CA1165946A

CA1165946A - Cross-linked sodium polyacrylate absorbent composition, method of manufacture therefor and absorbent articles containing same

Info

Publication number: CA1165946A
Application number: CA000366004A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Lawrence R. Parks
Original assignee: Procter and Gamble Co
Current assignee: Procter and Gamble Co
Priority date: 1979-12-26
Filing date: 1980-12-29
Publication date: 1984-04-17
Also published as: US4295987A; JPS56103208A; EP0031628A3; EP0031628A2

Abstract

CROSS-LINKED SODIUM POLYACRYLATE ABSORBENT
COMPOSITION, METHOD OF MANUFACTURE THEREFOR
AND ABSORBENT ARTICLES CONTAINING SAME

ABSTRACT

An absorbent composition is provided that comprises a copolymer of acrylic acid cross-linked with a first cross-linking component comprising a monomer having at least two vinyl groups and a second cross-linking component comprising an ionic divalent cation. Optionally a fourth com-ponent may also be included comprising a monomeric species selected from certain methacrylic derivatives and acrylamide. This composition is preferably mixed with cellulose fibers to enhance wicking in absorbent articles, and is especially useful when incorporated as a powder between two plies of paper to make a two-ply paper towel.

Description

CROSS-LINKED SODIUM POLYACRYLATE
ABSORBENT COMPOSITION, METHOD OF
MANUFACTURE THEREFOR ~ND ABSOR-BENT ARTICLES CONTAINING S~ME
Technical Fïeld -This invention relates to a~sor~ent polymeric compositions, and in particular to ahsorbent polymeric compositions useful in absorbent articles such as household absorbent articles. The compositions can also be used in absorbent structures such as diapers or catamenials.
Background Art In formulating absorbent polymeric materials for use in household absorbent articles it is important that the absorbent material absorb many times its weight in water, that the material not become slimy (i.e., maintain a high viscosity) when it has absorbed the water and not migrate from the article in which it is placed. It is essential that the absorbent material hold the water absorbed under pressure and that the absoxbent material ~aintain its cross-linked polymeric construction and not be dissolved in high pH or low pH cleaning solutions usl_d wi~h cleaning articles.
Super absorbent polymers which absorb ~any times their weight in water and aqueous fluids are known in the art. When such ~ 25 prior art polymers have effectively absorbed many times their ;~ weight of water, however, they become slimy to the touch or become so fluid as to migrate away from their point o~
application.
The background art teaches a variety of polymeric absorbent materials. U.S. Patent No. 4,090,013 issued to Ganslaw et al. on May 16, 1978 teaches a water absorbent polymer for use in absorbent diapers or dressings. The absorbent in Ganslaw is a three component polymer having a long chain neutralized polyacrylic acid polyelectrolyte;
1 35 chain extenders of di-functional monomers such as allyl -~, methacrylate; and trivalent metal cations complexing and ' crosc-linking the long chain polyelectrolytes.

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Compositions using zinc are taught in the Background Art: U.S. Patent No. 3,959,237 issued to Blank on May 25, 1976 U.S. Patent NoO 4,066,584 issued to Allen on January 3, 1978; and U.S. Patent No. 3,404,134 issued to Rees on October 1, 1968.
British Patent No. 869,333 of Rohm ~ Haas Company~
published on May 31, 1961, discloses acrylic polymers cross-linked with divalent calcium ions added as calcium acetate and alkali metal salt of methacrylic or acrylic acid.

Use of vinyl cross-linking agents is taught in U.S.
Patent No. 3,157,623 issued to Braun on November 17, 1964.
Use of triethylene glycol dimethylacrylate as a cross-linking ' compound to increase gel viscosity in ethyl acrylate polymers lS is taught in the article by Stephen L. Rosen, "So~e Rheological Properties of a Linear-Gel Polymer System", No. 7, APPLIED POLYMER SYMPOSIA, 127-141 ~1968~. `
Absorbent articles containing an absorbent polymer are taught in U.S. Patent No. 3,686,024 issued to Nankee et al.
20 on August 22, 1972 and U.S. Patent No. 3,366,582 issued to Adams et al on January 30, 1968.
Grafting of acrylic acid to cellulose is taught in U.S. Patent No. 3,457,198 issued to Sobolov on July 22, 1969.
Summary of the Invention The absorbent composition of the present invention comprises acrylic acid cross-linked with a first cross-linking component comprising a monomer having at least two vinyl groups and a second cross-linking component comprising an ionic divalent cation.
The composition of the current invention can include a copolymer which contains up to 50~ by weight of a second monomer selected from the group consisting of methacrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl me~hacrylate, acrylamïde, and acrylic acid esteri~Ied with a primary alcohol containing from 1 to about 9 carbon atoms (hereinafter called acrylic esters).

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Also disclosed herein is a process to make the above-mentioned absorbent composition o~ matter. A
container is supplied with a ~irst mixture of acrylic acid;
a cross-linking monomer having at least two vinyl groups;
a polymeri~ation initiator; and ~ater. The contents of the container are mixed in a nitrogen atmosphere at 40C-80C for approximately one hour to yield a first mixture. The first mixture is maintained at 40~C 80C
for approximately two hours and is subsequently neutral-ized to yield a second mixture. An ionic divalent cationis added to the second mixture and mixed to yield a composition of the current invention.
Also disclosed herein is an absorbent device having a carrier means, such as a sheet of paper, and an absorbent composition applied to the carrier means comprising a copolymer of acrylic acid cross-linked with a first cross-linking component comprising a monomer having at least two vinyl groups and the second cross-linking component comprising an ionic divalent cation.
Description One aspect of this invention is an absor~ent composition or, as described her~einafter, an absorbent copolymer.
The absorbent copolymer of this invention comprises acrylic acid, a cross-linking monomer, and a ~; cross-linking agentO The absorbent copolymer can contain other optional monomeric species.
Preferably, acrylic acid comprises from about 47 to about 90% by weight of the absorbent copolymer and most preferably from about 85 to about 90% by weight.
The cross-linking monomer must include at least two vinyl groups within the molecule. Specific examples of suitable cross-linking monomers include the more water soluble diacrylates such as, for example, ethylene glycol diacrylate and tetraethylene glycol diacrylate ~, ~`' ' .

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as well as diacrylamides such as, for example, methylene-bis-diacrylamide. The cross-linking monomer is present in the absorbent copolymer at from about 1 to about 35%
~y weight of the copolymer, preferably from a~out 1 to about 15~.
The cross-linking agent is a divalent cation.
Examples of suitable divalent cations include zinc, strontium, and barium~ In practice, the divalent cation is incorporated into the absorbent copolymer through the agency of a salt such as, for example, an acetate. The divalent cation is present in the absorbPnt copolymer at a level of from about 3 to about 30% by weight of the copolymer, and preferably from about 6 to about 25%
by weight.
The optional monomeric species is selected from the group consisting of methacrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, acrylamide, esters of methacrylic acid having the following formula:
CH = CH - C - O - (C~ ) CH3 wherein p has a value of from 0 to 8, and mixtures thereof. The optional monomeric species may be present ~-~ at levels up to about 50~ by weight of the absorbent ~` copolymer. Preferably, the absorbent copolymer does not contain any optional monomeric species.
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In a preferred embodiment, the acid groups of the absoxbent copolymer have been neutralized, preferably with alkali metal hydroxide and ~ost preferably ~ith sodium hydroxide.
In a preferxed embodiment, the absorbent copolymer comprises from about 86 to about 89% acrylic acid, from about 1 to about 2% tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, and from about 10 to about 12% zinc divalent cation. The preferred absorbent copolymer has a molecular weight of from about lQ,000 to about 10,000,000 and preferably from about 250tO00 to about 500,000.

In an especially preferred embodiment, the absorbent copolymer can be represented by the structural formula:
~H H ~ H H ~H H ~ ~H H
tl f~l Itl l~tl I J
C=O n H C=O H C=O m H C=O n Na-O I I O-Na ~ 10 ~

C=O C=O

~ /H H ~
_--C --C C--C ~ C -- C- -C-- C _ ~H ¦ ~ I H H H 1 H ~ n : ~' C=O C=O
O-Na O-Na wherein n is from about 100 to about 500, m is approximately 1 to about 30, and A is a divalent cation selected from the group consisting of zinc, calcium, strontium, barium, and mixtures thereof.
The structure of the formula above is an exemplary embodiment having a structure that is

2 weight percent tetraethylene glycol diacrylate and yielding a structure having n=500 and m=30.
The composition disclosed herein absorbs large amounts of liquid without experiencing gel blocking.
Gel blocking occurs when particles absorb liquid on their surface and swell to prevent passage of liquid into the center of the particle for additional absorption. The divalent cation cross-linker binds - the long chain acrylic acid polymers to prevent the surface swelling which impedes absorption.

In the preferred embodiment, the divalent cation is zinc. Zinc acetate dihydrate is added at a level of 20 to 45 weight percent of the copolymer and preferably 35 to 40 weight percent of the copolymer. When zinc acetate dihydrate is added, zinc will itself comprise 6 to 30 weight percent of the copolymer and preferably 10 to 12 weight percent of the copolymer.
The compo~ition disclosed herein can be made by the following method. The following materials are placed in a nitrogen atmosphere in a one liter reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, condenser and maintained at a temperature of 40-80C. in a water bath: a~rylic acid; 0 to 50% by weight of the total polymer of a fourth component selected from the group consisting of methacrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, acrylamide, and acrylic esters with methyl to nonyl ester groups; a divinyl monomer, such as tetraethylene glycol diacrylate;
a polymerization initiator such as potassium persulfate;
and water~ The contents of the vessel are stirred by the stirrer for about one hour unt:il a thick gel forms as a first mixture. Polymerization continues without stirring or approximately two hours at 40-80C. After three hours of total reaction time, the gelatinous product is removed from the reaction vessel and placed in a blender.
The gel is blended with a solution of sodium hydroxide and water to form a second solution that is substantially neutralized. After about thirty minutes, a solution of a divalent cation cross-linker and water is blended and reacted with the second mixture in the blender to yield a third mixture. The third mixture is then dehydrated with excess methanol until a firm solid is formed. This ~` solid is dried in a vacuum oven at 60C. until dry (about 8 hours for 25 gm~O
In the process to make the composition disclosed herein, gel stifness of the final product can be varied by varying amount and type of divinyl cross-linker used.

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In the most preferred embodiment of the in~ention, a 2 weight percent level o~ divinyl cross-linker is preferred to reduce the cost of cross-linker needed and to produce a so~t, easily handled gel.
An example of the process to make the preferred composition disclosed herein is seen in Example I below.
EXAMPLE I
-The following materials were placed in a nitrogen atmosphere in a one lïter reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, condenser and nitrogen inlet held in a water bath at 60C.:
18.75g acrylic acid 0.375g tetraethylene glycol diacrylate O.lg potassium persulfate ]70.0g water The contents of the reaction vessel were mixed by the stirrer for one hour to yield a first mixture. The first mixture was then allowed to sit as polymerization continued for two hours without mixing. After three hours of total reaction time, the gelatinous product formed was removed to a blender and neutralized by adding a solution of 20.85g of 50% sodium hydroxide in 25 ml. of water to yield a second mixture. After blending the second mixture for thirty minut~s, a solution of 18.75g of zinc acetate dihydrate in 100 ml.
of water, was blended with the second mixture in the blender to yield a third mixture. The contents in the blender were mixed yielding a final product which was dehydrated with one gallon (3.785 liters~ of 100%
methanol which prcduced a solid. The solid was dried in a vacuum oven at 60Co for about eight hours.
In the above noted process, the second mixture can be washed, dried and stored. The second mixture can then be reswollen by addiny water and the divalent cation cross-linker mixed in to yield the composition described herein.

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The compo~ition disclosed herein can ~e made with different divalent cations or mixtures thereof. The divalent cation cross-linker that is the component of this composition may be zinc, calcium, strontium, barium or mixtures thereof.
Calcium can be used as a divalent cation when mixed with the polymer as calcium acetate. In an embodiment of the invention in which the copolymer has the structure set out above and calcium is the divalent cation A, calcium comprises 3 to 8 weight percent and preferably 6 to 7 weight percent of the copolymer.
Strontium can also be used as the divalent cation A in the above structural formula. When strontium is used as a divalent cross-linker, it comprises from ~ to 18 weight percent and preferably 10 to 16 weight percent of the copolymer. Strontium is added to the copolymer as a strontium acetate at 19 to 42 weight percent and prefer-ably 24 to 38 weight percent of the copolymer.
Barium can also be the divalent cation used in khe composition disclosed herein as the cross-linker A
in the structural formula above. When bari~m is used as a divalent cation in the compos:ition, it comprises 12 to 28 weight percent and preferably 16 to 25 weight percent of the copolymer. Barium is added to the polymer as ~5 barium acetate at 22 to 52 wei~ht percent and preferably 30 to 46 weight percent of the copolymer.
In another embodiment of the composition disclosed herein ground cellulose pulp is added to the absorbent composition disclosed herein. The added cellulose pulp unctions as both an absorbent and a wicking aid to draw water into the center of the absorbent composition. The use o ground pulp improves overall copolymer efficiency by distributing liquid for absorption within the composition itself.

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The composition disclosed herein can be used in any application wherein a highly absorbent material is required to absorb liquids without becoming slimy. Because of the low cost of the composition of the current invention, it is particularly desirable for use in disposable absorbent products.
The composition disclosed herein is particularly useful when combined in a cleaning article. The composition of the current invention is well adapted to be used in a cleaning article used with a cleaning fluid having a high pH solution. The composition dis-closed herein is not appreciably soluble in solutions having a pH from as low as 1 to as high as 14. The ` acrylic acid cross-linked with the divinyl cross-linkers i5 not pH sensitive because the divinyl cross-linkers are not affected by a high pH solution. Therefore, ; articles used with a cleaning fluid incorporating the compositions of the current in~ention are particularly useful as the absorbent composition will not ~reak down or solubilize to migrate out of the article onto the surface being cleaned.
When the composition is combined in a towel, the ' towel will absorb more liquid, at a faster rate and will hold the liquid better under pressure than a towel not containing the composition.
A preferred embodiment of a paper towel incorporating the absorbent composition disclosed herein is a two ply paper towel with a powdered absorbent composition contained and secured in place between two plies of paper. A method to construct a towel containing ~` the absorbent composition is to apply powdered absorbent composition to a first ply of paper by any of the following means: grinding the composition into a powder and air laying the composition on a paper sheet placed across the inlet of a vacuum box; grinding the absorbent ~, .

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composition into a powder and shaking the powder on a moving ply of paper from a shaking trough; grinding the composition into a powder and applying powder to the first ply of paper through a grooved or perforated roll;
or any other conventional means used to apply a powdered substance to a sheet of paper. An agent for bonding together paper sheets is then applied to the first ply of paper either along with the powdered composition or applied directly to the first ply and will hold the second ply to the first ply with a powdered composition therebetween. The second ply of paper is then applied on top of the first ply of paper with the powdered composition therebetween and bonded by conventional means to the first ply.
In a less preferred embodiment, the powdered absorbent composition disclosed herein is applied to a single ply of paper in a moistened form. Upon drying, the absorbent will adhere to the single ply.
An example of a process to make the paper towel containing the absorbent composition disclosed herein is described below~
EXAMPLE II
An eleven inch square (70.97 cm ) first sheet of tissue paper made according to the method taught in U.S. Patent No. 3,301,746 issued to Sanford et al. on January 31t 1967 having a basis weight of l6 pounds per 3,000 square eet (7.2Kg per 276 square meters) was placed on a screen on top of a vacuum source and a current o~ air was drawn through the sheet. A
bonding agent, 0.75 gms. of polyethylene fibers (I'Crown 2ellerbach E790"* available from Crown Zellerbach Corp., San Francisco, California), was added to the air stream and the fibers were equally distributed onto the surface of the paper sheet.

*Trademark S~`$

The above described absorbent composition can be dried and mixed with 20 to 50% cellulose pulp ibers.
The resulting pulp-polymer mîxture is subsequently ground to pass through a 40 mesh screen.
Next, 0.25 grams o-f the powdered pulp-polymer composition is added to the air stream and subsequently deposited by the air stream on the surface of the ~irst paper sheet. A second sheet of the same paper was superimposed over the first sheet to enclose and secure the polymer powder and polyethylene fibers between the two sheets. The two plies were sealed together by pressing them between the heated platens of a hydraulic press. The heated platens had matching diamond-shaped patterns which melted the polyethylene fibers along the lines of the diamonds. The platens were heated to a temperature of 300F ~149C~ and applied a pressure of 2,000 PSI gage (140.69 Kg/cm2) to the sheets therebetween. The two plies were secured together by the melted polyethylene fibers. The resulting product was a two ply towel having a layer of absorbent polymer therebetween.
In the above disclosed two-ply embodiment of the paper towel containing the composition disclosed here-in, the plies of paper act as both an absorbent and a carrier for the absorbent composition. It is most desirable to have the absorbent composition carried on a paper rather than being incorporated in a fibrous paper structure, such as a towel paper matrix. In such a system, the most desirable operating characteristics in an absorbent composition-towel system results when :` ~
` there is the least physical interaction between the absorbent composition and the fibers of the paper sheets. Intermixing of cellulose fibers of a paper substrate and wet polymers which are subsequently dried result in a combination of the absorbent polymer tightly i5~

wrapped around the cellulose fiber of the paper. In a system with the polymer wrapped around the fiber, the polymer is impeded in its ability to absorb water and expand resulting in a product with a relatively low rate of absorption, although yielding a high final absorbed volume of a~ueous solutions. A lower rate of absorption would make a polymer system undesirable on a towel because the ra~e of absorption would be too slow for the use intended. However, such a product would be useful in a device wherein a slow absorption rate is acceptable~ i.e., catamenials.
A paper towel containing the new compositions disclos~d herein shows improved per~ormance in that it picks up significantly more water than a paper with-out the absorbent composition. Spill wipe-up (water) data shown in Table I illustrates the increased absorbency of a towel containing the composition dis-closed herein. In Table I, TCV is a "Task Completion Volume" which measures the amount of water wiped up by a towel before leaving a visible amount of water on a given surface after wiping. In the method of measuring TCV, 10 cc of water is poured on a resin saturated cellulose surface such as "Formica" ("Formica" is a trademark of Formica Corporation, 120 E. Fourth Street, Cincinnati, Ohio) and wiped up with a dry two ply paper towel being tested. In~rements of 2.5 cc of water are then added and wiped up until the towel becomes wet and leaves visible wet streaks on the surface such that it will no longer wipe the surface ; 30 dry. The amount of water picked up before streaking is TCV.
The absorbent composition in the towel is sodium polyacrylate cross-linked with 2% by weight tetra-ethylene glycol diacrylate and 12% by weight zinc.
` ~ 35 The amount of absorbent composition in the towel is ~, .

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"Absorbent Composition in the Sheet" of Table I.
TABLE I

Absorbent Composition in the Sheet (Grams) TCV(cc~
0 ~Blank) 20 0.075 22.5 0.150 27.5 0.225 27.5 0.300 30.0 la 0.450 32.5 The increased absorbency of a paper towel containing the composition disclosed herein is illustrated in Table II. Table II shows the increase in the Vertical Full Sheet Absorption (VFS) resulting from the increased amounts of the absorhent composition in a two ply paper towel.
The Vertical Full Sheet Absorption Test determines the amount of water absorbed by a two ply paper towel in carefully controlled measuring conditions.
The towel contains given amounts of the absorbent composition comprising sodium polyacrylate., 2~ by ; weight of tetraethylene glyco:L diacrylate and 12% by ~ weight zinc. The amount of the absorbent composition `~ contained in the two-ply towel is listed in the column entitled "Absorbent Composition in the Sheet". The towel is measured to determine its dry weight. The towel is then placed horizontally on a rack and held in place by loose netting on either side to prevent floating of the towel. The towel and rack are then lowered horizontally into a reservoir of distilled water for a period of 30 seconds. The towel is then removed from the water and allowed to drain horizontally for 160 seconds, shifted to a vertical position and allowed to drain for an additional 60 seconds. The ~5~

wet towel is removed and weighed to determine the amount of water retained. The VFS Absorption was measured for two separate two ply towel samples. The results are listed in the columns entitled "Sample 1" and "Sample 2".
The test results show that the towels containing the ~ost absorbent composition held the most water.
TABLE II
Absorbent Composition in VFS Absorption (Grams) the Sheet (Grams) Sample 1 Sample 2 0 (Blank) 35.9 36.3 0.1 41.7 39.4 0.~ 42.7 41.6 0.3 44.4 46.4 O n 4 46.1 44.4 0.6 50.5 46.6 The absorbent composition disclosed herein can be applied to other absorbent articles including, but not limited to: Catamenial devices, disposable diapers, incontinent briefs, or bedliners. The absorbent composition will work in any article used to absorb large amounts of liquid and hold them under pressure. In catamenials, the absorbent composition would be located in an absorbent core. In disposable diapers or in incontinent briefs, the composition disclosed herein may be incorporated into the absorbent core between a topsheat and a backsheet to absorb and hold liquid, i.e., hody extrudates, under pressure.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the composition and articles of this invention have been described with refexence to exemplary embodiments and that variations and modifications can be effected in the described embodiments without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.

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Claims

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:

1. An absorbent composition comprising a cross-linked acrylic polymer characterized in that the acrylic polymer is an acrylic acid copolymer and in that the composition comprises from about 1% to about 35% by weight of a first cross-linking component composed of a monomer having at least two vinyl groups and from about 3% to about 30% by weight of a second cross-linking component composed of an ionic divalent cation.

2. An absorbent composition according to claim 1 characterized in that the acrylic acid is neutralized with an alkali metal hydroxide.

3. An absorbent composition according to claim 1 or claim 2 characterized in that the first cross-linking component comprises from 1% to 15% by weight of the copolymer of a water soluble diacrylate or of a diacrylamide.

4. An absorbent composition according to claim 1 or claim 2 characterized in that the ionic divalent cation is a metal selected from zinc in an amount of from 6% to 30%, calcium in an amount of from 3% to 8%, strontium in an amount of from 8% to 18%, barium in an amount of from 12% to 28%, said amounts being by weight of the composition.

5. An absorbent composition according to claim 1 or claim 2 characterized in that it has the formula:

where n is approximately 100-500, m is approximately 1-30 and A is selected from the group consisting of zinc, calcium, barium, strontium, or mixtures thereof.

6. An absorbent composition according to claim 1 or claim 2 characterized in that the copolymer contains up to 50%, by weight of the copolymer, of a fourth component selected from methacrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, acrylamide, acrylic esters and mixtures of any of the foregoing.

7. An absorbent composition according to claim 1 or claim 2 characterized in that the copolymer has cellulosic fibers mixed therewith.

8. An absorbent composition according to claim 1 or claim 2 characterized in that it is in powdered form.

9. A process for making an absorbent composition, comprising a cross-linked acrylic polymer, said composition being in accordance with claim 1, characterized in that it comprises the steps of (a) forming a first mixture comprising acrylic acid, a cross-linking monomer containing at least two vinyl groups, potassium persulfate and water, (b) agitating said mixture under a nitrogen atmosphere for one hour at a temperature in the range 40°C-80°C, (c) holding said mixture for a further two hours without agitation at a temperature in the range 40°C-80°C, d) neutralizing said first mixture to yield a second mixture, and (e) adding ionic divalent cation to said second mixture and mixing to form a third mixture.

10. An absorbent device characterized in that it comprises a carrier in combination with an absorbent composition according to claim 1.

11. An absorbent device according to claim 10 wherein the carrier comprises a paper towel composed of one or more plies.

12. An absorbent device according to claim 10 wherein the carrier comprises a catamenial device.

13. The process as claimed in claim 9 wherein the cross-linking monomer is selected from the group consisting of tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate and diacrylamide.

14. The process claimed in claim 9 wherein the ionic divalent cation is selected from the group consisting of zinc, calcium, barium, strontium and mixtures thereof.

15. The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein said first mixture includes a second monomer selected from the group consisting of methacrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, acrylamide, and mixtures thereof.