CA1167931A - Non-polarizable bioelectrode - Google Patents

Abstract

211,565 CAN/CA?
Non-Polarizable Bioelectrode Abstract A non-polarizable biomedical electrode is disclosed which recovers rapidly after defibrillation overload.
The electrode comprises a metallic sensing element in contact with an electrolyte gel or other conformable, electrically-conductive skin-interfacing material con-taining dissolved electrolyte salt and an oxidizing agent. The oxidizing agent reduces the metal on the surface of the sensing element to a metal cation which reacts with the anion of the electrolyte salt to produce an insoluble compound which is deposited on the sensing element to render it non-polarizable. The preferred embodiment of the invention relates to silver/silver chloride electrodes used to obtain electrocardiograms.

Description

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DESCRIPTIO
NON--POLARI ZABLE BIOELEC'rRODE

Technical Field This inven~ion rela~es to the field o --disposable biomedical electrodes, particularly disposable biomedical electrodes for picking up electrical signals from the body, such as those used to obtain an electro-cardiogram.

Background Art A large number of disposable biomedical electrodes for heartbeat moni~oring and the like are currently available. Such electrodes are designed to detect variations in the electrical potentials which appear on the skin of a patient and which reflect heartbeat activity or other electrophysiological activity.
Since these skin potentials are very small - on the order of 2 millivolts - the potentials must be amplified to a considerable extent by the testing apparatus to provids effective outputs reflecting the electrophysiological activity~ For this reason, electrodes must have very high performance to minimize noise factors and maximize the quality of the signals transmitted to the testing apparatus by the electrodes.
Conventional disposable ECG electrodes generally comprise an electrically conductlve sensing element, preferably metal, having a sllbstantially flat base portion or flange and a vertically-projecting pin or knob on the upper surface o the flange. The pin is either connected directly via a lead wire to the testing apparatus (one-piece connector), or it is inserted into a hollow snap connector which is, in turn, connected to the lead wire. This "male/female" snap connector arrangement is often preferred because it provides means Eor rnechanically securing a flexible adhesive-coated material between the upper surace o the flange and base o~ the snap connector. The adhesive-coated material secures the ", ~; "

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-2-electrode to the skin. A conformable, electrically-con-ductive interfacing material is typically used between the lower surface of the flange-portion o the sensing element and the skin to enhance electrical conductivity. The skin-interfacing material most frequently used is an electrolyte gel containing dissolved ions. Many disposable electrodes are pre~gelled during manufacture, generally by attaching a porous sponge saturated with the gel to the lower surface of the sensing element.
The majority of conventional disposable ECG
electrodes are termed "silver/silver chloride" electrodes.
These electrodes contain a silver or silver-coated sensing element having a layer of silver chloride deposited on the surface of the silver. I~ is well known that these electrodes are highly "reversible" electrochemically.
When used with an electrolyte gel containing dissolved chloride ions, the electrode is able ~o recover rapidly after a high voltage overload, such as occurs when a patient is defibrillated. Defibrillation overload recovery is important so that the physician can ob~ain immediate feedback on the state of the patient's he~lrt.
The formation of silver chloride on the ~ilver sensing element has become as much an art as a science as can be gathered from the published literature such as the Z5 classical work of Ives and Janz in "Reference Electrodes", 1961, Academic Press, pages 179 to 226.
Electrochemically depositing a layer of silver chloride on~the silver sensing element is perhaps the most common method employed. One major disadvantage of this method is that the entire surface of the silver sub~trate is coated with silver chloride, even though only the lower surface of the flange (which is the only part of the sensing element in contact with the electrolyte gel) requires chloriding. The result is that, in an electxode having a~one-piece connector, the lead wire from the test apparatus contacts a silver chloride element. This may result in inferior electrical contact because the .

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electrical resistivity of silver chloride i8 much greater than that of metal, particularly silver. A further complication associated with chloriding the entire surface of the sensing elements is ~hat, in electrodes having a two-piece snap connector, the metal snap connector reacts chemically with the silver chloride on the sensing element to which it is anchored and undergoes oxidation. This is a common and serious problem associated with silver/silver chloride electrodes. Such reactions between the silver chloride on the sensing element and the metal snap will induce spurious signals, i.e., electrical noise or artifact in the normal ECG. To solve this problem, many electrode manufacturers have chosen to silver plate the metal snap connector. This greatly increases the cost of the electrode, and is therefore not a desirable solution.
Several alternatives have been suggested to avoid the need to deposit silver chloride electrochemi-cally over the entire surface of the sensing element.
British Patent No. 1,350,368 describes a sensing element made by roll-bonding a thin layer of silver chloride material to a silver substrate. The manufacturing process undoubtedly involves the use of special machines and is a multistep procedure which is a disadvantags, particularly inasmuch as the silver chloride and the silver are in a fragile form during assembly.
U.S. Patent No. 4,114,263 describes a method wherein the portion of the sensing element that is exposed to the electr~lyte gel can be selectively~ chlorided by the passage of a D.C. electrical charge. This method is not desirable from a manufacturing standpoint since it requires that a high quantity of electrical charge be passed in a very short time interval. Furthermore, a high chloride-containing electrolyte in contact with the silver sensing element is necessary.
An additional problem often encountered with pre-gelled disposable silver/silver chloride electrodes is the gradual decompositiorl of silver chloride to metallic .

! 1671r3~.~ 3 silver and chloride ions. Decomposition may result from a num~er of factors including leakage o~ the electrolyte yel from the gel chamber to the metal snap connector, and chemical impurities in the silver chloride and/or the gel.
Such factors cause local galvanic cells to form which reduce silver chloride to silver metal. As the silver chloride decomposes, the electrode loses its ability to recover after defibrillation overload.
Accordingly, prior ~o the present invention, the need existed for a low-cost disposable ECG electroda having the ability to recover after defibrillation over-load. In particular, the need existed for a disposable silver~silver chloride electrode in which ~he silver chloride was deposited only on the portion of the sensing element in contact with the electrolyte gel and decompo-sition of the silver chloride with age was eliminated.
The present invention effectively fulfills the aforementioned need by providing an electrode in which silver chloride (or like material necessary to provide recovery after defibrillation overload) is deposited on the portion of the sensing element contacting the electrically-conductive interface material, e.g., gel, continuously during the li~e of the electrode. This is accomplished chemically by incorporating the necessary chemical agents into the skin-interfacing material.

Disclosure of the_Invention The present invention provides a disposable, non-polarizabIe biomedical electrode comprising an electrical impulse sensing element having a metallic surface, a lower skin-directed surface and an upper surface having means for electrical connection to an electromedical testing apparatus. A conforma~le electrically-conductive skin-interfacing material is placed in intimate contact with the lower skin-directed surface o~ the sensing element. The interfacing material comprises a solvent having dis~olved therein an oxidizing . ~

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a~ent capable of oxidizing the metal at the surface of the sensing element to form me~allic cations~ and an electrolyte salt in sufficient quantity to render the interfacing material electrically-conductive. The anion of the electrolyte salt must be capable of reaction with the metallic cation to form an insoluble compound at the surface of the sensing element which causes the electrode to be non~polarizable.
The term "conformable" as used herein to refer to the skin-interfacing material means that the material will conform to the surface of the skin beneath the sensing element to provide a high surface area of contact between the skin and the sensing element.
The term "non-polarizable" refers to the ability of the electrode to recover rapidly after a high voltage overload of the type encountered during defibrillation of a patient. Specifically, the term means that the absolute value of the polarization potential of a pair of elec-trodes connected together through their respective interfacing materials does not exceed 100 mV, 5 seconds after a 10 volt, 100 millisecond square-wave pulse, as speci~ied in the test method described below.
The preferred embodiment of the invention relates to an electrode in which the sensing element has a surface formed of metallic silver The skin-interfacing material is a conventional electrolyte gel containing di~solved chloride ions to which has been added an oxidizing agent capable of oxidizing silver to the silver ion. The oxidizing agent causes the formation of a layer 30 of silver chloride on the surface of the sensing element in contact with the gel. Although the silver/silver chloride system is the preferred embodiment of the invention, other non-polarizable systems as discussed hereinafter are also included within its scope.
The electrode of the present invention effectively overcomes the deiciencies of the prior art dlscussed above. The number o~ manufacturing steps in the .

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making of a true silver/silver chloride sensing element is reduced since the silver substrate of the sensing element need not be coated with silver chloride during the manufacture of the electrode. In this invention, the skin~interfacing material, e.g., electrolyte gel, chemically converts part of the silver of the sensing element to silver chloride, and its action starts the moment the silver and gel come into contact. Hence, all of the silver chloride is present at the gel-silver interface only, where it is required. The remaindér of the sensing element is unchlorided. This eliminates the problem of corrosion between the snap connector and the sensing element frequently encountered in prior art electrodes.
~hen utilizing a single-piece silver-plated sensing element the external equipment connector can be attached to a silver surface (rather than a silver chlorida surface as in the prior art) which provides a highly desirable, low resistance electrical connection resulting in an improved signal-to-noise ratio.
me present invention also allows an improvement in electrode constructions wherein an adhesive-coated resilient sheet is sandwiched between the metal snap and upper surface of the flange of sensing element. In~prior art electrodes wherein the entire surface of the sensing element contained a layer of silver chloride, a tight seal between the adhesive and the silver chloride was difficult to achieve because of the porosity of the silver chloride layer. Electrodes made in accordance with the present invention provide for a tighter seal as the bond between ~ilver and the adhesive on the resilient sheet material is less prone to leakage than a bond between a porous silver chloride layer and adhesive. This minimizes migration of the electrolyte gel towards the metal snap, thereby reducing the oxidation and corrosion of the snap metal.
Furthermore, in electrodes of the present inve~tion, the quantity of silver chloride formed on the . ., :
' silver sensing element increases as a function of time.
By altering the composition of the interfacing material, many different profiles of quantity of silver chloride formed vs. time may be achieved. This is important, because as mentioned earlier, the conversion of silver chloride to silver is an undesirable feature in prior art elec~rodes. Electrodes made in accordance with the present invention have a longer shelf life than conventional Ag/AgCl electrodes. They have ample silver chloride remaining after defibrillation, and do not require excessive quantities of silver chloride on the sensing element at the time of manufacture to compensate for degradation while on the shel~.
Yet another important feature of ~his invention relates to the fact that substances intended to be used in contact with human skin should not contain a significant number of microorganisms. Hence, a bactericidal agent is generally included in most electrolyte gels. The oxidizing agent in the skin-interfacing material of the present invention may be selected to provide disinfec~ant or preservative action. This permits the omission of commonly used perservatives such as the methyl and propyl parabens in prior art gels.

Detailed Description The disposable biomedical electrode of the present invention may be constructed in any conventional manner known in the artO An electrical impulse-sensing element having a metallic surface is required. The sensing element preferably has a substantially flat base portion, th~ lower surface of which is placed over the skin during use and the upper surface of which has means for electrical connection to a lead wire from an electro-medical testing apparatus. Preferably, the upper surface of the sensing element has a pin or stem extending vertically therefrom. In a one piece connector assembly, thé lead wire is att.ached directly to the pin of the , ~ ~ 6 ~

sensing elemen~. Preferably, the pin is anchored to a metallic snap connector in the manner described in United States Patent No. 3,805,769. The lead wire is then connected to a protuberance of the snap connecto~. Preferably, the sensing element is formed of silver or silver-plated plastic. Silver is preferred because, in combination with a silver halide or silver sulfide, it orms an excellent non-polarizable electrode. However, other metals capable of forming non-polarizable electrodes according to the present invention such as lead/lead sulfate or thallium/thallium chloride may also be used.
A conformable skin-interfacing material is attached in intimate con-tact with the lower surface of the sensing element. The skin-interfacing mat-erial comprises a solvent in which is dissolved an oxidizing agent capable of oxidizing the metal on the surface of the sensing element. Also dissolved in the solvent is an electrolyte salt, the anion of which is capable of reacting with the oxidized metal to form an insoluble compound which deposits on the surface of the sensing element in contact with the skin- mterfacing material.
This compound, in combination with the metal, forms a non-polarizable electrode.
The anions must be in e~cess of those reacting with the metallic ions to the extent necessary to provide sufficient electrical conductivity to the electrode.
Preferably, ~he solvent is an aqueous gel of the type conventionally used in pregelled disposable electrodes. A particu]arly preferred gel is *"LECTRON III"
gel sold by Pharmaceutical Innovations~ Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A. Guar gum gels such as those described in Canadian Patent No. 1,139,931, are also useul and have the added advantage of not leaving a messy residue behind on the sk m . Non-aqueous solvents such as propylene glycol have also been found to be useful. Ionic pressure-sensitive adhesive/polyhydric alcohol compositions such as those described in Canadian application Serial No. 367,329, filed March 12, 1981 * Trade Mark -8-.~ ,, ~,. . .

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may also be used. Nonaqueous systems are d~sirable because they do not dry out during use and generally require less expensive packaging.
The choice of oxidizing agent and the concentration thereof in the solvent is dependent on a number of criteria including (1) the oxidizing power of the agent, (2) its biocompatibility with skin, (3) the time available for oxidation to occur, i.e., estimated time between manufacture and use, and (4) compatibility with the particular electrolyte salt of interest. For silver/silver chloride electrodes, preferred oxidizing agents include sodium chlorite (NaClO2), sodium chlorate (NaClO3), sodium chromate (NaCrO4), potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and para-benzoquinone Sodium chlorite satis~ies all o~ the above criteria, and is the especially preferred oxidizing agent for use in the present invention.
The exact chemical reactions governing the formation of silver chloride as a result of the oxidation of silver by NaClO2 (or any of the other oxidizing agents) are not fully understood. It is understood that the reaction conditions should allow an oxidation-reduction reaction to occur in which silver metal loses one electron to become silver cation (Ag+) and a chloride anion ~Cl-) should be available to form insoluble silver chloride (AgCl).
Whether or not a particular reaction will occur spontaneously in this respect can be predicted by reference to a standard table o~ half-cell electromotive force (emf) values (i.eO oxidation-reduction potentials as found in: Latimer, W.M., me Oxidation States of Elements and Their Potentials in Aqueous Solution, 2nd edition, New York: Prentice-~all/ Inc., 1952). Any reaction will occur spontaneously if the sum of the emf values for the oxidation half-reaction and the reduction half-reaction is positive, and the components are at unit activity.
For example, the preferred oxidizing agent ~or - :
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use in chloridi~g the silv~r element is sodium chlorite (NaClO2). When sodium chlorite is added to acid solution, it disproportionates into a reduced species, hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and an oxidized species, chlorine dioxide (ClO2). Both of these species are capable of oxidizing silver as show below, if one assumes electrons may be employed in the reactions as written for emf calculations.
Half-Cell Reactionemf (volts) (l) oxidation Ag Ag~ + e~ -0.80 reduction ClO2 + e~ ClO2 1.16 o net Ag + olO2 Ag+ 1 Cl-2 0.36 (2) oxidation Ag Ag+ ~ e~ -0.80 reduction ~OCl ~ H~ + e~ Cl- ~ H2O 1.49 o --net Ag * ~OCl + H+ Ag+ ~ Cl- + H2O 0O69 Applying reaction (1) to NaClO2, chlorine dioxide which was generated from sodlum chlorite becomes reduced to reform sodium chlorite in the proc~ss of oxidizing silver metal to ionic silver. This reaction proceeds:spontanaously with a net reaction potential of 0.36 volts.
Similarly, hypochlorous acid, also generated from sodium chlorite, oxidizes silver metal to ionic silver and in the process forms chloride anion (Cl-) with a net reaction potential of 0.69 volts as shown in reaction 2.
The generation of chloride ion (Cl-) in reaction (2) is help~ul bécause the chloride continues to react with the silver ion ~Ag+) formed on the surface of the silver sensing element to produce the desired silver chloride coating.
From~the emf calculations similar to those applied to reactions l and 2, on~ also calculates that hypochlorous acid is capable o~ oxidizing chlorine dioxide, pro~ucing, respectively, chloride (Cl-) and . , .
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chlorate (C103-). Thus, ~he f1nal reaction products of an acid solution of sodium chlorite in ~he presence of silver metal appear to be Ag/AgCl, Cl-, ClO2 and C103-.
In the calculations of reaction potantials, it is understood that the values refer to the ~tandard state of the reactants, i.e., the reactants are assumed to be at unit activi~y, although ~his is not realized in practice.
It has been observed that with a given concentration of sodium chlorite, the amount of silver chloride formed depends on the pH of the solvent in which it is contained. Silver sensing elements kept in contact with a chlorite-containing solvent at an acidic p~ showed higher amounts of silver chloride formed~ as compared to those kept in contact wi~h a neu~ral p~. The dissociation and reactions of the chlorites are pH-dependent and an electrolyte containing chlorite at a higher pH can be shown to retain its oxidizing power~
As a general rule, the skin-interacing mat~rial of present invention will have a pH in the range of 4 to 3 which rànge has been shown to be compatibIe with human skin. For the majority of oxidizing agents, other ~han sodium chlorite, a pH below 7 is generally required to obtain formation of a sufficient amount of silver chloride, particularly~at low concentrations of the oxidizing agent. Sodium chlorite has been discovered to provide adequate chloriding at neutral or higher pHs.
In the electrodes containing sodium chlorite as the oxidizing agent, the preferred concentration range has been found to be 0.001% by wt. to 0.075% by wt. of the skin-interfacing material. This concentration range has bean found to be more than adequate on the~basis of:
(a) the~amount of silver chloride formed on the silver sensing element (b) the pH range of the gel; (c) skin-irritation; and ~d) the presence of chloride ion in small concentrations e.g., 1.0% by weight or less. Of course, this range may be extended depending on the conditions of the composition and use.

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In addition to the oxidizing agent, another essential ingredient in the skin-interfaciny material is an electrolyte salt. The anion o~ thiS salt is necessary to react with the oxidized silver ion (when the oxidizing agent itself does not provide the anion). Additionally, an electrolyte salt is necessary to provide adequate conduc-tivity to the interfacing material. The preferred salts for use in silver/silver chloride electrodes are potassium chloride (KCl~ and sodium chloride (NaCl). The anion of the salt should be the same as the anion of the compound formed on the sensing element, e.g., in a silver/silver bromide electrode, bromide electrolyte salts woul~ be used.
The concentration of the electrolyte salt in the skin-interfacing material is determined by the properties desired in the electrode sensing element and biocompa-ti-bility with the skin for the intended time of application.
High chloride ion concentrations, i.e., approximately 1.5%
by weight and higher have been shown to be potentially skin-irritating for long-term use such as for 24 hrs. or several days. Mowever, for short term use, concentrations as high as 5% by weight can be tolerated. The preferred concentration of chloride ion is in the range of 0.25 percent to 0.75 percent by weight of the composition. The preferred concentration of chloride ion is 0.5 percent by weight. It appears that as the chloride ion concentration increases, the concentration of oxidizing agent, at least when NaC102 is the oxidizing agent, must also increase for effective silver chloride plating.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention, electrodes are constructed as described in U.S. Patent No. 3,805,769- The sensing element is preferably a silver-plated plastic part which is anchored to a stainless steel snap connector. The skin-interfacing material is a conventional electrolyte gel such as "LECT~ON
III" ~el containing 1 percent by weight o potassium .

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chloride to which has been added sodium chlorite in a concentration of 0.02 percent by weight. The gel is held in contact with the silver sensing elemen~ by being impregnated in a polyurethane sponge.
An alternative embodiment is to impregnate the sponge with an aqueous solution, e.g,, 10 percent by weight, o~ sodium chlorite. The sponge is then dried and placed over the sensing element of the electrode. The sponge is wetted by the standard "LECTRON III" gel (containing 1 percent KCl) just prior to use. This method of practicing the invention is advantageous in several respects: (a) The oxidizing agent in a dry state in the presoaked ~oam has a relatively indefinite shelf life;
(b) Not only the oxiding agent but extra salts, e.g., KCl, may also be used in presoaking. (c) The oxidizing agent contacts the silver or other sensing element onl~ (not dispersed in the gel) and hence is removed from immediate contact with the skin. This lowers its irritation potential and allows higher concentrations to be used.
Another method of reducing skin irritation from contact with the oxidizing agent is to layer the skin-interfacing material and provide the oxidizing agent only in the layer contacting the sensing element. Such a layering technique would be especially useful if a non-polarizable system other than silver/silwer chloride is used such as lead/lead sulfate where more toxic substances may be involved.

Test Methods The electrodes of the present invention are "non-polarizable", i.e., they recover rapidly after a high voltage overload. Specifically, the absolute value of the polarization potential of a pair o~ electrodes connected together ~skin-interfacing material to skin-interfacing material)~does not exceed 100 mV, 5 seconds after a 10 volt, 100 millisecond square wave pulse as specified in the "Polar~ization" test described below.

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Polari~ation test - This test measures the electrode's ability to permit the ECG trace to return after defibrillation~ The -test is to be conducted as follows:
1. A pair of electrodes are connected skin-interfacing material-to-skin interfacing material and connected to the test apparatus (Figure 1) with ~he switch open.
2. After a few seconds~ the offset voltage on the voltmeter 1 in millivolts (mV) is noted at t-O
seconds.
3. The switch is closed long enough to produce a lOV, 100 mSec pulse from pulser 2 at output into the electrode pair. Simultaneously, a stop watch is started.

4. At t=5 sec., the offset voltage on the voltmeter 1 in V is noted. This is pulse No. 1.

5, After lS seconds, the offset voltage is again noted as at taO.

6. The switch is again closed to produce a lOV, 100 m~ec pulse and the stop watch started.

7. The offset voltage t=5 sec. wa noted. This is pulse NoO 2.

8. Further pulses may be given according to the same p~ocedure.

~25 DC offset voltage test - The DC offset voltage is measured by connecting two electrodes skin-interacing material to skin-interfacing material to form a circuit wit~ a DC
voltmeter having minimum input impedance of 10 Megohms and a reqolution of 1 mV or better. The measuring instrument applies less than 10 nA of bias current to the electrodes ; under~test. The measurement is made after a l minute stabilization period, but before 1.5 minutes have elapsed.
In this ~test, a pair of electrodes should, after a 1 minute stabilization period, exhibit an offset voltage no greater than IOG mv.

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AC impedance test - The impedance of a pair of electrodes connected skin-interfacing material to skin-interfacing material can be determir.ed by applying a sinusoidal current of known amplitude and observing the amplitude of the resulting potential across the electrodes. The magnitude of the impedance is the ratio of the voltage to the amplitude of the current. An adequate current generator can be assembled utilizing a sinusoidal signal ~voltage) generator with a l Megohm (or greater) resistor in series with the electrode pair. The level of the impressed current should not exceed 100 microamp peak to peak. In this test, the impedance of a pair of electrodes should not ecceed 3 Kilohms at 10 Hz.
The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.

Example l In this example, the amount of silver chloride formed using various oxidizing agents was measured.
One hundred milliliters of each of the following test solutions were made up, each having a molarity of l.

No. Oxidizing Agent Wt. Appx. gms pH
1. Sodium Chloride NaCl 5.9 8.9 2. Sodium Chlorite NaC102 9.0 9.6 3. Sodium~Chlorate NaC103 10.6 8.75 4. Sodium Chromate Na2Cr04 16.2 9.4 5. Potassium Dichromate K2Cr207 29.4 saturated 3.75 6~ Potassium Perchlorate KC104 13.9 saturated 8.45 In Test A, a 1 ml sample of each test solution was placed in a test tube, and three silver-plated sensing elements were immersed therein for 15 minutes. At the end of this period, the sensiny elements were washed with d~stilled water, air-dried, and set aside for testing. In Test B, the same procedure was followed except 10 ml of 6M
HCl were added to each test tube, and 1 ml sample of each I :IB719 o~ the resulting solutions used.
Each of the sensing elements were then electro~
chemically deplated, i.e., the silver chloride was reduced `to silver by a constant current, and by noting the time required, th~ equivalent electrical charge corresponding to the quantity of silver chloride on the sensing element (hereinafter referred to as coulomb equivalents3 was determined. Results ar~ shown in the following Table I.

TABLE I
Silver ChlorideSilver Chloride Oxidizing ~as millicoulomb (as millicoulomb No . Agentequivalents )Oxidizing A~ equivalents) 1. NaCl O NaCl + EICl O
2. NaC102 250 NaC102 + HCl 800 153. NaC103 0 NaC103 + HC1 675 4. Na2Cr04 0 Na2Cr04 + HC1 525 5. K2Cr27 0 K2Cr207 ~ HC1 425 . KC104 KC104 ~ HC1 0 From Table I it is concluded that oxidizing agents 2-5 are effective in converting Ag to AgCl in the presence of Cl- ions in the solution, whereas only NaClO2 is ef~ective in the absence of HCl.

Example 2 This example relates to electrodes made using 25 the various oxidizing agents described in example l and further illustrates the effect of p~ on the formation of AgCl. ~ ~ ~
Five grams of NaClO3 in 5 ml of warm aqueous solution was added to 95 g of '~ECTRON III" gel containing approximately 1% Cl- ion to give a final gel weight of 105 g having a p~ of 5.9. Concentrated hydrochloric acid ~(HCl)~was added to a portion of the above gel mixture until a pH of 4 was achieved. "RED DOT" Brand 2256-type electrodes with silver-coated plastic sensing elements * ~a~ J e /~q r ~

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were filled with the final gel mixture. All electrode~
were aged for 10 days at room conditions and then tested for electrical properties. Results are shown in Table II
below. _, TABLE II
Impedance Polarizationl Electrode at 10 Hz t=0 t=5 sec.
Pair No. Gel ~(ohms) (mV~ (mV) ( 1) LECTRON III 5.9 750 .4 64 2%KCl+596NaCl03 t2) " " 5.g 650 .0 56 (3) " " 5.9 630 .6 141~4) LECTRON III 4 390 .& 21 2%KCl+5%NaC103 15 (5) '~ ll 4 270 .2 17 1. t=0: immediately before passing a 10 volt, 100 millisecond pulse. : :
t=5 sec: 5 seconds a~ter passing a 10 volt, l00 milliseconds pulse.
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Standard limb~lead ECG recordings were made using electrode pairs (4) and t5) above (before testing impedance and polarization) and excellent,tracings were obtained on a three channel ~!Marquette" ECG recorder (Marquette Electronics, Inc., Milwaukee,~Wisconsin U.S.A.).
~ ~ The data in Table II show acceptable polarization voltage~values or:the electrodes containing gel at a pH o 4, whereas the polarization for the electrodes containing gel at p~ 5.9 were~ undesirable~ It 30 : was shown in Table I that:the o~idizer NaClO3 is effective in forming AgCl with lower pH electrolytes and hence the data in Table:I are corroborated by the data in Table II.
The other oxidizing~ agents listed in Table I were also incorporated in the gel and made into elect'rodes. Very * 7-ra ~ ~/a r ~ ~ :

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7~ l good ECG traces were obtained and the electrical charac-teristics were comparable to those of conventional Ag/AgCl electrodes.

Example 3 This example illustrates electrodes utilizing a silver/silver bromide non-polarizable system. In a 99 g sample of "LECTRON III" gel containing no salts was dissolved l g of reagent-grade potassium bromide (KBr).
The p~ of the gel changed from 6.2 to 5.9 after addition of KBr. To a second 94 g sample of the "LECTRON III" gel (with no salts) were added l g of KBr and 5 gms of potassium dichromate (K2Cr207). The mixture was stirred in a beaker until the salts dissolved. The pH was observed to be 5.5. This was raised by mixing a few drops of KOH to a pH of 5.9. The gel viscosity appeared lower.
"RED DOT" Brand No. 2246-type electrodes with Ag-plated sensing elements were filled with the above gel mixtures and tested for ECG acquisition efficacy and electrical characteristics. Very good trace quality ECG recordings were obtained with both gel mixtures. Test results are shown in the following Table III.

TABLE III
Elec ImpedancePblarization trode at 10Hz (in mV) 25 ~ Gel ~(R~hm~s) t = O t - 5 (1~ 1%KBr 5.9 1.2 .2 16.4 (2) " " ~ " ~ 1.2 0 16.8 (3) " " " 1.5 .3 16.7 (4) 1% KBr + 5.9 1.8 1.0 2.4 (5) 5% K2Cr~27 " 1.6 3.2 14.6 (6) " " ~ " 2.1 8.3 1.9 1. t=0: ~m~diately before passing a 10 ~olt, 100 millisecond pulse.
ta5 sec: 5 seconds after passmg a 10 volt, 100 millisecond pulse.

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--lg--In another experimen~, 100 g-samples of aqueous solutions of KBr, and K2Cr207 with KBr, were made.
Ag-plated sensing elements were immersed in the solutions for about 30 hours and then checked coulometrically for the quantity of AgBr formed in a manner similar to the determination of AgCl explained earlier. The solutions and the electrical characteristics of the electrodes made using the Ag elements immersed for 50 hours in the respective solutions as electrolytes are shown below in Ta~le IV.

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It was concluded from the above data that Ag-AgBr electrodes are as effective as Ag-AgCl in providing non-polarizability to simulated defibrillation electrical pulses and that the oxidizing agent potassium 5 dichromate increases the quantity of AgBr formed, especially at the lower pH of 4.7. This also resulted in expected lowering of the values of polarization over-voltage in the last column.

Example 4 This example illustrates the use of non-aqueous solvents in the skin-interfacing materialO With non-aqueous systems, there is little or no evaporation, thereby providing a longer shelf life. Furthermore, the possibility of chemical reactions occurring between metal 15 parts of the electrode and water vapor from the gel is largely eliminated.
A 78 g sample of propylene glycol was heated to approximately 80C in a 150 ml glass beaker. Stirring was done by a magnetic stirrer. ~Eight-tenths g of KCl was 20 added and stirring continued until the KCl dissolved. To this solution was added .12 gm. of NaClO2. When dissolved, the stirring was stopped. Th,e beaker was removed rom the heat and cooled~ in tap water. The pH of the final mixture was 6. A 25 ml sample was placed in a 25 glass bottle containing 10 silver plated plastic sensing elements. The bottle was capped~ and stored at room temperature. Approximately 15 to 16 hours later some of the sensing elements were removed and tested for the amount o AgCl formed. Other elements were wiped clean 30 and formed into "RED DOT" Brand No. 2256-type electrodes with a piece of polyurethane foam l(Scott Foam Co.) of 80 pore per inch] anchored,to the sensing elements. The propylene glycol solution was impregnated into the foam.
Four such electrodes were used on a human volunteer at the 3~5 standard limb sitest and a high quality ECG trace was obtained. Aft~er removal, the electrodes were formed into , :

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-2~-pairs and tested for electrical characteristics. Results are shown in the following Table V.

TABLE V

Electrode Impedance Polarization1 Pair at lO Hz t=0 Pulse l Pulse 2 Pulse 3 No. Kohms mV mV mV mV
_ (l) 1.07 2.4 11.9 11 11 (2) 1.06 2.2 13.4 13.2 13 l t=0: Initial offset voltage. Measured before passing Pulse lo Pulse l: voltage measured 5 seconds after passing a first lOV, lO0 millisecond pulse.
Pulse 2: Voltage measured 5 seconds after passing a second lOV, lO0 millisecond pulse.
Pulse 3: Voltage measured 5 seconds after passing a third lOV, lO0 millisecond pulse.
The successive pulses were applied at approximately 20-second intervals.

The quantity of AgCl in millicoulomb equivalents on sensing elements from the same batch of electrodes was 54, 64 and 81.
The data show that the electrodes exhibit very good electrical characteristics as compared to standard aqueous gel electrodes. A sufficient amount of AgCl was ormed in less than one day to pass repeated polarization pulses.
Another example of a non-aqueous system is illustrated by adding KCl and NaClO2 in concentrations of 1.0 and .08 percent by weight, respectively to a conductive pressure sensitive material (described in Canadian Application Serial No. 367,329 filed March 12, 1981. The composition of the adhesive waæ as follows:

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Ingredient _Approx. ~ by Weight Glycerin 60 Acrylic Acid 25 Polyacrylic Acid 4 Water 5 TEGBM 0.3 (triethyleneglycol-bismethacrylate) 2-Methoxy-2-phenyl0.01 acetate ~"Irgacure" 651) To 26.6 g of the above adhesive precursor were added 3.4 g of an aqueous solution containing sodium chlorite (0.025 g) and potassium chloride (0.3 g). The mixture was placed under UV lamps for several minutes, followed by ten days under room ambient fluorescent light, during which time the mixture cured to an adhesive containing approximately 1~ KCl and 0.08~ sodium chlorite.
Two "RED DOT" Brand No. 2256 electrodes were made with sensing elements that had an overlying layer of the chlorite-containing adhesive. When tested after 5 days of aging for offset potential, impedance and polarization, the electrode pair gave results comparable to Ag/AgCl electrodes with conventional aqueous gels.
Further, an ECG recording free from artifacts was also obtained.
Since the conductive adhesive is not a "water-based" electrolyte it does not dry out. Further, it has adhes~ive properties, thereby adhering the AgCl ~;
sensing element to the skin. This minimizes artifacts in the ECG recording caused by motion or stretching of the underlying skin.

Éxample 5 This example illustratss the preparation of an electrode uslng a guar gum gel described in Canadian Patent , -2~-No. 1,139,931.

Solution ~:
Distilled water (approximately 375 g) was heated to approximately 60C in a glass beaker. Potassium chloride (10.5 9) was added and stirred to dissolve.
Solution s-In a separate beaker was placed propylene glycol(75 g), and to it, with mechanical stirring, were added, successively, guar gum (4 g, Stein-Hall HP-ll), m-hydroxy-benzoate (1 g) and p-hydroxybenzoate (0.2 g).
Solution B was added to Solution A at approxi-mately 60C with constant mechanical stirring, and mixing was continued until a homogenous solution was obtained.
This was allowed to cool for about 15 hours~ and then there was added a solution of sodium chlorite (0.25 g, in 1 ml water) with thorough mixing. This solution was called Solutlon C.
Potassium tetraborate (25 g of a 10~ aqueous solution) was then added to Solution C, with vigorous mechanical stirring to help promote homogenous cross-lin~ing of the gel which formed. The resulting gel had the following composition:

Ingredient ~ by Weight Guar gum 2 Potassium chloride Propylene glycol 15 Sodium chlorite 0.05 m-Elydroxybenzoate 0.2 p-Hydroxybenzoate 0.04 Potassium tetraborate 5 ~as 10~ solution) Water (to 100~) approx. 77 The gel was placed by syringe into the gel cavity of "RED ])OT" brand No. 2256-style electrodes, : ` ~
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, fitted with silver sensing elements. After one week, the electrodes were tested, giving results as follows:

TABLE VI

Electrode Offset Impedance Polarizationl 5 Pair Potential at 10 Hz Pulse 1 Pulse 2 Pulse 3 Number (mV) ~ohms) mV mV mV
1 0.8 S00 16.6 20.5 21.3 2 0q7 470 17.1 19 21.4 3 1.2 510 17.7 20.1 20.2 10 1 Voltages measured 5 seconds after each of three successive 100 volt, 25 millisecond pulses, applied at approximately 20 second intervals.

The silver chloride deposi~ed on a ~andom series of sensing elements selected for testing was, as coulomb 15 equiyalents, in millicoulombs: ~63, 27, 45, 27, 36, 27, 63. It has been observed in other experiments that ~he potassium tetraborate in the guar gum gel has an inhibitory effect on the formation of silver chloride when NaOCl (10% solution of ~'HILEX" bleach in distilled wat:er) 20 was used as the oxidizing agent.

LECTRON III gel was purchased already containing KCl, 2% by weight. To this gel ~3 kgs)~was added a solu-tion of 1.5 gms (0.05%) of reagent grade sodium chlorite tMatheson! Coleman and Bell~, 2909 Highland Avenue, Cincinnati OH 45212) in about 10 ml of distilled water, with thorough~mechanical mixing.
Electrodes,~ otherwise similar to 3M Red Dot no.
2246 electrodes (3M Company, 3M Center, St. Paul, MN, 30 U.S.A.) but having a silver-plated sensing element, were made using the chlori~e gel prepared above. They were stored at room temperature for one month. Thereafter the samples were divided into three lots of samples which were * 7~a d/e Jl~ r~

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stored respectively at ambient unheated storage conditions (su~zero to over gOF); room temperature; and 100F for six months. Samples were tested from time to time and the one month and six month data are presented in Table VII.

5 Example 7 LECTRON III gel, containing 2% KCl, was combined with sodium chlorite (O.025~ following the method of ~Example 6. Similar electrodes were filled with this gel, following the same procedure. Samples of these electrodes 10 were stored, aged and tested in the same way as in Example 6, and the test results are likewise given in Table VII.

Example 8 As a control, electrodes of ~he current art, 15 made with the same sensing elements as those used in Examples 6 and 7, but separately chlorided prior to assembly, and using a similar gel without any sodium chlorite, were similarly stored, aged and tested. The results are given in Table VII.
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Claims (17)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. A non-polarizable biomedical electrode comprising: an electrical impulse-sensing element having a metallic surface, said sensing element having a base portion with a lower skin-directed surface and an upper surface having means for connection to an electromedical testing apparatus; and a conformable, electrically-conductive skin-interfacing material in electrical contact with said lower surface of said sensing element comprising a solvent having dissol-ved therein an oxidizing agent capable of oxidizing the metal on said lower surface of said sensing element to form a metallic cation, and an electrolyte salt in sufficient quantity to render said skin-interfacing material electri-cally-conductive, the anion of said salt being capable of reacting with said metallic cation to form an insoluble compound on said lower surface of said sensing element which causes the electrode to be non-polarizable.

2. The electrode according to claim 1 wherein the metallic surface of said sensing element is silver.

3. The electrode according to claim 2 wherein said insoluble compound is a silver halide.

. The electrode according to claim 3 wherein said silver halide is silver chloride.

5. The electrode according to claim 2 wherein said anion of said elec-trolyte salt is Cl.

6. The electrode according to claim 5 wherein said anion is present in an amount between about 0.1 and 10 percent by weight of said skin-interfacing material.

7. The electrode according to claim 5 wherein said electrolyte salt is selected from the group consisting of NaCl and KCl.

8. The electrode according to claim 2 wherein said oxidizing agent is selected from the group consisting of NaCl02, NaOCl and NaCl03.

9. The electrode according to claim 8 wherein said oxidizing agent is NaCl02.

10. The electrode according to claim 9 wherein said oxidizing agent is present in an amount between about 0.001 and 0.75 percent by weight of said skin-interfacing material.

11. The electrode according to claim 1 wherein said solvent is water containing a conventional thickening agent.

12. A conformable electrically-conductive compo-sition for use as the interfacing material between the skin and the metallic sensing element of a biomedical electrode comprising a solvent having dissolved therein an oxidizing agent capable of oxidizing the metal on the surface of said sensing element to form a metallic cation and an electrolyte salt in sufficient quantity to render said composition electrically-conductive, the anion of said salt being capable of reacting with said metallic cation to form an insoluble compound on the surface of said sensing element which causes the electrode to be non-polarizable.

13. The composition according to claim 12 wherein said metallic sensing element is silver.

14. The composition according to claim 13 wherein said insoluble compound is a silver halide.

15. The composition according to claim 14 wherein said silver halide is silver chloride.

16. The composition according to claim 12 wherein said electrolyte salt is selected from the group consisting of NaCl and KCl.

17. The composition according to claim 12 wherein said oxidizing agent is NaC102.