CA1167930A - Device for the indirect, non-invasive and continuous measurement of blood pressure - Google Patents

Device for the indirect, non-invasive and continuous measurement of blood pressure

Info

Publication number
CA1167930A
CA1167930A CA000385671A CA385671A CA1167930A CA 1167930 A CA1167930 A CA 1167930A CA 000385671 A CA000385671 A CA 000385671A CA 385671 A CA385671 A CA 385671A CA 1167930 A CA1167930 A CA 1167930A
Authority
CA
Canada
Prior art keywords
nozzle
pressure
flapper
cuff
fluid
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
CA000385671A
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Karel H. Wesseling
Wilhelmus H.M. Klawer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO
Original Assignee
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO filed Critical Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CA1167930A publication Critical patent/CA1167930A/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/02—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse, heart rate, blood pressure or blood flow; Combined pulse/heart-rate/blood pressure determination; Evaluating a cardiovascular condition not otherwise provided for, e.g. using combinations of techniques provided for in this group with electrocardiography or electroauscultation; Heart catheters for measuring blood pressure
    • A61B5/021—Measuring pressure in heart or blood vessels
    • A61B5/022—Measuring pressure in heart or blood vessels by applying pressure to close blood vessels, e.g. against the skin; Ophthalmodynamometers
    • A61B5/0225—Measuring pressure in heart or blood vessels by applying pressure to close blood vessels, e.g. against the skin; Ophthalmodynamometers the pressure being controlled by electric signals, e.g. derived from Korotkoff sounds
    • A61B5/02255—Measuring pressure in heart or blood vessels by applying pressure to close blood vessels, e.g. against the skin; Ophthalmodynamometers the pressure being controlled by electric signals, e.g. derived from Korotkoff sounds the pressure being controlled by plethysmographic signals, e.g. derived from optical sensors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/02—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse, heart rate, blood pressure or blood flow; Combined pulse/heart-rate/blood pressure determination; Evaluating a cardiovascular condition not otherwise provided for, e.g. using combinations of techniques provided for in this group with electrocardiography or electroauscultation; Heart catheters for measuring blood pressure
    • A61B5/021—Measuring pressure in heart or blood vessels
    • A61B5/022—Measuring pressure in heart or blood vessels by applying pressure to close blood vessels, e.g. against the skin; Ophthalmodynamometers
    • A61B5/0235—Valves specially adapted therefor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15C—FLUID-CIRCUIT ELEMENTS PREDOMINANTLY USED FOR COMPUTING OR CONTROL PURPOSES
    • F15C3/00—Circuit elements having moving parts
    • F15C3/10—Circuit elements having moving parts using nozzles or jet pipes
    • F15C3/14—Circuit elements having moving parts using nozzles or jet pipes the jet the nozzle being intercepted by a flap

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE

A device for the indirect, non-invasive and continous measure-ment of blood pressure in a finger by using a photo-electric ple-thysmograph having a pressure cuff to be placed around the finger and to be filled with fluid, an associated light source and light detector, an electronic circuit, and an electric control valve having at least one fluid flapper-nozzle system, the cuff pres-sure being controlled by the plethysmographic signal in closed-loop operation such that the arterial volume is maintained on a pre-adjusted value and each deviation thereof due to changes in intra-arterial pressure is compensated immediately, whereby the control valve consists of a double fluid flapper-nozzle system in balance connection, whereby a single flapper member is posi-tioned between the oppositely arranged nozzle openings of two nozzle members and alternately opens and closes these nozzle openings, one flapper-nozzle system being used in opposite sense, and one single chamber surrounding both nozzle openings being connected to the pressure cuff.

Description

1~ 3~
- A device Eor the indlrect, non invasive and continuous measure-ment of blood pressure. -The invention relates to a device for the indirect, non-invasive and continuous measurement of blooa pressure in a finger by using a photo-electric plethysmograph having a pressure cuff, to be placed around the finger and to be filled with fluid, and associated light source and light detector, an electronic circuit, and an electric control valve haviny at least one fluid flapper-nozzle system, the cuff pressure beiny controlled by the plethys-mographic signal in closed-loop operation such that the arterial volume is maintained on a pre-adjusted value, and each déviation thereof due to changes in intra-arterial pressure is immediately compensated. Such a device is known from the article "Beitrag zur fortlaufenden indirecten Blutdruckmessung" by J. Penaz, A. Voigt and W. Teichmann in "Zeitschrift fur die gesamte innere Medizin und Ihre Grensgebiete" VEB Georg Thieme, Leipziy, Vol. 31 (1976) part 24, paye 1030-1033.
Such devices are presently of great importance in the hemo-dynamics of hypertension, the evaluation of anti-hypertensiva, the psychophysiology of hypertension, blood pressure measurement by the patient at home, 24-hour blood pressure registration, biofeed~
back studies, etc. for which it is required to continuously measure arterial blood pressure in an automatic and non-invasive way.
A disadvantage in the device described in above mentioned periodical is that in case fast changes of the cuff pressure are required the control valve should be of large power owing to which a lot of air is used. It is the object of the invention to obviate said problem.
This is attained with a device of the type mentioned in the preamble such that the control valve consists of a double fluid flapper~nozzle system in balance connection, with a single flapper member positioned between oppositely arrangednozzle openings of two nozzle members, the flapper member and the nozzle openings being positioned such that as the flapper member moves to close either nozzle opening it opens the other, and a single chamber, enclosing both nozzle openinys, beiny connected to the pressure cuff.

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The device according to the invention is implemented to advantage such that in the control valve the walls of the nozzle members consist of resilient material by which the fluid leakage is limited while maintaining a large controlling power.
The control of the movement of the flapper member is often realized with the aid of an electro-magnetic coupling motor. ~ow-ever, the flapper member advantageously may also be coupled to a piezo-electric element which changes in form in response to the electric signal from the electronic circuit. Furthermore, the electric control valve may be arranged near or on the pressure cuff in order to minimize the length of the fluid connection between the said chamber and the pressure cuff.
The fluid can as well be a liquid as a gas, whereby in case of a gas preferably air is used.
The invention will be clarified in detail with reference to the drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a diagram of the components used in a known device, described by J. Penaz, for the measure-ment of finger blood pressure;
Figure 2 is a schematic view of the photo-electric plethys-mogravh, arranged on a finger, and a unit posi-tioned on the hand having an electro-pneumatic control valve and some other components;
Figures 3 and 4 are a section of a known flapper-nozzle system, an e~uivalent resistance-transistor dia-gram being indicated in figure 3;
Figure 5 is a section of a double flapper-nozzle system according to the invention and a diagram of an equivalent transistor circuit; and Figure 6 is a section of a further embodiment of the double flapper-nozzle system of figure 5.
The general principle of the measurement i~ schematically indicated in figure 1. The photo-electric plethysmograph indicated in this figure is provided with an inflatable pressure cuff 1 which can be winded around the finger 2 and which at its inner side is provided with a light source 3 and a liyht detector 4.
The signal being provided by the light detector ~ is supplied to ., , 3~
3 ~
a differential amplifier 7 to which other input an adjusting or compensation signal of the adjusting means 13 is supplied. The output si~nal of the differential ampli~ier 7 is supplied to a PID-circuit g, the output siynal of which is supplied to a pot~er amplifier 9. In open-loop operation, i.e. the switch l9 being closed, the pressure adjusting signal of ~he adjusting means ll is used to adjust the said power amplifier 9. The output signal of said amplifier 9 controls the electro-pneumatic transducer 10 such that the gas or air of the compressor or pressurized air con-tainer 12 is adjusted to the desired pressure, which via the line5a is transferred to the pressure cuff. The pressure can be read off or recorded with the aid of means 6, for example by means of a pressure transducer mounted at the outlet of the electro-pneu-matic transducer.
The differential amplifier 7 may consist of a ~iel~ effect transistor amplifier havlng a separate input to compensate the mean current level of the photo-electric detector. The PID-cir-cuit 8 may consist of an integrating amplifier, one or a plura-lity of differentiating amplifiers and a separate circuit to linearize the static characteristic of the valve lO. The integra-ting amplifier in the said control loop is required in the system to correctly track changes in the mean blood pressure level. The differentiating amplifier stages are required to stabilize the control loop at high gain.
Figure 2 shows a perspective view of an inflatable cuff 1 winded around a finger, in which cuff one of the light elements 3, 4 is schematicaIly indicated. Also a unit 21 arranged on the hand is indicated, in which unit an electric circuit, the electric control valve 10 and a pressure transducer placed at the outlet of the control valve are arranged. The electric circuit in saidunit is connected via the electric line 5b to the light elements 3, ~. The control valve 10 is connected via a PVC-line 5a to the pressure cuff l. Said unit 21 is connected via an electric con-nection 22 and a PVC-line 23 respectivel~ to a further electric circuit or processing unit and to the fluid container 12.
The principle of the measurement is based on identical pressure at all times in the cuff and in the arteries of the fin-ger under the cuff. This requires the transmural pressure across - , :
: .

, 3(~

the arterial wall to be zero and therefore the arterial diameter to be -the unstretohed diameter just before collapse. ~he so cal led lock-on procedure in this respect i8 of importance. In gene-ral, the servo loop will clamp the arterial diameter to a particu-lar fixed value, thus making the pulsatile output signal of thephoto-electric plethysmograph zero. Only when the artery i9 clamped at zero transmural pressure, is the arterial ~rall truly "unloaded" and the arterial pressure equals cuff pressure.
~urthermore, i-t is a~sumed during adjustment of the locking procedure that the effective predetermined cuff pressure is such thatthe venous and capillary system in the finger is sufficiently emptied by the pressure such that the pho*o~el0ctric plethysmo-graph is only sensitive to the amount of blood in the artery. ~he locking subsequently proceeds in such a way -that the cuff pressure is adjusted to a level below the systolic pressure level in the artery but above the diastolic pressure level of the artery. Next, the control loop is closed, the diameter of the artery being clamped to a value which is about equal to the unstretched dia-meter.
As illustrated in figure 3, a section is given of a single fluid flapper-nozzle system which is often used as material for pressure controlling purposes. ~he flow ~ of the fluid, such a~
liquitl or gas, through such a system is equal to ~ = ~ dhC ~2P/~
under certain limitatio~s, in which P represents the pressure, d the diameter of the nozzle opening, and S the density of the fluid flow.
The term ~ d h is the so called "curtain" surface of the nozzle member ~, indicated separately ln figure 3, in case a flapper V is at a distance h from the nozzle opening. ~he flow is turbulent, hence that is why the density g of the fluid and not`the viscosity~appears in the formula. Hence that is why the -term P is used. ~he constant C is about equal to 0.6. When -the distance h is varied by moving the flapper, a flapper-nozzle system can be considered as a variable flow resistance equivalent to a transistor.~
As illustrated in figure 4, a section is given of an arrange-ment in which often a flapper-nozzle system is taken up and which is equlvalent to the resistance-transistor diagram indicat~d in . .

:: , . :

' ',: : ~ ~ , ' ' :
' ' - . :
: ,,.' ~ ' . :

93(J

the same figure. A restriction R in the flow F is applied as usual for obtaining a controlling pres3ure P ~hich can be modu-lated by moving the flapper V. ~y means of this flapper V then the fluid flow ~2 in the nozzle T is influenced such that the controlled flow ~1 can be used for certain purposes, such as for example the displacement of a piston. In the case of the above mentioned device especially the pressure P, which is transferred to the pressure cuff, is of importance. This arrangement as stated is equivalent to the resistance-transistor diagram, indica-ted in figure 3, where the controlling signal S at the basis of the transistor influences the current ~2 and thereby the current ~1 and the pressure P.
~ his arrangement is disadvantageous herein that if in above device the pressure P has to beaugmented ina fast manner, such as for example in case of hypertension patien-ts more than 200 mm Hg in less than 50 ms, one eventually can do nothing more than clo-sing the flapper-nozzle system. The flow for inflating the pres-sure cuff then is limited by the restriction R which really is not desired at all for a fast operation. In case one selects there-fore a large fixed opening for the restriction this means a flap-per-nozzle system of large dimensions and so a high use of air.
As illustrated in figure 5, the double flapper-nozzle system accorcLing to the invention is indicated by which the above me~-tioned problems are obviated. The balance connection is known from ~~ ,~s C 25 the electronic ~ee~ffl~, such as indicated in the same figure 5, in which a PNP and NPN transistor circuit is taken up between earth and power supply. The output signal U is influenced by the same controlling signal S by which the one transistor closes and the other just opens.
The double flapper-nozzle system in balance connection as indicated in figure 5 is controlled by the movement of the flapper V, whlle the nozzle member ~1 serves as inlet and the nozzle mem-ber T2 serves as outlet of the liquid or gas. The pres6ure P at the outlet of the chamber E is transferred to the pressure cuff.
Therefore, in this double flapper-nozzle system only one flapper-nozzle member is used in opposite sense for the liquid or gas flow, whereby it appeared that the constant C in the above men-tioned formula for ~ has practically the same value.

:
' ' ' '`

.

.

The space around the nozzle openiny of a single flapper-nozzle system, which otherwise is used as outlet, now is imple-mented as a chamber around the oppositely arranged nozzle openings and forms the inlet or supply to the fluid line of the pressure cuff.
An important advantage in this double flapper-nozzle system in balance connection according to the invention is that the restriction R is not required and can be omitted.
When using the double flapper-nozzle system from figure 5, the adjustment of both flapper-nozzle members is such that there is a large leakage flow from the inlet Tl via both opened flapper-nozzle members to the outlet T2. This is known as class A bias adjustment of an amplifier in electronics. From -the further known tube or transistor bias adjustments class A/B, B and D, the class A/B ad~ustment is one having less leakage current but in case a large current is required the transistors for example can be fully "opened". This can be attained in the double flapper-nozzle system with the aid of spring-mounted nozzle members.
This arrangement is indicated in figure 6, in which the material of the walls of both nozzle members Tl and T2 is made resilient.
An extremely effective device for the control of fluid flows and pressures and for the measurement of blood pressure in the finger is realized by means of the above mentioned embodiment of the electro~pneumatic control valve By this the arterial pressure is continuously ;measured with the aid of the external pressure in the line 5a, connected to the control valve, ~hich external pres-sure at any moment equals the intra-arterial pressure.
The requirement for compensating the pressure in the artery as soon as possible by means of the pressure of the pressure cuff, such that the transmural pressure continuously equals zero, neces-sitates the complete control loop to operate extremely fast and the control valve to alter the pressure immediately in response to the signal of the electronic circuit. For this purpose, for example, a piezo-electric element can be used to advantage for controlling the flapperO
The length of the conneckion between control valve and pressure cuff is in this case of importance as the pressure chan~e : - . : , . . :

: . . . .. . .

.
- . :

1 ~ ~ 7 ~ 3 effected by the control valve does not propagate through the line 5a fa~ter than the sound velocity in air of 340 m/~ec. Owing -to this, some delay in the control loop comes about which can lead to instability. 3y giving the control valve a small dimension and light weight among others by using the presently available small electro-magnetic coupling motors for the movement of the flapper, this valve can be positioned near the pressure cuff and the fin-ger or hand in a light loading manner, such that this delay is minimized. For the sake of having a lighter embodiment a piezo-electric element can be used to advan-tage instead of a coupling motor.

,, .

Claims (4)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A device for the indirekt, non-invasive and continous measurement of blood pressure in a finger by using a photo-elec-tric plethysmograph having a pressure cuff to be placed around the finger and to be filled with fluid, an associated light source and light detector, an electronic circuit, and an electric con trol valve having at least one fluid flapper-nozzle system, the cuff pressure being controlled by the plethysmographic signal in closed-loop operation such that the arterial volume is maintained on a pre-adjusted value and each deviation thereof due to changes in intra-arterial pressure is compensated immediately, characte-rized in that the control valve consists of a double fluid flap-per-nozzle system in balance connection, wherby a single flapper member is positioned between the oppositely arranged nozzle openings of two nozzle members and alternately opens and closes these nozzle openings, one flapper-nozzle system being used in opposite sense, and that one single chamber surrounding both nozzle openings is connected to the pressure cuff.
2. A device according to claim 1, characterized in that the walls of the nozzle members consist of resilient material.
3. A device according to claim 1, characterized in that the nozzle member is coupled to a piezo-electric element which is deformed by the electric signal from the electronic circuit and in this manner moves the flapper member.
4. A device according to one of the preceeding claims, characterized in that the electric control valve is mounted near the pressure cuff in order to minimize -the length of the con-nection between the chamber and the pressure cuff.
CA000385671A 1980-09-12 1981-09-11 Device for the indirect, non-invasive and continuous measurement of blood pressure Expired CA1167930A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL8005145A NL8005145A (en) 1980-09-12 1980-09-12 DEVICE FOR INDIRECT, NON-INVASIVE, CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF BLOOD PRESSURE.
NL8005145 1980-09-12

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CA1167930A true CA1167930A (en) 1984-05-22

Family

ID=19835875

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CA000385671A Expired CA1167930A (en) 1980-09-12 1981-09-11 Device for the indirect, non-invasive and continuous measurement of blood pressure

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (1) US4406289A (en)
EP (1) EP0048060B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS5781328A (en)
AT (1) ATE11009T1 (en)
AU (1) AU542524B2 (en)
CA (1) CA1167930A (en)
DE (1) DE3168051D1 (en)
ES (1) ES8206175A1 (en)
NL (1) NL8005145A (en)
ZA (1) ZA816331B (en)

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JPS6366530B2 (en) 1988-12-21
US4406289A (en) 1983-09-27
ATE11009T1 (en) 1985-01-15
JPS5781328A (en) 1982-05-21
ZA816331B (en) 1982-09-29
NL8005145A (en) 1982-04-01
ES505405A0 (en) 1982-08-16
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AU7516281A (en) 1982-03-18
DE3168051D1 (en) 1985-02-14
EP0048060A1 (en) 1982-03-24

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