CA1124645A - Zinc and glycerol-containing composition for the treatment for gingivitis - Google Patents
Zinc and glycerol-containing composition for the treatment for gingivitisInfo
- Publication number
- CA1124645A CA1124645A CA322,228A CA322228A CA1124645A CA 1124645 A CA1124645 A CA 1124645A CA 322228 A CA322228 A CA 322228A CA 1124645 A CA1124645 A CA 1124645A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- zinc
- glycerol
- composition
- gingivitis
- zinc chloride
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q11/00—Preparations for care of the teeth, of the oral cavity or of dentures; Dentifrices, e.g. toothpastes; Mouth rinses
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/19—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing inorganic ingredients
- A61K8/27—Zinc; Compounds thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
- A61K8/34—Alcohols
- A61K8/345—Alcohols containing more than one hydroxy group
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Cosmetics (AREA)
Abstract
J&J 942 ABSTRACT
TREATMENT FOR GINGIVITIS
A glycerine solution of zinc chloride or another pharmaceutically acceptable zinc salt that is soluble in glycerine provides effective therapy for gingivitis when applied to the gingivae and teeth.
TREATMENT FOR GINGIVITIS
A glycerine solution of zinc chloride or another pharmaceutically acceptable zinc salt that is soluble in glycerine provides effective therapy for gingivitis when applied to the gingivae and teeth.
Description
. '- . J&J 942 TREATME~ T FOR GINGIVITIS
Technical Field Normal gingivae are pink and firmly attached to the underlying alveolar bone. At the enamel-gingival junction, the gingiva forms an epithelial-lined ridge around the teeth. The area between the enamel and the gingivae is called the gingival crevice~ Gingivi~is develops when large masses of bacteria clog the gingival crevice.
Bacteria invade the surrounding area and form a sticky matrix, called plaque. If plague is left undisturbed~
it calcifies into calculus. Bacteria in plagiue produce metabolic by-products, enzymes and toxins. These products diffuse into the immediate surrounding area, irritate the gingivae, and,as a consequence, they trigger a localized inflammatory reaction. The gingivae swell, become reddened and extrude crevicular fluid. Depending on the severity of the condition,the gingivae become sensitive to touch and may spontaneously bleed. A~ gingivitis advances to periodontitis, the supporting collagen fibers and the alveolar bone be~in to degenerate. As a result, teeth become mobile and eventually fall out.
Background Art .
There are numerous studies that demonstrate that the accumulated plaque at the enamel-gingival junction significantly increases the severity of the gingival disease, while other studies show that when plaque is removed, healthy `condition is reestablished. Because of the apparen direct cause and effect relationship between plaque and gingival inflammation, it is widely believed that plaque accumulation is detrimental to gingival health.
It has been suggested that if the accumulation of plaque at the enamel-gingival junction can be prevented or at least re~arded, the severity of gingivitis and periodontitis can thereby be reduced.
Compton and Beagrie (Journal of Clinical Perio-dontology:l975:2:33-43) tPsted the effectiveness of a quaternary ammonium compound, benzethonium chloride, and zinc chloride in preventing plaque and gingivitis. The above two agents were tes~ed separately and also in combination. According to the authors, the results showed no significant differences in the gingival scores after a ten day test period during which the results of using mouthwashes comprising 1 part glycerine to 20 parts of water and containing (a) 0.22~ by weigh~ ZnC12, (b) 0.075 benzethonium chloride, and tc) a combination of the two were compared to the results with the placebo treated group. Use of the mouthwash containing the benzethonium chloride alone was found to result in about 42% less plaque formation after the 10 day period than did use of the placebo, the combination, or the ZnC12 only mouthwashes.
Thus the zinc chloride alone was ineffective as a plaque inhibitor, too. In the late forties, the combination of zinc chloride with potassium ferro-cyanide was tried for the prevention of tooth decay with varying results. (Positive
Technical Field Normal gingivae are pink and firmly attached to the underlying alveolar bone. At the enamel-gingival junction, the gingiva forms an epithelial-lined ridge around the teeth. The area between the enamel and the gingivae is called the gingival crevice~ Gingivi~is develops when large masses of bacteria clog the gingival crevice.
Bacteria invade the surrounding area and form a sticky matrix, called plaque. If plague is left undisturbed~
it calcifies into calculus. Bacteria in plagiue produce metabolic by-products, enzymes and toxins. These products diffuse into the immediate surrounding area, irritate the gingivae, and,as a consequence, they trigger a localized inflammatory reaction. The gingivae swell, become reddened and extrude crevicular fluid. Depending on the severity of the condition,the gingivae become sensitive to touch and may spontaneously bleed. A~ gingivitis advances to periodontitis, the supporting collagen fibers and the alveolar bone be~in to degenerate. As a result, teeth become mobile and eventually fall out.
Background Art .
There are numerous studies that demonstrate that the accumulated plaque at the enamel-gingival junction significantly increases the severity of the gingival disease, while other studies show that when plaque is removed, healthy `condition is reestablished. Because of the apparen direct cause and effect relationship between plaque and gingival inflammation, it is widely believed that plaque accumulation is detrimental to gingival health.
It has been suggested that if the accumulation of plaque at the enamel-gingival junction can be prevented or at least re~arded, the severity of gingivitis and periodontitis can thereby be reduced.
Compton and Beagrie (Journal of Clinical Perio-dontology:l975:2:33-43) tPsted the effectiveness of a quaternary ammonium compound, benzethonium chloride, and zinc chloride in preventing plaque and gingivitis. The above two agents were tes~ed separately and also in combination. According to the authors, the results showed no significant differences in the gingival scores after a ten day test period during which the results of using mouthwashes comprising 1 part glycerine to 20 parts of water and containing (a) 0.22~ by weigh~ ZnC12, (b) 0.075 benzethonium chloride, and tc) a combination of the two were compared to the results with the placebo treated group. Use of the mouthwash containing the benzethonium chloride alone was found to result in about 42% less plaque formation after the 10 day period than did use of the placebo, the combination, or the ZnC12 only mouthwashes.
Thus the zinc chloride alone was ineffective as a plaque inhibitor, too. In the late forties, the combination of zinc chloride with potassium ferro-cyanide was tried for the prevention of tooth decay with varying results. (Positive
2~ results were reported by Gillard et al in The Journal of the Houston District D ntal Society, Vol. 21, Nos. 3, pp. 2 and 3, March, 1949. Negative results with the same combination were reported by Ast et al in The Journal of the American Dental Association 41(4):437-442, Oct., 1950. No mention was made in either article of any effect of zinc chloride or the combination on gingivitis.) , ;
..
.
~ , . ;.
Zinc chloride, in high concentrations, 8 to 40%, has been used as an astringent to achieve gingival retraction, ~Oral Research Abstracts Vol. 4, No. 3, p. 262 Abstract No. 1754).Loe and Silness, J. Pros. Dent. 13:318-328, March-April, 1963, described a procedure in which cotton stringswere soaked in an 8~ zinc chloride solution before application.
The impregnated strings were forced to the bottom of the gingival pockets, by means of a thin steel instrument, and left in place for 10 minutes. Histological studies showed that the 8~ zinc chloride impregnated cotton strings necrotize the epithelial cuff and the adjacent layer of the subepi-thelial connective tissue.
Zinc chloride-containing antiseptic preparations have been widely used in the past. It is stated in "Accepted Dental Therapeutics" 1971/1972, 34th Edition, p. 200 that zinc chloride has antiseptic, astringent and escharotic activities. At concentrations of 1:2000 (0.05~) to 1:500, (0.2%) a zinc chloride solution has a weak antiseptic action.
The authors conclude that "daily use of a mouthwash containing zinc chloride for so-called oral hygiene cannot be considered rational."
Schmid et al in an article entitled "Effect of a ~Zinc Chloride Mouthrinse on Calculous Deposits Formed on Foils", Helvitica Odontologica Acta,Vol. 18(1):22-24,1974, reported that a 0.2~ zinc chloride containing mouthrinse, when administered twice daily over one week period, significantly inhibited the formation of calculus deposits collected from foils a*tached to lower incisors.
, ~ . :., ~
.. . ~`', .,'~' ~: :
. , . .: . . ..
.: :' , . . . . .
, : , , , ~:
Ga~ar et al, Dental and Oral siology Abstracts, Vol. 54(5)2370, No. 24644, reported that after the mechanical removal of calculus from teeth, fluoride should be applied to teeth, and an anti-inflar~atory treatment with zinc chloride should be applied to the gums.
In U.S. Patent No. 4,022,880 issued May 10, 1977 to L~ J. Vinson and L. P. Cancro, an improved composition for inhibiting dental plaque and calculus formation is disclosed, ~hich comprises a combination of zinc ions and a non-toxic, organoleptically acceptable antibacterial agent. It is taught by the patentees at column 4, lines 1-16, that the use of a zinc compound alone, while affording some anticalculus action, would not produce the desired effect. They disclose, further, at column 4, lines 20-28, that zinc compounds alone or anti-bacterial agents alone provide only about one-half the protec-tion against dental calculus development as ~o the compositions claimed in that patent.
Hanke, Jour. A.D.A~, Vol. 27, No. 9, Sept., 1940, pp. 1379-1393, in Table 1, on pages 1384-5, indicates that various concentrations of zinc acetate, lactate and salicylate in 15% glycerol do not have bactericidal effectiveness.
However, at page 1388, the author indicates that the use of a zinc acetate solution as a mouth rinse will cause plaque to disappear from even unbrushed teeth, although it is not effective in all cases and the solution appears to lose effectiveness on aging~
`A
., .. , ,. , - ~
' ' ',' " .~ ~ ., :
.
~isclosure of Invention It has now been discovered that -the rate of development of gingivitis, as characterized by infla~llation, bleeding and swelling, can be substantially prevented or retarded by the daily application to the gingivae of zinc chloride, in a concentration of about 3% by weigh-t in glycerol~
In accordance with a broad aspect of the invention, there is provided a composition for treating gingivitis consisting essentially of at least about 50% by weight glycerol and at least about 0.5% by weight of a zinc salt that is soluble in said glycerol.
-4a--'~
', ' :
Other zinc salts that could be used to replace all or part of the 2inc chloride are the citrate, acetate, lactate, salicylate, and, in general, glyeerol soluble, pharmaceutically acceptable zinc salts.
While it is presently preferred to have glycerol as S the sole vehicle, it may be diluted with water or another orally acceptable vehicle compatible therewith,such as ethanol, propylene glycol ~r sorbitol, so long as the glycerol concentration is at least about 25% by weight,preferably in excess of 50% by weight.
The zinc salt concentration (based on the entire composition) will generally vary between about 0.5 and about 8%, preferably between about 1 and about 5~ by weight. While higher concentrations could be used, no particular advantage would be afforded thereby, and there are some contraindications in the literature, as noted above.
The compositions of the invention may be in the form of a mouthwash, toothpaste, gelj solution or other form suitable for oral application. Any pharmaceutically acceptable materials such as those crdinarily used in such oral compositions that are compatible with the zinc chloride or other salt as well as with the glycerol vehicle may be employed in the compositions of this invention.
In accordance with the present invention, the compositions are applied to the gingiva manually, preferably with gentle rubbing of the gingiva. In accordance with a pref~rred method of treatment, the user first brushes his teeth with a conventional dentrifice and then applics the composition of the present invention to the gums by gently rubbing with the forefinger on both the buccal and lingual sides, preferably at least once daily, more preferably twice daily.
~ ' ' ' ' ~ . ' The following examples will further serve to illustrate the composition of this invention.
Example I - Anti-gingivitis solution Zinc chloride Z.7% w/w Glycerol, U.S.P.96.3~
Flavors 1.0%
Example II - Mouthwash Zinc chloride 1.0% w/w Glycerol 25.0%
Ethyl alcohol, U.S.P. 15.0%
Sorbitol 5.0%
Flavors 1.0 Deionized water 53.0~
100.0%
Example III - Toothpaste Zinc chloride 4.0% w/w Glycerol 25.0%
Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate 40.0%
Sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC)1.0%
Sorbitol 10.0%
Flavors 1.0%
Propylene glycol 5.0%
Deionized water 13.3%
Preservative 0.1%
Carboxyvinyl po~ymer 5 B (Carbopol 93~r0-5%
Sodium hydroxide, 50% soln. 0.1%
100.0%
~ ~r~
-, :
' ': .'~ .
Example ~V - Toothpaste Glycerol 45.0% w~w CMC 0.8%
Dical phosphate 40~0 Calcium carbonate 5.0~
Flavors 1.0%
Preservative 0.7%
Zinc chloride 4.0%
Deionized water 3.5 100.0 Example V - Toothgel Glycerol 90.0% w/w CMC 0.8%
Carbopol 934 2.0%
Deionized water 4.3~
Zinc chloride 1.0%
Sodium hydroxide,50% soln. 0.2%
Flavors 1.0%
Preservative 0.7%
100.0%
Variations can, of course, be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Having thus described my invention, what I desire to secure by Letters Patent and hereby claim is:
. .
.. . .............. ..
.,'' , '~ . .
.
..
.
~ , . ;.
Zinc chloride, in high concentrations, 8 to 40%, has been used as an astringent to achieve gingival retraction, ~Oral Research Abstracts Vol. 4, No. 3, p. 262 Abstract No. 1754).Loe and Silness, J. Pros. Dent. 13:318-328, March-April, 1963, described a procedure in which cotton stringswere soaked in an 8~ zinc chloride solution before application.
The impregnated strings were forced to the bottom of the gingival pockets, by means of a thin steel instrument, and left in place for 10 minutes. Histological studies showed that the 8~ zinc chloride impregnated cotton strings necrotize the epithelial cuff and the adjacent layer of the subepi-thelial connective tissue.
Zinc chloride-containing antiseptic preparations have been widely used in the past. It is stated in "Accepted Dental Therapeutics" 1971/1972, 34th Edition, p. 200 that zinc chloride has antiseptic, astringent and escharotic activities. At concentrations of 1:2000 (0.05~) to 1:500, (0.2%) a zinc chloride solution has a weak antiseptic action.
The authors conclude that "daily use of a mouthwash containing zinc chloride for so-called oral hygiene cannot be considered rational."
Schmid et al in an article entitled "Effect of a ~Zinc Chloride Mouthrinse on Calculous Deposits Formed on Foils", Helvitica Odontologica Acta,Vol. 18(1):22-24,1974, reported that a 0.2~ zinc chloride containing mouthrinse, when administered twice daily over one week period, significantly inhibited the formation of calculus deposits collected from foils a*tached to lower incisors.
, ~ . :., ~
.. . ~`', .,'~' ~: :
. , . .: . . ..
.: :' , . . . . .
, : , , , ~:
Ga~ar et al, Dental and Oral siology Abstracts, Vol. 54(5)2370, No. 24644, reported that after the mechanical removal of calculus from teeth, fluoride should be applied to teeth, and an anti-inflar~atory treatment with zinc chloride should be applied to the gums.
In U.S. Patent No. 4,022,880 issued May 10, 1977 to L~ J. Vinson and L. P. Cancro, an improved composition for inhibiting dental plaque and calculus formation is disclosed, ~hich comprises a combination of zinc ions and a non-toxic, organoleptically acceptable antibacterial agent. It is taught by the patentees at column 4, lines 1-16, that the use of a zinc compound alone, while affording some anticalculus action, would not produce the desired effect. They disclose, further, at column 4, lines 20-28, that zinc compounds alone or anti-bacterial agents alone provide only about one-half the protec-tion against dental calculus development as ~o the compositions claimed in that patent.
Hanke, Jour. A.D.A~, Vol. 27, No. 9, Sept., 1940, pp. 1379-1393, in Table 1, on pages 1384-5, indicates that various concentrations of zinc acetate, lactate and salicylate in 15% glycerol do not have bactericidal effectiveness.
However, at page 1388, the author indicates that the use of a zinc acetate solution as a mouth rinse will cause plaque to disappear from even unbrushed teeth, although it is not effective in all cases and the solution appears to lose effectiveness on aging~
`A
., .. , ,. , - ~
' ' ',' " .~ ~ ., :
.
~isclosure of Invention It has now been discovered that -the rate of development of gingivitis, as characterized by infla~llation, bleeding and swelling, can be substantially prevented or retarded by the daily application to the gingivae of zinc chloride, in a concentration of about 3% by weigh-t in glycerol~
In accordance with a broad aspect of the invention, there is provided a composition for treating gingivitis consisting essentially of at least about 50% by weight glycerol and at least about 0.5% by weight of a zinc salt that is soluble in said glycerol.
-4a--'~
', ' :
Other zinc salts that could be used to replace all or part of the 2inc chloride are the citrate, acetate, lactate, salicylate, and, in general, glyeerol soluble, pharmaceutically acceptable zinc salts.
While it is presently preferred to have glycerol as S the sole vehicle, it may be diluted with water or another orally acceptable vehicle compatible therewith,such as ethanol, propylene glycol ~r sorbitol, so long as the glycerol concentration is at least about 25% by weight,preferably in excess of 50% by weight.
The zinc salt concentration (based on the entire composition) will generally vary between about 0.5 and about 8%, preferably between about 1 and about 5~ by weight. While higher concentrations could be used, no particular advantage would be afforded thereby, and there are some contraindications in the literature, as noted above.
The compositions of the invention may be in the form of a mouthwash, toothpaste, gelj solution or other form suitable for oral application. Any pharmaceutically acceptable materials such as those crdinarily used in such oral compositions that are compatible with the zinc chloride or other salt as well as with the glycerol vehicle may be employed in the compositions of this invention.
In accordance with the present invention, the compositions are applied to the gingiva manually, preferably with gentle rubbing of the gingiva. In accordance with a pref~rred method of treatment, the user first brushes his teeth with a conventional dentrifice and then applics the composition of the present invention to the gums by gently rubbing with the forefinger on both the buccal and lingual sides, preferably at least once daily, more preferably twice daily.
~ ' ' ' ' ~ . ' The following examples will further serve to illustrate the composition of this invention.
Example I - Anti-gingivitis solution Zinc chloride Z.7% w/w Glycerol, U.S.P.96.3~
Flavors 1.0%
Example II - Mouthwash Zinc chloride 1.0% w/w Glycerol 25.0%
Ethyl alcohol, U.S.P. 15.0%
Sorbitol 5.0%
Flavors 1.0 Deionized water 53.0~
100.0%
Example III - Toothpaste Zinc chloride 4.0% w/w Glycerol 25.0%
Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate 40.0%
Sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC)1.0%
Sorbitol 10.0%
Flavors 1.0%
Propylene glycol 5.0%
Deionized water 13.3%
Preservative 0.1%
Carboxyvinyl po~ymer 5 B (Carbopol 93~r0-5%
Sodium hydroxide, 50% soln. 0.1%
100.0%
~ ~r~
-, :
' ': .'~ .
Example ~V - Toothpaste Glycerol 45.0% w~w CMC 0.8%
Dical phosphate 40~0 Calcium carbonate 5.0~
Flavors 1.0%
Preservative 0.7%
Zinc chloride 4.0%
Deionized water 3.5 100.0 Example V - Toothgel Glycerol 90.0% w/w CMC 0.8%
Carbopol 934 2.0%
Deionized water 4.3~
Zinc chloride 1.0%
Sodium hydroxide,50% soln. 0.2%
Flavors 1.0%
Preservative 0.7%
100.0%
Variations can, of course, be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Having thus described my invention, what I desire to secure by Letters Patent and hereby claim is:
. .
.. . .............. ..
.,'' , '~ . .
.
Claims (8)
1. A composition for treating gingivitis consisting essen-tially of at least about 50% by weight glycerol and at least about 0.5% by weight of a zinc salt that is soluble in said glycerol.
2. The composition of claim 1 wherein said zinc salt is selected from the group consisting of the chloride, citrate, acetate, lactate and salicylate.
3. The composition of claim 2 wherein said salt is zinc chloride.
4. The composition of claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein said zinc salt concentration is from about 0.5 to about 8% by weight.
5. The composition of claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein said zinc salt concentration is from about 1 to about 5% by weight.
6. The composition of claims 1, 2 or 3, wherein said zinc salt con-centration is about 3% by weight.
7. The composition of claim 1 consisting essentially of glycerol and from about 1 to about 5% by weight zinc chloride.
8. The composition of claim 7 which contains about 3% by weight zinc chloride.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US05/881,207 US4160821A (en) | 1978-02-27 | 1978-02-27 | Treatment for gingivitis |
| US881,207 | 1978-02-27 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1124645A true CA1124645A (en) | 1982-06-01 |
Family
ID=25377998
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA322,228A Expired CA1124645A (en) | 1978-02-27 | 1979-02-23 | Zinc and glycerol-containing composition for the treatment for gingivitis |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4160821A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1124645A (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2014851B (en) |
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| US4416867A (en) * | 1979-06-20 | 1983-11-22 | Lever Brothers Company | Oral compositions |
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| US4339432A (en) * | 1979-06-20 | 1982-07-13 | Lever Brothers Company | Oral mouthwash containing zinc and glycine |
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| US20050170013A1 (en) * | 2004-02-04 | 2005-08-04 | Douglas Jerry A. | Composition for treating a dermatological inflammatory response and method of preparation thereof |
| US8512761B2 (en) * | 2006-01-27 | 2013-08-20 | Yale University | Fast acting inhibitor of gastric acid secretion |
| US7897800B2 (en) | 2006-02-03 | 2011-03-01 | Jr Chem, Llc | Chemical compositions and methods of making them |
| US7687650B2 (en) | 2006-02-03 | 2010-03-30 | Jr Chem, Llc | Chemical compositions and methods of making them |
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Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2748781A (en) * | 1953-08-24 | 1956-06-05 | Collat Edgar | Means for dental hygiene |
| GB1188353A (en) | 1967-03-03 | 1970-04-15 | Unilever Ltd | Dentifrice |
| US4022880A (en) * | 1973-09-26 | 1977-05-10 | Lever Brothers Company | Anticalculus composition |
-
1978
- 1978-02-27 US US05/881,207 patent/US4160821A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1979
- 1979-02-23 CA CA322,228A patent/CA1124645A/en not_active Expired
- 1979-02-26 GB GB7906731A patent/GB2014851B/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US4160821A (en) | 1979-07-10 |
| GB2014851B (en) | 1982-09-02 |
| GB2014851A (en) | 1979-09-05 |
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