CA1155268A - Polymer - carbon black mixing - Google Patents
Polymer - carbon black mixingInfo
- Publication number
- CA1155268A CA1155268A CA000363667A CA363667A CA1155268A CA 1155268 A CA1155268 A CA 1155268A CA 000363667 A CA000363667 A CA 000363667A CA 363667 A CA363667 A CA 363667A CA 1155268 A CA1155268 A CA 1155268A
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- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- polymer
- polymers
- carbon black
- parts
- weight
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/20—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring
- C08J3/22—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring using masterbatch techniques
- C08J3/226—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring using masterbatch techniques using a polymer as a carrier
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/20—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring
- C08J3/203—Solid polymers with solid and/or liquid additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2321/00—Characterised by the use of unspecified rubbers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2421/00—Characterised by the use of unspecified rubbers
Abstract
POLYMER - CARBON BLACK MIXING A process is provided for the production of vulcanizates having improved properties wherein polymer (or polymers) is mixed with carbon black in two separate steps such that in one step a major proportion of the carbon black to be used is mixed with polymer and in a second step a zero to minor proportion of the carbon black to be used is mixed with polymer. Such improved vulcanizates may be used, for example, in tires or a variety of mechanical goods.
Description
5~ ~
This invention is directed to a process for producing vulcanizates having improved properties wherein the mixing of the carbon black with the polymer is undertaken in two separate steps.
The art of producing vulcanizates having a wide range of properties is well known. A polymer, synthetic or natural, is mixed with one or more fillers and then with cure active agents and the compound so produced is then shaped and vu~canized by heating. Suitable fillers are extensive in number and include one or more of the various grades of carbon black and the various inorganic materials well known in the art.
It is also well known in the art that control is necessary of many of the steps throughout the compounding process in order to obtain the desired vulcanizate properties. For example, if the filler is not well dispersed in the polymer, it is not possible to obtain good vulcanizate properties or if the temperature at any one or more of the steps in the compounding process is allowed to reach too high a value good vùlcanizate properties will not be achieved. Illustrative of the many books that have been written on the subject are Vulcanization of Elastomers by G. Alliger and I. J.
Sjothun, Reinhold Publishing Corp., N.Y., 1964, Vulcanization and Vulcanizing Agents by Werner Hofmann, Palmerton Publishing Co. Inc., N.Y., 1967 and Rubber Technology and Manufacture, edited by C. M Blow, The Chemical Rubber Company, Cleveland 1971.
We have now discovered a process for producing vulcanizates having improved properties wherein the carbon 1 1 55~
black is mixed with the polymer in two separate steps.
It is an objective of our invention to provide a process for the production of vulcanizates having improved properties.
According to our invention, there is provided a process for producing a vulcanizate having improved pro- -perties, said process comprising the steps of:
(a) mixing two or more C4 or C5 conjugated dlolefin containing polymers with carbon lû black and other compounding ingredients except cure active agents, followed by resting of the compound so produced, ~b) mixing the compound from (a) with other compounding ingredients including sulphur and sulphur-containing or peroxidic cure active agents, (c) shaping the mixture from (b), and td) vulcanizing the shaped mixture by heating at a temperature of from about 145 to about 225C ~or a time of from about 3 to about 60 minutes, I
characterized in that in step (a), the polymers are mixed in at least two separate steps whereln:
: (i) about 33 to about 60 weight per cent of one or more oP the polymers is mixed with from about 60 to 100 weight per cent of ..
the carbon black, said polymers bein~
selected from 04 or C5 conjugated diolefin containing synthetic polymers, ~ii) about 67 to about 40 weight per cent of - ~-1. ~
1 ~S~
one or more of the polymers is mixed with from 0 to about 40 weight per cent of the carbor.~ black, said polymers being selected from C4 or C5 conjugated diolefin containing synthetic polymers and natural rubber, such mixing of polymers and carbon black being in a single mix or in separate mixes containing only a single polymer, and (iii) the compounds from (i) and (ii) are lû supplied to step (b).
Also in accordance with our invention, there is provided a process for producing a vulcanizate having improved properties, said process comprising the steps of:
(a) mixing one or two C4 to C5 conjugated diolefin containing polymers with carbon black and other cornpounding ingredients except cure active agents, followed by resting of the compound so produced, (b) rnixing the compound from (a) with other compounding ingredients including sulphur and sulphur-containing or peroxidic cure active agents, ~c) shaping the mixture from (b)l and (d) vulcanizing the shaped mixture by heating at a temperature of from about 145 to about 225C for a time of from about 3 to about 60 minutes, characterized in that in step (a), the polymer or polyrners are mixed in two separate steps wherein:
(i) about 40 to about 60 weight per cent of the polymer or polymers selected from ~ ~5.S2~
C4 or C5 conjugated diolefin containing synthetic polymers is mixed with from about 60 to 100 weight per cent of the carbon black, (ii) about 60 to about 40 weight per cent of the polymer or polymers selected from C4 or C5 conjugated diolefin containing synthetic polymers and natural rubbers is mixed with from 0 to about 40 weight per cent of the carbon black? and (iii) the compounds from (i) and (ii) ark supplied to step (b).
As is apparent, an essential feature of the present invention is that in one step a major proportion of the carbon black to be used is mixed with a certain proportion of one or more of the rubbers and in a separate step a zero to rninor proportion of the carbon black to be used is mixed with the remaining proportion of the one or more of the rubbers, the two, or mare, compounds so produced then being mixed together at the step at which the cure active agents are incorporated. We have no explanation of why such a process should lead to the production of vulcanizates having improved properties.
Polymers that may be used within the scope of our ~ -invention are C4 or C5 conjugated diolefin containing polymers, which include the C4 or C5 conjugated diolefin containing cynthetic polymers such as poly~
butadiene, polyisoprene, and styrene-butadiene polymers and includes natural rubber which of course is a poly-isoprene. Such rubbery polymers are well known in the art. The polybutadiene may contain from about }0 to about 1 ~552~8 98% cis-1,4 structure, the polyisoprene may contain above about ~0% cis-1,4 structure and the styrene-butadiene polymer may contain from about 15 to about 4û weight per cent of styrene. In one aspect of the invention, a single polymer, e.g. polybutadiene or butadiene-styrene polymer, but not natural rubber, may be used for mixing with a major proportion of the carbon black. In another aspect of the invention~ two polymers, e.g. polybutadiene, butadiene-styrene polymer, or natural rubber, may be used in which either one of or portions of both of the synthetic polymers tthat is, for example, the poly-butadiene or the styrene-butadiene polymer) may be used for mixing with the major proportion of the carbon black.
In yet another aspect of the invention, three polymers, e.g. polybutadiene, butadiene-styrene polymer and natural rubber, may be used in which the natural rubber may only be mixed with a minor proportion of the carbon black.
In pre~erred embodiments of the invention, a styrene-butadiene polymer and a styrene-butadiene polymer oil-carbon black masterbatch are used with the styrene-butadiene polymer being mixed with a zero to minor proportion of the carbon black, a styrene-butadiene polymer and an oil-extended styrene-butadiene polymer are used with the styrene-butadiene polymer being mixed with a zero to minor proportion of the carbon black, a styrene-butadiene polymer and a polybutadiene are used with either polymer being mixed with a zero to minor pro-portion of the carbon black, a styrene-butadiene polymer and natural rubber are used with the natural rubber being mixed wlth a zero to minor proportion of the carbon black, - 6 - j
This invention is directed to a process for producing vulcanizates having improved properties wherein the mixing of the carbon black with the polymer is undertaken in two separate steps.
The art of producing vulcanizates having a wide range of properties is well known. A polymer, synthetic or natural, is mixed with one or more fillers and then with cure active agents and the compound so produced is then shaped and vu~canized by heating. Suitable fillers are extensive in number and include one or more of the various grades of carbon black and the various inorganic materials well known in the art.
It is also well known in the art that control is necessary of many of the steps throughout the compounding process in order to obtain the desired vulcanizate properties. For example, if the filler is not well dispersed in the polymer, it is not possible to obtain good vulcanizate properties or if the temperature at any one or more of the steps in the compounding process is allowed to reach too high a value good vùlcanizate properties will not be achieved. Illustrative of the many books that have been written on the subject are Vulcanization of Elastomers by G. Alliger and I. J.
Sjothun, Reinhold Publishing Corp., N.Y., 1964, Vulcanization and Vulcanizing Agents by Werner Hofmann, Palmerton Publishing Co. Inc., N.Y., 1967 and Rubber Technology and Manufacture, edited by C. M Blow, The Chemical Rubber Company, Cleveland 1971.
We have now discovered a process for producing vulcanizates having improved properties wherein the carbon 1 1 55~
black is mixed with the polymer in two separate steps.
It is an objective of our invention to provide a process for the production of vulcanizates having improved properties.
According to our invention, there is provided a process for producing a vulcanizate having improved pro- -perties, said process comprising the steps of:
(a) mixing two or more C4 or C5 conjugated dlolefin containing polymers with carbon lû black and other compounding ingredients except cure active agents, followed by resting of the compound so produced, ~b) mixing the compound from (a) with other compounding ingredients including sulphur and sulphur-containing or peroxidic cure active agents, (c) shaping the mixture from (b), and td) vulcanizing the shaped mixture by heating at a temperature of from about 145 to about 225C ~or a time of from about 3 to about 60 minutes, I
characterized in that in step (a), the polymers are mixed in at least two separate steps whereln:
: (i) about 33 to about 60 weight per cent of one or more oP the polymers is mixed with from about 60 to 100 weight per cent of ..
the carbon black, said polymers bein~
selected from 04 or C5 conjugated diolefin containing synthetic polymers, ~ii) about 67 to about 40 weight per cent of - ~-1. ~
1 ~S~
one or more of the polymers is mixed with from 0 to about 40 weight per cent of the carbor.~ black, said polymers being selected from C4 or C5 conjugated diolefin containing synthetic polymers and natural rubber, such mixing of polymers and carbon black being in a single mix or in separate mixes containing only a single polymer, and (iii) the compounds from (i) and (ii) are lû supplied to step (b).
Also in accordance with our invention, there is provided a process for producing a vulcanizate having improved properties, said process comprising the steps of:
(a) mixing one or two C4 to C5 conjugated diolefin containing polymers with carbon black and other cornpounding ingredients except cure active agents, followed by resting of the compound so produced, (b) rnixing the compound from (a) with other compounding ingredients including sulphur and sulphur-containing or peroxidic cure active agents, ~c) shaping the mixture from (b)l and (d) vulcanizing the shaped mixture by heating at a temperature of from about 145 to about 225C for a time of from about 3 to about 60 minutes, characterized in that in step (a), the polymer or polyrners are mixed in two separate steps wherein:
(i) about 40 to about 60 weight per cent of the polymer or polymers selected from ~ ~5.S2~
C4 or C5 conjugated diolefin containing synthetic polymers is mixed with from about 60 to 100 weight per cent of the carbon black, (ii) about 60 to about 40 weight per cent of the polymer or polymers selected from C4 or C5 conjugated diolefin containing synthetic polymers and natural rubbers is mixed with from 0 to about 40 weight per cent of the carbon black? and (iii) the compounds from (i) and (ii) ark supplied to step (b).
As is apparent, an essential feature of the present invention is that in one step a major proportion of the carbon black to be used is mixed with a certain proportion of one or more of the rubbers and in a separate step a zero to rninor proportion of the carbon black to be used is mixed with the remaining proportion of the one or more of the rubbers, the two, or mare, compounds so produced then being mixed together at the step at which the cure active agents are incorporated. We have no explanation of why such a process should lead to the production of vulcanizates having improved properties.
Polymers that may be used within the scope of our ~ -invention are C4 or C5 conjugated diolefin containing polymers, which include the C4 or C5 conjugated diolefin containing cynthetic polymers such as poly~
butadiene, polyisoprene, and styrene-butadiene polymers and includes natural rubber which of course is a poly-isoprene. Such rubbery polymers are well known in the art. The polybutadiene may contain from about }0 to about 1 ~552~8 98% cis-1,4 structure, the polyisoprene may contain above about ~0% cis-1,4 structure and the styrene-butadiene polymer may contain from about 15 to about 4û weight per cent of styrene. In one aspect of the invention, a single polymer, e.g. polybutadiene or butadiene-styrene polymer, but not natural rubber, may be used for mixing with a major proportion of the carbon black. In another aspect of the invention~ two polymers, e.g. polybutadiene, butadiene-styrene polymer, or natural rubber, may be used in which either one of or portions of both of the synthetic polymers tthat is, for example, the poly-butadiene or the styrene-butadiene polymer) may be used for mixing with the major proportion of the carbon black.
In yet another aspect of the invention, three polymers, e.g. polybutadiene, butadiene-styrene polymer and natural rubber, may be used in which the natural rubber may only be mixed with a minor proportion of the carbon black.
In pre~erred embodiments of the invention, a styrene-butadiene polymer and a styrene-butadiene polymer oil-carbon black masterbatch are used with the styrene-butadiene polymer being mixed with a zero to minor proportion of the carbon black, a styrene-butadiene polymer and an oil-extended styrene-butadiene polymer are used with the styrene-butadiene polymer being mixed with a zero to minor proportion of the carbon black, a styrene-butadiene polymer and a polybutadiene are used with either polymer being mixed with a zero to minor pro-portion of the carbon black, a styrene-butadiene polymer and natural rubber are used with the natural rubber being mixed wlth a zero to minor proportion of the carbon black, - 6 - j
2~
and a styrene-butadiene polymer, polybutadiene and natural rubbers are used with the natural rubber being mixed with a zero to minor proportion of the carbon black. Where natural rubber is used it is also contemplated that the natural rubber may be partially or completely replaced by a green strength styrene-butadiene polymer prepared according to either of Canadian Patents 1~O14J296 or 1,061,048.
The carbon blacks that may be used in this invention are those well known in the industry and which act as reinforcing agents. Followlng the designations given in ASTM D 1765, those blacks which may be used include but are not limited to N 110, N 220, N 330, N
550, N 660 and N 765 and mixtures thereof.
Other compounding ingredients except cure active agents that may be used in the present invention include other fillers such as clay, whiting and silica, rubber reclaim, oils, plasticizers, waxes, antioxidants and/or antiozonants, tackifiers, bonding agents, zinc oxide and stearic acid.
Cure active agents that may be used in the l invention and mlxed in step (b) with the compound from ;
step (a) include sulphur, various sulphur-containing compounds known in the art as accelerators or ultra-accelerators and organic peroxidic compounds known in the art as curatives. The sulphur may be as the pure elementary material or as a dispersion in oil. Examples of sulphur-containing compounds known as accelerators include the thiazoles, benzothiazoles, thiuram sulphides and disulphides, sulphenamides, mercaptobenzothiazole and 1 ~ 5S2~8 dithiocarbamates. Examples of organic peroxidic compounds known as curatives include dicumyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide and lauryl peroxide.
The mixing may be as in the preparation of a polymer-carbon black or a polymer-oil-ca~bon black masterbatch or as in conventional rubber mixing or com-pounding equipment. The preparation of polymer-carbon black or polymer-oil-carbon black masterbatches is well known in the industry - the polymer, usually in the form of an emulsion in water, the oil when used and the carbon black as a slurry in water are fed to a coagulation vessel where they contact a coagulation agent under controlled conditions of mixing to yield the masterbatch which is recovered in the well known manner. When such a master-batch is used, further carbon black may be added for mixing with the masterbatch or wi~h the other polyrner(s).
Such a masterbatch may be used as the compound of step (i) hereinbefore defined with or without m.ixing with other compounding ingredients and may be supplied together with 2û a suitable compound from step (ii) to step (b). When such a masterbatch is used it preferably contains a styrene-butadiene polymer, and from about 30 to about 15û parts, preferably from about 40 to about 80 parts, by weight per 100 parts by weight of polymer of carbon black and from 0 up to about 100 parts, preferably from about 25 to about 50 parts, by weight per 100 parts by weight of polymer of oil.
The polymer and carbon black may also be mixed in conventional rubber mixing equipment such as on a rubber mill or in an internal mixer, in which case the total 115.~B8 carbon black to be used rnay be from about 30 to about ~0 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of polymer and from about 60 to 130 weight per cent of the carbon black to be used is mixed with from about 33 to about 60 weight per cent of the polymer when two or three polymers are used or from about 60 to lO0 weight per cent of the carbon black to be used is mixed with from about 40 to about 60 weight per cent of the polymer when one or two polymers are used. Preferably, for both of when two or three polymers or when one or two polymers are used, from about ~ .. . . ~ ................... .
75 to lO0 weight per cent of the carbon black to be used is mixed in step (i) with the polymer(s) when the carbon black to be used is from about 30 to about 50 parts by weight per lO0 parts by weight of polymer(s) and from about 60 to about 75 weight per cent of the carbon black to be used i5 mixed in step ti) with the polymer(s) when the carbon black to be used is from about 50 to about 80 parts by weight per lO0 parts by weight of polymer(s).
Such mixing may gener;ally be for times of from about 2 to about lO minutes, preferably from about 2 to about 5 minutes, with the initial temperature of the mill or I
internal mixer generally being from about 60 to about llûC and the final temperature generally being from I about 125 to about 170C. The other compounding ingredients except cure active agents which may also be mixed with the polymer and carbon black may be introduced into step (i) and/or step (ii) or partly into both of step (i):and step (ii). Preferably, oil, plasticizer, tackifier, antioxidant, zinc oxide, stearlc acid and bonding agent or parts thereof will be mixed with the 1 ~L5.~6~
polymer and carbon black in either step (i) and/or step (ii). For the step (b) mixing, which may be o~ a rubber mill or in an internal mixer, the temperature at the start of mixing will generally be from about 3û to about 6ûC and the final ternperature will gene~ally be from about 80 to about llûC, the mixing time generally being from about 1 to about lû, preferably from about 1 to about
and a styrene-butadiene polymer, polybutadiene and natural rubbers are used with the natural rubber being mixed with a zero to minor proportion of the carbon black. Where natural rubber is used it is also contemplated that the natural rubber may be partially or completely replaced by a green strength styrene-butadiene polymer prepared according to either of Canadian Patents 1~O14J296 or 1,061,048.
The carbon blacks that may be used in this invention are those well known in the industry and which act as reinforcing agents. Followlng the designations given in ASTM D 1765, those blacks which may be used include but are not limited to N 110, N 220, N 330, N
550, N 660 and N 765 and mixtures thereof.
Other compounding ingredients except cure active agents that may be used in the present invention include other fillers such as clay, whiting and silica, rubber reclaim, oils, plasticizers, waxes, antioxidants and/or antiozonants, tackifiers, bonding agents, zinc oxide and stearic acid.
Cure active agents that may be used in the l invention and mlxed in step (b) with the compound from ;
step (a) include sulphur, various sulphur-containing compounds known in the art as accelerators or ultra-accelerators and organic peroxidic compounds known in the art as curatives. The sulphur may be as the pure elementary material or as a dispersion in oil. Examples of sulphur-containing compounds known as accelerators include the thiazoles, benzothiazoles, thiuram sulphides and disulphides, sulphenamides, mercaptobenzothiazole and 1 ~ 5S2~8 dithiocarbamates. Examples of organic peroxidic compounds known as curatives include dicumyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide and lauryl peroxide.
The mixing may be as in the preparation of a polymer-carbon black or a polymer-oil-ca~bon black masterbatch or as in conventional rubber mixing or com-pounding equipment. The preparation of polymer-carbon black or polymer-oil-carbon black masterbatches is well known in the industry - the polymer, usually in the form of an emulsion in water, the oil when used and the carbon black as a slurry in water are fed to a coagulation vessel where they contact a coagulation agent under controlled conditions of mixing to yield the masterbatch which is recovered in the well known manner. When such a master-batch is used, further carbon black may be added for mixing with the masterbatch or wi~h the other polyrner(s).
Such a masterbatch may be used as the compound of step (i) hereinbefore defined with or without m.ixing with other compounding ingredients and may be supplied together with 2û a suitable compound from step (ii) to step (b). When such a masterbatch is used it preferably contains a styrene-butadiene polymer, and from about 30 to about 15û parts, preferably from about 40 to about 80 parts, by weight per 100 parts by weight of polymer of carbon black and from 0 up to about 100 parts, preferably from about 25 to about 50 parts, by weight per 100 parts by weight of polymer of oil.
The polymer and carbon black may also be mixed in conventional rubber mixing equipment such as on a rubber mill or in an internal mixer, in which case the total 115.~B8 carbon black to be used rnay be from about 30 to about ~0 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of polymer and from about 60 to 130 weight per cent of the carbon black to be used is mixed with from about 33 to about 60 weight per cent of the polymer when two or three polymers are used or from about 60 to lO0 weight per cent of the carbon black to be used is mixed with from about 40 to about 60 weight per cent of the polymer when one or two polymers are used. Preferably, for both of when two or three polymers or when one or two polymers are used, from about ~ .. . . ~ ................... .
75 to lO0 weight per cent of the carbon black to be used is mixed in step (i) with the polymer(s) when the carbon black to be used is from about 30 to about 50 parts by weight per lO0 parts by weight of polymer(s) and from about 60 to about 75 weight per cent of the carbon black to be used i5 mixed in step ti) with the polymer(s) when the carbon black to be used is from about 50 to about 80 parts by weight per lO0 parts by weight of polymer(s).
Such mixing may gener;ally be for times of from about 2 to about lO minutes, preferably from about 2 to about 5 minutes, with the initial temperature of the mill or I
internal mixer generally being from about 60 to about llûC and the final temperature generally being from I about 125 to about 170C. The other compounding ingredients except cure active agents which may also be mixed with the polymer and carbon black may be introduced into step (i) and/or step (ii) or partly into both of step (i):and step (ii). Preferably, oil, plasticizer, tackifier, antioxidant, zinc oxide, stearlc acid and bonding agent or parts thereof will be mixed with the 1 ~L5.~6~
polymer and carbon black in either step (i) and/or step (ii). For the step (b) mixing, which may be o~ a rubber mill or in an internal mixer, the temperature at the start of mixing will generally be from about 3û to about 6ûC and the final ternperature will gene~ally be from about 80 to about llûC, the mixing time generally being from about 1 to about lû, preferably from about 1 to about
3, minutes. When three polymers arE used, step (i) may include either one polymer or all of one polymer and a portion of a second polymer and step (ii) may include either the remainin8 two polymers or all of the remaining polymer and the remaining portion of the second polymer.
When the remaining two polymers are used in step (ii), the carbon black may be mixed with both such polymers in a single mix or may be mixed, in varying proportions, separately with each of such polymers or with only one of such polymers. Further, natural rubber may not be used as the polyrner or parts of tlle polymers in step (i), s~lch polymers only being selected from the C4 or C5 con-jugated diolefin containing synthetic polymers such as polybutadiene, polyisoprene or styrene-butadiene polymers, whereas in step (ii~ the polymers which may be used are ~selected from the C4 or C5 conjugated diolefin containing synthetic polymers and from natural rubber.
For example, when styrene-butadiene polymer, polybutadiene and natural rubber are to be used? the styrene-butadiene polymer and/or polybutadiene may be used in step (i) and the styrene-butadiene polymer and/or polybutadiene and natural rubber may be used in step (ii), optionally in two 3û separate mixes each of which contains only one polymer.
1 1 ~52~ ~
only one polymer.
Although it appears that the process of this invention may involve more mixing steps than is customary this is actually not the case because the total amount of polymer, carbon black and other compounding ingredients is not changed and the throughput rate of the equipment has not been significantly affected.
The improvements to be found in vulcanizates produced by the process of this invention depend to a certain extent on the particular use to be made of the vulcanizate. In general, the vulcanizates prepared according to the present process may have any one or more of lower heat build-up, lower power loss and associated reduced rolling resistance7 lower elongation at break, lower hardness, improved skid resistance, hiyher rebound and hiyher resistance to flex crack growth. For tire use, the majority of these property improvements are desired and would be looked for, especially reduced heat build-up and power loss, whereas for mechanical goods use the improvements in hardness and resistance to flex crack growth may only be desired. The compounding recipe used, especially the cure active agents, would be adiusted to obtain the optimal vulcanizate properties for the use desired.
The following examples illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the scope thereof. All parts are parts by weight and all tests for vulcanizate evaluation are ASTM tests except where otherwise specified.
These experiments illustrate the results for a composition containing, overall, 100 parts of polymer, 3 parts of naphthenic oil, 5 parts of an octyl-phenol-formaldehyde non-heat`rea~tive tackifier (AROFENE ~
Resin 8318) and 40 parts of carbon black (N 550), using a single polymer.
The polymer was a free radical emulsion poly-merized styrene-butadiene polymer containing about 23 per cent of styrene and having a molecular weight expressed, as the Mooney (ML 1+4 at 100C), of about 51. Mixing of the polymer, carbon black and other compounding ingredients including the cure active agents was in an internal mixer ~a Banbury @ mixer). For each of the step (i) and (ii) mixing, the mixer was initially at 100C, the rotor speed was set at 77 rpm and the temperature was allowed to increase during the mixlng ;
until at 150C the cooling water to the mixer was turned on and the maximum temperature reached was 16ûC. The mixing time was 3.25 minutes. After discharge from the mixer, the compound was passed three times through a rubber mill at about 50C and was then rested for at least two hours. For the step (b) mlxing, the two com-pounds from steps (i) and (ii) were added to an internal mixer (a Banbury mixer) initially at a temperature of 45C with the rotor speed set at 52 rpm and the cure active agents were added. Cooling water was provided to the mixer so that the temperature did not exceed 95C.
The mixing time was 1.25 minutes. After discharge, the compound was banded on a rubber mill at about 50C, to form sheets of 2 mm thickness, rested and then vulcanized by heating at 150C for 40 rninutes, as prescribed in 1 ~5~26~
ASTM D 3182. The vulcanizates were then tested. The details of the recipes and the vulcanizate properties are given in Table I. Qlso given in Table I are the vul~
canizate properties for a control (Control 1), which is a vulcanizate prepared from the same polymer, oil, black, other compounding ingredients and cure active agents which has been prepared by mixing all of the polymer, oil and black in a single step followed by addition of the cure active agents in a second step. Also included in Table I
is a second control (Control 2) in which the mixing procedure was similar to that of the invention but the carbon black was added in equal amounts to each of steps (i) and (ii) (i.e. neither step contained a major pro-portion of the carbon black). The generally improved power loss (lower value), abrasion resistance (higher value) and DeMattia flex (higher value) can be seen ~or the vulcanizates prepared according to the process of the invention.
TAELE I
Experiment # 1 2 3 4 5 6 Control # 1 2 Step (i) Mixinq Polymer ~ ~ 50 50 50 50 100 50 Oil 3 3 - - 3 3 Carbon Black 40 30 30 40 40 20 Tackifier 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 5 2.5 Zinc Oxide 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 5 2.5 Stearic Acid 0.75 0.750.75 0.751.5 0.75 Antioxidantl 0.75 0.750.75 0.751.5 0.75 Bonding Agent 1 1 1 1 2 (part one) Step (ii) Mixing Polymer 50 50 5û 50 - 50 Oil - - 3 3 Carbon Black - 10 10 - - 20 Tackifier 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 - 2.5 Zinc Oxide 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 - 2.5 55~6~
TABLE I (continued) Experiment # 1 2 3 4 5 6 Control # 1 2 Stearic Acid 0.75 0.75 0~75 0~75 - 0 75 Antioxidantl 0.75 0.75 0.75 0~75 - 0-75 Bonding Agent 1 1 1 1 - 1 (part one) Step (b) Mixing Product rom 100.5 90.5 87.5 97.5 158 80.5 Step (i) Product from 57.5 67.5 70.5 60.5 - 77.5 Step (ii) Bonding Agent (part two) Sulphur2 3 3 3 3 3 3 Curative 13 û.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Curative 24 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Notes:
1 - Diphenylamine-acetone reaction product 2 - Dispersion of 20% sulphur in oil 3 - N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulphenamide
When the remaining two polymers are used in step (ii), the carbon black may be mixed with both such polymers in a single mix or may be mixed, in varying proportions, separately with each of such polymers or with only one of such polymers. Further, natural rubber may not be used as the polyrner or parts of tlle polymers in step (i), s~lch polymers only being selected from the C4 or C5 con-jugated diolefin containing synthetic polymers such as polybutadiene, polyisoprene or styrene-butadiene polymers, whereas in step (ii~ the polymers which may be used are ~selected from the C4 or C5 conjugated diolefin containing synthetic polymers and from natural rubber.
For example, when styrene-butadiene polymer, polybutadiene and natural rubber are to be used? the styrene-butadiene polymer and/or polybutadiene may be used in step (i) and the styrene-butadiene polymer and/or polybutadiene and natural rubber may be used in step (ii), optionally in two 3û separate mixes each of which contains only one polymer.
1 1 ~52~ ~
only one polymer.
Although it appears that the process of this invention may involve more mixing steps than is customary this is actually not the case because the total amount of polymer, carbon black and other compounding ingredients is not changed and the throughput rate of the equipment has not been significantly affected.
The improvements to be found in vulcanizates produced by the process of this invention depend to a certain extent on the particular use to be made of the vulcanizate. In general, the vulcanizates prepared according to the present process may have any one or more of lower heat build-up, lower power loss and associated reduced rolling resistance7 lower elongation at break, lower hardness, improved skid resistance, hiyher rebound and hiyher resistance to flex crack growth. For tire use, the majority of these property improvements are desired and would be looked for, especially reduced heat build-up and power loss, whereas for mechanical goods use the improvements in hardness and resistance to flex crack growth may only be desired. The compounding recipe used, especially the cure active agents, would be adiusted to obtain the optimal vulcanizate properties for the use desired.
The following examples illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the scope thereof. All parts are parts by weight and all tests for vulcanizate evaluation are ASTM tests except where otherwise specified.
These experiments illustrate the results for a composition containing, overall, 100 parts of polymer, 3 parts of naphthenic oil, 5 parts of an octyl-phenol-formaldehyde non-heat`rea~tive tackifier (AROFENE ~
Resin 8318) and 40 parts of carbon black (N 550), using a single polymer.
The polymer was a free radical emulsion poly-merized styrene-butadiene polymer containing about 23 per cent of styrene and having a molecular weight expressed, as the Mooney (ML 1+4 at 100C), of about 51. Mixing of the polymer, carbon black and other compounding ingredients including the cure active agents was in an internal mixer ~a Banbury @ mixer). For each of the step (i) and (ii) mixing, the mixer was initially at 100C, the rotor speed was set at 77 rpm and the temperature was allowed to increase during the mixlng ;
until at 150C the cooling water to the mixer was turned on and the maximum temperature reached was 16ûC. The mixing time was 3.25 minutes. After discharge from the mixer, the compound was passed three times through a rubber mill at about 50C and was then rested for at least two hours. For the step (b) mlxing, the two com-pounds from steps (i) and (ii) were added to an internal mixer (a Banbury mixer) initially at a temperature of 45C with the rotor speed set at 52 rpm and the cure active agents were added. Cooling water was provided to the mixer so that the temperature did not exceed 95C.
The mixing time was 1.25 minutes. After discharge, the compound was banded on a rubber mill at about 50C, to form sheets of 2 mm thickness, rested and then vulcanized by heating at 150C for 40 rninutes, as prescribed in 1 ~5~26~
ASTM D 3182. The vulcanizates were then tested. The details of the recipes and the vulcanizate properties are given in Table I. Qlso given in Table I are the vul~
canizate properties for a control (Control 1), which is a vulcanizate prepared from the same polymer, oil, black, other compounding ingredients and cure active agents which has been prepared by mixing all of the polymer, oil and black in a single step followed by addition of the cure active agents in a second step. Also included in Table I
is a second control (Control 2) in which the mixing procedure was similar to that of the invention but the carbon black was added in equal amounts to each of steps (i) and (ii) (i.e. neither step contained a major pro-portion of the carbon black). The generally improved power loss (lower value), abrasion resistance (higher value) and DeMattia flex (higher value) can be seen ~or the vulcanizates prepared according to the process of the invention.
TAELE I
Experiment # 1 2 3 4 5 6 Control # 1 2 Step (i) Mixinq Polymer ~ ~ 50 50 50 50 100 50 Oil 3 3 - - 3 3 Carbon Black 40 30 30 40 40 20 Tackifier 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 5 2.5 Zinc Oxide 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 5 2.5 Stearic Acid 0.75 0.750.75 0.751.5 0.75 Antioxidantl 0.75 0.750.75 0.751.5 0.75 Bonding Agent 1 1 1 1 2 (part one) Step (ii) Mixing Polymer 50 50 5û 50 - 50 Oil - - 3 3 Carbon Black - 10 10 - - 20 Tackifier 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 - 2.5 Zinc Oxide 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 - 2.5 55~6~
TABLE I (continued) Experiment # 1 2 3 4 5 6 Control # 1 2 Stearic Acid 0.75 0.75 0~75 0~75 - 0 75 Antioxidantl 0.75 0.75 0.75 0~75 - 0-75 Bonding Agent 1 1 1 1 - 1 (part one) Step (b) Mixing Product rom 100.5 90.5 87.5 97.5 158 80.5 Step (i) Product from 57.5 67.5 70.5 60.5 - 77.5 Step (ii) Bonding Agent (part two) Sulphur2 3 3 3 3 3 3 Curative 13 û.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Curative 24 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Notes:
1 - Diphenylamine-acetone reaction product 2 - Dispersion of 20% sulphur in oil 3 - N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulphenamide
4 - Diphenylguanidine Vulcanizate Properties Experiment # 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tensile Strength5 2û.3 20.3 19.8 23.2 21.3 20.1 kg/cm2 100% Modulus5 2.8 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.3 2.7 kg/cm2 300% Modulus5 12.1 10.8 11.3 13.7 12.4 10.6 kg/ctn2 Elongation at ~70 520 490 480 500 520 Break5 %
Hardness6 66 66 67 66 69 66 Shore C
Wet Skid Resistance 53 50 53 50 50 53 Rebound8 ~ 61 61 61 61.5 60 61 Heat Build Up9 21 20 20.5 22 24 20.5 C
DeMattia Flex10 11 12 10(~ 10 6 14 (600% crack growth) kcy Abrasion Resist- 47 43 38 51 48 37 ancell %
Power Lossl2 1.73 1.82 1.99 1.75 1.86 1.89`
J/rev.
Notes:
~5 - ASTM D 412 7 - ~STM E 303 using experimental vulcanizate slider against wet rough asphalt 8 - ASTM D lû54 9 - ASTM D 623 - Method A
11 - Akron Abrader - Cabot Test #5 12 - Dunlop rotary power loss - 14 - , I
~155~
,..._ Following the procedure described in Example 1, using an overall composition the same as in Example 1 except that no naphthenic oil was added, compounds were prepared each based on two different styrene-butadiene polymers. Polymer 1 was the same polymer as that used in Example 1. Polymer 2 was an oil-extended styrene-butadiene polymer, in which the styrene-butadiene polymer ~ -contained about 23 weight per cent of styrene and had a high base polymer Mooney value (ML 1~4 at 100C of about 115) and contained about 37~5 parts of naphthenic oil per 100 parts of polymer, the oil extended polymer having a Mooney oF about 49 - reference in Table II to "X" parts of Polymer 2 means polymer plus oil. Table II contains the details of the experiments and the results obtained. The : improvement in power loss for the vulcanizates of Experiments ~1 and 2 is readily apparént when compared with that of the Conkrol (Experiment lt3).
TABL_ II
Example # 2 2 2 3 Experiment # 1 2 3 . Control Step (i) Mixino Polymer 1 ~ - - 5û Poly.3 79.1 Polymer 2 50 50 50 Carbon Black 40 30 40 Tackifier 2.5 2.5 5 2 5 Zinc ûxide 2.5 2.5 5 2 5 Stearic Acid 0.75 0.75 1.5 0.75 Antioxidant 0.75 0.75 1.5 0.75 Bonding Agent 1 1 2 (part one) Step (ii) Mixin Polymer 1 ~~ 50 50 - Poly.l 50 Carbon Black - 10 - 10 Tackifier 2.5 2.5 - 2.5 Zinc Oxide 2.5 2.5 - 2.5 Stearic Acid 0.75 0.75 - 0.75 jl 5 ~
TABLE II (continued) Example # 2 2 2 3 Experiment # 1 2 3 Control Antioxidant 0.75 0.75 - 0.75 Bonding Agent 1 1 - 1 (part one) Step (b) Mixin Product from 97.5 87.5 155 86.6 Step (i) Product from 57.5 67.5 _ 67.5 Bonding Agent (part two) Sulphur 3 3 3 3 Curative 1 0.9 0.9 0.9 0 9 Curative 2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0 2 Vulcanizate Properties Tensile Strength kg/cm2 16.8 lo 19.8 17.6 100% Modulus kg/cm2 2.7 2.5 2 7 2.5 300% Modulus kg/cm2 11.9 10.3 10 7 10 4 Elongation at Break % 420 480 52~ 480 Hardness Shore C 58 58 60 62 Wet Skid Resistance 59 61 57 Rebound % 62 60 60 60 Heat Build Up C 19.5 20 20 19.5 DeMattia Flex kcy 15 14 15 (6û0% crack growth) Abrasion Resistance % 42 43 4a 40 Power Loss J/rev 1.9 1.97 2.5 1.96 Using the styrene-butadiene polymer of Example 1 ?0 as Polymer 1 and a commercially available polymer-oil-carbon black masterbatch (lOû parts of styrene-butadiene :;
polymer containing about 23 weight per cent of styrene plus B0 parts of N 550 carbon black plus 37.5 parts of naphthenic oil) as Polymer 3, a vulcanizate was prepared according to the process of this invention with the results obtained shown in Table II.
.
Two different types of polyrners were used in this example. The first polymer, Polymer 1, was the styrene-butadiene polymer of Example 1. The second polymer, Polyrner 4, was a solution prepared stereospecific poly-1 ~55~6~
butadiene TAKTENE ~ 1203. The details of the recipes used and the results obtained are shown in Table III, together with a control in which the polymers and carbon black were mixed in a single step. The improved tensile strength, 3ûû% modulus, rebound and power loss are readily apparent.
TABLE III
Experiment # 1 2 3 (Control) Step (i) Mixing Polymer 1 50 - 50 Polymer 4 - 50 50 Tackifier 2.5 2.5 5 Carbon Black 4û 40 40 Zinc Oxide 2.5 2.5 5 Stearic Acid 0.75 0.75 1.5 Antioxidant 0.75 û.75 1.5 Bonding Agent ~part one) 1 1 2 Steo (ii) Mixinc Polymë-r 1 ~ ~ 50 Polymer 4 50 Tacki~ier 2.S 2.5 - Carbon Black - - -Zinc Oxide 2.5 2.5 Stearic Acid 0.75 0.75 Antioxidant 0.75 0.75 Bonding Agent (part two) Step_(b) Mixin~ .
Product rom Step (i) 97.5 97.5 155 Product from Step (ii) 57.5 57.5 Bonding Agent (part two) Sulphur 3 3 3 Curative 1 0.9 0.9 0.9 Curative 2 0.2 0.2 û.2 Vulcanizate Procerties Tensi-re-Streng~th kg/cm2 17.1 16.3 14.8 100% Modulus kg/cm2 2.4 . 2.5 2.5 300% Modulus kg/cm2 10 11 9.6 Elongation at Break % 480 400 440 Hardness Shore C 63 63 65 Wet Skid Resistance 41 41 40 Rebound % 72 73.5 67 Heat Build Up C 22 DeMattia Flex kcy 6 2 3.5 (600% crack growth) Abrasion Resistance % 52 5Z 46 Power Loss J/rev 1.34 1.31 1.47 - 17 _ 1, 1~ 55 2B~
Three polymers were used in this example.
Polymer 1 was the styrene-butadiene polymer of Example 1.
Polymer 4 was the polybutadiene of Example L~. Polyrner 5 was natural rubber - the actual polymer was one coded as SMR CV and had a Mooney (ML 1+4 at lOû~) of 68. The three polymers were used such that the vulcanizate always contained 33.3 parts of each of the three polymers and the vulcanizate always contained 4û parts of carbon black for lOû parts of total polymers, which levels were chosen solely to illustrate the invention. Details of the compounds prepared and the vulcanizate properties are given in Table IV. Because the step (ii) mixing was undertaken in two separate mixes, uslng only one polymer in each mix, the Table identifies this as Step (ii) mix-; ing - A and Step (ii) mixing ~ B. For the vulcanizates prepared according to the process of the invention, srnall improvements in tensile strength and 30û% modulus and significant improvements in heat build-up and power loss are seen. The vulcanizate properties of the controls show little variation independent of whether the major portion of the carbon black is mixed with natural rubber (Control 1), the carbon black is mixed with each polymer in equal proportions (Control 2) or all the polymers and carbon black are mixed ln a single step (Control 3).
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Polymer 1 of Example 1 and Polymer 5 of Example 5 were used. The results are shown in Table V.
TABLE V
.
Experiment # 1 Control 1Control 2 Steo (i) Mixina Polymer 1 50 - 50 Polymer 5 - 50 50 Oil 2.5 2.5 5 Carbon Black 40 40 40 Tackifier 2.5 2.5 5 Zinc Oxide 2.5 2.5 5 Stearic Acid 0.75 0.75 1.5 Antioxidant 0.75 0.75 1.5 10 Bonding Agent (part one) 1 1 2 Step (ii) Mixin Polymer 1 - 50 Polymer 5 50 Oil 2.5 2.5 Carbon Black Tackifier 2.5 2.5 Zinc Oxide 2.5 2.5 Stearic Acid 0.75 0.75 Antioxidant 0.75 0.75 Bonding Agent (part one) Step (b) Mixin Proauct from Step (i) 100 100 160 Product from Step (ii) 60 60 Bonding Agent (part two) Sulphur 3 3 3 Curative 1 0.9 0.9 0.9 Curative 2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Vulcanizate Properties Tensiie Strëngth k~g~/cm2 17.3 21.2 17.4 100% Modulus kg/cm2 2.9 3.3 3.4 300% Modulus kg/cm2 14.6 15.1 14.1 Elongation at Break % 350 420 370 Hardness Shore C 62 66 65 Wet Skid Resistance 49.5 49.5 50 Rebound % 70 68 67 Heat Build Up C 18 DeMattia Flex kcy 21 28 18 (600% crack growth) Abrasion Resistance % 39 34 32 Power Loss J/rev 1.37 1.52 1.53
Hardness6 66 66 67 66 69 66 Shore C
Wet Skid Resistance 53 50 53 50 50 53 Rebound8 ~ 61 61 61 61.5 60 61 Heat Build Up9 21 20 20.5 22 24 20.5 C
DeMattia Flex10 11 12 10(~ 10 6 14 (600% crack growth) kcy Abrasion Resist- 47 43 38 51 48 37 ancell %
Power Lossl2 1.73 1.82 1.99 1.75 1.86 1.89`
J/rev.
Notes:
~5 - ASTM D 412 7 - ~STM E 303 using experimental vulcanizate slider against wet rough asphalt 8 - ASTM D lû54 9 - ASTM D 623 - Method A
11 - Akron Abrader - Cabot Test #5 12 - Dunlop rotary power loss - 14 - , I
~155~
,..._ Following the procedure described in Example 1, using an overall composition the same as in Example 1 except that no naphthenic oil was added, compounds were prepared each based on two different styrene-butadiene polymers. Polymer 1 was the same polymer as that used in Example 1. Polymer 2 was an oil-extended styrene-butadiene polymer, in which the styrene-butadiene polymer ~ -contained about 23 weight per cent of styrene and had a high base polymer Mooney value (ML 1~4 at 100C of about 115) and contained about 37~5 parts of naphthenic oil per 100 parts of polymer, the oil extended polymer having a Mooney oF about 49 - reference in Table II to "X" parts of Polymer 2 means polymer plus oil. Table II contains the details of the experiments and the results obtained. The : improvement in power loss for the vulcanizates of Experiments ~1 and 2 is readily apparént when compared with that of the Conkrol (Experiment lt3).
TABL_ II
Example # 2 2 2 3 Experiment # 1 2 3 . Control Step (i) Mixino Polymer 1 ~ - - 5û Poly.3 79.1 Polymer 2 50 50 50 Carbon Black 40 30 40 Tackifier 2.5 2.5 5 2 5 Zinc ûxide 2.5 2.5 5 2 5 Stearic Acid 0.75 0.75 1.5 0.75 Antioxidant 0.75 0.75 1.5 0.75 Bonding Agent 1 1 2 (part one) Step (ii) Mixin Polymer 1 ~~ 50 50 - Poly.l 50 Carbon Black - 10 - 10 Tackifier 2.5 2.5 - 2.5 Zinc Oxide 2.5 2.5 - 2.5 Stearic Acid 0.75 0.75 - 0.75 jl 5 ~
TABLE II (continued) Example # 2 2 2 3 Experiment # 1 2 3 Control Antioxidant 0.75 0.75 - 0.75 Bonding Agent 1 1 - 1 (part one) Step (b) Mixin Product from 97.5 87.5 155 86.6 Step (i) Product from 57.5 67.5 _ 67.5 Bonding Agent (part two) Sulphur 3 3 3 3 Curative 1 0.9 0.9 0.9 0 9 Curative 2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0 2 Vulcanizate Properties Tensile Strength kg/cm2 16.8 lo 19.8 17.6 100% Modulus kg/cm2 2.7 2.5 2 7 2.5 300% Modulus kg/cm2 11.9 10.3 10 7 10 4 Elongation at Break % 420 480 52~ 480 Hardness Shore C 58 58 60 62 Wet Skid Resistance 59 61 57 Rebound % 62 60 60 60 Heat Build Up C 19.5 20 20 19.5 DeMattia Flex kcy 15 14 15 (6û0% crack growth) Abrasion Resistance % 42 43 4a 40 Power Loss J/rev 1.9 1.97 2.5 1.96 Using the styrene-butadiene polymer of Example 1 ?0 as Polymer 1 and a commercially available polymer-oil-carbon black masterbatch (lOû parts of styrene-butadiene :;
polymer containing about 23 weight per cent of styrene plus B0 parts of N 550 carbon black plus 37.5 parts of naphthenic oil) as Polymer 3, a vulcanizate was prepared according to the process of this invention with the results obtained shown in Table II.
.
Two different types of polyrners were used in this example. The first polymer, Polymer 1, was the styrene-butadiene polymer of Example 1. The second polymer, Polyrner 4, was a solution prepared stereospecific poly-1 ~55~6~
butadiene TAKTENE ~ 1203. The details of the recipes used and the results obtained are shown in Table III, together with a control in which the polymers and carbon black were mixed in a single step. The improved tensile strength, 3ûû% modulus, rebound and power loss are readily apparent.
TABLE III
Experiment # 1 2 3 (Control) Step (i) Mixing Polymer 1 50 - 50 Polymer 4 - 50 50 Tackifier 2.5 2.5 5 Carbon Black 4û 40 40 Zinc Oxide 2.5 2.5 5 Stearic Acid 0.75 0.75 1.5 Antioxidant 0.75 û.75 1.5 Bonding Agent ~part one) 1 1 2 Steo (ii) Mixinc Polymë-r 1 ~ ~ 50 Polymer 4 50 Tacki~ier 2.S 2.5 - Carbon Black - - -Zinc Oxide 2.5 2.5 Stearic Acid 0.75 0.75 Antioxidant 0.75 0.75 Bonding Agent (part two) Step_(b) Mixin~ .
Product rom Step (i) 97.5 97.5 155 Product from Step (ii) 57.5 57.5 Bonding Agent (part two) Sulphur 3 3 3 Curative 1 0.9 0.9 0.9 Curative 2 0.2 0.2 û.2 Vulcanizate Procerties Tensi-re-Streng~th kg/cm2 17.1 16.3 14.8 100% Modulus kg/cm2 2.4 . 2.5 2.5 300% Modulus kg/cm2 10 11 9.6 Elongation at Break % 480 400 440 Hardness Shore C 63 63 65 Wet Skid Resistance 41 41 40 Rebound % 72 73.5 67 Heat Build Up C 22 DeMattia Flex kcy 6 2 3.5 (600% crack growth) Abrasion Resistance % 52 5Z 46 Power Loss J/rev 1.34 1.31 1.47 - 17 _ 1, 1~ 55 2B~
Three polymers were used in this example.
Polymer 1 was the styrene-butadiene polymer of Example 1.
Polymer 4 was the polybutadiene of Example L~. Polyrner 5 was natural rubber - the actual polymer was one coded as SMR CV and had a Mooney (ML 1+4 at lOû~) of 68. The three polymers were used such that the vulcanizate always contained 33.3 parts of each of the three polymers and the vulcanizate always contained 4û parts of carbon black for lOû parts of total polymers, which levels were chosen solely to illustrate the invention. Details of the compounds prepared and the vulcanizate properties are given in Table IV. Because the step (ii) mixing was undertaken in two separate mixes, uslng only one polymer in each mix, the Table identifies this as Step (ii) mix-; ing - A and Step (ii) mixing ~ B. For the vulcanizates prepared according to the process of the invention, srnall improvements in tensile strength and 30û% modulus and significant improvements in heat build-up and power loss are seen. The vulcanizate properties of the controls show little variation independent of whether the major portion of the carbon black is mixed with natural rubber (Control 1), the carbon black is mixed with each polymer in equal proportions (Control 2) or all the polymers and carbon black are mixed ln a single step (Control 3).
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3 n QQ~ r~ / h c a) o I s C ~1~ ~--1 r-l r-/ h C O O -1 C ~L) r-l r-l ~I h C O
v X~ O O O ~ ~ V ~ C O V O O O ~ ~-~ ~ ~ C O ~ O O O ~ ~
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.
h'S) U~ \O O \O r~ O\ (\I U~ o ~
c~ o o ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ c; o r~ ~ ~ o ~ o o~ _1 O ~O U~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I
:
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-U^~ ~ 0 ~ O 0 0 ~
.
C ~ 1~ ~1 ~
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_, r~ ~1 O O u~ .--1 0 ~1 1~ 0 0 C~ N N ~ N 1` O~
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'` ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
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~1 0 0 ~1 0 _ 1~ 0 0 0 N N ~ 0 1~
~c m _ I O N (~ N
o ~ E E E
O
v ~ ~y r ai~ U ,_ h h h Y Y ~ ~ 0 0 ~ O ~ c O
~ Q Q Q ~ ~ a) C O
tlQ) ~ ~ Q Q C h ~ :n ~v~ o ~ m ~ o c lr) lJ) u) h ~
:~: C X E E E C C ~ ~ Cl X O) o o a) Q~ h C ~~: 1-1 h h ~) ~I N ~) ~ ~1 ~ C
C ~ t~ C 4- ~ 4- C~ t~ U~ ) o ~ C) D'-- o (1) N ~ ~ . I ~r~ h O
E ~h~1 O) ~) ~ ~) ~ ~ ~ > > ~,1 a~ O O ~ U)~ ~ .~ O J
-~ ~ x c _, ~ c ~ ,1 ,l c , ~ y c m ~
h ~1 O ~1 ~ ~ ~ ~-1 c ~ v ~ ~1 O~ C Ul ~ ~1 ~e h Q~ Y~1 ~Q 1~ ~ Q tl~ ) (1) ~? ~ C ~1 ` o .~ O
~i 0 Q t) ~ C a) O O O C 1--l h h ~_1 C O O O h ~ D t~ s o 3 X t~ C o ~' ~ ~ h h O ~ ~ ~ ~ (I~ O O ~I t~ O O
m ~ Q Q Q m ~ ~ ~) > ~ ~ ~ ~ I 3 ~
- 20 - . ~ I
1 ~5526~
Polymer 1 of Example 1 and Polymer 5 of Example 5 were used. The results are shown in Table V.
TABLE V
.
Experiment # 1 Control 1Control 2 Steo (i) Mixina Polymer 1 50 - 50 Polymer 5 - 50 50 Oil 2.5 2.5 5 Carbon Black 40 40 40 Tackifier 2.5 2.5 5 Zinc Oxide 2.5 2.5 5 Stearic Acid 0.75 0.75 1.5 Antioxidant 0.75 0.75 1.5 10 Bonding Agent (part one) 1 1 2 Step (ii) Mixin Polymer 1 - 50 Polymer 5 50 Oil 2.5 2.5 Carbon Black Tackifier 2.5 2.5 Zinc Oxide 2.5 2.5 Stearic Acid 0.75 0.75 Antioxidant 0.75 0.75 Bonding Agent (part one) Step (b) Mixin Proauct from Step (i) 100 100 160 Product from Step (ii) 60 60 Bonding Agent (part two) Sulphur 3 3 3 Curative 1 0.9 0.9 0.9 Curative 2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Vulcanizate Properties Tensiie Strëngth k~g~/cm2 17.3 21.2 17.4 100% Modulus kg/cm2 2.9 3.3 3.4 300% Modulus kg/cm2 14.6 15.1 14.1 Elongation at Break % 350 420 370 Hardness Shore C 62 66 65 Wet Skid Resistance 49.5 49.5 50 Rebound % 70 68 67 Heat Build Up C 18 DeMattia Flex kcy 21 28 18 (600% crack growth) Abrasion Resistance % 39 34 32 Power Loss J/rev 1.37 1.52 1.53
Claims (16)
1. A process for producing a vulcanizate having improved properties, said process comprising the steps of:
(a) mixing two or more C4 or C5 conjugated diolefin containing polymers with carbon black and other compounding ingredients except cure active agents, followed by resting of the compound so produced, (b) mixing the compound from (a) with other compounding ingredients including sulphur and sulphur-containing or peroxidic cure active agents, (c) shaping the mixture from (b), and, (d) vulcanizing the shaped mixture by heating at a temperature of from about 145° to about 225°C For a time of from about 3 to about 60 minutes, characterized in that in step (a), the polymers are mixed in at least two separate steps wherein:
(i) about 33 to about 60 weight per cent of one or more of the polymers is mixed with from about 60 to 100 weight per cent of the carbon black, said polymers being selected from C4 or C5 conjugated diolefin containing synthetic polymers, (ii) about 67 to about 40 weight per cent of one or more of the polymers is mixed with from 0 to about 40 weight per cent of the carbon black, said polymers being selected from C4 or C5 conjugated diolefin containing synthetic polymers and natural rubber, such mixing of polymers and carbon black being in a single mix or in separate mixes containing only a single polymer, (iii) the compounds from (i) and (ii) are supplied to step (b).
(a) mixing two or more C4 or C5 conjugated diolefin containing polymers with carbon black and other compounding ingredients except cure active agents, followed by resting of the compound so produced, (b) mixing the compound from (a) with other compounding ingredients including sulphur and sulphur-containing or peroxidic cure active agents, (c) shaping the mixture from (b), and, (d) vulcanizing the shaped mixture by heating at a temperature of from about 145° to about 225°C For a time of from about 3 to about 60 minutes, characterized in that in step (a), the polymers are mixed in at least two separate steps wherein:
(i) about 33 to about 60 weight per cent of one or more of the polymers is mixed with from about 60 to 100 weight per cent of the carbon black, said polymers being selected from C4 or C5 conjugated diolefin containing synthetic polymers, (ii) about 67 to about 40 weight per cent of one or more of the polymers is mixed with from 0 to about 40 weight per cent of the carbon black, said polymers being selected from C4 or C5 conjugated diolefin containing synthetic polymers and natural rubber, such mixing of polymers and carbon black being in a single mix or in separate mixes containing only a single polymer, (iii) the compounds from (i) and (ii) are supplied to step (b).
2. The process of Claim 1 wherein one of the polymers used in step (i) is a masterbatch comprising 100 parts by weight of styrene-butadiene polymer, 0 to about 100 parts by weight of oil and from about 30 to about 150 parts by weight of carbon black.
3. The process of Claim 2 wherein said masterbatch comprises 100 parts by weight of styrene-butadiene polymer, from about 25 to about 50 parts by weight of oil and from about 40 to about 80 parts by weight of carbon black.
4. The process of Claims 1, 2 or 3 wherein one or two of polybutadiene, natural rubber or styrene-butadiene polymer are used as polymer in step (ii).
5. The process of Claim 1 wherein the total carbon black to be used is from about 30 to about 80 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of polymer.
6. The process of Claim 5 wherein two polymers are used, the polymer used in step (i) is one of styrene-butadiene polymer or polybutadiene and the polymer used in step (ii) is one of styrene-butadiene polymer, poly-butadiene or natural rubber.
7. The process of Claim 5 wherein three polymers are used, the polymer used in step (i) is one of styrene-butadiene polymer or polybutadiene and the polymers used in step (ii) are selected from styrene-butadiene polymer, polybutadiene and natural rubber.
8. The process of Claim 7 wherein the polymers used in step (ii) are mixed separately and carbon black is mixed with only one of the polymers.
9. The process of Claims 6, 7 or 8 wherein the amount of carbon black to be used is from about 30 to about 50 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of polymers and from about 75 to 100 weight per cent of the carbon black is mixed with polymer in step (i).
10. The process of Claims 6, 7 or 8 wherein the amount of carbon black to be used is from about 50 to about 80 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of polymers and from about 60 to about 75 weight per cent of the carbon black is mixed with polymer in step (i).
11. A process for producing a vulcanizate having improved properties, said process comprising the steps of:
(a) mixing one or two C4 to C5 conjugated diolefin containing polymers with carbon black and other compounding ingredients except cure active agents, followed by resting of the compound so produced, (b) mixing the compound from (a) with other compounding ingredients, including sulphur and sulphur-containing or peroxidic cure active agents, (c) shaping the mixture from (b), and (d) vulcanizing the shaped mixture by heating at a temperature of from about 145°C to about 225°C for a time of from about 3 to about 60 minutes, characterized in that in step (a) the polymer or polymers are mixed in two separate steps wherein:
(i) about 40 to about 60 weight per cent of the polymer or polymers selected from C4 or C5 conjugated diolefin containing synthetic polymers is mixed with from about 60 to 100 weight per cent of the carbon black, (ii) about 60 to about 40 weight per cent of the polymer or polymers selected from C4 or C5 conjugated diolefin containing synthetic polymers and natural rubber is mixed with from 0 to about 40 weight per cent of the carbon black, and (iii) the compounds from (i) and (ii) are supplied to step (b).
(a) mixing one or two C4 to C5 conjugated diolefin containing polymers with carbon black and other compounding ingredients except cure active agents, followed by resting of the compound so produced, (b) mixing the compound from (a) with other compounding ingredients, including sulphur and sulphur-containing or peroxidic cure active agents, (c) shaping the mixture from (b), and (d) vulcanizing the shaped mixture by heating at a temperature of from about 145°C to about 225°C for a time of from about 3 to about 60 minutes, characterized in that in step (a) the polymer or polymers are mixed in two separate steps wherein:
(i) about 40 to about 60 weight per cent of the polymer or polymers selected from C4 or C5 conjugated diolefin containing synthetic polymers is mixed with from about 60 to 100 weight per cent of the carbon black, (ii) about 60 to about 40 weight per cent of the polymer or polymers selected from C4 or C5 conjugated diolefin containing synthetic polymers and natural rubber is mixed with from 0 to about 40 weight per cent of the carbon black, and (iii) the compounds from (i) and (ii) are supplied to step (b).
12. The process of Claim 11 wherein the polymer used in step (i) is selected from styrene-butadiene polymer, polyisoprene or polybutadiene and the polymer used in step (ii) is selected from styrene-butadiene polymer, polyiso-prene, polybutadiene or natural rubber.
13. The process of Claim 11 or 12 wherein the total carbon black to be used is from about 30 to about 80 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of polymer.
14. The process of Claim 11 wherein the polymer used in step (i) is a masterbatch comprising 100 parts by weight of styrene-butadiene polymer, 0 to about 100 parts by weight of oil and from about 30 to about 150 parts by weight of carbon black.
15. The process of Claim 14 wherein said masterbatch comprises 100 parts by weight of styrene-butadiene polymer, from about 25 to about 50 parts by weight of oil and from about 40 to about 80 parts by weight of carbon black.
16. The process of Claims 14 or 15 wherein the polymer used in step (ii) is one of styrene-butadiene polymer, polybutadiene or natural rubber.
Priority Applications (7)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000363667A CA1155268A (en) | 1980-10-31 | 1980-10-31 | Polymer - carbon black mixing |
| US06/289,993 US4395501A (en) | 1980-10-31 | 1981-08-04 | Polymer-carbon black mixing |
| JP56167826A JPS57100042A (en) | 1980-10-31 | 1981-10-20 | Manufacture of vulcanized substance having improved property |
| MX189794A MX158513A (en) | 1980-10-31 | 1981-10-23 | PROCEDURE TO PRODUCE A VULCANIZED THAT HAS IMPROVED PROPERTIES |
| AU76868/81A AU545705B2 (en) | 1980-10-31 | 1981-10-27 | Compounding of rubber with carbon black |
| EP81305116A EP0051450B1 (en) | 1980-10-31 | 1981-10-28 | Polymer-carbon black mixing |
| DE8181305116T DE3173585D1 (en) | 1980-10-31 | 1981-10-28 | Polymer-carbon black mixing |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000363667A CA1155268A (en) | 1980-10-31 | 1980-10-31 | Polymer - carbon black mixing |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1155268A true CA1155268A (en) | 1983-10-18 |
Family
ID=4118306
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000363667A Expired CA1155268A (en) | 1980-10-31 | 1980-10-31 | Polymer - carbon black mixing |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4395501A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0051450B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS57100042A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU545705B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1155268A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3173585D1 (en) |
| MX (1) | MX158513A (en) |
Families Citing this family (25)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZA836674B (en) * | 1982-09-16 | 1984-04-25 | Firestone Tire & Rubber Co | Method for reducing hysteresis in synthetic rubber stocks and rubber articles made therefrom |
| US4451595A (en) * | 1983-01-24 | 1984-05-29 | The B. F. Goodrich Company | Heterogeneous rubber compositions made from chemically similar blends |
| US4455399A (en) * | 1983-01-24 | 1984-06-19 | The B. F. Goodrich Company | Heterogeneous rubber compositions made from chemically similar blends |
| DE3641344A1 (en) * | 1986-12-03 | 1988-06-16 | Hoechst Ag | RUBBER VOLCANISES WITH REDUCED HEAT DEVELOPMENT IN DYNAMIC DEFORMING, METHOD FOR THEIR PRODUCTION AND THEIR USE |
| US4788229A (en) * | 1987-12-07 | 1988-11-29 | The Firestone Tire & Rubber Company | Process, modified rubbers and rubber compositions |
| US5001171A (en) * | 1987-12-07 | 1991-03-19 | Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc. | Process, modified rubbers and rubber compositions |
| JPH02113777U (en) * | 1989-02-28 | 1990-09-12 | ||
| US5599868A (en) * | 1994-04-19 | 1997-02-04 | Bridgestone Corporation | Process for compounding filler materials and polymers and products therefrom |
| EP0717075B1 (en) * | 1994-12-16 | 1999-07-14 | The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd. | Rubber composition, process for producing thereof and use thereof |
| US6075084A (en) * | 1996-04-01 | 2000-06-13 | Cabot Corporation | Elastomer composite blends and methods - II |
| AU2600097A (en) * | 1996-04-01 | 1997-10-22 | Cabot Corporation | Novel elastomer composites, method and apparatus |
| TW360585B (en) | 1996-04-01 | 1999-06-11 | Cabot Corp | Elastomeric compositions and methods and apparatus for producing same |
| US6365663B2 (en) | 1996-04-01 | 2002-04-02 | Cabot Corporation | Elastomer composite blends and methods-II |
| EP1443077A3 (en) * | 1996-04-05 | 2004-10-27 | The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd. | Rubber composition containing carbon black |
| DE69626526T2 (en) * | 1996-06-20 | 2003-11-20 | Yokohama Rubber Co Ltd | METHOD FOR PRODUCING A RUBBER COMPOSITION |
| AU1063099A (en) * | 1997-09-30 | 1999-04-23 | Cabot Corporation | Elastomer composite blends and methods for producing them |
| ATE511969T1 (en) | 1999-04-16 | 2011-06-15 | Cabot Corp | METHOD FOR PRODUCING AND TREATING NEW ELASTOMIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND ELASTOMIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS |
| US20030125474A1 (en) * | 2001-06-27 | 2003-07-03 | Fumito Yatsuyanagi | Rubber composition |
| US7341142B2 (en) | 2001-11-09 | 2008-03-11 | Cabot Corporation | Elastomer composite materials in low density forms and methods |
| CA2426253A1 (en) * | 2003-04-22 | 2004-10-22 | Hurdon A. Hooper | Rubber reduction |
| US20050123759A1 (en) * | 2003-12-04 | 2005-06-09 | Roger Weinberg | Additive-coated resin and method of making same |
| EP1988117A1 (en) | 2007-05-03 | 2008-11-05 | Flexsys America L.P. | Processes for preparing rubber blend compositions |
| CN102275239B (en) * | 2011-06-03 | 2014-03-19 | 特拓(青岛)轮胎技术有限公司 | Rubber mixing system and rubber mixing technology |
| JP5977517B2 (en) * | 2011-12-26 | 2016-08-24 | 株式会社ブリヂストン | Method for producing rubber composition, rubber composition and pneumatic tire using the same |
| EP4215579A1 (en) * | 2022-01-20 | 2023-07-26 | Continental Reifen Deutschland GmbH | Method and device for producing a carbon black mixture for vehicle tyres and vehicle tyre comprising such a carbon black mixture |
Family Cites Families (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB635213A (en) * | 1946-06-24 | 1950-04-05 | Theodore Alcott Tegrotenhuis | Improvements in or relating to heterogeneous plastic compositions and method of making the same |
| US2623024A (en) * | 1951-05-31 | 1952-12-23 | Us Rubber Co | Method of making mixtures of rubbery butadiene-styrene copolymer, hevea rubber, and carbon black |
| NL263649A (en) * | 1960-04-15 | |||
| JPS499092B1 (en) * | 1970-03-11 | 1974-03-01 | ||
| JPS5645936B2 (en) * | 1974-02-18 | 1981-10-29 | ||
| CA1035880A (en) * | 1974-05-07 | 1978-08-01 | Polysar Limited | Filled polystyrene composition |
| CA1043035A (en) * | 1974-06-25 | 1978-11-21 | George J. Briggs | Polymer-oil-black masterbatch |
| US4116909A (en) * | 1976-07-28 | 1978-09-26 | Customcolor, Inc. | Particle and method for dispersing additives in thermoplastic resin |
| CA1100732A (en) * | 1977-10-27 | 1981-05-12 | George J. Briggs | Processing green strength polymers |
| JPS54132646A (en) * | 1978-04-06 | 1979-10-15 | Bridgestone Corp | Rubber composition for tire cord coating |
| US4259218A (en) * | 1979-01-02 | 1981-03-31 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Rubber compositions and method therefor |
| JPS592694B2 (en) * | 1979-02-05 | 1984-01-20 | 日本ゼオン株式会社 | Method for producing rubber composition for tire tread |
| JPS5813090B2 (en) * | 1979-08-24 | 1983-03-11 | 横浜ゴム株式会社 | Method for producing rubber composition for tire tread |
-
1980
- 1980-10-31 CA CA000363667A patent/CA1155268A/en not_active Expired
-
1981
- 1981-08-04 US US06/289,993 patent/US4395501A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1981-10-20 JP JP56167826A patent/JPS57100042A/en active Granted
- 1981-10-23 MX MX189794A patent/MX158513A/en unknown
- 1981-10-27 AU AU76868/81A patent/AU545705B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1981-10-28 EP EP81305116A patent/EP0051450B1/en not_active Expired
- 1981-10-28 DE DE8181305116T patent/DE3173585D1/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU545705B2 (en) | 1985-07-25 |
| MX158513A (en) | 1989-02-09 |
| JPS57100042A (en) | 1982-06-22 |
| DE3173585D1 (en) | 1986-03-06 |
| EP0051450B1 (en) | 1986-01-22 |
| EP0051450A1 (en) | 1982-05-12 |
| US4395501A (en) | 1983-07-26 |
| JPS6365088B2 (en) | 1988-12-14 |
| AU7686881A (en) | 1982-05-06 |
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