CA1195022A - Adhesive compositions and bonding method employing the same - Google Patents
Adhesive compositions and bonding method employing the sameInfo
- Publication number
- CA1195022A CA1195022A CA000412357A CA412357A CA1195022A CA 1195022 A CA1195022 A CA 1195022A CA 000412357 A CA000412357 A CA 000412357A CA 412357 A CA412357 A CA 412357A CA 1195022 A CA1195022 A CA 1195022A
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- cation
- adhesive composition
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- alpha
- accelerator
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
- C09J5/00—Adhesive processes in general; Adhesive processes not provided for elsewhere, e.g. relating to primers
- C09J5/04—Adhesive processes in general; Adhesive processes not provided for elsewhere, e.g. relating to primers involving separate application of adhesive ingredients to the different surfaces to be joined
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
- C09J4/00—Adhesives based on organic non-macromolecular compounds having at least one polymerisable carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond ; adhesives, based on monomers of macromolecular compounds of groups C09J183/00 - C09J183/16
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)
Abstract
Abstract of the Disclosure An adhesive composition comprising an adhesive base and accelerator portion, the adhesive base comprising (a) a polymerizable monomer selected from the group con-sisting of unsubstituted alpha-cyanoacrylates and substi-tuted alpha-cyanoacrylates; and (b) an effective amount of stabilizer; and the accelerator portion comprising a weakly acidic or weakly basic ionic accelerator compound compris-ing a cation M and an anion A, the pKa relating to cation M
in the equilibrium defined by M(H2O)+ ? MO + H+
being at least about 10, the pKa relating to anion A in the equilibrium defined by HA ? A- + H+
being less than or equal to about 0, and the nucleophili-city constant of anion A being less than about 2 when cation M is an onium cation comprising more than 8 carbons, the nucleophilicity constant being determined relative to methyl iodide; the adhesive composition being further characterized in that it exhibits a set time of less than 1/3 that of the adhesive base alone and provides a bond which exhibits an overlap shear value of at least about 28.12 kg/sq. cm. In contrast to many compositions which include strongly basic or alkaline ionic accelerators, these adhesive compositions exhibit suitable cure rates when employed on wooden substrates and result in strong bonds which age well in the presence of heat and moisture.
Methods of bonding wooden substrates using weakly acidic or weakly basic ionic accelerator compounds are also described herein.
in the equilibrium defined by M(H2O)+ ? MO + H+
being at least about 10, the pKa relating to anion A in the equilibrium defined by HA ? A- + H+
being less than or equal to about 0, and the nucleophili-city constant of anion A being less than about 2 when cation M is an onium cation comprising more than 8 carbons, the nucleophilicity constant being determined relative to methyl iodide; the adhesive composition being further characterized in that it exhibits a set time of less than 1/3 that of the adhesive base alone and provides a bond which exhibits an overlap shear value of at least about 28.12 kg/sq. cm. In contrast to many compositions which include strongly basic or alkaline ionic accelerators, these adhesive compositions exhibit suitable cure rates when employed on wooden substrates and result in strong bonds which age well in the presence of heat and moisture.
Methods of bonding wooden substrates using weakly acidic or weakly basic ionic accelerator compounds are also described herein.
Description
FN 32,384 Novel Adhesive Compositions and Bonding Methods Employing the Same Back~ound of the Invention This invention relates to cyanoacrylate adhesive compositions and bonding methods using the sameO
One bonding applica~ion in which cyanoacrylate adhesives are par~icularly useful is the bonding of woodO
Since cyanoacrylate adhe~ives have a tendency to cure ~lowly on wood substrates du~ to the acidic nature of such substra~es, use has been made o~ an accelerator to accelerate cure to satisfactory rat~s. Depending on the properties of the specif ic accelerator employedl the accelerator may be ei~her included as an ingredient in a one-part alpha-cyanoacrylate adhesive composition or employed as a ~rimer which is applied to a~ lea.st one of the substrates during the bondi~g operation itself.
Specific examples of conventional accelerators which have be~n employed are the alcohols described in U.S~ Patent No.
One bonding applica~ion in which cyanoacrylate adhesives are par~icularly useful is the bonding of woodO
Since cyanoacrylate adhe~ives have a tendency to cure ~lowly on wood substrates du~ to the acidic nature of such substra~es, use has been made o~ an accelerator to accelerate cure to satisfactory rat~s. Depending on the properties of the specif ic accelerator employedl the accelerator may be ei~her included as an ingredient in a one-part alpha-cyanoacrylate adhesive composition or employed as a ~rimer which is applied to a~ lea.st one of the substrates during the bondi~g operation itself.
Specific examples of conventional accelerators which have be~n employed are the alcohols described in U.S~ Patent No.
2,768,109 (Coover); the organic a~ines disclosed in U~S.
Patent ~o. 3,260,637 (Von Bramer~; the imino- or unsaturated aliphatically substituted derivatives of s-triazine, h~xahydro-s~tria~ine and pyrimido [5,4~d]
20 pyriinidine disclosed in U.S. Paten~ No. 3,640,972 (Bolyar);
the compounds containillg N-C=S or ~-C S- groups clisclose(~ in U.S. Pa~ent NoO 3,836,377 (Cielahunty), caffeine and theobromine as disclosed in ~OS. Patent ~o.
4,042,442 (Dombroski et alO 3; the polyethylene glycols and 25 non-ionic surEace aclents comprisin~ a poly(ethyleneoxy) moiety as disclosed in U.S~ Patent No. 4~170,585 (Motegi et al. ); macrocyclic polyekher compounds such as 18 crown~6 or 15~crown-5 as disclosed in U, 5. Patent No~ 4,171, 41~
~Motegi et al . ); and sodium hydroxide, potassium hydrox.ide 30 and sodium-l~orosilicate as disclosed in UO~;. Patent No~
4,215,173 IHubbard). The strongly basic ~r alkaline 5~
~2 accelerators such as sodium hydroxide cause rapid polymeri-zation of an alpha-cyanoacrylate composition on mixing and therefore are necessarily employed as primers, Certain d.isadvantages may accompany the use of the strongly basic or alkaline ionic accelerators (eOg., sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide) in bonding operations involving wooden substrates. In particular, loss in overlap shear strength of the resulting adhesi~e bond may occur when the accelerator is employed with a 10 second open time (i.e., the time elapsed between the application of the accelerator to a wood substrate and tlle placing of the wood substrates in an abutting relationship during formation of ~he adhesive bond). Such loss in bond strength may be particularly evident when the adhesive bond is exposed to moisture and heatO
SummarY of the Present Invention The present invention provides novel a~hesive compositions comprising an adhesive base and an accelerator portion, the adhesive base comprising (a) a polymerizable monomer selected from khe group consisting of unsubstituted alpha-cyanoacrylat~s and suhstituted alpha-cyanoacrylates;
and (b) a suEficient amount of a stabilizer; and the accelerator portion comprising a weakly acidic or weakly basic ionic accelerator compound comprising a cation M and an anion A, the pRa relating to the cation M in the equilibrium defined by M(l~2)~ OH ~
hei.ny at least about 10, the pKa relating to the ani.oll A in the equilibriuln defined by MA ~ A~ -~ ll+
being less than or equal to about Q, and the nucleophili~
city constant of anion A being less than about 2 when cation M is an onium cation cornprising more than 8 carbons, the nucleophilicity constant being determined relative to Inethyl iodide~ the adhesive composition being further characterized in that it exhibits a set t.ime of less than ~s~
1/3 that Qf the adhesive base alone and provides a bond which exhibits an overlap shear value of at least abo~t 28.12 ky/s~. cm. The present invention also provides noYe methods for bondin~ wood substrates using adhesive compositions comprisin~ weakly acidic or weakly basic ionic accelerator compounds.
It has now been found that employment of a weakly acidic or weakly basic ionic compound as the accelerator compound in the two-part~ alpha-cyanoacrylate adhesive compositions described herein provides adhesive cornposi~
tions which exhibit satisfactory rates of cure on ~ood substrates~ It has also been found that the adhesive com~
positi.ons described hereinJ since they include a weakly acidic or weakly basic ionic compound as an accelerator compound, may be employed in bonding wood substrates using an open time of 10 seconds (relative to the accelerator compound ~ and still provide an adhesive bond which exhibits suitable resistance to moisture and heat.
The adhesive composi~ions and methods of the present invention may be suitably employed in the bonding of a variety of wood substrates (e.g., walnut, ash, fir, oak, maple, pine, and birch .s~bstrates).
Detailed Description of the Present Invention The adhesive bases of the adhesive compositions of the present invent:ion cornprise a polymeri~able monomer.
The polymerizable monomer may be an unsubstituted or a substitu~ed alpha-cyanoacrylate monomer, Preferred monomers for use as the polymerizable monomer are unsubstituted alpha cyanoacrylates of the ~ormula CH~ = C~CN) - COORl (I) -wherein:
Rl is selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups of 1 to about 10 carbons and alkenyl yroups of 2 to about 10 carbo~sO
Illustrative of the alkyl ~roups which Rl may represent in formula I above are methyl, ethyl~ n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl r and isobutyl groups. Illustrative oE
the alkenyl groups which R1 may represent are vinyl and allyl radicals. The preEerred alpha-cyanoacrylate is ethyl 10 cyanoacrylate~
Examples of suitable substituted alpha-cyano-acrylate monomers or use as ~he polymerizable monomer are the l,l~disubstituted butadienes-1J3 and 1,1 disubsti-tuted-l-bu~ene 3-ynes disclosed in U. S~ ~atent No.
15 3,31~,227 (Gerber) a~d the alkenyl esters or alkoxy substituted alkyl esters of 2-cyanopenta 2,4~dienoic acid disclosed in U.S~ Patent No. 3,554,990 lQuinn et al~ ) ~
The adhesive bases may comprise a single type of polymerizable monomer or may comprise a mixture oE two cr 20 more difer~nt types oE polymQrizable monomer~.
In order to obtain adhesive bases exhibiting desirable shelf-life, it is generally desirable to include an ef~ective amount of a stabilizer (i.e., an amount which provide an adhesive base which exhibits substantially no gelation when .stored or at least about one month at 22C~, but which, at the same ~ime, is capable of under~30ing polymerization at a practical rate). Examples o stab.ili.~er.s which are useful in the adhesive bases are anionic polymerization inhibitors and free-radical poly-30 meriza~ion inhibitors. In many instances it may bede.qirable to inc:Lude bot;h an ani.onic polymerization inhibitor and a free-radical polymeriza~ion inhibitor.
Suitable anionic polymeriæation inhibitors are well-known to those skilled in the art and include acidic gases such as sulfur dioxide 9 sulur trioxide, nitric oxide, and hydro~en Eluoride; aromatic sulfolli.c acids and aliphatic sulfonic acids; and organic sultones of the type disclosed in U.S. Patent No~ 3,836,377 (Delahunty).
Suitable amounts of the foregoing for inclusi.on in the adhesive kase are as follows: a suitable amsunt of an acidic gas is from about 0~001 to 0.06 parts by w~ight per 100 parts by weight of the polymerizable monomer; a suitable amount of an aromatic or aliphatic sulfonic acid is from about 0.0005 to 0.1 parts by weigh~ per 100 parts of the polymerizable monomer; and a sui~able amount of a sultone i5 ~rom about 0.1 to 10 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the polymerizable monomerO
Suitable free-radical polymerization inhibitors are also well-known to those skilled in the art and include hydroquinone, hydroquinone monomethyl ether, t-butyl catechol, and p-methoxy phenol. A suita~le amount of a ~ree-radical polymerization inhibitor is 00 0005 to û.1 parts by weight and preferably 00 001 to 0. 05 parts by weight, both per 100 parts by weight of the polymerizable monom~r.
The above-described polymerizable monomers generally exhibit a low viscosity. In order to increase the viscosity o~ the adhesive base ~o desired levels, it mayr therefore, be desirable to include a thickener therein. Suitable thickeners are well-known to those skilled in the art and include poly(me thyl methacrylate), polymers comprising methacrylate and a monomer, acrylic rubbers, cellulose derivatives, polyvinyl acetate and poly(alpha~cyanoacrylate). It has been found in the present invention that adhesive bases comprising up to 40 parts by weight and preferably about 10 to 30 par~s by 30 weiyht Qf a thickener, both per 100 p~rts by weight of the ~.)olymeri~able mQnOmer, exhibit suitable viscosity ~or most bondiny operationsO
The adhesive bases may additionally co~pri.~e the p].asticizers, perfumes, dyes, pi~nents and the like, which are well-known to tho~e skilled in the art.
The accelerator portions comprise a weakly acidic or weakly basic ionic accelerator compound corrlprising a cation ~ and ~n anlon A~ the pKa relatin~ to ~he cation M
in the e~uilibrium defined by M(~2O)~ ~ MOH ~ ll* (II) being at least about 10, and preferably at least about 13, and the pKa relating to ~he anion ~ in the equilibrium defined by IIA ~ A -~ H-~ (III) being less than or equal to about 0, and preEerably less than or equal to about 5~ The above~described pKa relating to the cation M represents the dissociation constant of the first wa~er molecule to dissociate.
It is to be understood that pKa may be determiJ-ed by any of the known methods including potentiolnetric methods, spectrophotometric methods~ and conductance methodsO Reference is made to ~c~ti-- ~r ~
Chemi~ , Io M. Kolthoff and P. J~ Elving~ John Wiley and _ __ Sons, Vol. 2, Part 1, p~ 239 (1979) for a discussion of these and other suitabl~ methods of de termin.ing pKa. The ,nethods selected ancl any modifications made to the selected method will depend on a variety of considerations such as the solubility of ~he particular compound comprising the cation or anion for which p~a is being determlned~ It is assumed that one of ordinary ~kill can select and, if necessary, modif~ a particular method in order ~o correc~ly determine the pKa of specific cations and anions Eor purposes of the present invention.
Specific examples of cations which M may be are .included in Table I below. Ta~le I also includes the pKa relatincJ to those cations in the above-defined equilibrium (Il).
~5~
Table I
Cation M pKa K+ 14. 5a Na~14 . 2a C~ >13 b Li+13. 6a Ba~+13.5a Ca~ t 12 ~ 9a Mg~+11~ 4a Mn~+10. 6a a as reported in ~ d ~ is of CationY, C~Fo Base ~r.
and ~.E~ Mesmer, John Wiley and Sons, 1976.
b es~imate Still further examples of ca~ion~ which cation M
may be are oni~n ca~ion~ such as quaternary ammoni~n cations~ Examples o~ sui~able quaternary ammoniom cations which cation M may be are tetr~nethyl a~nonium cation, tetraethyl ammonium cation 9 ~e~rapropyl ammonium cation, tetrabutyl a~nonium cation, trimethylethyl a~nonium cation, dimethyldie~h~l ammo~ium cation, and trimethylbutyl ammonium cation, The pRa for the quaternary a~nonium cations is estimated to be greater than 13~
Specîfic examples of anions which ~ may be are included in Table 2 below. ~able I~ also includes the p~a relating to those anions in the above-defined equilibrium ~III~.
Table I I
An ion A pKa . . _ C104~ ( perchlorate ) -1 Oa I- (iodide) _9.5a Br~ ( bromide ) _9a Cl- ~ chloride ) _5a C103~ 1 chlorate ) -2 . 7a SCN ~ ( thiocyanate ) ~1. 9a NO3- (nitrate~ -lo3b 05O3~ (phenylsulonate) ~ a p CH30SO3 (methyl _1.0a phenyl sulfonate) C~SO3- (methylsulfonate) ~0.6a CF3CO2 (tri1uoroacetate) -0~3~
a a~ repor~ed in ~ , 12th Ed~, McGraw~ able 5-7.
b as reported in Ro G. Pearson e~ al., J. ~m. Chem, Soc~
_ , 319 (1968) Okher examples which anion ~ may be are tetrafluoro~orate (BF~-), and periodate (IO~ ), the pKas for these anions being estimated ~o be less than about -5, Still further examples of an.ions which A may be are triflate (CF3SO3-), hexaEluorophosphat~ (PF6-), hexafluoroant:imon~e (SbF6-), and hexafluoroarsenate (AsF~;~) anions, the pKas :Eor these anions being e.sti~nated to be ].ess khan about ~5.
The degree to which an ionic compound accelerates th~ cure of an alpha~cyanoacrylate monomer may depend, in part, on the mobility o the anion in the monomer.
Accordill~ly, anion A pre~erably has a molecular weight of 30 no more than about 2500 Compounds such as sodium tridecylether sulfate (i.~e., that available under the trade designation "Sipex ~ST 30'' from Alcolac, Inc7~ and sodium mono~ or di dodecyl disulfollate diphenyl oxide (,i.e~, that av~ilable under the trade designation "Dowax ~A ~ Solution;' ~5~
from Dow Che,~ical Co.) have be~n found not to accelerate significantly the cure of alpha-cyanoacrylate ,nonomersO
It has also been found tha-t the nucleophilicity constant oE anion A should be consi~ered (in addition to the pKas of cation M and anion A) in some instances in selecting a suit~ble onium cation as cation Mo In par-ticu-lar, when the cation M is an onium cation com~rising more than 8 carbon atoms (e.g.~ as i5 the case with tetrabutyl ammonium cation), tl~e anion A should have a nucleophi1icity constant ~relative to methyl iodide) o~ less than about 20 Reerence is made to R. G. Pearson, ~l. Sabel and ~.
Song~tad, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 90~ 319 (196B) for nucleophilicity constants of a variety of anions as determined rela~ive to methyl iodide and for a rnethod for determining ~uch constants. It has been found in the present invention, or example, that suitable re~ults are obtained when tetrabutyl ammonium perchlorate, tetrabutyl ammoniuln ~riflate, tetrabutyl ammonium hexafluorophosphate, and tetrabutyl ammonium hexafluoroarsenate are employed as the accelerator compounds, the perchlorate~ triflate, hexaEluorophosphate and hexafluoroarsenate anions all having nucleophilicity constants estimated to be less than about 2.
The accelerator portion may contain only the ionic accelerator compound or may comprise the ion.ic accelerator compound dissolved or suspended in a suitable vehicle~ Preerred vehicles are water and lower alcohols (e~ , ethanol anc3 .isopropanol). A suitable arno~nt o~ th~
iOlliC accelerator compound in a vehicle is between about 0.1 to 10~ on a weiyht to weight basis.
~ n bonding substrates, the accelerator portion is applied to at least one o~ the substrates to be bonded.
The adhesive base may then be applied to one or rnore of the substrates to which th~ accelerator portion has been applied. Alternatively, the adhesive base may be applied to any substrate or substrates whic}l are to be bonded, but which have no~ been treated with the accelerator por~ion (provi.ded, of course r that the accelerator portion has been applied to at leas~ one substrate to be bonded), In the event that the adhesive base and accelerator portion ~re applied to the same substrate one should proceed ~uickly with the bonding operation.
It has been found in the present in~ention that ~he accelera~or portion may be preapplied to substra~es well in advance o~ the time that the substrates are to be bondedO In particular, it has been found tha~ the bonding operation may be performed up to about 2~ hours a~er ~he accelerator portion has been applied to a substrate.
Tt is to be unders~ood that the adhesive composi-tions desribed herein may be employed in bonding GperatiOns involving substrates other than wood (e.g.t metal, glass and plas~ics)~
The following non-limi~,ing examples will illu5 trate the practice of the invenkion. Unless otherwise indicated, all parts~ proportion~3 and percentac3es are by we ight c Testing Procedu Overlap Shear Stren th ~etermination Test Test Method A
The bondin~ performance of an adhesive composi-tion is determined as fol.lows. ~aple wood (i.eO, as used in the specification and claims, 'maple wood" designates har(3 Inaple wood, lst/2nd grade) substrates ~neasurin~
2.5 crn x 10 cm x 0.8 cm are equilibrated at 25C and 50%
E~elative Humidity. ~bout 75 ~g of an adhesive base is ap~lied to one oE such maple wood substrates as a continuous coating. An accelerator portiont which cornprises an accelerator compourld dissolved in water, ethanol or a mixture of ethanol and water to ~JiVe concentration with respect to the accelerator compound of n. 07 molal, is brushed onto a seco~d maple woo~ substrate as a contirluous light coating~ Warming of the solution may ~5~
be necessary to achieve dissolution of the accelerator compound. Application of the accelerator portion to the second maple wood substrate is accompanied by forced air drying (e~gO/ such as is provided by a an or exhaus~ hood3 in order to assure complete removal of visible solvent of the accelerator portion from the surface of the substrate.
Some of the solvent, or course, will be removed through absorbtion into the maple wood substrate~ Complete removal of visible solvent is desired (prior to bringing the substrates into abut~ing relationship3 in order to avoid adversely affec~ing bonding performance. ~fter an open time (i.e., the time elapsed between application of the accelera~or portion ~o a maple wood substrate and placing of the maple woocl sub~strates in an ahutting relat~onship) Oe lo seconds, the ~wo substrates are brought into abutting relationship with one anothar to form an adhesive bond haYiny a 6.25 cm2 overlap. The bond is aged at 24 hours at room temperature. Alternatively; the bond is aged 24 hours at room temperature and subsequently for an additional 72 days in an environment maintained at 71C and 100~ Relative Humidity. Af~er aglng of the bond~ the overlap ~hear value is determined at room temperature using a Dynalnic Tester operated at a jaw separation rate of 5O08 cm per minute.
Results given below represent the average of a~ least 3 independent determinations~ This Test Method A is the method to be used in determining the overlap shear values stated in the instant specification~ This Test Method A is al~so the metho-3 to be used in determining the overlap shear values stated in the instant claim.s~ The overlap shear values stated in the claims represent overlap shear values aeter ayin<3 the boncl se~uentially at room temperature and then at 71C and 100~ Relative Humidity as described in this Test Method Ac ~95~
Set-Time Determination Test Method B
Maple wood substrates as descri~ed in Test ~ethod A and as conditioned as described in Test Method A are -tre~ted with an adhesive base and an accelerator portion in the manner describad in Test Method A, After a 1~ second open time, the substrates are brought into an abut~ing relationship so as to allow bond formation. Strength of the bond is tested at increasing increments of time (i.eO~
10, 15, 20, etc., seconds)~ The set-time is deter~nlned to be the time at which the bond is diEficult to break with moderate hand ~trength. This Test Method B is the method to be used in determining the set time values stated in the ins~ant specification and claims.
Examples 1-25 Suitable adhesive compositlons in accordance with the present invention co~prise an adhesive ~ase and r~ accelerator portion~ described as fsllows. The adhesive ~.~
~ base consis~s of ~'CA-5'~(a cyanoacrylate composition cornprising ethyl cyanoacrylate, a thickener, and sulfur dioxide, commerci~lly available from 3M3. The accelerator porkion comprises an ionic accelera~or compound (appearing in Table IIX below) dissolved in a 50:50 ~weight~weight) mixture of ethanol and water to give a concentration with respect to the accelerator compund of O~ 07 molal~
Tahle III i.ncludes the overlap shear s~ren~th exhibited by the cured compositions when determined after aging 24 hours at room temperature in accordance with Test Method ~, the overlap shear strength exhibited by the cured compositiorls when dete~mined after aging 7~ days in an environment maintained at 100~ relative humidity and 71~C
(after ~irst aging the cured composition 24 hours at room temperature) in accordance with Test ~ethod A, and the set time of the compositions as determined in accordance with Test ~ethod Bo Table I~I also includes the results observe~ when no accelerator portion was employed with the adhesive base of Examples l~So Unable to recognize this page.
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As indicated in Table III, th~ adhesive composi-tions of Examples 1-25 se~ within about 50 seconds or less and, when employed u~sing a 10 second open time (relative'to the accelerator portion), provided bonds which aged suitably under conditions of elevated temperature and high humidity~ While the adhesive composition which did not comprise an accelera~or portion provided a bond which aged suitably under conditions vf elevated temperature and high humidity, that adhesive composition exhibited a prolonged 10 ,~3et time of greater than 200 seconds~
The adhesive composl~ion~ o the present invention should exhibit a set time ~ as determined as described herein) which is less than about 1/3, and preferably less than ahout 1/6, ~hat exhibited by an adhesive composition comprising only an adhesive base and no accelerator compound, The most preferred adhesive compositions of the present invention exhiblt a se~ time which is less than about 1/10 that exhibited by an adhesive composition comprising only an adhe~sive base and no ~ accelerator com~ound.
Examl~le ~6 By way of comparison, adhesive compositions were prepared which comprised the adhesive base of Exalnples 1-25 an~ accelerator portions consi~tiny of an accelerator compound (appearing in Table IV below and not Ealling within the scope of the present invention) dissolved in the same vehicle and in the .same concentration as described in Test Method A. Table IV includes results of the same determin~tions as reported .in Table III oE Exal~ple~s 1~25 30 rrable XV also includes the results observed when no accelerator portion was employed with the adhesive baseO
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6~
As indicated in Table IV, the adhesive colnposi-tiorls comprising strongly basic ionic accelerator co,npounds (i.e., sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfide, sodium carbonate or t~trabutyl ammonium hydroxide~, while setting rapidly~
5 provided essentially no adhesive bond when employed with a 10 second open time. The adhesive compositions comprisin~
ammonium iodide or tetrabutyl ammoniu~ bromide (these ionic accelerator compounds not being within the scope of the present invention due to the nucleophilicity constant of iodide and bromide anions) set rapidly, but did not per~orm as well as the adhesive compositions of ~he present inventlon when employed with a 10 second open time. The results for an adhesive composition comprisiny the covalent organic base N-N-dimethyl~ .oluidine as the accelerator compound are also included in Table IV.
Patent ~o. 3,260,637 (Von Bramer~; the imino- or unsaturated aliphatically substituted derivatives of s-triazine, h~xahydro-s~tria~ine and pyrimido [5,4~d]
20 pyriinidine disclosed in U.S. Paten~ No. 3,640,972 (Bolyar);
the compounds containillg N-C=S or ~-C S- groups clisclose(~ in U.S. Pa~ent NoO 3,836,377 (Cielahunty), caffeine and theobromine as disclosed in ~OS. Patent ~o.
4,042,442 (Dombroski et alO 3; the polyethylene glycols and 25 non-ionic surEace aclents comprisin~ a poly(ethyleneoxy) moiety as disclosed in U.S~ Patent No. 4~170,585 (Motegi et al. ); macrocyclic polyekher compounds such as 18 crown~6 or 15~crown-5 as disclosed in U, 5. Patent No~ 4,171, 41~
~Motegi et al . ); and sodium hydroxide, potassium hydrox.ide 30 and sodium-l~orosilicate as disclosed in UO~;. Patent No~
4,215,173 IHubbard). The strongly basic ~r alkaline 5~
~2 accelerators such as sodium hydroxide cause rapid polymeri-zation of an alpha-cyanoacrylate composition on mixing and therefore are necessarily employed as primers, Certain d.isadvantages may accompany the use of the strongly basic or alkaline ionic accelerators (eOg., sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide) in bonding operations involving wooden substrates. In particular, loss in overlap shear strength of the resulting adhesi~e bond may occur when the accelerator is employed with a 10 second open time (i.e., the time elapsed between the application of the accelerator to a wood substrate and tlle placing of the wood substrates in an abutting relationship during formation of ~he adhesive bond). Such loss in bond strength may be particularly evident when the adhesive bond is exposed to moisture and heatO
SummarY of the Present Invention The present invention provides novel a~hesive compositions comprising an adhesive base and an accelerator portion, the adhesive base comprising (a) a polymerizable monomer selected from khe group consisting of unsubstituted alpha-cyanoacrylat~s and suhstituted alpha-cyanoacrylates;
and (b) a suEficient amount of a stabilizer; and the accelerator portion comprising a weakly acidic or weakly basic ionic accelerator compound comprising a cation M and an anion A, the pRa relating to the cation M in the equilibrium defined by M(l~2)~ OH ~
hei.ny at least about 10, the pKa relating to the ani.oll A in the equilibriuln defined by MA ~ A~ -~ ll+
being less than or equal to about Q, and the nucleophili~
city constant of anion A being less than about 2 when cation M is an onium cation cornprising more than 8 carbons, the nucleophilicity constant being determined relative to Inethyl iodide~ the adhesive composition being further characterized in that it exhibits a set t.ime of less than ~s~
1/3 that Qf the adhesive base alone and provides a bond which exhibits an overlap shear value of at least abo~t 28.12 ky/s~. cm. The present invention also provides noYe methods for bondin~ wood substrates using adhesive compositions comprisin~ weakly acidic or weakly basic ionic accelerator compounds.
It has now been found that employment of a weakly acidic or weakly basic ionic compound as the accelerator compound in the two-part~ alpha-cyanoacrylate adhesive compositions described herein provides adhesive cornposi~
tions which exhibit satisfactory rates of cure on ~ood substrates~ It has also been found that the adhesive com~
positi.ons described hereinJ since they include a weakly acidic or weakly basic ionic compound as an accelerator compound, may be employed in bonding wood substrates using an open time of 10 seconds (relative to the accelerator compound ~ and still provide an adhesive bond which exhibits suitable resistance to moisture and heat.
The adhesive composi~ions and methods of the present invention may be suitably employed in the bonding of a variety of wood substrates (e.g., walnut, ash, fir, oak, maple, pine, and birch .s~bstrates).
Detailed Description of the Present Invention The adhesive bases of the adhesive compositions of the present invent:ion cornprise a polymeri~able monomer.
The polymerizable monomer may be an unsubstituted or a substitu~ed alpha-cyanoacrylate monomer, Preferred monomers for use as the polymerizable monomer are unsubstituted alpha cyanoacrylates of the ~ormula CH~ = C~CN) - COORl (I) -wherein:
Rl is selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups of 1 to about 10 carbons and alkenyl yroups of 2 to about 10 carbo~sO
Illustrative of the alkyl ~roups which Rl may represent in formula I above are methyl, ethyl~ n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl r and isobutyl groups. Illustrative oE
the alkenyl groups which R1 may represent are vinyl and allyl radicals. The preEerred alpha-cyanoacrylate is ethyl 10 cyanoacrylate~
Examples of suitable substituted alpha-cyano-acrylate monomers or use as ~he polymerizable monomer are the l,l~disubstituted butadienes-1J3 and 1,1 disubsti-tuted-l-bu~ene 3-ynes disclosed in U. S~ ~atent No.
15 3,31~,227 (Gerber) a~d the alkenyl esters or alkoxy substituted alkyl esters of 2-cyanopenta 2,4~dienoic acid disclosed in U.S~ Patent No. 3,554,990 lQuinn et al~ ) ~
The adhesive bases may comprise a single type of polymerizable monomer or may comprise a mixture oE two cr 20 more difer~nt types oE polymQrizable monomer~.
In order to obtain adhesive bases exhibiting desirable shelf-life, it is generally desirable to include an ef~ective amount of a stabilizer (i.e., an amount which provide an adhesive base which exhibits substantially no gelation when .stored or at least about one month at 22C~, but which, at the same ~ime, is capable of under~30ing polymerization at a practical rate). Examples o stab.ili.~er.s which are useful in the adhesive bases are anionic polymerization inhibitors and free-radical poly-30 meriza~ion inhibitors. In many instances it may bede.qirable to inc:Lude bot;h an ani.onic polymerization inhibitor and a free-radical polymeriza~ion inhibitor.
Suitable anionic polymeriæation inhibitors are well-known to those skilled in the art and include acidic gases such as sulfur dioxide 9 sulur trioxide, nitric oxide, and hydro~en Eluoride; aromatic sulfolli.c acids and aliphatic sulfonic acids; and organic sultones of the type disclosed in U.S. Patent No~ 3,836,377 (Delahunty).
Suitable amounts of the foregoing for inclusi.on in the adhesive kase are as follows: a suitable amsunt of an acidic gas is from about 0~001 to 0.06 parts by w~ight per 100 parts by weight of the polymerizable monomer; a suitable amount of an aromatic or aliphatic sulfonic acid is from about 0.0005 to 0.1 parts by weigh~ per 100 parts of the polymerizable monomer; and a sui~able amount of a sultone i5 ~rom about 0.1 to 10 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the polymerizable monomerO
Suitable free-radical polymerization inhibitors are also well-known to those skilled in the art and include hydroquinone, hydroquinone monomethyl ether, t-butyl catechol, and p-methoxy phenol. A suita~le amount of a ~ree-radical polymerization inhibitor is 00 0005 to û.1 parts by weight and preferably 00 001 to 0. 05 parts by weight, both per 100 parts by weight of the polymerizable monom~r.
The above-described polymerizable monomers generally exhibit a low viscosity. In order to increase the viscosity o~ the adhesive base ~o desired levels, it mayr therefore, be desirable to include a thickener therein. Suitable thickeners are well-known to those skilled in the art and include poly(me thyl methacrylate), polymers comprising methacrylate and a monomer, acrylic rubbers, cellulose derivatives, polyvinyl acetate and poly(alpha~cyanoacrylate). It has been found in the present invention that adhesive bases comprising up to 40 parts by weight and preferably about 10 to 30 par~s by 30 weiyht Qf a thickener, both per 100 p~rts by weight of the ~.)olymeri~able mQnOmer, exhibit suitable viscosity ~or most bondiny operationsO
The adhesive bases may additionally co~pri.~e the p].asticizers, perfumes, dyes, pi~nents and the like, which are well-known to tho~e skilled in the art.
The accelerator portions comprise a weakly acidic or weakly basic ionic accelerator compound corrlprising a cation ~ and ~n anlon A~ the pKa relatin~ to ~he cation M
in the e~uilibrium defined by M(~2O)~ ~ MOH ~ ll* (II) being at least about 10, and preferably at least about 13, and the pKa relating to ~he anion ~ in the equilibrium defined by IIA ~ A -~ H-~ (III) being less than or equal to about 0, and preEerably less than or equal to about 5~ The above~described pKa relating to the cation M represents the dissociation constant of the first wa~er molecule to dissociate.
It is to be understood that pKa may be determiJ-ed by any of the known methods including potentiolnetric methods, spectrophotometric methods~ and conductance methodsO Reference is made to ~c~ti-- ~r ~
Chemi~ , Io M. Kolthoff and P. J~ Elving~ John Wiley and _ __ Sons, Vol. 2, Part 1, p~ 239 (1979) for a discussion of these and other suitabl~ methods of de termin.ing pKa. The ,nethods selected ancl any modifications made to the selected method will depend on a variety of considerations such as the solubility of ~he particular compound comprising the cation or anion for which p~a is being determlned~ It is assumed that one of ordinary ~kill can select and, if necessary, modif~ a particular method in order ~o correc~ly determine the pKa of specific cations and anions Eor purposes of the present invention.
Specific examples of cations which M may be are .included in Table I below. Ta~le I also includes the pKa relatincJ to those cations in the above-defined equilibrium (Il).
~5~
Table I
Cation M pKa K+ 14. 5a Na~14 . 2a C~ >13 b Li+13. 6a Ba~+13.5a Ca~ t 12 ~ 9a Mg~+11~ 4a Mn~+10. 6a a as reported in ~ d ~ is of CationY, C~Fo Base ~r.
and ~.E~ Mesmer, John Wiley and Sons, 1976.
b es~imate Still further examples of ca~ion~ which cation M
may be are oni~n ca~ion~ such as quaternary ammoni~n cations~ Examples o~ sui~able quaternary ammoniom cations which cation M may be are tetr~nethyl a~nonium cation, tetraethyl ammonium cation 9 ~e~rapropyl ammonium cation, tetrabutyl a~nonium cation, trimethylethyl a~nonium cation, dimethyldie~h~l ammo~ium cation, and trimethylbutyl ammonium cation, The pRa for the quaternary a~nonium cations is estimated to be greater than 13~
Specîfic examples of anions which ~ may be are included in Table 2 below. ~able I~ also includes the p~a relating to those anions in the above-defined equilibrium ~III~.
Table I I
An ion A pKa . . _ C104~ ( perchlorate ) -1 Oa I- (iodide) _9.5a Br~ ( bromide ) _9a Cl- ~ chloride ) _5a C103~ 1 chlorate ) -2 . 7a SCN ~ ( thiocyanate ) ~1. 9a NO3- (nitrate~ -lo3b 05O3~ (phenylsulonate) ~ a p CH30SO3 (methyl _1.0a phenyl sulfonate) C~SO3- (methylsulfonate) ~0.6a CF3CO2 (tri1uoroacetate) -0~3~
a a~ repor~ed in ~ , 12th Ed~, McGraw~ able 5-7.
b as reported in Ro G. Pearson e~ al., J. ~m. Chem, Soc~
_ , 319 (1968) Okher examples which anion ~ may be are tetrafluoro~orate (BF~-), and periodate (IO~ ), the pKas for these anions being estimated ~o be less than about -5, Still further examples of an.ions which A may be are triflate (CF3SO3-), hexaEluorophosphat~ (PF6-), hexafluoroant:imon~e (SbF6-), and hexafluoroarsenate (AsF~;~) anions, the pKas :Eor these anions being e.sti~nated to be ].ess khan about ~5.
The degree to which an ionic compound accelerates th~ cure of an alpha~cyanoacrylate monomer may depend, in part, on the mobility o the anion in the monomer.
Accordill~ly, anion A pre~erably has a molecular weight of 30 no more than about 2500 Compounds such as sodium tridecylether sulfate (i.~e., that available under the trade designation "Sipex ~ST 30'' from Alcolac, Inc7~ and sodium mono~ or di dodecyl disulfollate diphenyl oxide (,i.e~, that av~ilable under the trade designation "Dowax ~A ~ Solution;' ~5~
from Dow Che,~ical Co.) have be~n found not to accelerate significantly the cure of alpha-cyanoacrylate ,nonomersO
It has also been found tha-t the nucleophilicity constant oE anion A should be consi~ered (in addition to the pKas of cation M and anion A) in some instances in selecting a suit~ble onium cation as cation Mo In par-ticu-lar, when the cation M is an onium cation com~rising more than 8 carbon atoms (e.g.~ as i5 the case with tetrabutyl ammonium cation), tl~e anion A should have a nucleophi1icity constant ~relative to methyl iodide) o~ less than about 20 Reerence is made to R. G. Pearson, ~l. Sabel and ~.
Song~tad, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 90~ 319 (196B) for nucleophilicity constants of a variety of anions as determined rela~ive to methyl iodide and for a rnethod for determining ~uch constants. It has been found in the present invention, or example, that suitable re~ults are obtained when tetrabutyl ammonium perchlorate, tetrabutyl ammoniuln ~riflate, tetrabutyl ammonium hexafluorophosphate, and tetrabutyl ammonium hexafluoroarsenate are employed as the accelerator compounds, the perchlorate~ triflate, hexaEluorophosphate and hexafluoroarsenate anions all having nucleophilicity constants estimated to be less than about 2.
The accelerator portion may contain only the ionic accelerator compound or may comprise the ion.ic accelerator compound dissolved or suspended in a suitable vehicle~ Preerred vehicles are water and lower alcohols (e~ , ethanol anc3 .isopropanol). A suitable arno~nt o~ th~
iOlliC accelerator compound in a vehicle is between about 0.1 to 10~ on a weiyht to weight basis.
~ n bonding substrates, the accelerator portion is applied to at least one o~ the substrates to be bonded.
The adhesive base may then be applied to one or rnore of the substrates to which th~ accelerator portion has been applied. Alternatively, the adhesive base may be applied to any substrate or substrates whic}l are to be bonded, but which have no~ been treated with the accelerator por~ion (provi.ded, of course r that the accelerator portion has been applied to at leas~ one substrate to be bonded), In the event that the adhesive base and accelerator portion ~re applied to the same substrate one should proceed ~uickly with the bonding operation.
It has been found in the present in~ention that ~he accelera~or portion may be preapplied to substra~es well in advance o~ the time that the substrates are to be bondedO In particular, it has been found tha~ the bonding operation may be performed up to about 2~ hours a~er ~he accelerator portion has been applied to a substrate.
Tt is to be unders~ood that the adhesive composi-tions desribed herein may be employed in bonding GperatiOns involving substrates other than wood (e.g.t metal, glass and plas~ics)~
The following non-limi~,ing examples will illu5 trate the practice of the invenkion. Unless otherwise indicated, all parts~ proportion~3 and percentac3es are by we ight c Testing Procedu Overlap Shear Stren th ~etermination Test Test Method A
The bondin~ performance of an adhesive composi-tion is determined as fol.lows. ~aple wood (i.eO, as used in the specification and claims, 'maple wood" designates har(3 Inaple wood, lst/2nd grade) substrates ~neasurin~
2.5 crn x 10 cm x 0.8 cm are equilibrated at 25C and 50%
E~elative Humidity. ~bout 75 ~g of an adhesive base is ap~lied to one oE such maple wood substrates as a continuous coating. An accelerator portiont which cornprises an accelerator compourld dissolved in water, ethanol or a mixture of ethanol and water to ~JiVe concentration with respect to the accelerator compound of n. 07 molal, is brushed onto a seco~d maple woo~ substrate as a contirluous light coating~ Warming of the solution may ~5~
be necessary to achieve dissolution of the accelerator compound. Application of the accelerator portion to the second maple wood substrate is accompanied by forced air drying (e~gO/ such as is provided by a an or exhaus~ hood3 in order to assure complete removal of visible solvent of the accelerator portion from the surface of the substrate.
Some of the solvent, or course, will be removed through absorbtion into the maple wood substrate~ Complete removal of visible solvent is desired (prior to bringing the substrates into abut~ing relationship3 in order to avoid adversely affec~ing bonding performance. ~fter an open time (i.e., the time elapsed between application of the accelera~or portion ~o a maple wood substrate and placing of the maple woocl sub~strates in an ahutting relat~onship) Oe lo seconds, the ~wo substrates are brought into abutting relationship with one anothar to form an adhesive bond haYiny a 6.25 cm2 overlap. The bond is aged at 24 hours at room temperature. Alternatively; the bond is aged 24 hours at room temperature and subsequently for an additional 72 days in an environment maintained at 71C and 100~ Relative Humidity. Af~er aglng of the bond~ the overlap ~hear value is determined at room temperature using a Dynalnic Tester operated at a jaw separation rate of 5O08 cm per minute.
Results given below represent the average of a~ least 3 independent determinations~ This Test Method A is the method to be used in determining the overlap shear values stated in the instant specification~ This Test Method A is al~so the metho-3 to be used in determining the overlap shear values stated in the instant claim.s~ The overlap shear values stated in the claims represent overlap shear values aeter ayin<3 the boncl se~uentially at room temperature and then at 71C and 100~ Relative Humidity as described in this Test Method Ac ~95~
Set-Time Determination Test Method B
Maple wood substrates as descri~ed in Test ~ethod A and as conditioned as described in Test Method A are -tre~ted with an adhesive base and an accelerator portion in the manner describad in Test Method A, After a 1~ second open time, the substrates are brought into an abut~ing relationship so as to allow bond formation. Strength of the bond is tested at increasing increments of time (i.eO~
10, 15, 20, etc., seconds)~ The set-time is deter~nlned to be the time at which the bond is diEficult to break with moderate hand ~trength. This Test Method B is the method to be used in determining the set time values stated in the ins~ant specification and claims.
Examples 1-25 Suitable adhesive compositlons in accordance with the present invention co~prise an adhesive ~ase and r~ accelerator portion~ described as fsllows. The adhesive ~.~
~ base consis~s of ~'CA-5'~(a cyanoacrylate composition cornprising ethyl cyanoacrylate, a thickener, and sulfur dioxide, commerci~lly available from 3M3. The accelerator porkion comprises an ionic accelera~or compound (appearing in Table IIX below) dissolved in a 50:50 ~weight~weight) mixture of ethanol and water to give a concentration with respect to the accelerator compund of O~ 07 molal~
Tahle III i.ncludes the overlap shear s~ren~th exhibited by the cured compositions when determined after aging 24 hours at room temperature in accordance with Test Method ~, the overlap shear strength exhibited by the cured compositiorls when dete~mined after aging 7~ days in an environment maintained at 100~ relative humidity and 71~C
(after ~irst aging the cured composition 24 hours at room temperature) in accordance with Test ~ethod A, and the set time of the compositions as determined in accordance with Test ~ethod Bo Table I~I also includes the results observe~ when no accelerator portion was employed with the adhesive base of Examples l~So Unable to recognize this page.
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As indicated in Table III, th~ adhesive composi-tions of Examples 1-25 se~ within about 50 seconds or less and, when employed u~sing a 10 second open time (relative'to the accelerator portion), provided bonds which aged suitably under conditions of elevated temperature and high humidity~ While the adhesive composition which did not comprise an accelera~or portion provided a bond which aged suitably under conditions vf elevated temperature and high humidity, that adhesive composition exhibited a prolonged 10 ,~3et time of greater than 200 seconds~
The adhesive composl~ion~ o the present invention should exhibit a set time ~ as determined as described herein) which is less than about 1/3, and preferably less than ahout 1/6, ~hat exhibited by an adhesive composition comprising only an adhesive base and no accelerator compound, The most preferred adhesive compositions of the present invention exhiblt a se~ time which is less than about 1/10 that exhibited by an adhesive composition comprising only an adhe~sive base and no ~ accelerator com~ound.
Examl~le ~6 By way of comparison, adhesive compositions were prepared which comprised the adhesive base of Exalnples 1-25 an~ accelerator portions consi~tiny of an accelerator compound (appearing in Table IV below and not Ealling within the scope of the present invention) dissolved in the same vehicle and in the .same concentration as described in Test Method A. Table IV includes results of the same determin~tions as reported .in Table III oE Exal~ple~s 1~25 30 rrable XV also includes the results observed when no accelerator portion was employed with the adhesive baseO
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6~
As indicated in Table IV, the adhesive colnposi-tiorls comprising strongly basic ionic accelerator co,npounds (i.e., sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfide, sodium carbonate or t~trabutyl ammonium hydroxide~, while setting rapidly~
5 provided essentially no adhesive bond when employed with a 10 second open time. The adhesive compositions comprisin~
ammonium iodide or tetrabutyl ammoniu~ bromide (these ionic accelerator compounds not being within the scope of the present invention due to the nucleophilicity constant of iodide and bromide anions) set rapidly, but did not per~orm as well as the adhesive compositions of ~he present inventlon when employed with a 10 second open time. The results for an adhesive composition comprisiny the covalent organic base N-N-dimethyl~ .oluidine as the accelerator compound are also included in Table IV.
Claims (17)
1. An adhesive composition comprising an adhesive base and an accelerator portion, said adhesive base comprising (a) a polymerizable monomer selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted alpha-cyanoacrylates and substituted alpha-cyanoacrylates; and (b) an effective amount of a stabilizer; and said accelerator portion comprising a weakly acidic or weakly basic ionic accelera-tor compound comprising a cation M and an anion A, the pKa relating to said cation M in the equilibrium defined by M(H2O)+ ? MOH + H+
being at least about 10, the pKa relating to said anion A
in the equilibrium defined by HA ? A- + H+
being less than or equal to about 0, and the nucleophili-city constant of anion A being less than about 2 when cation M is an onium cation comprising more than 8 carbons, said nucleophilicity constant being determined relative to methyl iodide; said adhesive composition being further characterized in that it exhibits a set time of less than 1/3 that of said adhesive base alone and provides a bond which exhibits an overlap shear strength of at least about 28.12 kg/sq. cm.
being at least about 10, the pKa relating to said anion A
in the equilibrium defined by HA ? A- + H+
being less than or equal to about 0, and the nucleophili-city constant of anion A being less than about 2 when cation M is an onium cation comprising more than 8 carbons, said nucleophilicity constant being determined relative to methyl iodide; said adhesive composition being further characterized in that it exhibits a set time of less than 1/3 that of said adhesive base alone and provides a bond which exhibits an overlap shear strength of at least about 28.12 kg/sq. cm.
2. An adhesive composition in accordance with Claim 1, wherein said polymerizable monomer is an unsub-stituted alpha-cyanoacrylate of the formula CH2 = C(CN)-COOR1 wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups of 1 to about 10 carbons and alkenyl groups of 2 to about 10 carbons.
3. An adhesive composition in accordance with Claim 2, wherein said unsubstituted alpha-cyanodcrylate is selected from the group consisting of methyl alpha-cyanacrylate, ethyl alpha-cyanonacrylate, n-propyl alpha-cyanoacrylate, isopropyl alpha-cyanoacrylate, n-butyl alpha-cyanoacrylate isobutyl alpha-cyanoacrylate, allyl alpha-cyanoacrylate and ethyl alpha-cyanoacrylate
4. An adhesive composition in accordance with Claim 1, wherein said stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of anionic polymerization inhibitors and free-radical polymerization inhibitors.
5. An adhesive composition in accordance with Claim 1, wherein said pKa relating to said cation M is at least about 13 and said pKa relating to said anion A is less than or equal to about -5.
6. An adhesive composition in accordance with Claim 1, wherein said cation M is selected from the group consisting of Cs+, K+, Na+, Li+, Ba++, Ca++, Mg++ and Mn++, and wherein said anion A is selected from the group consisting of ClO4-, I-, Br-, Cl-, ClO3-, SCN-, ?SO3-, CH3?SO3-, CH3SO3, CF3CO2-, NO3-, BF4-, IO4-, CF3SO3-, PF6-, SbF6-, and AsF6-.
7. An adhesive composition in accordance with Claim 1, wherein said cation M is a quaternary ammonium cation and said anion A is selected from the group consisting of ClO4-, I-, Br-, Cl-, ClO3-, SCN-, ?SO3-, CH3?SO3-, CH3SO3-, CF3CO2-, NO3-, BF4-, IO4-, CF3SO3-, PF6-, SbF6-, and AsF6-.
8. An adhesive composition in accordance with Claim 5, wherein said cation M is selected from the group consisting of K+, Na+, Cs+, Li+, Ba++, and quaternary ammonium cations comprising no more than 8 carbons, and said anion A is selected from the group consisting of ClO4-, I-, Br-, Cl-, BF4-, IO4-, CF3SO3-, PF6-, SbF6-, and AsF6-.
9. An adhesive composition in accordance with Claim 5, wherein said weakly acidic or weakly basic ionic accelerator compound is selected from the group consisting of tetramethyl ammonium perchlorate, tetramethyl ammonium bromide, tetramethyl ammonium triflate and potassium bromide.
10. An adhesive composition in accordance with Claim 1, wherein said accelerator portion comprises said weakly acidic or weakly basic ionic accelerator compound dissolved in a suitable vehicle.
11. An adhesive composition in accordance with Claim 10, wherein said vehicle is selected from the group consisting of water, ethanol and isopropanol.
12. An adhesive composition in accordance with Claim 11, wherein the amount of said weakly acidic or weakly basic ionic accelerator compound in said vehicle is about 0.1 to 10% by weight.
13. A method for bonding wood substrates using the adhesive composition of Claim 1, comprising the steps of:
(a) applying said accelerator portion to at least one of the wood substrates to be bonded;
(b) applying said adhesive base to at least one of the wood substrates to be bonded;
(c) bringing said wood substrates into abutting relationship with one another such that said adhesive composition polymerizes forming a bond between said wood substrates; and (d) maintaining said wood substrates in said abutting relationship until said adhesive composition polymerizes forming said bond.
(a) applying said accelerator portion to at least one of the wood substrates to be bonded;
(b) applying said adhesive base to at least one of the wood substrates to be bonded;
(c) bringing said wood substrates into abutting relationship with one another such that said adhesive composition polymerizes forming a bond between said wood substrates; and (d) maintaining said wood substrates in said abutting relationship until said adhesive composition polymerizes forming said bond.
14. A method in accordance with Claim 13, wherein the pKa relating to said cation M of said weakly acidic or weakly basic accelerator compound is at least about 13 and the pKa relating to said anion A of said widely acidic or weakly basic accelerator compound is less than or equal to about -5.
15. A method in accordance with Claim 14, wherein said cation M is selected from the group consisting of K+, Na+, Cs+, Li+, Ba++ and quaternary ammonium cations comprising no More than 8 carbons and said anion is selected from the group consisting of ClO4-, I-, Br-, Cl-, BF4-, IO4-, CF3SO3-, PF6-, SbF6-, and AsF6-.
16. A method in accordance with Claim 14, wherein said weakly acidic or weakly basic ionic accelerator compound is selected from the group consisting of tetramethyl ammonium perchlorate, tetramethyl ammonium bromide, tetramethyl ammonium triflate and potassium bromide.
17. A method in accordance with Claim 14, wherein said accelerator portion comprises said weakly acidic or weakly basic ionic accelerator compound dissolved in a suitable vehicle.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/323,400 US4460759A (en) | 1981-11-20 | 1981-11-20 | Adhesive compositions and bonding methods employing the same |
| US323,400 | 1981-11-20 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1195022A true CA1195022A (en) | 1985-10-08 |
Family
ID=23259055
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000412357A Expired CA1195022A (en) | 1981-11-20 | 1982-09-28 | Adhesive compositions and bonding method employing the same |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4460759A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0080269B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS5889674A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR8206690A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1195022A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3266224D1 (en) |
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| US5066743A (en) * | 1989-03-27 | 1991-11-19 | Loctite Corporation | Two-part composition comprising a cyanoacrylate adhesive and a primer comprising a tertiary ammonium carboxylate compound |
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| CN104937056B (en) * | 2012-12-14 | 2018-03-02 | 东亚合成株式会社 | Adhesive composition |
| JP6032193B2 (en) * | 2012-12-26 | 2016-11-24 | 東亞合成株式会社 | 2-Cyanoacrylate adhesive composition |
| WO2015137153A1 (en) * | 2014-03-11 | 2015-09-17 | 東亞合成株式会社 | 2-cyanoacrylate adhesive composition |
| US9611378B2 (en) | 2014-03-12 | 2017-04-04 | Toagosei Co., Ltd. | 2-cyanoacrylate adhesive composition |
| US9421297B2 (en) | 2014-04-02 | 2016-08-23 | Adhezion Biomedical, Llc | Sterilized compositions of cyanoacrylate monomers and naphthoquinone 2,3-oxides |
| JP6319897B2 (en) * | 2014-05-27 | 2018-05-09 | 田岡化学工業株式会社 | Primer for 2-cyanoacrylate adhesive |
| TWI752043B (en) * | 2016-06-28 | 2022-01-11 | 日商東亞合成股份有限公司 | 2-cyanoacrylate-based adhesive composition |
| US10577521B2 (en) * | 2018-03-12 | 2020-03-03 | Donald W. Meyers | Polymer bonding process |
| US11603482B2 (en) | 2018-03-12 | 2023-03-14 | Donald W. Meyers | Polymer bonding process |
| US11891496B2 (en) | 2021-03-05 | 2024-02-06 | H.B. Fuller Company | Cyanoacrylate composition with hazardless stabilizer |
Family Cites Families (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2768109A (en) * | 1954-06-02 | 1956-10-23 | Eastman Kodak Co | Alcohol-catalyzed alpha-cyanoacrylate adhesive compositions |
| US3260637A (en) * | 1960-10-19 | 1966-07-12 | Eastman Kodak Co | Method of bonding using amine solutions as catalysts with alpha-cyanoacrylate adhesives |
| US3640072A (en) * | 1968-07-20 | 1972-02-08 | Lutz Tilo Kayser | Rocket engine |
| IE36799B1 (en) * | 1971-12-14 | 1977-03-02 | Loctite Ltd | Cyanoacrylate adhesive composition |
| US3940362A (en) * | 1972-05-25 | 1976-02-24 | Johnson & Johnson | Cross-linked cyanoacrylate adhesive compositions |
| US3903055A (en) * | 1972-12-21 | 1975-09-02 | Johnson & Johnson | Method for initiating polymerization of cyanoacrylate monomers and comonomer blends thereof to give reproducible and predetermined gel/transition time characteristics |
| US4012402A (en) * | 1974-10-04 | 1977-03-15 | Johnson & Johnson | Modified cyanoacrylate monomers and methods for preparation |
| JPS5340027A (en) * | 1976-09-27 | 1978-04-12 | Toagosei Chem Ind Co Ltd | Primer for alpha-cyanoacrylate adhesive |
| US4042442A (en) * | 1976-11-29 | 1977-08-16 | Eastman Kodak Company | 2-Cyanoacrylate adhesive composition |
| JPS53129231A (en) * | 1977-04-19 | 1978-11-11 | Toagosei Chem Ind Co Ltd | Adhesion composition |
| JPS6037836B2 (en) * | 1977-08-05 | 1985-08-28 | 東亞合成株式会社 | adhesive composition |
| US4215173A (en) * | 1978-08-07 | 1980-07-29 | Pacer Technology And Resources | Bonded joints and method and material for forming same |
| JPS565873A (en) * | 1979-06-29 | 1981-01-21 | Taoka Chem Co Ltd | Adhesive composition |
| JPS5647474A (en) * | 1979-09-27 | 1981-04-30 | Taoka Chem Co Ltd | Bonding method |
| JPS5853676B2 (en) * | 1979-12-24 | 1983-11-30 | 東亞合成株式会社 | adhesive composition |
| JPS5887170A (en) * | 1981-11-19 | 1983-05-24 | Toagosei Chem Ind Co Ltd | Adhesive composition |
-
1981
- 1981-11-20 US US06/323,400 patent/US4460759A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1982
- 1982-09-28 CA CA000412357A patent/CA1195022A/en not_active Expired
- 1982-10-26 EP EP82305680A patent/EP0080269B1/en not_active Expired
- 1982-10-26 DE DE8282305680T patent/DE3266224D1/en not_active Expired
- 1982-11-16 JP JP57199864A patent/JPS5889674A/en active Granted
- 1982-11-19 BR BR8206690A patent/BR8206690A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BR8206690A (en) | 1983-10-04 |
| EP0080269A1 (en) | 1983-06-01 |
| JPH0340751B2 (en) | 1991-06-19 |
| JPS5889674A (en) | 1983-05-28 |
| DE3266224D1 (en) | 1985-10-17 |
| US4460759A (en) | 1984-07-17 |
| EP0080269B1 (en) | 1985-09-11 |
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