CA1201020A - Method of baking bread - Google Patents
Method of baking breadInfo
- Publication number
- CA1201020A CA1201020A CA000431484A CA431484A CA1201020A CA 1201020 A CA1201020 A CA 1201020A CA 000431484 A CA000431484 A CA 000431484A CA 431484 A CA431484 A CA 431484A CA 1201020 A CA1201020 A CA 1201020A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- loaves
- baking
- hot air
- minutes
- oven
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
- A21D—TREATMENT, e.g. PRESERVATION, OF FLOUR OR DOUGH, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS; PRESERVATION THEREOF
- A21D8/00—Methods for preparing or baking dough
- A21D8/06—Baking processes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
- A21B—BAKERS' OVENS; MACHINES OR EQUIPMENT FOR BAKING
- A21B1/00—Bakers' ovens
- A21B1/42—Bakers' ovens characterised by the baking surfaces moving during the baking
- A21B1/46—Bakers' ovens characterised by the baking surfaces moving during the baking with surfaces suspended from an endless conveyor or a revolving wheel
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Cookers (AREA)
- Constitution Of High-Frequency Heating (AREA)
- Bakery Products And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
Abstract
Abstract of the Disclosure A process of baking proofed loaves of bread in an oven in which a substantially uniform hot air heat in the range of 300° to 500° F. is applied to the loaves constantly throughout the baking process and the loaves are subjected to microwave energy through a portion of the process, the loaves, preferably in mild steel pans, are first exposed to the hot air heat alone for sufficient time to seal the skin of the loaves, generally for about one minute for a one pound loaf of white bread, then exposed to microwave power in the amount of about one half to one and one-half Kilowatts (0.5 to 1.5 KW) per loaf for a period of about one to one and one half minutes, and thereafter, exposed to the hot air alone for a total heating period in the oven of about eight minutes.
Description
ZO
aackground of the Invention In order to reduce ~he baking time required for baking bread commercially, it has been proposed to use microwave energy. United States patents 3,107,284 and 3,881,403 are typical of early patents directed to ovens for the purpose, and U.S. patents 4,271,203 and 4,318,93;l contain excellent discussions of the problems involved, and give solutions to some of them. However, even the methods of the latter patents require a baking time of at least twelve minutes.
It has been found that by applying to baking loaves a massive amount of microwave energy, as compared with the amount used heretofore, for a short time relative to the total baking time after they have been heated conventionally for a similarly short or slightly shorter time, and thereafter heating the loaves conventionally for a somewhat longer time than the combined times of the first two steps, the entiLe baking time can be reduced to eight minutes for a standard one pound loaf of white bread, the resultin~ bread having all of the usual desired characteristics.
One of the objects of this invention is to provide a method of baking bread commercially that produces loaves of excellent quality in a shorter time than has been possible heretofore.
Other objects will become apparent to those skilled in the art in the light of the following description and accompanying drawing.
I
-~.z~ o Summary of the Invention In accordance with this invention, generally stated, a process of baking and browning bread is provided in which proofed loaves of bread, preferably in mild steel pans, are first exposed to conventional heat for a short time, on the order of one to one and a half minutes for one pound loaves of white bread, are then exposed to radiation at a high power level, on the order of 0.5 to 1.5 KW per loaf for less than two minutes, in the preferred embodiment, about one minute and twenty seconds at 1.5 KW, and are then heated conventionally for less than six minutes, so that the entire baking cycle requires only about eight minutes. In the embodiment shown and described, the loaves are in three pans, side by side, the total microwave energy is on the order of 4.5 to ~ KW for the three one pound loaves of white bread and the loaves are exposed to radiation about eight inches from a rectangular horn of a size and configuration complementary to that of the grouped loaves.
The same principle can be applied to the baking of other farinaceous comestibles, and the term bread is used in the claims to encompass such things as rolls and the like, as well as breads of different description, such as rye or whole wheat.
Brief Description of the Drawings In the drawing, Figure 1 is a fragmentary, somewhat diagrammatic view in front elevation, partly broken away, of a rotary oven in which loaves of bread are being baked in accordance with the method of this invention.
~'~Q~ ~,O
Description of the Preferred Embodiment Referring to the drawing, reference numeral 1 indicates a conventional hot air oven modified for the purpose of this invention. The oven has legs 2, insulated bottom, side, back, front, and top walls 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, respectively, a door 9 closing an opening in the front wall through which the loaves are loaded and unloaded, and a rotation wheel 12, mounted on a drive shaft 13, and carrying cantilevered trays 14, gravity biased to be self leveling.
These elements are all conventional.
For the purposes of this invention, an aperture 8 is provided in the top wall 7, rectangular in shape to accommodate a horn or antenna 20 of a microwave system 16. The horn or antenna 20, shaped and positioned to concentrate its radiation on the loaves immediately beneath it, is operatively c~nnected to a conventional microwave generatorS not here shown, capable of delivering 4.5 to 5.0 KW of energy from the horn or antenna 20. Pans 15, in the preferred embodiment, ordinary mild steel bread pans, containing proofed standard one pound loaves 16 are, in the embodiment shown, placed in groups of three on the trays 14. A typical loaf used in verifying the operation of the method of this invention, was made from a batch consisting of hard flour, 57 lb., white sugar, 2 lb., salt, 15 o~., lard, 4 lb. 4 oz., Blend 376 (soya flour, dried whey, skim milk, lacta, albumin and vegetable fat) r 3 lb., water, 30 lb., and dry yeast, 10 oz. In this embodiment, the batch was mixed and the loaves were formed and proofed conventionally.
!
~ ~ Q~ ~'JO
In this illustrative embodiment, the oven 1 is heated to baking temperature, and hot air, at 450 F., is circulated in the oven. The proofed loaves in their pans are placed, in groups of three, on the trays as they are positioned at the opening behind the door 9. As is explained hereinafter, the operation of the rotation wheel in this embodiment is intermittant, stopping periodically for one minute and twenty seconds. The speed of rotation of t:he wheel 12 and the timing of the loading of the trays are such as to bring the loaves from the opening through which they were loaded to the position shown in the drawing immediately below the horn 20, in about one minute. This has been found long enough to seal the skin and permit good sidewall formation in the baking process, an important element in commercial baking, where the loaves are sliced while still warm. During this time, the loaves are exposed substantially solely to conventional hot air heating.
The loaves in the illustrative embodiment are moved to within eight inches of the horn or antenna, which is delivering 4.5 KW
of power to the three loaves, or 1.5 KW per loaf, the motion of 20; ~he rotation wheel is stopped and the loaves remain under the horn for one minute and twenty seconds. The rotation of the wheel resumes, and the loaves are almost immediately screened from the radiation by the next tray's being positioned below the horn. The rest of the travel of the loaves to the oven opening, from which they are removed, requires about five minutes and forty seconds, during which time the loaves brown nicely in response to continued heating by the hot air a, I
o circulating in the oven. At this time, the internal temperature of the loaves is about 200. It has been found that by sub~ecting the loaves to a massive amount of microwave energy as compared with methods suggested heretofore, before a heavy crust has been formed, a tencler crust of a desirable thickness is produced, and the process reduces the time required to about eight minutes, for a standard one pound loaf.
A revolving type oven, or conveyor or tunnel type can be used. The loaves can be stoppecl under the horn or antenna for the desired length of time in any of these types, or the loaves can be moved continuously, particularly in a revolving or tunnel type, where a long horn or a series of horns can be arranged to provide the required energy for the requisite length of time. The power to the horn or antenna can be turned off and on or a radiation shield be interposed to provide the desired period of exposure of the loaves to the microwave energy entirely uniformly, because, as will be appreciated, even though the rotation wheel of the illustrative embodiment moves rapidly between pauses, the first loaf or the first end of the loaves, depending upon their orientation on the tray, will receive more energy than the rest. An example of multiple antennae employed in a tunnel type oven is shown in Dixon et al patent 3,107,284. For one pound loaves of white bread, temperatures as low as 300 and as high as 500F. for the circulating air are considered to be usable, the time of heating before the loaves are exposed to the microwave radiation can be varied from one and one half to one minute?
and microwave energies of 0.5 to 5~0 KW can be used, preferably with correspondingly altered exposure times, for example, one and one half minutes at the lower energy and one minute at the higher, for one pound loaves of white bread~ It is apparent that larger loaves or smaller loaves or other breads may require different times and amounts of energy. As has been indicated, excellent results have been obtained with the use of mild steel baking pans. Other types of pans may be used, but the conditions may have to be varied to accomodate them.
Although in the specific embodiment described, the proofing was done conventionally, microwave energy can be used, the method of proofing itself constituting no part of this invention.
Whatever variations are used or expedients employed, the essential steps in the method of this invention are a short exposure to heating by convection for a time sufficient to seal the skin, followed by a short exposure to microwave radiation at a high power level as compared with levels contemplated heretofore, and thereafter an exposure to heating by convection, with a total baking and browning time on the order of eight minutes for a one pound loaf of white bread.
I
aackground of the Invention In order to reduce ~he baking time required for baking bread commercially, it has been proposed to use microwave energy. United States patents 3,107,284 and 3,881,403 are typical of early patents directed to ovens for the purpose, and U.S. patents 4,271,203 and 4,318,93;l contain excellent discussions of the problems involved, and give solutions to some of them. However, even the methods of the latter patents require a baking time of at least twelve minutes.
It has been found that by applying to baking loaves a massive amount of microwave energy, as compared with the amount used heretofore, for a short time relative to the total baking time after they have been heated conventionally for a similarly short or slightly shorter time, and thereafter heating the loaves conventionally for a somewhat longer time than the combined times of the first two steps, the entiLe baking time can be reduced to eight minutes for a standard one pound loaf of white bread, the resultin~ bread having all of the usual desired characteristics.
One of the objects of this invention is to provide a method of baking bread commercially that produces loaves of excellent quality in a shorter time than has been possible heretofore.
Other objects will become apparent to those skilled in the art in the light of the following description and accompanying drawing.
I
-~.z~ o Summary of the Invention In accordance with this invention, generally stated, a process of baking and browning bread is provided in which proofed loaves of bread, preferably in mild steel pans, are first exposed to conventional heat for a short time, on the order of one to one and a half minutes for one pound loaves of white bread, are then exposed to radiation at a high power level, on the order of 0.5 to 1.5 KW per loaf for less than two minutes, in the preferred embodiment, about one minute and twenty seconds at 1.5 KW, and are then heated conventionally for less than six minutes, so that the entire baking cycle requires only about eight minutes. In the embodiment shown and described, the loaves are in three pans, side by side, the total microwave energy is on the order of 4.5 to ~ KW for the three one pound loaves of white bread and the loaves are exposed to radiation about eight inches from a rectangular horn of a size and configuration complementary to that of the grouped loaves.
The same principle can be applied to the baking of other farinaceous comestibles, and the term bread is used in the claims to encompass such things as rolls and the like, as well as breads of different description, such as rye or whole wheat.
Brief Description of the Drawings In the drawing, Figure 1 is a fragmentary, somewhat diagrammatic view in front elevation, partly broken away, of a rotary oven in which loaves of bread are being baked in accordance with the method of this invention.
~'~Q~ ~,O
Description of the Preferred Embodiment Referring to the drawing, reference numeral 1 indicates a conventional hot air oven modified for the purpose of this invention. The oven has legs 2, insulated bottom, side, back, front, and top walls 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, respectively, a door 9 closing an opening in the front wall through which the loaves are loaded and unloaded, and a rotation wheel 12, mounted on a drive shaft 13, and carrying cantilevered trays 14, gravity biased to be self leveling.
These elements are all conventional.
For the purposes of this invention, an aperture 8 is provided in the top wall 7, rectangular in shape to accommodate a horn or antenna 20 of a microwave system 16. The horn or antenna 20, shaped and positioned to concentrate its radiation on the loaves immediately beneath it, is operatively c~nnected to a conventional microwave generatorS not here shown, capable of delivering 4.5 to 5.0 KW of energy from the horn or antenna 20. Pans 15, in the preferred embodiment, ordinary mild steel bread pans, containing proofed standard one pound loaves 16 are, in the embodiment shown, placed in groups of three on the trays 14. A typical loaf used in verifying the operation of the method of this invention, was made from a batch consisting of hard flour, 57 lb., white sugar, 2 lb., salt, 15 o~., lard, 4 lb. 4 oz., Blend 376 (soya flour, dried whey, skim milk, lacta, albumin and vegetable fat) r 3 lb., water, 30 lb., and dry yeast, 10 oz. In this embodiment, the batch was mixed and the loaves were formed and proofed conventionally.
!
~ ~ Q~ ~'JO
In this illustrative embodiment, the oven 1 is heated to baking temperature, and hot air, at 450 F., is circulated in the oven. The proofed loaves in their pans are placed, in groups of three, on the trays as they are positioned at the opening behind the door 9. As is explained hereinafter, the operation of the rotation wheel in this embodiment is intermittant, stopping periodically for one minute and twenty seconds. The speed of rotation of t:he wheel 12 and the timing of the loading of the trays are such as to bring the loaves from the opening through which they were loaded to the position shown in the drawing immediately below the horn 20, in about one minute. This has been found long enough to seal the skin and permit good sidewall formation in the baking process, an important element in commercial baking, where the loaves are sliced while still warm. During this time, the loaves are exposed substantially solely to conventional hot air heating.
The loaves in the illustrative embodiment are moved to within eight inches of the horn or antenna, which is delivering 4.5 KW
of power to the three loaves, or 1.5 KW per loaf, the motion of 20; ~he rotation wheel is stopped and the loaves remain under the horn for one minute and twenty seconds. The rotation of the wheel resumes, and the loaves are almost immediately screened from the radiation by the next tray's being positioned below the horn. The rest of the travel of the loaves to the oven opening, from which they are removed, requires about five minutes and forty seconds, during which time the loaves brown nicely in response to continued heating by the hot air a, I
o circulating in the oven. At this time, the internal temperature of the loaves is about 200. It has been found that by sub~ecting the loaves to a massive amount of microwave energy as compared with methods suggested heretofore, before a heavy crust has been formed, a tencler crust of a desirable thickness is produced, and the process reduces the time required to about eight minutes, for a standard one pound loaf.
A revolving type oven, or conveyor or tunnel type can be used. The loaves can be stoppecl under the horn or antenna for the desired length of time in any of these types, or the loaves can be moved continuously, particularly in a revolving or tunnel type, where a long horn or a series of horns can be arranged to provide the required energy for the requisite length of time. The power to the horn or antenna can be turned off and on or a radiation shield be interposed to provide the desired period of exposure of the loaves to the microwave energy entirely uniformly, because, as will be appreciated, even though the rotation wheel of the illustrative embodiment moves rapidly between pauses, the first loaf or the first end of the loaves, depending upon their orientation on the tray, will receive more energy than the rest. An example of multiple antennae employed in a tunnel type oven is shown in Dixon et al patent 3,107,284. For one pound loaves of white bread, temperatures as low as 300 and as high as 500F. for the circulating air are considered to be usable, the time of heating before the loaves are exposed to the microwave radiation can be varied from one and one half to one minute?
and microwave energies of 0.5 to 5~0 KW can be used, preferably with correspondingly altered exposure times, for example, one and one half minutes at the lower energy and one minute at the higher, for one pound loaves of white bread~ It is apparent that larger loaves or smaller loaves or other breads may require different times and amounts of energy. As has been indicated, excellent results have been obtained with the use of mild steel baking pans. Other types of pans may be used, but the conditions may have to be varied to accomodate them.
Although in the specific embodiment described, the proofing was done conventionally, microwave energy can be used, the method of proofing itself constituting no part of this invention.
Whatever variations are used or expedients employed, the essential steps in the method of this invention are a short exposure to heating by convection for a time sufficient to seal the skin, followed by a short exposure to microwave radiation at a high power level as compared with levels contemplated heretofore, and thereafter an exposure to heating by convection, with a total baking and browning time on the order of eight minutes for a one pound loaf of white bread.
I
Claims (5)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. In the process of baking proofed loaves of bread in an oven wherein a substantially uniform hot air heat in the range of 300° to 500° F is applied to said loaves constantly throughout the baking process and the loaves are subjected to microwave energy through a portion of said process, the improvement comprising, relative to a standard one pound loaf, first heating said loaves with said hot air alone for a period of about 1 to 1.5 minutes; second, exposing said loaves to microwave power in the amount of about 0.5 to 1.7 KW per loaf for a period of about 1.0 to 1.5 minutes, and third, exposing said loaves to said hot air substantially alone for a total heating period in said oven of about 8 minutes.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the loaves are in mild steel baking pans during the entire process.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein the loaves are in constant motion during said process.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein the motion of the loaves is stopped for substantially the duration of the microwave exposure.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein the loaves are spaced an average of about 8" from a horn or antenna radiating on the order of 1.5 KW of microwave energy per loaf.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US414,401 | 1982-09-02 | ||
US06/414,401 US4419374A (en) | 1982-09-02 | 1982-09-02 | Method of baking bread |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA1201020A true CA1201020A (en) | 1986-02-25 |
Family
ID=23641297
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA000431484A Expired CA1201020A (en) | 1982-09-02 | 1983-06-29 | Method of baking bread |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4419374A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0104400A3 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS5948038A (en) |
AU (1) | AU554971B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA1201020A (en) |
Families Citing this family (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS63177753A (en) * | 1986-03-01 | 1988-07-21 | 但馬屋食品株式会社 | Production of expanded food |
US4720924A (en) * | 1986-11-03 | 1988-01-26 | R & J Engineering Corporation | Microwave drying of pharmaceutical gelatin capsules |
US4911939A (en) * | 1988-10-21 | 1990-03-27 | Nabisco Brands, Inc. | Shelf-stable microwavable cookie dough |
US5254823A (en) * | 1991-09-17 | 1993-10-19 | Turbochef Inc. | Quick-cooking oven |
JPH0576267A (en) * | 1991-09-26 | 1993-03-30 | Rheon Autom Mach Co Ltd | Method for making breads and device therefor |
GB9500760D0 (en) * | 1994-05-10 | 1995-03-08 | Apv Corp Ltd | Manufacture of bread products |
US7092988B1 (en) | 1997-05-27 | 2006-08-15 | Jeffrey Bogatin | Rapid cooking oven with broadband communication capability to increase ease of use |
US6004600A (en) * | 1998-10-30 | 1999-12-21 | Van Over; Charles | Method of making bread |
US8224892B2 (en) | 2000-04-28 | 2012-07-17 | Turbochef Technologies, Inc. | Rapid cooking oven with broadband communication capability to increase ease of use |
US6852957B2 (en) | 2002-06-28 | 2005-02-08 | Kerry Group Services International, Ltd. | Breadcrumb processing line and method |
ES2289901B1 (en) * | 2005-11-16 | 2008-08-01 | Bimbo, S.A. | MOLDING BREAD AND PROCEDURE FOR OBTAINING. |
ES2289900B1 (en) * | 2005-11-16 | 2008-08-01 | Bimbo, S.A. | "BREAD AND PROCEDURE FOR OBTAINING." |
FR2907638B1 (en) * | 2006-10-30 | 2009-01-23 | Jacquet Panification | METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING BAKERY PRODUCTS, SUCH AS MIE BREAD AND COOKED PRODUCTS THUS OBTAINED |
US8815319B2 (en) * | 2009-03-16 | 2014-08-26 | Jorge Luis Zapp Glauser | Low glycemic impact breads for the nutrition of diabetics, obese and metabolic syndrome diets |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2942562A (en) * | 1955-09-16 | 1960-06-28 | Kemper Ltd | Oven |
US3107284A (en) * | 1959-07-23 | 1963-10-15 | Baker Perkins Inc | Heat treatment or baking ovens |
US3220850A (en) * | 1962-01-22 | 1965-11-30 | Colgate Palmolive Co | Process for preparing baked goods utilizing dihydroxyacetone to enhance browning |
US3332370A (en) * | 1964-11-27 | 1967-07-25 | Gen Mills Inc | Bread making process |
US3479188A (en) * | 1964-12-30 | 1969-11-18 | Pillsbury Co | Cooking process and product |
US3906115A (en) * | 1972-06-14 | 1975-09-16 | Morris R Jeppson | Method for the preparation of precooked meat products |
US3881403A (en) * | 1973-03-30 | 1975-05-06 | Baker Perkins Inc | Apparatus for making bread and like food products |
US4271203A (en) * | 1976-06-29 | 1981-06-02 | International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation | Microwave proofing and baking bread utilizing metal pans |
JPS533549A (en) * | 1976-06-29 | 1978-01-13 | Itt | Baking method of bread |
US4318931A (en) * | 1976-06-29 | 1982-03-09 | International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation | Method of baking firm bread |
US4388335A (en) * | 1979-06-20 | 1983-06-14 | International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation | Microwave baking with metal pans |
-
1982
- 1982-09-02 US US06/414,401 patent/US4419374A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1983
- 1983-06-29 CA CA000431484A patent/CA1201020A/en not_active Expired
- 1983-07-26 AU AU17279/83A patent/AU554971B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1983-08-15 JP JP58148185A patent/JPS5948038A/en active Pending
- 1983-08-16 EP EP83108087A patent/EP0104400A3/en not_active Ceased
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU554971B2 (en) | 1986-09-11 |
EP0104400A2 (en) | 1984-04-04 |
AU1727983A (en) | 1984-03-08 |
JPS5948038A (en) | 1984-03-19 |
EP0104400A3 (en) | 1985-12-18 |
US4419374A (en) | 1983-12-06 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
MKEX | Expiry |