CA1166358A

CA1166358A - Bank switchable memory system

Info

Publication number: CA1166358A
Application number: CA000396253A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Carl J. Nielsen
Original assignee: Atari Inc
Current assignee: Atari Inc
Priority date: 1981-05-07
Filing date: 1982-02-15
Publication date: 1984-04-24
Also published as: AU8094482A; JPS59112352A; US4368515A; EP0064801A3; JPS57198590A; EP0064801A2

Abstract

BANK SWITCHABLE MEMORY SYSTEM

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A decoding circuit is coupled to the signal lines that communicate address signals to a memory unit. When a predetermined address is communicated, the decoding circuit produces a supplemental signal that is coupled to the memory unit and used to select one of a plurality of groups of memory locations. The communicated address signals specify the memory location of the selected group to be accessed.

Description

5 ~

BANK SWITCHABLE MEMORY SYSTEM

REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENTS
This application is generally related to subject matter of the type shown in U.S. Patent No. 4,12~,422, en-titled Method and Apparatus for Generating Moving Objects on a Video Display Screen issued September 15, 1978 to Mayer et al. The Mayer et al. patent describes a microprocessor and associated game console electronics for ~enerating sig-nals used to control the position and movement of images ofobjects on the display screen of a video game.
BACK~ROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention generally relates to digital sys-tems that use a fixed number of signal ines or communi-cating addresses to a digital memory element, or other digital storage device having a plurality of addressable memory locations, and more particularly to an apparatus and method that increases the number of available addresses capable of being used to address the memory element.
Recent electronic advances, particularly in the digital arts, have witnessed a proliferation of a wide var-iety of digital systems, from large scale æystems incorpo-rating a number of processing units to consumer goods incor-porating microprocessors. On the consumer side, ~or ex-ample, the TV game industry has for some time been producing video games for home use that incorporate microprocessors to maintain and control game play operation.
One form of such a video game currently enjoying substantial popularity today includes a console unit con-taining the microprocessor and other electronic circuitrythat receives player input information from player manipu lated elements ~i.e., paddles, joysticks, and the like) and generates electronic signals that are used to drive a TV
display unit. The game consol~ is provided with a recep-tacle that removably receives an inexpensive cartridge. Thecartridge contains an electronic microcircuit, including a read-ollly-memory (ROM) that stores the pxogram of the video ~ :T fi~358 game to be played. With a plurality of such interchangeable cartridges, a player can program the microproce~sor of the video game to execute any one of a large selection of video games.
One of the potential problems with any digital system and one which has specifically developed in the video game industxy, resides in the limit of the addressable memory space of the system, i.e., the number of individually addressable memory locations which can be uniquely addressed by the processor unit. This limit is related to the number of signal lines used to make up the address bus that con~
ducts address signals to the memory space. For example, the video game type referred to above couples a portion of the system's address bus, consisting of 12 signal lines, via appropriate wiring and a connector plug to the ROM of the microcircuit contained in the cartridge. This provides for a maximum of 212 or 4,096 uniquely addressable ROM memory locations for containing the pro~ram instructions used by the microprocessor to define the video game. As experience is gained, and programming technique improves, it has become desirable to increase the number of addressable memory loca-tions in individual cartridges. However, conventional addressing technigues are limited by the number of addrass signal lines available at the game console/cartridge connector.
Accordin~ly, it is desirable to increase the number of addressable memory locations without changing the number of address signal lines in the current connector.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a bank switching memory and method for increasing the number of individual addres~ locations that can ~e addressed in a digital system.
The present invention expands the available memory space beyond that capable of being addressed by a conventional addressing having a unique memory loca~ion associated with a unique address. Specifically, the invention is used to expand the number of ROM memory locations contained in the ~ 'J5~

game cartridge of a video game system without re~uiring additional address lines.
According to ~l-e ~r~nt inventioll, supplemenlai address decode logic is coupled between the address bus and 5 the memory element. The address decode logic monitors the address signals communicated on the address bus and, when a preselected address is detected, a selection signal is generated. The selection signal is applied to the address circuit of the ROM, together with the address bus, pref-erably as the most significant bit (MSB) of the address.This selection signal is terminated in response to the detection of another preselected address. Thus, an existing binary system having an address bus limited to N signal lines for addressing a maximum of 2N memory locations is now capable of addressing 2N 1 memory locations.
In the preferred embodiment of the present inven-tion, the address decode logic includes a flip-flop which has applied to its set/reset inputs thereof pulses generated when corresponding ones of the selected addresses are de-tacted to latch the occurrence of the pulses. The output o~the flip-flop forms the selection signal. A first pre-determined address is communicated on the address bus to set the flip-flop, designating one portion of ~le 2N 1 ROM
memory locations to be accessed by the signals communicated on the address bus, and a second predetermined address signal causes the flip-flop to be reset, designating the other portion of the 2N~l ROM memory locations to be addressed.
The preferred e~bodiment of the invention, includ-ing the program ROM with which it operates, is incorporatedin a single microcircuit "chip" that is mounted within the video game cartridge. By supplementing the program ROM
contained in video game cartridges, existing video game apparatus can be programmed for more complex video games;
existing video games can be improved to operate faster; and cartridges can be made to contain a greater number of indi-vidual games. These are merely some of the advantages that flow from increasing ~he memory space available for storing ~3~ 3 the microinstructions used to direct microprocessor control of the game.
~ oweveL, the prese}lt invention need not be iimiteu to increasing the number of program ROM memory locations in an alternative embodiment. The microcircuit chip housed within the cartridge can be structured to include the pro-gram ROM and a random-access~memory (RAM), the invention being used to select which memory (i.e., program ROM or RA~) will be accessed, as well as generate the read/write signal required by RAM. Thereby, an existing system can be pro-vided with additional RAM memory as needed. As will be seen, the concept can be expanded to provide additional addressing capability for increased program memory space.
The preferred embodiment of the invention is set forth in detail in the following description which, when read in ConjUnGtiOn with the accompanying drawing, will make evident additional objects, features and advantages o the present invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a game cartridge containing a microcircuit constructed in accordance with the present invention and a g~me console for receiving the car-tridge;
Fig. 2 is a block diagram o a game console and a cartridge constructed in accordance with the present invention;
Figs. 3, 4 and 5 are block diagrams of preferred embodiments of the invention; and Fig. 6 is one example of a detailed schematic diagram demonstrating one implementation of portions of the circuit shown in Fig. 5.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a commercial video game system that includes a cartridge 10 which is designed to be removably inserted in a socket 12 of a g~me console 14. The cartridge is portable and contains a circuit board 16 which carries an electronic microcircuit 18. Circuit board 16 includes a connector portion 20 with a number of ~ 3 ~358 printed circuit leads 24 thereon that establish electrical connection between the microcircuit 18 carried by the cir-cuit board 16 and a connector contained within console 14.
Referring to Fig. 2, the electronics housed within console 14 is schematically illustrated as including a microprocessor unit (MPU) 30 which functions to maintain game play control over game electronics 32. Communication between MPU 30 and game electronics 32 is established via a conventional 8-bit data bus 36 and a 12-bit address bus 38.
Specifically, MPU 30 and game electronics 32 comprise appa-ratus for generating moving objects for a video game display as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,122,422 entitled "Method and Apparatus for Generating Moving Objects on a Video Display Screen, issued September 5, 1989 to Mayer et al.
Fig. 2 also illustrates the microcixcuit that is housed within ~artridge 18 including a read-only-memory (ROM) 40 which contains the program instructions used to direct operation of MPIJ 30. Data output lines 42 of ROM 40 are electrically connected to data bus 36 by connector leads 22a on connector 20. Similarly, 12-bit address bus 38 is electrically coupled to address circuit 46 of program ROM 40 via 12 connector leads 22b.
The 12 address signal l:ines 44 are also conducted to a supplemental addressing circuit, including an address decode logic 48. Address decode logic 48 is coupled to DECODE A and DECODE B signal lines that are connected to the set (S) and reset (RST) inputs of a flip-flop 50 respective-ly. The Q output of flip-flop 50 is coupled to an address circuit 46 of ROM 40 via a signal line 52, where it combines with the 12 address signal lines 44 to become a 13th address line for addressing ROM 40.
ROM 40 is accessed by address signals generated by MPU 30. These address signals are conducted on signal line 44 to address circuits 46 of ROM 40 where they are supple-mented with the signal conducted from the Q output of flip-flop 50 on signal line 52. The Q output signal generated by the flip-flop 50 functions as the most significant bit (MSB) ~r ~ I $~3~

of a 13-bit address formed to designate a memory location of the ROM 40. Stated differently, and as illustrated in Fig.

2, the supplementary siyrlal geilerateu by the f11P-L1OP 5G
divid2s the memory locations of the ROM 40 into two identi-fiable groups: group ~ and group B. Group A consists ofthose memory locations addressable by the address signals that are communicated on the address signal lines 44 when the Q output of the flip-flop 50 is a logic ZERO; group B
consists os those memory locations that are addressed when the Q output of the flip flop 50 is a logic ONE.
Selection between these two groups of memory loca-tions contained in ROM 40 is effected by designating a pair of the 12 bit addresses 5hereinafter address A and address B) as addresses that will cause address decode logic 48 to generate signals that are conducted on the DECODE A or DECODE B signal lines respectively. Thus, assuming that the Q output of the flip-flop 50 is a logic ZERO, the 12-bit addresses conducted to the address circuit 46 of the ROM 40 will access those memory locations associated with this condition of flip-flop 50, that is, group A. Each 12-bit address conducted on the address signal lines 44 is also ap-plied to the address decode logic 48 which determines whether the presently conducted address is address A or address B. If not, the address decode logic 48 remains inactive and no signals are conducted on the DECODE A and DECODE B signal lines, leaving flip-flop 50 in its present state.
If, however, it is desired to access one of the group B memory locati.ons, address B is conducted on the address signal lines 44. The address decode logic 48 decodes the address and issues on the DECODE B signal line a pulse that is appli~d to the S input of the flip-flop 50, setting the 1ip-flop and causing the Q output to become a logic O~E. All 12-bit addresses conducted thereafter on the signal lines 44 will cause those memory locations associated with this present state of flip-flop 50 to be accessed, i,e., the me~ory locations of group B, until address B is .3~ 58 conducted to the ROM 40, switching flip-flop 50 and ac-cessing the alternate group of memory locations.
Similarly, once flip-flop 50 lS ~et to address group B memory locations, address decode logic 48 will gen-erate a DECODE A signal in response ~o address A appearingon the address signal lines which will reset flip-flop 50, set the Q output to a logical one and result in the addres-sing at GROUP A memory locations.
The addresses that are applied to the address circuit 46 will cause the contents of the selected memory location of the ROM 40 to appear on the data oukput lines 42. From there, the contents are communicated to the data bus 36 in the game console 14 via connector leads 22a.
Typically, in many commercially available memory devices, both ROM and random-access-memory (kAM~ are pro-vided with a chip select (CS) pin that allows the particular memory device chip to be selected or deselected, as desired.
Many embodiments of these types of memory devices incorpo-rate the CS input in combination with tri-state data output circuitry, allowing the output li:nes of two or more such devices to be connected in paralllel. Referring to Fig. 3, where like elements are given the same numeral designations as those used in Fig. 2, an alternate embodiment of the present invention utilizing such memory devices is illus-trated. As Fig. 3 i.llustrates, a ~OM 40A i5 supplementedwith a supplemental memory 40B (which could be either ROM or RAM), and carried by the circuit board 16 within the car-tridge 10 ~Fig. 1). The data output lines 42~ and 42B from the ROM 40A and supplemental memory 40B, respectively, are connected in paxallel and to the data lines 42. Address signal lines 44 are conducted to the address circuits (not shown in Fig. 3) of both the ROM 40A and supplemental memory 40B, and, as in Fig. 2, to the addres~ decode logic 48. In turn, address decode logic 48 is coupled to the S and RST
inputs of the flip-flop 50 by the DECODE A and DECODE B
signal lines, also as in Fig. 2~ The Q and Q outputs of the flip-flop 50 are respectively connected to the CS inputs of ? 3 6~5~

the ROM 40A and the supplemental memory 40B by the signal lines 52A and 52B.
In the em~odiment of Pi5. ~, memo~y locations are physically di~ided into two physical groups: One group of memory locatlons resides in ROM 40A, the other in supple-mental memory 40B. Selection between which of two devices is accessed is made ~as with the embodiment of Fig. 2), by designating two addresses to be communicated to cause the address decode logic 48 to issue output signals on the 10 DECODE A or B signal lines corresponding to the received adress. For example, a predetermined address A1 is selected to cause the flip-flop 50 to be set. In turn, the Q output of the flip-flop 50 becomes a logic ONE and the Q output a logic ZERO. The respective outputs of the flip-flop 50 are conducted t:o the respective CS inputs of the ~OM 40A and the supplemental memory 40B, selecting the data from ROM 40A to be conducted to the output lines 42A, and deselecting the supplemental memory 40B. Alternately, appearance of the predetermined address B on address signal lines 44 will cause the address decode logic 48 to issue a signal on the signal line DECODE B to reset the flip-flop 50, causing the Q and Q outputs of the flip-flop to reverse their binary states, selecting supplemental memory 40B and deselecting ROM 40A as the accessed memory device.
It sh~uld be evident that ~he invention need not be limited to selecting between one of only two portions of a designated memory space. Rather, three or more prede-termined addresses can be designated for selection of a corresponding number of memory location groups by expanding the address decode logic 48 and the required number of flip-flops.
~ ig. 4 illustrates an expanded version of the embodiment of Fig. 3~ with some modification. ~ere, in Fig. 4, a number of memory devices, memories A-M, are pro-vided, having their respective data output lines 58A-58M
connected in parallel and to the output lines 42. The ad-dress signal lines 44 are coupled to the address circuits (not shown) of each of the memories A-M and to an address

3 ~ ~3 decode logic 60 that monitors the address signals communi-cated on the address signal lines ~4. In response to detec-~ion of one of the predeiermined addresses, de~ignated select one of the memories A-M for access, the address decode logic 60 will generate a pulse signal that is con~
ducted on one of the signal lines SELECT A-SELECT M to a latch network 62. Latch network 62, which may be in the form of a plurality of flip-flops, one for each of the signal lines SELECT A-SELECT M, temporarily stores the received signal until a different signal is received from the address decode logic 60. The output lines 64a-64m are respectively connected to the chip select (CS) inputs of the memories A-M.
In operation, address signals are conducted on the address signal lines 44 and applied to the respective memory circuits of memories A-M. Data from the memory location designated by the address will appear on that set of data output lines 58A-58M corresponding to the memory selected by its CS input. Only one of the memories A-M will generally be selected at any one time and, therefore, a chip SELECT
signal will generally only be present on one of the signal lines 64a-64m at any moment in time. Selection of the particular memory A-M is effected basically as described with respect to Figs. 2 and 3: predetermined addresses corresponding to the memories A-M are conducted on the signal lines 44 to cause the address decode logic to issue a pulse on one of the SELECT A-SELECT M signal lines. The generated pulse i5 received by the latch network 62, cor-respondingly causing a chip select to be conducted on only one of the signal lines 64a-64m to the CS input of the memory A-M ~orresponding to the decoded predetermined address.
It is well known in this art that, due to propaga-tion delays and other factors inherent in electronic cir-cuitry, changes in the address signal received by theaddress decode logic 48 (FigsO 2 and 3) or the address decode lo~ic 60 (Fig. 4) do not change simul~aneously. That is, ~he changes of state that occur on the individual ones of the signal lines may lead or lag one another so that during such transitions, addresses may momentarily appear that are n^t intend2d. Ac~o dir.gl~-, som2 plO-~-iSiO.. ~.ust ke made in order to prevent the address decode logic in ques-tion from erroneously reacting to these transitional signalsto inadvertently cause unwanted memory locations to be accessed. One method of preventing such erroneous action i~
to make the decoding process synchronous; that is, for example, the DECODE A~DECODE B (Figs. 2 and 3) or the SELECT
A-SELECT M (Fig. 4) signal could be gated b~ a clock signal.
However, this would necessitate a clock signal line for communicating the clock signal to the respectlve address decode logic. Thus, Fig. ~ illustrates yet another way of preventing such spurious signals.
Fig. 5 is a block diagram of yet another preferred embodiment of the present invention, illustrating a ROM
array 70 ~i.e., the array of memo:ry lo~ations) that receives specific, decoded row and column signals from an address circuit 72 via row and column signal lines 76, 78, respec-tively. The signals generated by the address circuit 72 select the specific memory location of the ROM array 70 that is desi~nated by the address signals communicated to the address circuit on address signal lines 74.
Address logic 80 receives a selected number of the row and column signal lines 76, 78 via the signal line group 83 for decoding the preselected addresses. ~ECODE A and DECODE B signals are generated by the address logic 80 in response to detecting the preselected addresses which indi-cate a switch from one group ox "bank" of memory locations of the ROM array 70 to another. A monostable multivibrator device or "oneshot" 82 receives the DECODE A and DECODE B
signals from the address logic 80 and prevents spurious transients on the address lie 76, 78 from causing an inad-vertent switchover by requiring the DECODE A and DECODE B
signals to stabilize before applying them to the set (S) and reset (RST) inputs of a flip-flop 84, respectively. The Q
output of the flip-flop 84 is in this embodiment coupled to o S B

the address circuit 72 as the most significant bit (MSB) of the address applied thereto.
Turnir,g now to Fig. 6, the QeiaiieQ schemalic diagram of the address logic 80, oneshot 82, and flip-flop 84 of Fig. 5 is illustrated. As shown, the address logic 80 takes advantage of the initial decoding performed by the address circuit 72 (Fig. 5). Here, the addresses (in hexa-decimal) FF8 and FF9 are selected as the predetermined addresses used to s~t or reset the flip-flop 84. As Fig. 6 indicates, the predetermined hexidecimal address FF8 will, after initial decoding by the address circuit 72, correspond to activation of the ROW 127 or ROW 255 and COLUMN ~COL) 24 signals. Similarly, active ROW 127 or ROW 255 and COL 25 signals will correspond to the predetermined hexadecimal address FF9. In addition, a chip select (SC) signal is used here to designate selection of the ROM array 70 for access, as opposed to other memory elements (not shown~ of the system incorporating the invention. In this example the CS signal is an active LOW, i.e., a logic ZERO designates selection of the ROM array 70.
Fig. 6 shows the address logic 80 as including a two input NOR gate 90 for receiving the ROW 127 and ROW 255 signals from the ROW signal line 76 (Fig. 5), and performs an ORING function on these signals. Three input NOR gates 92 and 94 function as AND gates. The NOR gate performs an ANDING of the signal produced by the NOR gate so and COL 24; the NOR ~ate 94 AND the output of the NOR gate 90 with the COL 25 signal. The CS signal functions to enable the NOR gates 92 or 94. The output of the NOR gates 92 and 94 are signal lines FF8 and FF9, respectively, designating recognition of either the hexadecimal address FF8 or F~9 communicated on the address signal lines 74.
The two signal lines FF8 and FF9 are both applied to a NOR gate 98, which forms the input stage o the oneshot 82. The output Qf the NOR gate 98 is applied to a delay network comprising four inverters, 100, 102, 10~ and 106 and capaci-tors Cl and C2, and to a NOR gate 108. The output of the last in~erter lQ6 of the delay network is also applied ~ 1 6 ~ 3 .' ~3 to the NOR gate 108, as well as the control leads of transfer switches T1 and T2. If the signal produced by the NO~ gate 9~ rema-ns ~resent f^r ~ sufficient len~h ^f tim.e, determined by the time for the signal to propagate through the delay provlded by the inverters 100~106 and capacitors Cl and C2, the signal is considered valid and NOR gate 108 is activated. At the same time the transfer switches are turned off, so the decoded address signal stored on R or S
by signal line FF8 or FF9 sets or resets the flip-flop 84.
The flip-flop 84 is shown as including a pair of cross-coupled NOR gates 110 and 112 which form the bistable or latching portion of the flip-flop. An AND gate 114 forms a gated reset input of the flop-flop 8~ and an AND gate 116 forms the gated set input of the flip-flop. The signals produced by the AND gates 114 and 116 respectively reset or set the latching portion (NOR gates 110 and 112) of the flip-flop, causing the Q output of the flip-flop to assume a logic ZERO or a logic ONE, as the case may be.
The embodiment of Figs. 5 and 6 operates as follows: Address signals are con~inually being formed and communicated on the signal lines 74 to the address circuit 72~ The selected decodes (i.e., COL 24, COL 25, ROW
127, and ROW 255) produced by the address circuit 72 are applied to the NOR gate 90, 92, and 94 of the address logic 80. If, at any moment in time, the address signals appear-ing on si~nal lines 74 form either of the predetermined addresses FF8 or FF9, and CS is a logic ZERO (selecting ROM
array 70 for access), a corresponding signal will appear on one of the signal lines FF8 or FF9. This corresponding signal is applied by the signal line FF3 or FF9 to the NOR
gate 98 and, after a certain delay the signal propagates through the inverters 100-106 to switch the NOR gate 103 and transfer switches Tl and T2. If the corresponding signal is still present on the signal line FF8 or FF9 at the time the transfer switches T1 and I2 are switched, the signal will be passed to the R or S input of the flip-flop 84; at the same time, the AND gates 114 and 116 are enabled by the signal ~ :~ 6 ~

produced by the NOR gate 108 and the flip-flop is thereby reset or set, as the case may be.
On the oth~r h~nd, i th~ address s.grlal de~odcd by the NOR gates 92 or 94 is merely a transient, resulting from a transition from one address to another, the signal will not be present when the transfer switches Tl and T2 are switched, and the NOR gate 108 will be found to be disabled when the propagation time expires. Accordingly, the AND
gates 114 and 116 of the flip-flop 84 remain disabled and the state of the flip flop will be left unchanged.
When switching from one group of memory locations to another, using the present invention, it should be evi-dent that two memory locations are accessed by each prede-termined "switching" address. For example, in Figs. 5 and 6 the hexadecimal addresss FF8 will access the two memory locations: one in that group defined when the Q output of the Filp-flop 84 is a logic ONE, and one defined when the Q
output i6 a logic ZERO. Accordin~ly, in the preferred embodiment, those memory locations specified by the hexa-decimal address signals FF8 and FF9, regardless of the stateof the MSB input to the address c:ircuit 72 contain a NO-OPERATION (NOP) instruction or designation.
When the invention is used to e~pand the memory capacity of that portion of a video game system that is resident in the cartridge 10 (Fig. 1), the circuitry, including the memory, is fabricated as a single microcircuit chip. Thus, for example, the ROM array 70, address circuit 72, address logic 80, Oneshot 82, and flop-flop 84 are pre~erably fabricated as a single integrated circuit chip and packaged in a conventional dual-in-line package (DIP).
The package is configured as an 8Obit x 8K memory ~64K b.its) having a pin configuration that is identical to the 8-bit x 4K memory package (32K bits) presently carried by existing cartridges. Thus, no changes are needed in the cartridge 10 ~Fig 1) in order to convert a present 32K system to a 64K
s~stem.
Thus, it will be seen that the invention provides for greatly increasing the number of individual addresses that can be generated by a digital system having an address bus for communicating those addresses limited to N indivi-dual ~ignal lines, correspondlllyly expanding ~he available memory space of the system. The present invention provides for a significant increase in memory space of a digital system without extensive modifications to the system.
Thereby, a substantial increase in available memory space is obtained at very little cost and effort. Although several embodiments of the invention have been shown and described by way of example, it will be obvious that other adaptations and modifications can be made without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

Claims:

1. A memory system comprising:
an address bus for providing a plurality of first address signals;
a supplemental address line;
first memory means coupled to the address bus and to the supplemental address line and having a plurality of memory locations for providing digital signals corres-ponding to data stored in selected memory locations in response to presence of a second address signal on the supplemental address line, the memory locations being selected in response to first address signals on the address bus;
second memory means coupled to the address bus and to the supplemental address line having a plurality of memory locations for providing digital signals corresponding to data stored in selected memory locations in response to absence of the second address signal on the supplemental address line, the memory locations selected in response to the first address signals on the address bus; and decoder means coupled to the address bus and to the supplemental address line for providing the second address signal on the supplemental address line in response to detecting a first combination of address signals on the address bus.

2. A memory system as in claim 1 wherein the decoder means terminates the second address signal on the supple-mental address line in response to detecting a second combination address signals on the address bus.

3. In a digital system, including a memory means having a plurality of memory locations addressable by an address circuit and an address bus coupled to said address circuit for communicating address signals thereto, supplemental address generating apparatus comprising:

detecting means coupled to said address bus for detecting communication of predetermined ones of said address signals, including means for generating one of a number of supplemental address signals selected in response to detection of a corresponding one of said predetermined address signals; and means coupling the detecting means to the address circuit of the memory means for conducting the supplemental address signals thereto, the address circuit combining the address signals communicated on the address bus with the supplemental address signals to designate a one of the plurality of memory locations.

4. The supplementary address generating apparatus of claim 3, wherein the memory means comprises a plurality of individual memory elements each having a selection input for receiving a memory element selection signal, and wherein at least a portion of said supplemental address signals is coupled to the selection input of each memory element.

5. The supplementary address generating apparatus of claim 3, wherein the detecting means includes latch means for generating the supplemental address signal,

6. The supplementary address generating apparatus of claim 5, wherein the detecting means includes decoding means interconnecting the address bus and the latch means for generating a pulse signal in response to detection of each one of the predetermined address signals on the address bus, thereby causing the latch means to generate the supplemental address signals.

7. A memory system comprising:
an address bus for providing a plurality of address signals;
a supplemental address line;
a memory array having a plurality of row and column lines and having a plurality of memory locations corres-ponding to different row and column lines for providing digital signals responsive to data stored in selected memory locations, a distinct memory location being selected in response to signals on each unique row and column line pair;
an address circuit coupled to the address bus, the supplemental address line and to the row and column lines for providing signals on row and column line pairs selected in response to address signals on the address bus and the supplemental address line, a distinct row and column line pair selected in response to each unique combination of address signals on the address bus and supplemental address line;
address logic coupled to the row and column lines for providing a reset signal in response to signals appearing on a first row and column line pair and for providing a set signal in response to signals appearing on a second row and column line pair; and latch means coupled to the address logic and to the supplemental address line for providing an address signal on the supplemental address line in response to the set signal and for terminating the address signal in response to the reset signal.

8. A memory system as in claim 7 wherein the address logic includes means for logically ORing a pair of the lines from the address circuit such that the selection of either of a first two memory locations will result in a set signal, and the selection of either of a second two memory locations will result in a reset signal, one of the first two memory locations and one of the second two memory locations selected only in response to an address signal on the supplemental address line, the other of the first and the second two memory locations selected only in response to no address signal appearing on the supplemental address line.

9. The memory system of claim 8, wherein the data stored in the memory array includes a plurality of multibit instruction words, and wherein each of the first two and the second two memory locations contains a no-operation instruction.

10. The memory system of claim 7, wherein the address logic includes means for generating the set and the reset signals in response to signals appearing on the first row and column line pair for a time period substantially longer than the period of time needed to detect the signal.

11. In a digital system, including an address bus having N signal lines for conducting address signals and a digital memory coupled to the address bus and having 2N+M memory locations for storing a plurality of data words, the digital memory including a memory address circuit having at least N + M signal inputs, N of said signal inputs being coupled to corresponding ones of the signal lines of the address bus, apparatus for supple-menting the address signals conducted on the address bus to selectively address each of said 2N+M memory locations, the apparatus comprising:
decoder means coupled to the address bus for detecting communication thereon of a predetermined number of said address signals, the decoder means including output means for providing supplemental address signals in response to detection of communication of corresponding ones of the predetermined address signals on the address bus; and means coupling the decoder output means to the remaining M inputs of the memory address circuit for communicating the supplemental address signals thereto, the memory address circuit being operable to select a one of the memory locations designated by the combination of address signals conducted on the address bus and the supplemental address signals provided by the decoder output means.

12. A cartridge adapted to be removably attached to a video game system of the type having an address bus and a data bus for providing address signals on the address bus and for receiving data signals on the data bus, the cartridge comprising:
a connector having primary address lines and data lines, the connector being adapted to conductively couple the primary address lines to the address bus and to conductively couple the data lines to the data bus when the cartridge is attached to the video game system;
a supplemental address line;
first memory means coupled to the primary address lines and to the supplemental address line and having a plurality of memory locations for providing digital signals corresponding to data stored in selected memory locations in response to the address signals on the primary address lines and the presence of a supplemental address signal on the supplemental address line;
second memory means coupled to the primary address lines and to the supplemental address line having a plurality of memory locations for providing digital signals corresponding to data stored in selected memory locations in response to the address signals on the primary address lines and the absence of a supplemental address signal on the supplemental address line, means for coupling the digital signals provided by the first and second memory means to the data lines; and decoder means coupled to the primary address lines and to the supplemental address line for providing the supplemental address signal on the supplemental address line in response to detecting a combination of address signals corresponding to a first address on the primary address lines.

13. A cartridge as in claim 12 wherein the decoder means terminates the supplemental address signal on the supplemental address line in response to detecting a combination of address signals corresponding to a second address on the primary address lines.

14. A cartridge as in claim 13 wherein:
each of the first and second memory means has a selection input for receiving a memory select signal; and the supplemental address line comprises a pair of supplemental address lines, each one interconnected with the selection input of one of the memory means r the supplemental address signal thereby serving as the memory select signal wherein the first memory means is selected in response to the first address and the second memory means is selected in response to the second address.

15. A cartridge as in claim 14 further including latch means interconnected with the decoder means and the selection inputs of the first and second memory means, for providing the memory select signals, said latch means holding the memory select signals until another one at the first or second addresses is detected.

16. A cartridge adapted to be removably attached to a video game system of the type having an address bus and a data bus for providing address signals on the address bus and for receiving data signals on the data bus, the cartridge comprising:
a connector having primary address lines and data lines, the connector being adapted to conductively couple the address lines to the address but and to conductively couple the data lines to the data bus when the cartridge is attached to the video game system;
a supplemental address line:
memory means coupled to the primary address lines and to the supplemental address line, for providing digital signals corresponding to data stored in selected locations from a first plurality of memory locations in response to the address signals on the primary address lines and the presence of a supplemental address signal on the supplemental address line, and for providing digital signals corresponding to data stored in selected locations from a second plurality of memory locations in response to the address signals on the primary address lines and the absence of a supplemental address signal on the supplemental address line;
means for coupling the digital signals provided by the memory means to the data lines; and decoder means coupled to the primary address lines and to the supplemental address line for providing the supplemental address signal on the supplemental address line in response to detecting a combination of address signals corresponding to a first address on the primary address lines.

17. A cartridge as in claim 16 wherein the decoder means terminates the supplemental address signal on the supplemental address line in response to detecting a combination of address signals corresponding to a second address on the primary address lines.

18. A cartridge as in claim 16 further comprising M supplemental address lines, and wherein:
the address bus has N signal lines;
the connector has N primary address lines;
the memory means has 2N+M locations for storing data, and includes a memory address circuit having N+M
signal inputs, of which N inputs are coupled to the N
primary address lines, and M inputs are coupled to the M
supplemental address lines; and the decoder means provides M supplemental address signal on the M supplemental address lines, each signal being provided in response to detecting one of M
combination of address signals on the primary address lines.

19. A cartridge adapted to be removably attached to a video game system of the type having an address bus and a data bus for providing address signals on the address bus and for receiving data signals on the data bus, the cartridge comprising:
a connector having primary address lines and data lines, the connector being adapted to conductively couple the address lines to the address bus and to conductively couple the data lines to the data bus when the cartridge is attached to the video game system;
a supplemental address line;
memory means coupled to the primary address lines and to the supplemental address line and having a plurality of memory locations for providing digital signals corresponding to data stored in selected memory locations, a distinct memory location being accessed in response to each unique combination of address signals on the primary address lines and the supplemental address signal on the supplemental address line;
means coupling the memory means to the data lines for communicating the digital signals to the connector; and decoder means coupled to the primary address lines and to the supplemental address line for providing a supplemental address signal on the supplemental address line in response to a combination of address signals corresponding to a first address on the primary address lines.

20. A cartridge as in claim 19 wherein:
the cartridge includes a plurality of supplemental address lines;
the locations in the memory means are accessed in response to unique combinations of address signals on the primary address lines and the plurality of supplemental address lines: and the decoder means provides a plurality of supplemental address signals on the supplemental address lines in response to combinations of address signals corresponding to switching addresses on the primary address lines.

21. A cartridge as in claim 20 wherein the decoder means terminates the supplemental address signal on the supplemental address line in response to detecting a combination of address signals corresponding to a second address on the primary address lines.

22. A cartridge adapted to be removably attached to a video game system of type type having an address bus and a data bus for providing address signals on the address bus and for receiving data signals on the data bus, the cartridge comprising:
a connector having primary address lines and data lines, the connector being adapted to conductively couple the address lines to the address bus and to conductively couple the data lines to the data bus when the cartridge is attached to the video game system;
a supplemental address line;
memory means having a plurality of row and column lines and having a plurality of memory locations corresponding to different row and column lines for providing digital signals corresponding to data stored in selected memory locations, a distinct memory location being selected in response to signals on each unique row and column line pair, the memory means having data output means coupled to the data lines for communicating data signals thereto;
an address circuit coupled to the primary address lines, the supplemental address line and to the row and column lines for providing signals on row and column line pairs selected in response to address signals on the primary address lines and a supplemental address signal on the supplemental address line, a distinct row and column line pair being selected in response to each unique combination of address signals on the primary address lines and supplemental address line;

decoder means coupled to the row and column lines for providing a supplemental address signal on the supplemental address line in response to signals appearing on a first row and column line pair.

23. A cartridge as in claim 22 further including:
latch means coupled to the decoder means and to the supplemental address line for sustaining the supplemental address signal on the supplemental address line.

24. A cartridge as in claim 22 wherein the decoder means further includes means for terminating the supplemental address signal providing in response to signals appearing on a second row and column line pair.

25. A cartridge as in claim 24 further including:
latch means coupled to the decoder means and to the supplemental address line for sustaining either the supplemental address signal or the terminated supplemental address signal or the supplemental address bus.

26. A cartridge adapted to be removably attached to a video game system of the type having an address bus and a data bus for providing address signals on the address bus and for receiving data signals on the data bus, the cartridge comprising:

a connector having primary address lines and data lines, the connector being adapted to conductively couple the primacy address lines to the address bus and to conductively couple the data lines to the data bus when the cartridge is attached to the video game system:
memory means coupled to the primary address lines for providing digital signals representing data stored in locations corresponding to address signals on the primary address bus; and controller means coupled to said primary address lines and to said memory means for changing the correspondence between locations and address signals in response to switching address signals on the primary address lines.