgingagent. The said one function is one which will react with -SH groups in preference to free amino groups. A
preferred such function i~ a chloroacetyl group, for example monochloroacetyl -CO-CH2-Cl (I).
The other reactive function of the bifunctional bridging agent reacts with the water-insoluble substrate (to which the antibody or protein antigen is to be bound).
The nature of this reactive function will depend on the nature of the substrate chosen, and many suitable substrates (and functional groups reactive therewith) are known in the art. The substrate may, for example, be in sheet form or in the form of a tube. In the latter case, the antigen or antibody can be immobilised on the inside or the outside of the tube, or both. More usually,
UTILISING THEM"
This invention is concerned with immunoa~ayY
and, more particularly, with immunoassay~ involving insolubilised antibodie~ or protein antigens as reagent~, and with such reagents, a method of making them, and certain bridging substances useful therefor.
It is known to use insolubilised antibodies and antigen~ as reagents in various immunoassays.
These reagents are usually prepared either by absorbing the antigen or antibody on a water-insoluble support, or by covalently linking the antibody or antig~t~ to a water-in~oluble support u~ing a bifunctional bridging group. Among the commonest bifunctional bridging group~
aredialdehydes such as glutaraldehyde. Such bridging groups react readily with free amino groups in the antibody or protein antigen.
Many immunoassay procedures involving insolu-bilised antibody or protein antigen involve the well known immunospecific reaction between a particular anti-body (or antigen) and its corresponding antigen (or antibody). It i~ known that there are local active ~ites in the protein molecules which are specific to such reactions, and that there are free amino groups in or adjacent these active ~ites. When an antibody (or protein antigen) is insolubilised by covalent bridging according to ~tandard techniques, therefore, the active sites become blocked to ~ome extent. This reduces the , .
~b qP
~, .
~, ': '" ' `
111~3~4 activity of the protein in any subsequent immunospecific reaction, e.g. in an immunoassay, and this is dis-advantageous.
We have now found a way of overcoming or reducing this disadvantage. In particular, we have found that antibodies and protein antigens can be insolubilised by covalently binding them to a water-insoluble substrate, using as a bridging agent a sub-stanse which will link to the sulphur atoms present in the protein, in preference to amino groups therein.
According to one aspect of the invention, therefore, there is provided a reagent for use in immunoassays involving an immunospecific reaction between an antibody and an antigen, which comprises a reagent for use in immunoassay~ which comprises a protein antigen, an antibody or the F(ab')2 fragments of an antibody, covalently bonded to a water-insoluble substrate by a bridging group which is directly linked to sulphur atoms in the said antigen, antibody or fragments.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method of immunoassay which includes the step of effecting an immunospecific reaction between an antigen and an antibody or F(ab')2 fragment thereof, wherein there is used a reagent of the invention.
In a further aspect, the invention provides a method of making a reagent of the invention which comprises reacting a protein antigen or an antibody or the F(ab')2 fragments thereof, with a bridging reagent to covalently link the bridging agent directly to sulphur atoms in the said antigen, antibody or fragments, and wherein before or after said reaction the bridging agents is co~alently bonded to a water-insoluble substrate.
Antibody immunoglobulins comprise a number of polypeptide chains linked at inter~als by disulphide . . . .
3~4 honds. Thechains themselves may al~o contain disulphide groups. In a preferred apsect of this invention, the disulphide links are subjected to mild reduction to form sulphhydryl groups -S~l, and these are then re-acted with one function of a bifunctional bridgingagent. The said one function is one which will react with -SH groups in preference to free amino groups. A
preferred such function i~ a chloroacetyl group, for example monochloroacetyl -CO-CH2-Cl (I).
The other reactive function of the bifunctional bridging agent reacts with the water-insoluble substrate (to which the antibody or protein antigen is to be bound).
The nature of this reactive function will depend on the nature of the substrate chosen, and many suitable substrates (and functional groups reactive therewith) are known in the art. The substrate may, for example, be in sheet form or in the form of a tube. In the latter case, the antigen or antibody can be immobilised on the inside or the outside of the tube, or both. More usually,
2~ however, the substrate will be in particulate form and the reagents of the invention may then, for example, comprise the particles in suspension in an aqueous fluid which may suitably include a buffer. In one preferred arrangement, the particulate substrate is magnetically attractable ~o that it can be readily separated from a mixture by the application of a magnetic field. The use of particulate material~ in im~unoasYay procedures is well known. A particularly ~referred particulate substrate is latex particles.
The nature of the material of which the substrate is composed is not critical except that it must be capable of reacting with one end or part of the bridging agent. Synthetic polymeric materials which are water-in~oluble can be used to form the ~ubstrate and usually such sub~trate~ will be provided with a reactive ~' .
111~3 ~4 coating, for example a protein coating. A typical protein useful for this purpose is albumin. In such cases, the bridging group will contain, as one function, a group which will readily react with albumin. Whilst there are several such groups known, according to a preferred feature of this invention we use an anhydride, most preferably of the formula:
CO
1 C = 0 II
CH - NH
Such a group reacts readily with the free amino groups of a protein such as albumin.
In order to make a reagent of the invention in which an antibody or protein antigen is covalently bound to a protein such as albumin, we prefer to use a bifunctional bridging substance having at one end the chloroacetyl group I and at the other end the anhydride group II. A highly preferred cla~s of such bridging agent has the general formula:
O--C--NH
C0- CH (CH ) - NH-C0-CH2- Cl III
where n i~ an integer from 1 to 10, preferably 4. These compounds are novel per se and form a f~ther aspect of the present invention. The compound of formula III above in which n = 4 is hereinafter referred to as 'INCA".
When, as in NCA and the other compounds of for-mula III, the bridging agent contains a funetional group which will react readily with protein amino groups, it is important to make sure that the said functional group does not react with free amino groups in the antigen, antibody or F(ab')2 fragments. This may be ensured by, for example, first reacting the bridging agent with the : , ~
~iJ.834~
water-irlsoluble support, and only thercafter bringing it into contact with the immunoglobulin antibody or protein antigen.
There is now described one example of a proce-dure for preparing a reagent of the invention. Latexparticles are coated with albumin (or another protein or polypeptide such as lactoferrin), the albumin being absorbed on the latex particles. In the case of a coating containing sulphur groups which might react with the bridging groups, e.g. in the case of an albumin coating, the coating material is alkylated (before or after formation of the coating) to destroy or inactivate such groups. The albumin-coated particles are then incubated with NCA for about 24 hours at a netural p~
(e.g. 7.1) alld the anhydride groups of the NCA react with the amino groups on the albumin. (Alternatively, the NCA may first be coupled to *he alkylated albumin and the resulting compound coated on the particles.) Antibody is qubjected to miLd reduction (for examp~e with dithiothreitol) to produce sulphhydryl groups therein. It i~ then mixed with the latex-albumin-NCA particle~ and incubated at room temperature for 36 hollrs~ The antibody reacts with the chloroacetyl group in the NCA and is thus covalently linked (via the NCA) to the albumin.
Of the various antibody immunoglobulins, IgG is the most common. As is known, IgG molecules tend to assume the shape of a ~Y",~the two upper limb9(F(ab')2 portions) containing at their outer ends the antigen binding sites, and the lower limb (F(c) portion) contain-ing inter alia sites which react with RF and Clq, for example. The area at which the three limbs of the Y
intersect is called the hinge area or region. At this region, there are disulphide link~ between adjacent polypeptide chains and it is, we believe, these links . ~, , ~ .
with which the preferred bridging agents of the invention react. It will be seen, therefore, that the bridging group does not interfere with the antigen binding sites on the F(ab')2 portions of the molecule.
It is preferred according to the invention to use a bridging group which contains a chain of at least 5 atoms length (more preferably bridging agents of formula III
in which n is 4 or above) in order to dispose the antibody (e.g. IgG) or antigen some distance from the substrate surface to which it is linked. This tends to make the antigen or antibody more accessible to reaction than in prior art procedures using, for example, cyanogen bromide or glutar-aldehyde as a bridging agent. Thus, we have found that the activity of an antibody in a reagent of the invention using NCA is many times greater than when the same antibody is absorbed directly on the substrate. For example, in an agglutination assay using latex-BSA-NCA-antibody and antigen, the sensitivity of the test was about 50 times greater than when the antibody was merely absorbed directly on the latex (in this case, the antigen was horse ferritin and the anti-body was rabbit antiferritin. "BSA" means bovine serum albumin.
In our co-pending Canadian patent application no.
320,270, filed January 25, 1979, we have described a method of immunoassay in which there is used, in place of whole immunoglobulin, the F(ab')2 fragments thereof. The reagents of the present invention may include, in place of antibody, F
(ab')2 fragments thereof. Such reagents can be made in a highly advantageous manner, using the compounds of formula III, preferably, NCA, as follows. After forming (as described in detail above) the latex-albumin-NCA-antibody particles (in which, for example, the antibody is IgG), the particles are digested with pepsin (3.4, 23.1). In the result, there is formed latex-albumin-NCA-F(ab'~2, i.e. the F(c) fragment is no longer present. Most preferably, reagents of the inven-tion including F(ab')2 fragments of IgG are substan-tially free from the corresponding whole IgG and F(c) fragments. Reference should be made to our said co-pending application for further details of the useof F(ab')2 fragments in immunoassays.
The reagents of the invention can be uqed in a wide variety of immunoassay procedures, as will be clear to those skilled in the art. A method of the invention for the assay of an antigen in a fluid comprises the steps of:
a) forming a mixture of a sample of the fluid with a reagent of the invention compri~ing an antibody or F(ab')2 fragment thereof, the antibody being such as will bind with the antigen under assay;
b) incubating the mixture to allow reaction to occur; and c) assaying the mixture to determine the extent of said reaction and thereby, the amount of antigen in the fluid sample.
When a reagent of the invention comprising F(ab')2 fragments i~ used, preferably the reaction mixture is substantially free from the corresponding immuno-globulin and F(c) fragments.
A similar method may be used to asqay an antibody in a fluid, using a corresponding protein antigen to bind therewith.
One highly preferred assay of the invention is the latex agglutination as~ay. In this assay, there is used a reagent in *he form of a latex particle suspension, the particles agglutinating upon reaction with the antigen or antibody under assay. The extent of the reaction is determined by observation of the amount of . _ - ~ ~
iii~3'~4 asglutination, from which the amount of antigen or antibody in the sample fluid under assay can be determined. Most preferably, the amount of agglutina-tion is determined by selectively counting the unagglutinated latex particles remaining in the reaction mixture.
In another preferred assay of the invention, the reagent comprises particles which are then separated from the reaction mixture and either the separated particles, or the remaining mixture (or possibly both) are analysed to determine the amount of antigen or antibody under assay. Preferably, the particles are magnetically attractable and are separated by the use of a magnetic field. The use of magnetic particles in this way is described in our Belgian patent no. 852327 to which reference should be made for further details.
The methods of as~ay of the invention can be effected on a variety of fluids but, most usually, human body fluids such as blood, blood serum or plasma, will be assayed.
The methods of the invention may be effected on a discrete manual basis or in an automated manner, e.g.
by the so-called continuous flow techniques in which individual segments of reaction mixture are passed along the conduit, separated by an inert segment (e.g. air) and, if desired, a wash liquid ~egment. This is described in U.S. patent no. 2797149 to which reference should be made for further details.
In general, particulate reagents of the invention may be of any convenient particle size. For most purposes, a size of from about 1 to 20~ is appropriate. Especially (but not only) in the ca~e of use in continuou~ flow techniques~ the specific gravity of the particles should preferably be from about 1.4 to 3.2 (or at least close to that of the reaction mixture liquid) to avoid undue float-.
The nature of the material of which the substrate is composed is not critical except that it must be capable of reacting with one end or part of the bridging agent. Synthetic polymeric materials which are water-in~oluble can be used to form the ~ubstrate and usually such sub~trate~ will be provided with a reactive ~' .
111~3 ~4 coating, for example a protein coating. A typical protein useful for this purpose is albumin. In such cases, the bridging group will contain, as one function, a group which will readily react with albumin. Whilst there are several such groups known, according to a preferred feature of this invention we use an anhydride, most preferably of the formula:
CO
1 C = 0 II
CH - NH
Such a group reacts readily with the free amino groups of a protein such as albumin.
In order to make a reagent of the invention in which an antibody or protein antigen is covalently bound to a protein such as albumin, we prefer to use a bifunctional bridging substance having at one end the chloroacetyl group I and at the other end the anhydride group II. A highly preferred cla~s of such bridging agent has the general formula:
O--C--NH
C0- CH (CH ) - NH-C0-CH2- Cl III
where n i~ an integer from 1 to 10, preferably 4. These compounds are novel per se and form a f~ther aspect of the present invention. The compound of formula III above in which n = 4 is hereinafter referred to as 'INCA".
When, as in NCA and the other compounds of for-mula III, the bridging agent contains a funetional group which will react readily with protein amino groups, it is important to make sure that the said functional group does not react with free amino groups in the antigen, antibody or F(ab')2 fragments. This may be ensured by, for example, first reacting the bridging agent with the : , ~
~iJ.834~
water-irlsoluble support, and only thercafter bringing it into contact with the immunoglobulin antibody or protein antigen.
There is now described one example of a proce-dure for preparing a reagent of the invention. Latexparticles are coated with albumin (or another protein or polypeptide such as lactoferrin), the albumin being absorbed on the latex particles. In the case of a coating containing sulphur groups which might react with the bridging groups, e.g. in the case of an albumin coating, the coating material is alkylated (before or after formation of the coating) to destroy or inactivate such groups. The albumin-coated particles are then incubated with NCA for about 24 hours at a netural p~
(e.g. 7.1) alld the anhydride groups of the NCA react with the amino groups on the albumin. (Alternatively, the NCA may first be coupled to *he alkylated albumin and the resulting compound coated on the particles.) Antibody is qubjected to miLd reduction (for examp~e with dithiothreitol) to produce sulphhydryl groups therein. It i~ then mixed with the latex-albumin-NCA particle~ and incubated at room temperature for 36 hollrs~ The antibody reacts with the chloroacetyl group in the NCA and is thus covalently linked (via the NCA) to the albumin.
Of the various antibody immunoglobulins, IgG is the most common. As is known, IgG molecules tend to assume the shape of a ~Y",~the two upper limb9(F(ab')2 portions) containing at their outer ends the antigen binding sites, and the lower limb (F(c) portion) contain-ing inter alia sites which react with RF and Clq, for example. The area at which the three limbs of the Y
intersect is called the hinge area or region. At this region, there are disulphide link~ between adjacent polypeptide chains and it is, we believe, these links . ~, , ~ .
with which the preferred bridging agents of the invention react. It will be seen, therefore, that the bridging group does not interfere with the antigen binding sites on the F(ab')2 portions of the molecule.
It is preferred according to the invention to use a bridging group which contains a chain of at least 5 atoms length (more preferably bridging agents of formula III
in which n is 4 or above) in order to dispose the antibody (e.g. IgG) or antigen some distance from the substrate surface to which it is linked. This tends to make the antigen or antibody more accessible to reaction than in prior art procedures using, for example, cyanogen bromide or glutar-aldehyde as a bridging agent. Thus, we have found that the activity of an antibody in a reagent of the invention using NCA is many times greater than when the same antibody is absorbed directly on the substrate. For example, in an agglutination assay using latex-BSA-NCA-antibody and antigen, the sensitivity of the test was about 50 times greater than when the antibody was merely absorbed directly on the latex (in this case, the antigen was horse ferritin and the anti-body was rabbit antiferritin. "BSA" means bovine serum albumin.
In our co-pending Canadian patent application no.
320,270, filed January 25, 1979, we have described a method of immunoassay in which there is used, in place of whole immunoglobulin, the F(ab')2 fragments thereof. The reagents of the present invention may include, in place of antibody, F
(ab')2 fragments thereof. Such reagents can be made in a highly advantageous manner, using the compounds of formula III, preferably, NCA, as follows. After forming (as described in detail above) the latex-albumin-NCA-antibody particles (in which, for example, the antibody is IgG), the particles are digested with pepsin (3.4, 23.1). In the result, there is formed latex-albumin-NCA-F(ab'~2, i.e. the F(c) fragment is no longer present. Most preferably, reagents of the inven-tion including F(ab')2 fragments of IgG are substan-tially free from the corresponding whole IgG and F(c) fragments. Reference should be made to our said co-pending application for further details of the useof F(ab')2 fragments in immunoassays.
The reagents of the invention can be uqed in a wide variety of immunoassay procedures, as will be clear to those skilled in the art. A method of the invention for the assay of an antigen in a fluid comprises the steps of:
a) forming a mixture of a sample of the fluid with a reagent of the invention compri~ing an antibody or F(ab')2 fragment thereof, the antibody being such as will bind with the antigen under assay;
b) incubating the mixture to allow reaction to occur; and c) assaying the mixture to determine the extent of said reaction and thereby, the amount of antigen in the fluid sample.
When a reagent of the invention comprising F(ab')2 fragments i~ used, preferably the reaction mixture is substantially free from the corresponding immuno-globulin and F(c) fragments.
A similar method may be used to asqay an antibody in a fluid, using a corresponding protein antigen to bind therewith.
One highly preferred assay of the invention is the latex agglutination as~ay. In this assay, there is used a reagent in *he form of a latex particle suspension, the particles agglutinating upon reaction with the antigen or antibody under assay. The extent of the reaction is determined by observation of the amount of . _ - ~ ~
iii~3'~4 asglutination, from which the amount of antigen or antibody in the sample fluid under assay can be determined. Most preferably, the amount of agglutina-tion is determined by selectively counting the unagglutinated latex particles remaining in the reaction mixture.
In another preferred assay of the invention, the reagent comprises particles which are then separated from the reaction mixture and either the separated particles, or the remaining mixture (or possibly both) are analysed to determine the amount of antigen or antibody under assay. Preferably, the particles are magnetically attractable and are separated by the use of a magnetic field. The use of magnetic particles in this way is described in our Belgian patent no. 852327 to which reference should be made for further details.
The methods of as~ay of the invention can be effected on a variety of fluids but, most usually, human body fluids such as blood, blood serum or plasma, will be assayed.
The methods of the invention may be effected on a discrete manual basis or in an automated manner, e.g.
by the so-called continuous flow techniques in which individual segments of reaction mixture are passed along the conduit, separated by an inert segment (e.g. air) and, if desired, a wash liquid ~egment. This is described in U.S. patent no. 2797149 to which reference should be made for further details.
In general, particulate reagents of the invention may be of any convenient particle size. For most purposes, a size of from about 1 to 20~ is appropriate. Especially (but not only) in the ca~e of use in continuou~ flow techniques~ the specific gravity of the particles should preferably be from about 1.4 to 3.2 (or at least close to that of the reaction mixture liquid) to avoid undue float-.
3~4 ing or settling of the particles in the flowing liquid reaction mixture.
In order that the invention may be more fully understood, the following Examples are given by way of 5 illustration only.
A serum or plasma sample containing antigen to be measured is mixed with a suspension of latex particles on to which are bound antibodies to the antigen. The 10 mixture is passed into a conduit segmented with air.
The mixture is held in a time-delay coil, vibrated at 50 Hz for 15-20 minutes to accelerate ~trong agglutina-tion. The latex particles are diluted successively 1:80 A and 1:80 to give a final dilution of 1:64000. The 15 particles then pass through an AutoCounter specially modified electronically to reject all non-monomer particle~.
The decrease in the number of monomers is directly proportional to the concentration of antigen present.
Additions Serum Latex Buffer (Antigen) (Antibodies) diluent 11 64,000 Analytical ~ ~ 1 20 ¦ ~ Latex Procedure I min. I mono-l l mers counted Removals Agglutinated latex (electronically ignored) REAGENT PREPARATION
30 Latex Particles Dow 0.794 micron diameter, S.D. 0.044 micron - No. 41943 Serva, Feinbiochemica, D-6900 Heidelberg 1, Germany (10%
suspension)~
. .
. ' ~
1~18344 Alkylated lovine serum albumin Alkylated bovine serum albumin (BSA) is prepared as follows. A solution of BSA in phosphate buffer (O.lM, p}l 8.5) is mixed with a five-molar exceAs of dithio-threitol (DTT) and left for 1 hour at 37 C. The DTTreduces the BSA. There is then added iodoacetic acid in an amount 10 times in excess of the DTT. After two hours at room temperature, the BSA is separated, and the alkaline portion is equilibrated on Sephadex~G25 in a phosphate buffer ~olution (O.lM, pH 7.2).
Coupling NCA to BSA
The alkylated BSA in a phosphate buffer (O.lM, pH 7.2) is incubated with one-seventh of its weight of NCA at
In order that the invention may be more fully understood, the following Examples are given by way of 5 illustration only.
A serum or plasma sample containing antigen to be measured is mixed with a suspension of latex particles on to which are bound antibodies to the antigen. The 10 mixture is passed into a conduit segmented with air.
The mixture is held in a time-delay coil, vibrated at 50 Hz for 15-20 minutes to accelerate ~trong agglutina-tion. The latex particles are diluted successively 1:80 A and 1:80 to give a final dilution of 1:64000. The 15 particles then pass through an AutoCounter specially modified electronically to reject all non-monomer particle~.
The decrease in the number of monomers is directly proportional to the concentration of antigen present.
Additions Serum Latex Buffer (Antigen) (Antibodies) diluent 11 64,000 Analytical ~ ~ 1 20 ¦ ~ Latex Procedure I min. I mono-l l mers counted Removals Agglutinated latex (electronically ignored) REAGENT PREPARATION
30 Latex Particles Dow 0.794 micron diameter, S.D. 0.044 micron - No. 41943 Serva, Feinbiochemica, D-6900 Heidelberg 1, Germany (10%
suspension)~
. .
. ' ~
1~18344 Alkylated lovine serum albumin Alkylated bovine serum albumin (BSA) is prepared as follows. A solution of BSA in phosphate buffer (O.lM, p}l 8.5) is mixed with a five-molar exceAs of dithio-threitol (DTT) and left for 1 hour at 37 C. The DTTreduces the BSA. There is then added iodoacetic acid in an amount 10 times in excess of the DTT. After two hours at room temperature, the BSA is separated, and the alkaline portion is equilibrated on Sephadex~G25 in a phosphate buffer ~olution (O.lM, pH 7.2).
Coupling NCA to BSA
The alkylated BSA in a phosphate buffer (O.lM, pH 7.2) is incubated with one-seventh of its weight of NCA at
4 C overnight. The protein may be used directly after dialysis at pH 7, or lyophilised after dialysis into ammonium bicarbonate.
Coupling BSA/NCA to latex 0 4 ml of phosphate buffer (pH 7.1) was mixed in a glass tube with 250 mg of BSA/NCA in phosphate buffer and 50 ml of the 10% latex suspension. Just before use, the latex to be treated is washed twice with buffer at pH
9.6 (O.lM) and i9 then re-suspended in the same buffer solution.
Alkylation of IgG
Sheep antiferritin antiserum was mildly reduced in DTT
as follows. The IgG was incubated for 1 hour in the presence of a 2 molar excess of DTT in a solution of 0 lM bicarbonate at pH 8.5.
Latex - BSA/NCA - IgG
.. ..
50 ml of 10% latex-BSA/NCA suspension i~ mixed with 1 mg of reduced IgG. The mixture is purged with N2 for 30 minutes and then sealed under less than 5mm Hg pressure in a glass tube and kept in the dark. Before use, it is washed twice with 1 ml of buffer comprising 0.17M NaCl, O.lM glycine (pH 9.2), and 0.05% Tween 20, and then .
.
111t33~4 resuspellded in 1% [3~A in the same buffer 10.27M) ~ut in the absence of Tween~20.
ASSAY
The agglutination assay for ferritin in serum is carried out as described above. Sera of 27 different ferritin contents were assayed, each serum being run several times. The sera were also assayed by the RAMCO
radioimmunoassay technique. The coefficient of correlation between the two assay methods was 0.92.
The samples of sera were run at a dilution of 20:1 and had a normal range of 20-300 micrograms ferritin per litre.
PREPARATION OF NCA
At 25 C, 442 mg ~-N-chloroacetyl~-carbobenzoxy-L-ly~ine (0.00123 moles) is dissolved in 1 ml of di-oxene.
The solution i9 mixed with 80 ml of a mixture of benzene and ethyl ether (1 vol. to 1 vol.), and the resulting mixture contacted with 256 milligrams of PC15 at 25 C
ZO for 3 hours~ in a dry atmosphere.
The solvent is evaporated at 25C under a pressure of 30 millimetres over about 2 hours in a dry atmosphere, and the liquid obtained is washed twice with 10 mls of ethyl ether. The ether is removed and the residue is taken to dryness. It is then dissolved again in 5 ml of ethyl acetate and re-precipitated at 4 C by 20 ml of light petrol eth~r (boiling fraction 40C - 60 C). Analysis of the product:-Theoretical Found 30 CARBON 43.47 43.44 HYDROGEN 5.27 5.31 NITROGEN 11.26 11.27 This is the analyYis of NCA, i.e.
:; , : ", : `:
1:~183~14 _ 12 O-C-NH
CO-CH - (CH2) -NH-CO-CH2-C
wherein n is 4.
In order to make similar compounds in which n is, for example, greater than 4, a derivative of an X-amino acid i~ used compri~ing a ~econd amine within the long chain, or the appropriate amide is formed with a beta, gamma or delta amino acid. For example:-~- NH2 + HOOC - (CH2)n - NH2 ~ CO-CH2-Cl : which gives :-~- NH - CO - (CH2)n ~ NH - COCH2Cl ' :
Coupling BSA/NCA to latex 0 4 ml of phosphate buffer (pH 7.1) was mixed in a glass tube with 250 mg of BSA/NCA in phosphate buffer and 50 ml of the 10% latex suspension. Just before use, the latex to be treated is washed twice with buffer at pH
9.6 (O.lM) and i9 then re-suspended in the same buffer solution.
Alkylation of IgG
Sheep antiferritin antiserum was mildly reduced in DTT
as follows. The IgG was incubated for 1 hour in the presence of a 2 molar excess of DTT in a solution of 0 lM bicarbonate at pH 8.5.
Latex - BSA/NCA - IgG
.. ..
50 ml of 10% latex-BSA/NCA suspension i~ mixed with 1 mg of reduced IgG. The mixture is purged with N2 for 30 minutes and then sealed under less than 5mm Hg pressure in a glass tube and kept in the dark. Before use, it is washed twice with 1 ml of buffer comprising 0.17M NaCl, O.lM glycine (pH 9.2), and 0.05% Tween 20, and then .
.
111t33~4 resuspellded in 1% [3~A in the same buffer 10.27M) ~ut in the absence of Tween~20.
ASSAY
The agglutination assay for ferritin in serum is carried out as described above. Sera of 27 different ferritin contents were assayed, each serum being run several times. The sera were also assayed by the RAMCO
radioimmunoassay technique. The coefficient of correlation between the two assay methods was 0.92.
The samples of sera were run at a dilution of 20:1 and had a normal range of 20-300 micrograms ferritin per litre.
PREPARATION OF NCA
At 25 C, 442 mg ~-N-chloroacetyl~-carbobenzoxy-L-ly~ine (0.00123 moles) is dissolved in 1 ml of di-oxene.
The solution i9 mixed with 80 ml of a mixture of benzene and ethyl ether (1 vol. to 1 vol.), and the resulting mixture contacted with 256 milligrams of PC15 at 25 C
ZO for 3 hours~ in a dry atmosphere.
The solvent is evaporated at 25C under a pressure of 30 millimetres over about 2 hours in a dry atmosphere, and the liquid obtained is washed twice with 10 mls of ethyl ether. The ether is removed and the residue is taken to dryness. It is then dissolved again in 5 ml of ethyl acetate and re-precipitated at 4 C by 20 ml of light petrol eth~r (boiling fraction 40C - 60 C). Analysis of the product:-Theoretical Found 30 CARBON 43.47 43.44 HYDROGEN 5.27 5.31 NITROGEN 11.26 11.27 This is the analyYis of NCA, i.e.
:; , : ", : `:
1:~183~14 _ 12 O-C-NH
CO-CH - (CH2) -NH-CO-CH2-C
wherein n is 4.
In order to make similar compounds in which n is, for example, greater than 4, a derivative of an X-amino acid i~ used compri~ing a ~econd amine within the long chain, or the appropriate amide is formed with a beta, gamma or delta amino acid. For example:-~- NH2 + HOOC - (CH2)n - NH2 ~ CO-CH2-Cl : which gives :-~- NH - CO - (CH2)n ~ NH - COCH2Cl ' :
Claims (23)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A reagent for use in immunoassays which comprises a protein antigen, an antibody or the F(ab')2 fragments of an antibody, covalently bonded to a water-insoluble substrate by a bridging group which is directly linked to sulphur atoms in the said antigen, antibody or fragments, that portion of the bridging group linked directly to the said sulphur atoms being derived from a monochloroacetyl group.
2. A reagent according to Claim 1 wherein the bridging group contains a chain of at least 5 atoms length to separate spatially the said antigen, antibody or fragment, from the substrate.
3. A reagent according to Claim 1, wherein the said antibody is an immunoglobulin G.
4. A reagent according to Claim 1, which comprises the F(ab')2 fragments of an immunoglobulin G, and which is substantially free from the said immunoglobulin G and F(c) fragments thereof.
5. A reagent according to Claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a protein to which the said bridging group is directly linked, and wherein that portion of the bridging group which is linked to the protein of the substrate is derived from an anhydride group.
6. A reagent according to Claim 5, wherein the bridging group is derived from a compound of the formula wherein n is an integer from 1 to 10.
7. A reagent according to Claim 1, wherein the substrate is in sheet-like form or in the form of a hollow tube, or is a particulate material.
8. A reagent according to Claim 7, wherein the substrate is a latex, or is a particulate material which is magnetically attractable.
9. A reagent for use in immunoassays which comprises a water-insoluble particulate material in suspension in a fluid, the particulate material having a protein coating to which is covalently linked the anhydride group of a bridging agent of the formula wherein n is from 1 to 10, the chloroacetyl group of said agent being directly bonded to sulphur atoms in an antigen protein, an antibody or the F(ab')2 fragments of an immunoglobulin G antibody.
10. A reagent according to Claim 9, wherein in the formula n is 4.
11. A method of immunoassay which includes the step of effecting an immunospecific reaction between an antigen and an antibody or F(ab')2 fragment thereof, wherein there is used a reagent which comprises a protein antigen, an antibody or the F(ab')2 fragments of an antibody, covalently bonded to a water-insoluble substrate by a bridging group which is directly linked to sulphur atoms in the said antigen, antibody or fragments, that portion of said bridging group directly linked to said sulphur atoms being derived from a monochloroacetyl group and that portion of the bridging group bonded to said substrate being derived from an anhydride group.
12. A method according to Claim 11 for assaying an antigen in a fluid, which comprises the steps of:
a) forming a mixture of a sample of the fluid with the said reagent in which the antibody or F(ab')2 fragment thereof is such as will bind with the antigen under assay;
b) incubating the mixture to allow reaction to occur;
and c) assaying the mixture to determine the extent of said reaction and thereby, the amount of antigen in the fluid sample.
a) forming a mixture of a sample of the fluid with the said reagent in which the antibody or F(ab')2 fragment thereof is such as will bind with the antigen under assay;
b) incubating the mixture to allow reaction to occur;
and c) assaying the mixture to determine the extent of said reaction and thereby, the amount of antigen in the fluid sample.
13. A method according to Claim 11 for assaying an antibody in a fluid which comprises the steps of:
a) forming a mixture of a sample of the fluid with the reagent comprising a protein antigen which will bind with the antibody under assay;
b) incubating the mixture to allow reaction to occur;
and c) assaying the mixture to determine the extent of said reaction and, thereby, the amount of antibody in said fluid sample.
a) forming a mixture of a sample of the fluid with the reagent comprising a protein antigen which will bind with the antibody under assay;
b) incubating the mixture to allow reaction to occur;
and c) assaying the mixture to determine the extent of said reaction and, thereby, the amount of antibody in said fluid sample.
14. A method according to Claim 12 wherein the reagent comprises F(ab')2 fragments, and the reaction mixture is free from the protein antibody from which the fragments have been obtained, and free from the corresponding F(c) fragments.
15. A method according to Claim 11 wherein the reagent is in the form of latex particles suspension and wherein said reaction causes agglutination of the said particles, the extent of the said reaction being determined by observation of the amount of agglutination.
16. A method according to Claim 15, wherein the amount of agglutination is determined by selectively counting the unagglutinated latex particles remaining in the reaction mixture.
17. A method according to Claim 11, wherein the reagent comprises magnetically attractable particles and wherein, after said reaction, the particles are separated from the remainder of the reaction mixture by applying a magnetic field.
18. A method according Claim 11, which is carried out in a continuous flow manner.
19. A method according to Claim 11, wherein an antigen or antibody in human serum is assayed.
20. A method of making a reagent for use in immunoassays, which comprises reacting a protein antigen or an antibody or the F(ab')2 fragments thereof, with a bridging reagent to covalently link the bridging agent directly to sulphur atoms in the said antigen, antibody or fragments, and wherein before or after said reaction the bridging agent is covalently bonded to a water-insoluble substrate, said bridging agent including a terminal chloroacetyl group, said sulphur atoms in the antigen, antibody or F(ab')2 fragments being reduced to sulphhydryl groups, said chloroacetyl group of said bridging agent reacting with the sulphhydryl groups to covalently link the bridging agent to the antigen, antibody or F(ab')2 fragments.
21. A method according to Claim 20, wherein the water-insoluble substrate comprises free amino groups, and wherein the bridging agent includes a second terminal group which is reactive towards said free amino groups to covalently link the bridging agent to the said substrate; and wherein the method is so effected that reaction of said second terminal group with free amino groups on said antigen, antibody or F(ab')2 fragments does not occur.
22. A method according to Claim 20, wherein the bridging agent has the formula wherein n is an integer from 1 to 10.
23. A method of making a reagent for use in immunoassays, which method comprises preparing a reagent comprising an immunoglobulin G antibody covalently bonded to a water-insoluble substrate by a bridging agent, said bridging agent having a terminal chloroacetyl group which is directly linked to sulphur atoms in the said antibody, and subjecting the reagent to digestion with pepsin to free the F(c) fragments.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB3238/78 | 1978-01-26 | ||
| GB323878 | 1978-01-26 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1118344A true CA1118344A (en) | 1982-02-16 |
Family
ID=9754562
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000320277A Expired CA1118344A (en) | 1978-01-26 | 1979-01-25 | Bridging the sulphur atom of antigen, antibody or fragments to a substrate |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4253844A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS54119293A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU522762B2 (en) |
| BE (1) | BE873674A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1118344A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH650592A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2902677A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2415810A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2013688B (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1119258B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL185798C (en) |
| SE (1) | SE445150B (en) |
Families Citing this family (30)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2013211B (en) * | 1978-01-26 | 1982-06-30 | Technicon Instr | Immunoassays using f(ab')2 fragments |
| US4342566A (en) * | 1980-02-22 | 1982-08-03 | Scripps Clinic & Research Foundation | Solid phase anti-C3 assay for detection of immune complexes |
| EP0051985B2 (en) * | 1980-11-07 | 1989-12-27 | International Institute Of Cellular And Molecular Pathology (Icp) | Immunoassay of proteins |
| US4427781A (en) * | 1981-03-16 | 1984-01-24 | International Institute Of Cellular And Molecular Pathology | Particle agglutination immunoassay with agglutinator for determining haptens; PACIA |
| DE3112334A1 (en) * | 1981-03-28 | 1982-10-07 | Behringwerke Ag, 3550 Marburg | "ARTIFICIAL CONTROL AND STANDARD SERIES, METHOD FOR THEIR PRODUCTION AND THEIR USE" |
| CA1203164A (en) | 1982-03-09 | 1986-04-15 | Thomas J. Mckearn | Antibody conjugates |
| DE3311889A1 (en) * | 1983-03-31 | 1984-10-11 | Byk-Mallinckrodt Chemische Produkte Gmbh, 6057 Dietzenbach | METHOD FOR IRREVERSIBLE BINDING OF PROTEIN TO POLYSTYROL SURFACES WITH THE PRESERVATION OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY, POLYSTYROL SURFACES OBTAINED AND THEIR USE |
| WO1984004169A1 (en) * | 1983-04-18 | 1984-10-25 | Quidel | Removal of self-binding and staph a cross-reactivity of anti-strep antibody |
| WO1984004170A1 (en) * | 1983-04-18 | 1984-10-25 | Quidel | Protection of antibody during chemical modification |
| DE3331627A1 (en) * | 1983-09-01 | 1985-03-21 | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V., 3400 Göttingen | METHOD FOR IMMUNOLOGICAL DETERMINATION FOR PROTEINS IN BODY LIQUIDS, USING MONOVALANT ANTIBODY FRAGMENTS |
| US4943636A (en) * | 1984-03-10 | 1990-07-24 | Cetus Corporation | Certain pyridyl-di-sulfide-alkylenecarbonxylate-ortho-nitro-phenylsulfonic acid esters useful for coupling biological materials |
| US4954637A (en) * | 1984-03-10 | 1990-09-04 | Cetus Corporation | Certain maleimide-N-alkylenecarboxylate-ortho-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid esters and derivatives useful for coupling biological materials |
| US5663306A (en) * | 1984-08-09 | 1997-09-02 | Chiron Corporation | Method of conjugating an activated ester to an amine-containing biological material |
| DE3671376D1 (en) * | 1985-07-02 | 1990-06-28 | Cytomed Medizintechnik | MEDICAL DEVICE, ESPECIALLY FILTER, CANNULA, CATHETER OR IMPLANT. |
| JPS62132172A (en) * | 1985-12-04 | 1987-06-15 | Shionogi & Co Ltd | Solid-phase-converted antibody and manufacture thereof |
| IT1211749B (en) * | 1986-09-24 | 1989-11-03 | Bayer Aktinegesellschaft | PROCEDURE FOR THE POLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLIC DERIVATIVES |
| DE3638767A1 (en) * | 1986-11-13 | 1988-05-26 | Behringwerke Ag | INCUBATION MEDIUM CONTAINING LACTOTRINE FOR SOLID-PHASE IMMUNOMETRIC METHOD AND ITS USE |
| EP0308235B1 (en) * | 1987-09-18 | 1992-07-22 | EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY (a New Jersey corporation) | Attachment of compounds to polymeric particles using carbamoylonium compounds |
| WO1990004178A1 (en) * | 1988-10-11 | 1990-04-19 | Coulter Corporation | Immunoreactant carriers having a novel biocompatible intermediate coating and process of making same |
| US5252496A (en) | 1989-12-18 | 1993-10-12 | Princeton Biomeditech Corporation | Carbon black immunochemical label |
| US5169754A (en) * | 1990-10-31 | 1992-12-08 | Coulter Corporation | Biodegradable particle coatings having a protein covalently immobilized by means of a crosslinking agent and processes for making same |
| US5639620A (en) * | 1990-10-31 | 1997-06-17 | Coulter Corporation | Polymeric particles having a biodegradable gelatin or aminodextran coating and process for making same |
| US5466609A (en) * | 1990-10-31 | 1995-11-14 | Coulter Corporation | Biodegradable gelatin-aminodextran particle coatings of and processes for making same |
| AT402674B (en) * | 1993-01-18 | 1997-07-25 | Waldheim Pharmazeutika Gmbh | Antibody detedction by reaction with specific antigen on carrier particle - in presence of labelled protein reacted with Fc fragment, forming easily sepd. and detected aggregate, also similar methods for antigens |
| GB9827845D0 (en) * | 1998-12-17 | 1999-02-10 | Scolab S A | Immunoassay or proteins |
| US6623982B1 (en) * | 1999-07-12 | 2003-09-23 | Immunivest Corporation | Increased separation efficiency via controlled aggregation of magnetic nanoparticles |
| JP5458344B2 (en) * | 2008-01-30 | 2014-04-02 | 旭化成株式会社 | Antibody immobilization carrier |
| US20130004976A1 (en) * | 2009-12-25 | 2013-01-03 | Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd. | Human insulin assay and assay reagent |
| US8956859B1 (en) | 2010-08-13 | 2015-02-17 | Aviex Technologies Llc | Compositions and methods for determining successful immunization by one or more vaccines |
| WO2024038338A1 (en) | 2022-08-15 | 2024-02-22 | Solventum Intellectual Properties Company | Functionalized porous substrates and their use for detecting analytes |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3639558A (en) * | 1968-02-19 | 1972-02-01 | Louis Csizmas | Immunological reagent particles having proteinaceous materials covalently bonded thereto |
| AT340065B (en) * | 1972-05-15 | 1977-11-25 | Biological Developments | IMMUNOCHEMICAL DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE TO CHECK FOR THE PRESENCE OF A COMPOUND |
| US4070246A (en) * | 1976-04-09 | 1978-01-24 | Abbott Laboratories | Reactive matrices |
| US4081244A (en) * | 1976-05-03 | 1978-03-28 | Beckman Instruments, Inc. | Immunoassay procedure employing novel immunochemical composites |
| US4108976A (en) * | 1977-03-04 | 1978-08-22 | Becton, Dickinson And Company | Automated direct serum radioimmunoassay |
| SE431758B (en) * | 1977-03-04 | 1984-02-27 | Pharmacia Fine Chemicals Ab | AS THE USE OF THE TIOLATION REAGENT OR BERRY MATRIX FOR ENZYMERS DERIVATIVE OF A SH GROUPING POLYMER |
| US4140662A (en) * | 1977-03-25 | 1979-02-20 | Ortho Diagnostics, Inc. | Attachment of proteins to inert particles |
| CA1101330A (en) * | 1977-09-19 | 1981-05-19 | Ernst A. Fischer | Immunological material bonded to carboxylated latex polymer and process for making it |
-
1979
- 1979-01-15 GB GB7901425A patent/GB2013688B/en not_active Expired
- 1979-01-22 US US06/005,260 patent/US4253844A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1979-01-22 FR FR7901538A patent/FR2415810A1/en active Granted
- 1979-01-23 AU AU43566/79A patent/AU522762B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1979-01-24 SE SE7900662A patent/SE445150B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-01-24 DE DE19792902677 patent/DE2902677A1/en active Granted
- 1979-01-24 BE BE0/193050A patent/BE873674A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-01-25 CA CA000320277A patent/CA1118344A/en not_active Expired
- 1979-01-25 IT IT67166/79A patent/IT1119258B/en active
- 1979-01-25 NL NLAANVRAGE7900585,A patent/NL185798C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-01-26 JP JP730479A patent/JPS54119293A/en active Granted
- 1979-01-26 CH CH822/79A patent/CH650592A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE2902677A1 (en) | 1979-08-09 |
| FR2415810B1 (en) | 1984-08-17 |
| BE873674A (en) | 1979-07-24 |
| FR2415810A1 (en) | 1979-08-24 |
| NL185798B (en) | 1990-02-16 |
| DE2902677C2 (en) | 1988-04-21 |
| IT1119258B (en) | 1986-03-10 |
| AU4356679A (en) | 1979-08-02 |
| NL7900585A (en) | 1979-07-30 |
| SE7900662L (en) | 1979-07-27 |
| GB2013688A (en) | 1979-08-15 |
| NL185798C (en) | 1990-07-16 |
| JPS6338667B2 (en) | 1988-08-01 |
| SE445150B (en) | 1986-06-02 |
| IT7967166A0 (en) | 1979-01-25 |
| AU522762B2 (en) | 1982-06-24 |
| JPS54119293A (en) | 1979-09-17 |
| US4253844A (en) | 1981-03-03 |
| GB2013688B (en) | 1982-06-30 |
| CH650592A5 (en) | 1985-07-31 |
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