CA1212964A - Process for producing dimethylamine - Google Patents
Process for producing dimethylamineInfo
- Publication number
- CA1212964A CA1212964A CA000456092A CA456092A CA1212964A CA 1212964 A CA1212964 A CA 1212964A CA 000456092 A CA000456092 A CA 000456092A CA 456092 A CA456092 A CA 456092A CA 1212964 A CA1212964 A CA 1212964A
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- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- reaction
- ammonia
- steam
- methanol
- Prior art date
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
- G02B6/4292—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements the light guide being disconnectable from the opto-electronic element, e.g. mutually self aligning arrangements
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
Selective production of dimethylamine in pre-ference to mono- and trimethylamines by a catalytic vapor phase reaction of ammonia and methanol over a zeolite selected from mordenite, clinoptilolite and erionite, the improvement being characterized by the fact that the zeolite used has been contacted with steam at a temperature of 250 to 700°C.
Selective production of dimethylamine in pre-ference to mono- and trimethylamines by a catalytic vapor phase reaction of ammonia and methanol over a zeolite selected from mordenite, clinoptilolite and erionite, the improvement being characterized by the fact that the zeolite used has been contacted with steam at a temperature of 250 to 700°C.
Description
PROCESS FOR PRODUCING DIMETHYLAMINE
~ACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the art 5This invention relates to a process for producing dimethylamine by the gas phase catalytic reaction of methanol and ammonia. More specifically, the present invention relates to a process for producing dimethyl-amine having a specific feature in the catalyst employ-ed, namely the type and the pretreatment of the catalyst.
Dimethylamine is an important chemical intermediate as the starting material for various solvents, pharma-ceuticals, organic rubbers, surfactants, dyein~ aids etc., and is generally produced by reacting methanol with ammonia in gas phase at an elevated temperature (around 400C) in the presence of a solid acid catalyst (hereinafter called the conventional catalyst) having dehydration and amination action such as ~-alumina, silica, silica-alumina and thoria. In this reaction, other than dimethylamine (hereinafter abbreviated DMA), monomethylamine (hereinafter abbreviated MMA) and tri-methylamine (hereinafter abbreviated TMA) are also produced almost inevitably, and these by-product amines, for which demand is less than that for DMA, are separat-ed from the reaction product and then transferred tothe reaction system for reutilization.
Dimethylamine is separated from the reaction product of methylamines by distillation. However, since TMA
forms complicated azeotropic mixtures with ammonia, ~A
and DMA, very cumbersome and large scale distillation operations are required, whereby the energy consumption in the DMA recovery process becomes very great. Examples of the recovery process are shown in detail in, for example, "Revised Complete Collection of Manufacturing Flow Chart" (published by Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd., April 25, 1978).
For realization of reduction in production cost of ,.~ ;
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DMA and in the size of the device, it is critically important to suppress formation of the methylamines other than DMA (MMA, T~), particularly TMA, to a minimum, thereby promoting formation of DMA. How-ever, the final proportion of the three kinds ofmethylamines formed is governed by thermodynamic equi-librium, and the proportion of ~A and DMA formed will be higher as the temperature becomes higher, and the ratio N/C of the number of nitrogen atoms to the number of carbon atoms in the reaction mixture becomes higher, with the proportion of TMA becoming smaller.
For example, when the reaction temperature is 400C, and the ratio of ammonia to methanol is 1:1 (weight ratio), the equilibrium proportions of the respective amines formed calculated thermodynamically are 0.284 for MMA, 0.280 for Dl~A and 0.436 for TMA (weight ratio).
In the case where the above conventional catalyst is used, the MMA formation reaction or TMA formation reaction is relatively rapid, and therefore the pro-portion of D~ formed in the three kinds of methylamines throughout the entire reaction region will never surpass this equilibrium value. Thus, large amounts of MMA and TMA must always be recycled together with unreacted ammonia to the reaction system.
Various methods have been known for promo-tion or suppression of a specific amine among the three kinds of methylamines. For example, by varying the reaction conditions, the level of equilibrium ltself can be shifted to control the yield in favor of a specific amine. Generally speaking, as the reaction temperature and the ratio (N/C) of the number of nitrogen atoms to the number of carbon atoms become higher, MMA and DMA
will be more advantageously formed. ~owever, as shown in Table l set forth hereinafter, the change in the DMA
formation ratio at the equilibrium does not greatly depend on the change in the reaction temperature and N/C.
~t higher reaction temperatures, the amounts of impurities ., - ~2~
produced such as carbon dioxide, methane, formaldehyde, higher amines, etc., are increased. On the other hand, at higher ratios N/C, the amount of ammonia to be circulated is increased, resulting in enlargement of the apparatus. For the reasons given above, it is not recommendable to use reaction conditions outside those generally employed, namely, a reaction temperature of 360C to 450C and N/C of 1.2 to 3Ø
Prior art The method of promotin~ formation of DMA ~y modify-ing chemically the conventional catalyst such as silica-alumina has been proposed. For example, Japanese Patent Publication No.486/1970 discloses a method for improving the yield of DMA by the use of a catalyst based on the silica-alumina impregnated with a sulfide such as that of Re, Ag or Co.
In recent years, as the catalyst for producing a specific methylamine (e.g., ~ or DMA) with high selec-tivity, various zeolites have been coming to the fore of interest. Among them, mordenite type zeolites are also included. For example, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No.113747/1981 discloses a method for obtain-ing selectively MMA from ammonia and methanol with the use of various zeolites inclusive of mordenite. Also, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No.46846/1981 dis-closes a method for producing DMA from MMA with the use of the same catalyst as mentioned above. Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publications Nos. 148708/1979 and 104234/1980 disclose the method for promoting formation of primary and secondary amines from alcohol and ammonia by the use of the synthetic zeolite FU-l produced from materials containing a quaternary ammonium salt. U.S. Patent 4,082,805 discloses that primary and secondary amines are obtained preferentially from alcohol and ammonia by the use of the synthe-tic zeolite ZSM-5 and others.
In any of the methods employing such a zeolite as the catalyst, the proportions of MMA and DMA formed surpass lZ1~6~ ' the thermodynamic equilibrium values. This is probab-ly due to the effect of the so-called molecular shape selectivity, resulting from selective blocking of molecules sterically expanded (TMA) at the fine pore inlets, since the sizes of the fine pores within the crystalline structure of zeolite are at the level of molecular sizes.
Zeolites exhibiting shape selectivity for the reaction to form methylamines from ammonia and methanol known in the art are inclusive of mordenite, erionite, clinoptilolite, zeolite ~ and other special synthetic zeolites. Among them, particularly mordenite is dis-closed to have a marked effect of suppressing formation of TMA in Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No~169444/
1982. Also, Japanese Patent Application No.82768/1983 by the present inventors discloses a process for enhancing the reaction activity and the dimethylamine selectivity by controlling the alkali metal content in mordenite.
By such improvements, it has been made poscible to reduce the production cost of dimethylamine to a great extent as compared with the process of the prior art using a conventional catalyst, but yet there remains room for further improvement in the aspect of selectivity, and development of a catalyst capable of affording higher DMA
selectivity is constantly required.
SU~MARY OF THE INVENTION
In the light of the background art as described above, we have made various investigations for further enhancing DMA selectivity with the zeolite catalyst as mentioned above as the base, and consequently it has unexpectedly been found that DMA selectivity can be dra-matically improved without marked lowering of activity by contacting the zeolite catalyst with steam before the DMA
synthetic reaction. The present invention is based on this discovery.
Steam treatment of various spent catalysts for the purpose of decoking (including also removal of coking ~2~
precursors) has been generally known for the catalysts to be used for the reaction under severe conditions, particularly such as cracking of hydrocarbons. How-ever, such a treatment has no greater effect than an activating effect to make the activity and/or the selectivity of the spent catalyst nearly to those/that of the fresh or virgin catalyst so as to make -the spent catalyst useful in reuse for the reaction. Also, such a treatment is carried out in most cases in combination with inclneration, which is one of the main operations, and rarely practiced as a single operation.
In the prior art concerning methylamine synthesis as described above, some references are made to the effect of the amount of steam or the steam pressure during the synthetic reaction on the reaction, but there is no report about treatment of the zeolite catalyst in a steam atmosphere separately from the synthetic reac-tion. The above mentioned Japanese Patent Publication No.486/1970 describes a steam treatment of the catalyst for methylamine synthesis. However, in this case, the catalyst material to be subjected to steam treatment is not a zeolite but a material based on amorphous silica gel which had been used as a catalyst before zeolite was introduced as a catalyst in methylamine synthesis, having no shape selectivity as possessed by zeolite, and therefore having low DMA selectivity). As far as we know according to a trace experiment we performed no improvement of selectivity could be found. Further~ it has also been found that steam treatment of the silica-alumina catalyst is not effective in improvement ofselectivity, resulting only in marked lowering of acti-vity (see Comparative Example 1 set forth hereinafter).
Steam treatment of the catalyst for methylamine synthesis according to the present invention is appli-cable for either fresh catalyst or the catalyst which hasalready been used for the reaction. In the case of the former, the DMA selectivity can be dramatically improved . , without great loss of activity, while in the latter case, the lowered actl~ity can be restored to substan-tially the same extent as that of the original ~resh or virgin catalyst simultaneously with dramatic improve-ment of the D~A selectivity. Such an effect can besaid to be a surprisingly remarkable effect which can-not be expected from the technical knowledge relating to steam treatment of catalysts in general of the prior art.
The present invention provides an improvement to a process for production of dimethylamine by a gas phase reaction of ammonia and methanol over a zeolite as a catalyst selected from the group consisting of mordenite, clinoptilolite and erionite, which improve-ment comprises contacting previously and separately from the reaction of ammonia and methanol the ca-talys~
with an atmosphere comprising steam at a temperature in the range of from 250 to 700C.
The wording "separately from the reaction of ammo-nia and methanol" means that the steam treatment is notconducted at the same time as the dimethylamine synthe-sis reaction, and it is not essentially required to take out the catalyst from the reactor for dimethylamine synthesis and carry out the treatment in a separate treating vessel. In other words, steam treatment accord-ing to the present invention can be practiced on the fresh catalyst, which may be fed into the reactor or into a separate treating vessel, or on the catalyst already provided for use in the reaction in the reactor (by discontinuing supply of methanol and ammonia) or in a separate treating vessel.
The present process is substantially the same as conventional ones in which mordenite is used as a catalyst except for the steaming of the mordenite. Accordingly, the wording "reaction of ammonia and methanol" means a reaction of ammonia and methanol in the presence of a recycle of a methylamine mi~ture produced from the .. .
reaction which has taken place over the catalyst pre-viously as well as a reaction of solely ammonia and methanol.
The atmosphere comprising steam to be used for the steam treatment of the catalyst can be steam it-self (100% steam) or a mixture of steam with an inert gas te.g., air, nitrogen, and helium). In the latter case, the ratio of steam to the inert gas is not cri-tical in the present invention. In most cases, the former (namely 100~ steam) is preferred. The steam pressure o~ the steam atmosphere can be 1 to 70 atm.
A pressure lower than 1 atm. is not practical because of poor ef~iciency. The upper limit (70 atm.) is determined depending on the performance of the commer-cially practicable equipment (particularly the reactorfor methylamine synthesis~. Preferably, the steam pressure is 5 to 30 atm., more preferably 10 to 20 atm., most preferably around 15 atm.
Steam treatment of the present invention can be carried out at a temperature in the range of from 250 to 700C, but a temperature of 500C or lower is pre-ferable for the purpose of preventing loss of the crystalline structure of zeolite. The preferable temperature range is from 350 to 500C, more prefer-ably from 380 to 500C, most preferably around 400C.
The time for steam treatment according to thepresent invention will vary depending on the steam pressure and the steam trea-tment temperature, and may be shorter as these conditions become more severe.
The steam treatment time can be generally 1 to 400 hours but, in consideration of the preferable ranges for the steam pressure and the steam treatment tempera-ture, is preferably 10 to 30 hours, more preferably 15 to 25 hours, and most preferably around 20 hours.
In the present invention, a zeolite catalyst of any desire~ cation form can be utilized, provided that it is mordenite, clinoptilolite or erionite, but the most marked effect can be obtained when the present invention is practiced with a catalyst controlled to an alkali metal content of from 1 to 7 wt.% as calcu-lated on the basis of the oxide thereof.
The re~ction conditions for dimethylamine synthe-sis to be used in the present invention is not so markedly different from those used when a zeolite catalyst in general (one not sub]ected to steam treat-ment) is used. The reaction conditions can be a temperature of 250 to 500C, a pressure of 1 to 50 atm., N/C of 0.2 to 6, and a space velocity of 360 to 18,000 hr as calculated based on the data under 1 atm. and 0C. The reaction of ammonia and methanol is prefer-ably conducted continuously from the commercial point of view.
The effectiveness and utility of the present in--vention can be illustrated by referring to various examples. For example, in the case where the reaction is carried out with the use of a certain kind of morde-nite as the catalyst, a reaction temperature of 320C,and an ammonia/methanol mixture of N/C 1.9 as a start-ing material, the proportion of the DMA among the three kinds of methylamines is 50.9 wt.%. In contrast, when the same catalyst, which has been contacted with steam at 400C under a steam pressure of 10 atm. for 10 hours before the reaction, is used as the catalyst, the pxoportion of the DMA formed is increased to 56.3%.
Lowering in the reactivity in this case is very low, the methanol conversion being changed from 96.4% to 95.8% at SV of 2,000 hr 1.
In the catalytic cracking process of petroleum over a catalyst comprising silicaalumina, for example, contact of steam with the catalyst may be a cause for activity deterioration. Also, in methylamine synthesis, when steam treatment (sometimes referred to as steaming hereinafter) is applied on r-alumina which is one of the conventional catalysts, the activity is lowered to a 9 ~l great extent as shown in a Comparative Example set forth hereinafter, and the D~A selectivity cannot exceed the equilibrium value, thus exhibitin~ no positive effect.
When the specific area and the pore size distribution were measured for this y-alumina before and after steam-ing, the specific area after steaming was found to be reduced to a great extent, and the average pore size around 50 A was confirmed to be increased to near 100 A
by steamingO Thus, in the prior art catalyst, sintering is promoted by steaming to destroy the pores (particular-ly small pores), with the result that the surface area is reduced to lower the activity. Also, in this case, no change-such as to have an effect on the selectivity of amines occurs.
Differing from such a conventional catalyst (or an equilibrium catalyst), the above zeolite is a crystalline aluminosilicate, which is a non-equilibrium catalyst exhibiting shape selectivity. The pores in this catalyst can be classified into the voids within the crystalline structure (pore sizes of about 5 A, hereinafter called micropores) and the pores based on the interstices between the primary crystalline parti-cles (about 10 A to about 200 A, hereinafter referred to as macropores). The shape selectivity occurs as a result of obstruction of passage of TMA molecules at the inlets for micropores. Methylamine synthetic reac-tion also occurs on the surfaces of macropores, where e~uilibrium reactions proceed to result in preferential formation of TMA, whereby the effect of shape selectivity is reduced. For the above mordenite catalyst, the ratio of the macropore surface area/total micropore surface area was measured before and after the steaming treatment at 400C and 10 atm., for 20 hrs. according to the low temperature gas absorption method of multi-point system BET. As a result, about 12% before steaming was found to have been lowered to about 8% after steaming.
By reducing the ratio of the macrosurface ~ .~
~2~
~.
participating in the reaction, the effect of shape selectivity can be emphasized to suppress formation of TMA. The effect of the present invention of improving the DMA selectivity by steaming of the zeo-lite catalyst can be partly explained by such a reduc-tion in the macropore surface area or lowering in the macropore surface activity.
Also, according to the same principle, this effect seems to be limited not only to the zeolites defined in the present invention (mordenite, clinoptilolite, erionite), but also appears similarly in other zeolites exhibiting shape selectivity for methylamine synthesis (e~g., Zeolite A, ZSM-5 and FU-l).
DESCRIPTION OF ~HE PREFERRED EM~ODIMENT
The present invention is further illustrated by Examples and Comparative Examples. Table 1 shows the equilibrium compositions of respective amines at res-pective temperatures. Comparative Example 1 shows the reaction results for y-alumina before and after steaming, from which it can be clearly seen that the DMA
selectivity is lower than the equilibrium value in any case, and the activity is greatly lowered by steaming.
In Examples 1 to 7, according to the process of the present invention, unused mordenite, clinoptilonite and erionite subjected to steaming under the conditions of ~00 to 550C, pressure of 5 to 15 kg/cm2, and 8 to 72 hrs, respectively, were used as the catalyst, and the ammonia/
methanol of N/C 1.9 was allowed to react under the con-ditions of 320C and SV of 1,000 to 5,000, and the results obtained were compared with those obtained when catalysts not subjected to steaming were used.
Such zeolite catalysts exhibit markedly higher DMA
selectivity as compared with the conventional catalysts and maintain sufficiently high activities even at lower temperatures (300 to 360C). In particular, a mordenite controlled correctly in alkali metal content has high activity and DMA selectivity, exhibiting a substantially ll equal activity and a DMA selectivity of about 2-fold at 320C, as compared with those of the prior art catalyst at 400C. By subjecting these zeolites to steaming, DMA selectivity can be further improved without an accompanying lowering in activity.
According to the above-mentioned Japanese Patent Application No.82768/1983, a mordenite with low Na content exhibits a high activity but low DMA selecti-vity, whereas steaming treatment can impart a particu-larly great effect to such a mordenite with low Nacontent having a relatively low DMA selectivity. For example, in the case of an H-type mordenite containing almost no Na and other metals, the DMA selectivity is slightly over the equilibrium value. However, when subjected to steaming treatment, it exhibits a DMA
selectivity surpassing greatly the equilibrium value (D~A 45% or more). Also, for a mordenite containing O.24~ of Na and 3.95% of K before steaming, the DMA
yield is 34.7% at a methanol conversion of 82 to 83%, while that after steaming is increased to as much as 59.6%, showing a great increase in DMA selectivity. In either case, lowering in activity is very small.
The amount of steam used is not particularly limit-ed. It is not necessarily required to use a flow-through system, and the steaming treatment may also beconducted in a closed system. Further, some effect can also be obtained by heating rapidly a zeolite under a wet condition. The quantity of steam in and the dura-tion of the steaming process depend on the degree of improvement in selectivity to DMA desired.
The degree of the effect of steaming treatment will vary depending on the partial pressure of water, tem-perature and time. For example, the conditions of the temperature of 400C, the pressure of 15 kg/cm2 and the time of 20 hrs. are one example of the treating conditions which can produce the greatest effect, and a high effect can be maintained by increasing the pressure or prolonging the treating time when the temperature is lower, or by elevating the temperature or prolonging the treat-ing time when the pressure is lower. However, at a temperature lower than 300C, the efect is very small, while at a temperature higher than 700C, the crystal-line structure begins to be disadvantageously modified.
Although some effect may be obtained even a-t a low partial pressure of water, it should be 1 atm. or higher. The treating time is preferably longer than 1 hr.
As shown in Example 8, a similar effect can be obtained when the zeolite already used for the reaction is subjected to steam treatment. By steaming of such a spent catalyst, the DMA selectivity can be greatly improved, and the extent of this improvement is equal to or better than that in the case of steaming an un--used or virgin catalyst. Also, coke or coke precursors adhering on the catalyst can also be removed by steaming with the result that the activity can be restored to the same level as that of the unused catalyst.
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Comparative Example 1 A 1/2 B stainless-steel reaction tube of 800 mm length was packed with pellets of y-alumina with a diameter of 4 mm with an alumina content of 18%, and a mixture of ammonia and methanol containing 50% by weight of ammonia was fed into the tube at a tempera-ture of 400C, under a pressure of 18 kg/cm2, and at a space velocity VS of 1,600 to 5,800 hr to obtain methylamine mixtures with the compositions indicated in the column of "Before steaming" in Table 2.
The same catalyst was contacted with steam of 15 kg/cm2 in the above-mentioned reaction tube at a tem-perature of 400C and a space velocity of 1,000 hr 1 for 12 hours, and thereafter nitrogen gas was passed for 30 minutes. Then, the same ammonia/methanol mix-ture was fed at a temperature of 400C, under a pres-sure of 18 kg/cm , and at a space velocity of 1,000 to 4,000 hr 1 to obtain a methylamine mixture with -the composition indicated in the column of "After steaming"
in Table 2.
Analysis of methylamine was conducted by gas chromatography with ~he use of a column of styrene poly-mer beads (trade ~e: Polapack Q) impregnated with 3%
of KOH.
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Example 1 Crushed naturally-occurring mordenite (100 g) was boiled under reflux in 2 liters of 2N NH4NO3 solu-tion for 20 hours. This operation was repeated three times with renewal of NH4NO3 solution in every operation, and the treated mordenite was dried at 130C for 5 hours, which step was followed by calcination at a tempera-ture o-f 450C for 3 hours, to prepare H-type mordenite from which most of metal cations had been removed.
This mordenite was extruded into cylinders of 3 mm in diameter to be used as the catalyst in a reaction, which was carried out by the use of the same reaction tube as in Comparative Exampie 1 by reacting equal weights of ammonia and methanol at a reaction tempera-ture of 320C, under a pressure of 18 kg/cm2, and ata space velocity of 1,500 to 6,900 hr 1. The same H-type mordenite was also placed in a similar reaction tube and subjected to steam treatment under the condi-tions of 400C, 15 kg/cm2, and a space velocity of about 1,000. With the use of this catalyst, the reaction was carried out under the same reaction conditions as set forth above to obtain the methylamine mixtures indicat-ed in Table 3.
Example 2 The reaction tests were conducted in the manner described in Example 1 except for the use of co~mercial-ly available mordenite (cylinders with diameter of 2 mm) and carrying out of the reaction at 310C. Also, the reaction was carried out under the reaction conditions in Example 1 except for the use of a commercially avail-able mordenite, which had been subjected to steaming under the same conditions as in Example 1, as the catalyst and carrying out the reaction at 310C. The results are shown in Table 3. The commercially available morde-nite herein used may be synthetic mordenite.
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Example 3 Crushed naturally-occurring mordenite (100 g) was immersed in 500 ml of 1 N hydrochloric acid and left to stand at 40C for 30 hours. Then, the treat-ed mordenlte was washed with water, dried and calcin-ed at 450C for 4 hours to prepare a mordenite containing 0.7~ of Na, 1.4~ of K and small quantities of other elements such as Fe, Mg and Ca. The mordenite was extruded into 3 mm diameter cylinders, which were used as the catalyst in the reaction between methanol and ammonia under the conditions of 320C, 18 kg/cm2, SV of 1,000 to 4,300, and N/C of 1.9. The reaction tests were conducted similarly for the same catalyst subjected with steaming under the same conditions as in lS Example 2 to obtain the results shown in Table 4.
Example 4 With the use as a catalyst of naturally-occurring erionite extruded into cylinders of 2-mm diameter, the reaction of methanol and ammonia was carried out under the conditions of 400C, 18 kg/cm2, SV of 2,000 to 5,500, and N/C of 1.9. The reaction tests were conducted similarly for the naturally-occurriny erionite applied with steaming under the same conditions as in Example 2 to obtain the results shown in Table 4.
Example 5 _ _ Naturally-occurring clinoptilolite sieved into 5 -6 mesh (100 g) was maintained in 500 ml of 1 N hydro-chloric acid at room temperature for 20 hours, washed with water, dried and calcined at 450C for 4 hours.
Using this as the catalyst, the reaction of methanol and ammonia was carried out in the same reaction tube as employed in Comparative ~xample 1 under the conditions of 350C, 18 kg/cm , SV o~ 1,000 to 4,300, and N/C of 1.9.
The same reaction tests were conducted for the aforesaid catalyst which had been contacted with steam at 450C
under a pressure of 8 kg/cm for 10 hours to obtain the results shown-in Table 4.
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A part of the product was placed in the same reaction tube as that employed in Comparative Example 1, into which ammonia/methanol mixture was fed to carry out the reaction under the conditions of 320C, 18 kg/cm2, a SV of 1,000 to 4,300 lit./hr, and N/C of 1.9.
Also, a part of the product was contacted with steam at 400 to 50C, under a pressure of 5 to 15 kg/
cm2 and at a SV of 1,000 for 9 to 72 hours, and using the respective catalysts obtained, reactions were conducted to obtain the results shown in Table 5.
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Example 7 Naturally-occurring mordenite crushed into about 6 mm squares (100 g) was boiled under reflux in l.S
liters of 0.5 N sodium hydroxide solution for 4 hours, thoroughly washed with water and maintained in 500 ml of 1 N hydrochloric acid at 40C for 24 hours. The mordenite thus treated was washed with water, dried and calcined at 450C for 4 hours to prepare a morde-nite catalyst containing 0.24% of Na, 3.95% of K and small amounts of other metals such as Ca and Mg. This catalyst was placed in the same reaction tube as that used in Comparative Example 1, and the reaction was carried out by passing methanol/ammonia therethrough under the conditions of 320C, 18 kg/cm , SV of 1,000 to 4,200 hr 1, and N/C of 1.9.
The same reaction tests were conducted for the catalyst which had been contacted with steam under the conditions of 400C, 15 kg/cm and 20 hours to obtain the results shown in Table 6.
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Example 8 Naturally-occurring mordenite crushed into about 6 mm squares (100 g) was held in l N ammonia nitrate solution at 20C for 16 hours, washed with water, dried and calcined at 450C for 4 hours. The result-an-t catalyst was placed in the same reaction tube as that used in Comparative Example 1, and the reaction was carried out by feeding ammonia/methanol mixture under the conditions of 320C, 18 kg/cm2 and N/C of 1.9. The reaction products at SV of 1,000 to 4,400 were analyzed, respectively. After the reaction was continued under the same conditions at 320C and SV of 1,000 for 700 hours, the reaction products obtained at 320C and at SV of 1,000 to 4,100 were analyzed, respectively. After termination of the reaction, steam was subsequently passed through the catalyst layer under the conditions of 400C, 15 kg/cm2 and SV of l,000.
Then, methanol/ammonia was introduced again and the reaction products obtained under the conditions of 320 C, 18 kg/cm2 and N/C of 1.9 were analyzed, respectively.
The respective reaction results are shown in Table 7.
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~ACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the art 5This invention relates to a process for producing dimethylamine by the gas phase catalytic reaction of methanol and ammonia. More specifically, the present invention relates to a process for producing dimethyl-amine having a specific feature in the catalyst employ-ed, namely the type and the pretreatment of the catalyst.
Dimethylamine is an important chemical intermediate as the starting material for various solvents, pharma-ceuticals, organic rubbers, surfactants, dyein~ aids etc., and is generally produced by reacting methanol with ammonia in gas phase at an elevated temperature (around 400C) in the presence of a solid acid catalyst (hereinafter called the conventional catalyst) having dehydration and amination action such as ~-alumina, silica, silica-alumina and thoria. In this reaction, other than dimethylamine (hereinafter abbreviated DMA), monomethylamine (hereinafter abbreviated MMA) and tri-methylamine (hereinafter abbreviated TMA) are also produced almost inevitably, and these by-product amines, for which demand is less than that for DMA, are separat-ed from the reaction product and then transferred tothe reaction system for reutilization.
Dimethylamine is separated from the reaction product of methylamines by distillation. However, since TMA
forms complicated azeotropic mixtures with ammonia, ~A
and DMA, very cumbersome and large scale distillation operations are required, whereby the energy consumption in the DMA recovery process becomes very great. Examples of the recovery process are shown in detail in, for example, "Revised Complete Collection of Manufacturing Flow Chart" (published by Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd., April 25, 1978).
For realization of reduction in production cost of ,.~ ;
~Z~ 6~
DMA and in the size of the device, it is critically important to suppress formation of the methylamines other than DMA (MMA, T~), particularly TMA, to a minimum, thereby promoting formation of DMA. How-ever, the final proportion of the three kinds ofmethylamines formed is governed by thermodynamic equi-librium, and the proportion of ~A and DMA formed will be higher as the temperature becomes higher, and the ratio N/C of the number of nitrogen atoms to the number of carbon atoms in the reaction mixture becomes higher, with the proportion of TMA becoming smaller.
For example, when the reaction temperature is 400C, and the ratio of ammonia to methanol is 1:1 (weight ratio), the equilibrium proportions of the respective amines formed calculated thermodynamically are 0.284 for MMA, 0.280 for Dl~A and 0.436 for TMA (weight ratio).
In the case where the above conventional catalyst is used, the MMA formation reaction or TMA formation reaction is relatively rapid, and therefore the pro-portion of D~ formed in the three kinds of methylamines throughout the entire reaction region will never surpass this equilibrium value. Thus, large amounts of MMA and TMA must always be recycled together with unreacted ammonia to the reaction system.
Various methods have been known for promo-tion or suppression of a specific amine among the three kinds of methylamines. For example, by varying the reaction conditions, the level of equilibrium ltself can be shifted to control the yield in favor of a specific amine. Generally speaking, as the reaction temperature and the ratio (N/C) of the number of nitrogen atoms to the number of carbon atoms become higher, MMA and DMA
will be more advantageously formed. ~owever, as shown in Table l set forth hereinafter, the change in the DMA
formation ratio at the equilibrium does not greatly depend on the change in the reaction temperature and N/C.
~t higher reaction temperatures, the amounts of impurities ., - ~2~
produced such as carbon dioxide, methane, formaldehyde, higher amines, etc., are increased. On the other hand, at higher ratios N/C, the amount of ammonia to be circulated is increased, resulting in enlargement of the apparatus. For the reasons given above, it is not recommendable to use reaction conditions outside those generally employed, namely, a reaction temperature of 360C to 450C and N/C of 1.2 to 3Ø
Prior art The method of promotin~ formation of DMA ~y modify-ing chemically the conventional catalyst such as silica-alumina has been proposed. For example, Japanese Patent Publication No.486/1970 discloses a method for improving the yield of DMA by the use of a catalyst based on the silica-alumina impregnated with a sulfide such as that of Re, Ag or Co.
In recent years, as the catalyst for producing a specific methylamine (e.g., ~ or DMA) with high selec-tivity, various zeolites have been coming to the fore of interest. Among them, mordenite type zeolites are also included. For example, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No.113747/1981 discloses a method for obtain-ing selectively MMA from ammonia and methanol with the use of various zeolites inclusive of mordenite. Also, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No.46846/1981 dis-closes a method for producing DMA from MMA with the use of the same catalyst as mentioned above. Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publications Nos. 148708/1979 and 104234/1980 disclose the method for promoting formation of primary and secondary amines from alcohol and ammonia by the use of the synthetic zeolite FU-l produced from materials containing a quaternary ammonium salt. U.S. Patent 4,082,805 discloses that primary and secondary amines are obtained preferentially from alcohol and ammonia by the use of the synthe-tic zeolite ZSM-5 and others.
In any of the methods employing such a zeolite as the catalyst, the proportions of MMA and DMA formed surpass lZ1~6~ ' the thermodynamic equilibrium values. This is probab-ly due to the effect of the so-called molecular shape selectivity, resulting from selective blocking of molecules sterically expanded (TMA) at the fine pore inlets, since the sizes of the fine pores within the crystalline structure of zeolite are at the level of molecular sizes.
Zeolites exhibiting shape selectivity for the reaction to form methylamines from ammonia and methanol known in the art are inclusive of mordenite, erionite, clinoptilolite, zeolite ~ and other special synthetic zeolites. Among them, particularly mordenite is dis-closed to have a marked effect of suppressing formation of TMA in Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No~169444/
1982. Also, Japanese Patent Application No.82768/1983 by the present inventors discloses a process for enhancing the reaction activity and the dimethylamine selectivity by controlling the alkali metal content in mordenite.
By such improvements, it has been made poscible to reduce the production cost of dimethylamine to a great extent as compared with the process of the prior art using a conventional catalyst, but yet there remains room for further improvement in the aspect of selectivity, and development of a catalyst capable of affording higher DMA
selectivity is constantly required.
SU~MARY OF THE INVENTION
In the light of the background art as described above, we have made various investigations for further enhancing DMA selectivity with the zeolite catalyst as mentioned above as the base, and consequently it has unexpectedly been found that DMA selectivity can be dra-matically improved without marked lowering of activity by contacting the zeolite catalyst with steam before the DMA
synthetic reaction. The present invention is based on this discovery.
Steam treatment of various spent catalysts for the purpose of decoking (including also removal of coking ~2~
precursors) has been generally known for the catalysts to be used for the reaction under severe conditions, particularly such as cracking of hydrocarbons. How-ever, such a treatment has no greater effect than an activating effect to make the activity and/or the selectivity of the spent catalyst nearly to those/that of the fresh or virgin catalyst so as to make -the spent catalyst useful in reuse for the reaction. Also, such a treatment is carried out in most cases in combination with inclneration, which is one of the main operations, and rarely practiced as a single operation.
In the prior art concerning methylamine synthesis as described above, some references are made to the effect of the amount of steam or the steam pressure during the synthetic reaction on the reaction, but there is no report about treatment of the zeolite catalyst in a steam atmosphere separately from the synthetic reac-tion. The above mentioned Japanese Patent Publication No.486/1970 describes a steam treatment of the catalyst for methylamine synthesis. However, in this case, the catalyst material to be subjected to steam treatment is not a zeolite but a material based on amorphous silica gel which had been used as a catalyst before zeolite was introduced as a catalyst in methylamine synthesis, having no shape selectivity as possessed by zeolite, and therefore having low DMA selectivity). As far as we know according to a trace experiment we performed no improvement of selectivity could be found. Further~ it has also been found that steam treatment of the silica-alumina catalyst is not effective in improvement ofselectivity, resulting only in marked lowering of acti-vity (see Comparative Example 1 set forth hereinafter).
Steam treatment of the catalyst for methylamine synthesis according to the present invention is appli-cable for either fresh catalyst or the catalyst which hasalready been used for the reaction. In the case of the former, the DMA selectivity can be dramatically improved . , without great loss of activity, while in the latter case, the lowered actl~ity can be restored to substan-tially the same extent as that of the original ~resh or virgin catalyst simultaneously with dramatic improve-ment of the D~A selectivity. Such an effect can besaid to be a surprisingly remarkable effect which can-not be expected from the technical knowledge relating to steam treatment of catalysts in general of the prior art.
The present invention provides an improvement to a process for production of dimethylamine by a gas phase reaction of ammonia and methanol over a zeolite as a catalyst selected from the group consisting of mordenite, clinoptilolite and erionite, which improve-ment comprises contacting previously and separately from the reaction of ammonia and methanol the ca-talys~
with an atmosphere comprising steam at a temperature in the range of from 250 to 700C.
The wording "separately from the reaction of ammo-nia and methanol" means that the steam treatment is notconducted at the same time as the dimethylamine synthe-sis reaction, and it is not essentially required to take out the catalyst from the reactor for dimethylamine synthesis and carry out the treatment in a separate treating vessel. In other words, steam treatment accord-ing to the present invention can be practiced on the fresh catalyst, which may be fed into the reactor or into a separate treating vessel, or on the catalyst already provided for use in the reaction in the reactor (by discontinuing supply of methanol and ammonia) or in a separate treating vessel.
The present process is substantially the same as conventional ones in which mordenite is used as a catalyst except for the steaming of the mordenite. Accordingly, the wording "reaction of ammonia and methanol" means a reaction of ammonia and methanol in the presence of a recycle of a methylamine mi~ture produced from the .. .
reaction which has taken place over the catalyst pre-viously as well as a reaction of solely ammonia and methanol.
The atmosphere comprising steam to be used for the steam treatment of the catalyst can be steam it-self (100% steam) or a mixture of steam with an inert gas te.g., air, nitrogen, and helium). In the latter case, the ratio of steam to the inert gas is not cri-tical in the present invention. In most cases, the former (namely 100~ steam) is preferred. The steam pressure o~ the steam atmosphere can be 1 to 70 atm.
A pressure lower than 1 atm. is not practical because of poor ef~iciency. The upper limit (70 atm.) is determined depending on the performance of the commer-cially practicable equipment (particularly the reactorfor methylamine synthesis~. Preferably, the steam pressure is 5 to 30 atm., more preferably 10 to 20 atm., most preferably around 15 atm.
Steam treatment of the present invention can be carried out at a temperature in the range of from 250 to 700C, but a temperature of 500C or lower is pre-ferable for the purpose of preventing loss of the crystalline structure of zeolite. The preferable temperature range is from 350 to 500C, more prefer-ably from 380 to 500C, most preferably around 400C.
The time for steam treatment according to thepresent invention will vary depending on the steam pressure and the steam trea-tment temperature, and may be shorter as these conditions become more severe.
The steam treatment time can be generally 1 to 400 hours but, in consideration of the preferable ranges for the steam pressure and the steam treatment tempera-ture, is preferably 10 to 30 hours, more preferably 15 to 25 hours, and most preferably around 20 hours.
In the present invention, a zeolite catalyst of any desire~ cation form can be utilized, provided that it is mordenite, clinoptilolite or erionite, but the most marked effect can be obtained when the present invention is practiced with a catalyst controlled to an alkali metal content of from 1 to 7 wt.% as calcu-lated on the basis of the oxide thereof.
The re~ction conditions for dimethylamine synthe-sis to be used in the present invention is not so markedly different from those used when a zeolite catalyst in general (one not sub]ected to steam treat-ment) is used. The reaction conditions can be a temperature of 250 to 500C, a pressure of 1 to 50 atm., N/C of 0.2 to 6, and a space velocity of 360 to 18,000 hr as calculated based on the data under 1 atm. and 0C. The reaction of ammonia and methanol is prefer-ably conducted continuously from the commercial point of view.
The effectiveness and utility of the present in--vention can be illustrated by referring to various examples. For example, in the case where the reaction is carried out with the use of a certain kind of morde-nite as the catalyst, a reaction temperature of 320C,and an ammonia/methanol mixture of N/C 1.9 as a start-ing material, the proportion of the DMA among the three kinds of methylamines is 50.9 wt.%. In contrast, when the same catalyst, which has been contacted with steam at 400C under a steam pressure of 10 atm. for 10 hours before the reaction, is used as the catalyst, the pxoportion of the DMA formed is increased to 56.3%.
Lowering in the reactivity in this case is very low, the methanol conversion being changed from 96.4% to 95.8% at SV of 2,000 hr 1.
In the catalytic cracking process of petroleum over a catalyst comprising silicaalumina, for example, contact of steam with the catalyst may be a cause for activity deterioration. Also, in methylamine synthesis, when steam treatment (sometimes referred to as steaming hereinafter) is applied on r-alumina which is one of the conventional catalysts, the activity is lowered to a 9 ~l great extent as shown in a Comparative Example set forth hereinafter, and the D~A selectivity cannot exceed the equilibrium value, thus exhibitin~ no positive effect.
When the specific area and the pore size distribution were measured for this y-alumina before and after steam-ing, the specific area after steaming was found to be reduced to a great extent, and the average pore size around 50 A was confirmed to be increased to near 100 A
by steamingO Thus, in the prior art catalyst, sintering is promoted by steaming to destroy the pores (particular-ly small pores), with the result that the surface area is reduced to lower the activity. Also, in this case, no change-such as to have an effect on the selectivity of amines occurs.
Differing from such a conventional catalyst (or an equilibrium catalyst), the above zeolite is a crystalline aluminosilicate, which is a non-equilibrium catalyst exhibiting shape selectivity. The pores in this catalyst can be classified into the voids within the crystalline structure (pore sizes of about 5 A, hereinafter called micropores) and the pores based on the interstices between the primary crystalline parti-cles (about 10 A to about 200 A, hereinafter referred to as macropores). The shape selectivity occurs as a result of obstruction of passage of TMA molecules at the inlets for micropores. Methylamine synthetic reac-tion also occurs on the surfaces of macropores, where e~uilibrium reactions proceed to result in preferential formation of TMA, whereby the effect of shape selectivity is reduced. For the above mordenite catalyst, the ratio of the macropore surface area/total micropore surface area was measured before and after the steaming treatment at 400C and 10 atm., for 20 hrs. according to the low temperature gas absorption method of multi-point system BET. As a result, about 12% before steaming was found to have been lowered to about 8% after steaming.
By reducing the ratio of the macrosurface ~ .~
~2~
~.
participating in the reaction, the effect of shape selectivity can be emphasized to suppress formation of TMA. The effect of the present invention of improving the DMA selectivity by steaming of the zeo-lite catalyst can be partly explained by such a reduc-tion in the macropore surface area or lowering in the macropore surface activity.
Also, according to the same principle, this effect seems to be limited not only to the zeolites defined in the present invention (mordenite, clinoptilolite, erionite), but also appears similarly in other zeolites exhibiting shape selectivity for methylamine synthesis (e~g., Zeolite A, ZSM-5 and FU-l).
DESCRIPTION OF ~HE PREFERRED EM~ODIMENT
The present invention is further illustrated by Examples and Comparative Examples. Table 1 shows the equilibrium compositions of respective amines at res-pective temperatures. Comparative Example 1 shows the reaction results for y-alumina before and after steaming, from which it can be clearly seen that the DMA
selectivity is lower than the equilibrium value in any case, and the activity is greatly lowered by steaming.
In Examples 1 to 7, according to the process of the present invention, unused mordenite, clinoptilonite and erionite subjected to steaming under the conditions of ~00 to 550C, pressure of 5 to 15 kg/cm2, and 8 to 72 hrs, respectively, were used as the catalyst, and the ammonia/
methanol of N/C 1.9 was allowed to react under the con-ditions of 320C and SV of 1,000 to 5,000, and the results obtained were compared with those obtained when catalysts not subjected to steaming were used.
Such zeolite catalysts exhibit markedly higher DMA
selectivity as compared with the conventional catalysts and maintain sufficiently high activities even at lower temperatures (300 to 360C). In particular, a mordenite controlled correctly in alkali metal content has high activity and DMA selectivity, exhibiting a substantially ll equal activity and a DMA selectivity of about 2-fold at 320C, as compared with those of the prior art catalyst at 400C. By subjecting these zeolites to steaming, DMA selectivity can be further improved without an accompanying lowering in activity.
According to the above-mentioned Japanese Patent Application No.82768/1983, a mordenite with low Na content exhibits a high activity but low DMA selecti-vity, whereas steaming treatment can impart a particu-larly great effect to such a mordenite with low Nacontent having a relatively low DMA selectivity. For example, in the case of an H-type mordenite containing almost no Na and other metals, the DMA selectivity is slightly over the equilibrium value. However, when subjected to steaming treatment, it exhibits a DMA
selectivity surpassing greatly the equilibrium value (D~A 45% or more). Also, for a mordenite containing O.24~ of Na and 3.95% of K before steaming, the DMA
yield is 34.7% at a methanol conversion of 82 to 83%, while that after steaming is increased to as much as 59.6%, showing a great increase in DMA selectivity. In either case, lowering in activity is very small.
The amount of steam used is not particularly limit-ed. It is not necessarily required to use a flow-through system, and the steaming treatment may also beconducted in a closed system. Further, some effect can also be obtained by heating rapidly a zeolite under a wet condition. The quantity of steam in and the dura-tion of the steaming process depend on the degree of improvement in selectivity to DMA desired.
The degree of the effect of steaming treatment will vary depending on the partial pressure of water, tem-perature and time. For example, the conditions of the temperature of 400C, the pressure of 15 kg/cm2 and the time of 20 hrs. are one example of the treating conditions which can produce the greatest effect, and a high effect can be maintained by increasing the pressure or prolonging the treating time when the temperature is lower, or by elevating the temperature or prolonging the treat-ing time when the pressure is lower. However, at a temperature lower than 300C, the efect is very small, while at a temperature higher than 700C, the crystal-line structure begins to be disadvantageously modified.
Although some effect may be obtained even a-t a low partial pressure of water, it should be 1 atm. or higher. The treating time is preferably longer than 1 hr.
As shown in Example 8, a similar effect can be obtained when the zeolite already used for the reaction is subjected to steam treatment. By steaming of such a spent catalyst, the DMA selectivity can be greatly improved, and the extent of this improvement is equal to or better than that in the case of steaming an un--used or virgin catalyst. Also, coke or coke precursors adhering on the catalyst can also be removed by steaming with the result that the activity can be restored to the same level as that of the unused catalyst.
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Comparative Example 1 A 1/2 B stainless-steel reaction tube of 800 mm length was packed with pellets of y-alumina with a diameter of 4 mm with an alumina content of 18%, and a mixture of ammonia and methanol containing 50% by weight of ammonia was fed into the tube at a tempera-ture of 400C, under a pressure of 18 kg/cm2, and at a space velocity VS of 1,600 to 5,800 hr to obtain methylamine mixtures with the compositions indicated in the column of "Before steaming" in Table 2.
The same catalyst was contacted with steam of 15 kg/cm2 in the above-mentioned reaction tube at a tem-perature of 400C and a space velocity of 1,000 hr 1 for 12 hours, and thereafter nitrogen gas was passed for 30 minutes. Then, the same ammonia/methanol mix-ture was fed at a temperature of 400C, under a pres-sure of 18 kg/cm , and at a space velocity of 1,000 to 4,000 hr 1 to obtain a methylamine mixture with -the composition indicated in the column of "After steaming"
in Table 2.
Analysis of methylamine was conducted by gas chromatography with ~he use of a column of styrene poly-mer beads (trade ~e: Polapack Q) impregnated with 3%
of KOH.
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Example 1 Crushed naturally-occurring mordenite (100 g) was boiled under reflux in 2 liters of 2N NH4NO3 solu-tion for 20 hours. This operation was repeated three times with renewal of NH4NO3 solution in every operation, and the treated mordenite was dried at 130C for 5 hours, which step was followed by calcination at a tempera-ture o-f 450C for 3 hours, to prepare H-type mordenite from which most of metal cations had been removed.
This mordenite was extruded into cylinders of 3 mm in diameter to be used as the catalyst in a reaction, which was carried out by the use of the same reaction tube as in Comparative Exampie 1 by reacting equal weights of ammonia and methanol at a reaction tempera-ture of 320C, under a pressure of 18 kg/cm2, and ata space velocity of 1,500 to 6,900 hr 1. The same H-type mordenite was also placed in a similar reaction tube and subjected to steam treatment under the condi-tions of 400C, 15 kg/cm2, and a space velocity of about 1,000. With the use of this catalyst, the reaction was carried out under the same reaction conditions as set forth above to obtain the methylamine mixtures indicat-ed in Table 3.
Example 2 The reaction tests were conducted in the manner described in Example 1 except for the use of co~mercial-ly available mordenite (cylinders with diameter of 2 mm) and carrying out of the reaction at 310C. Also, the reaction was carried out under the reaction conditions in Example 1 except for the use of a commercially avail-able mordenite, which had been subjected to steaming under the same conditions as in Example 1, as the catalyst and carrying out the reaction at 310C. The results are shown in Table 3. The commercially available morde-nite herein used may be synthetic mordenite.
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Example 3 Crushed naturally-occurring mordenite (100 g) was immersed in 500 ml of 1 N hydrochloric acid and left to stand at 40C for 30 hours. Then, the treat-ed mordenlte was washed with water, dried and calcin-ed at 450C for 4 hours to prepare a mordenite containing 0.7~ of Na, 1.4~ of K and small quantities of other elements such as Fe, Mg and Ca. The mordenite was extruded into 3 mm diameter cylinders, which were used as the catalyst in the reaction between methanol and ammonia under the conditions of 320C, 18 kg/cm2, SV of 1,000 to 4,300, and N/C of 1.9. The reaction tests were conducted similarly for the same catalyst subjected with steaming under the same conditions as in lS Example 2 to obtain the results shown in Table 4.
Example 4 With the use as a catalyst of naturally-occurring erionite extruded into cylinders of 2-mm diameter, the reaction of methanol and ammonia was carried out under the conditions of 400C, 18 kg/cm2, SV of 2,000 to 5,500, and N/C of 1.9. The reaction tests were conducted similarly for the naturally-occurriny erionite applied with steaming under the same conditions as in Example 2 to obtain the results shown in Table 4.
Example 5 _ _ Naturally-occurring clinoptilolite sieved into 5 -6 mesh (100 g) was maintained in 500 ml of 1 N hydro-chloric acid at room temperature for 20 hours, washed with water, dried and calcined at 450C for 4 hours.
Using this as the catalyst, the reaction of methanol and ammonia was carried out in the same reaction tube as employed in Comparative ~xample 1 under the conditions of 350C, 18 kg/cm , SV o~ 1,000 to 4,300, and N/C of 1.9.
The same reaction tests were conducted for the aforesaid catalyst which had been contacted with steam at 450C
under a pressure of 8 kg/cm for 10 hours to obtain the results shown-in Table 4.
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U P~ u~ U ~ cn Example 6 Naturally-occurring mordenite crushed to about 6 mm cubes (1 kg) was placed stationarily in 5 liters of 1 ~ hydrochloric acid at 40C for 20 hours and -then washed with water and dried, after which it was subjected to calcination at 450C for 4 hours.
A part of the product was placed in the same reaction tube as that employed in Comparative Example 1, into which ammonia/methanol mixture was fed to carry out the reaction under the conditions of 320C, 18 kg/cm2, a SV of 1,000 to 4,300 lit./hr, and N/C of 1.9.
Also, a part of the product was contacted with steam at 400 to 50C, under a pressure of 5 to 15 kg/
cm2 and at a SV of 1,000 for 9 to 72 hours, and using the respective catalysts obtained, reactions were conducted to obtain the results shown in Table 5.
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Example 7 Naturally-occurring mordenite crushed into about 6 mm squares (100 g) was boiled under reflux in l.S
liters of 0.5 N sodium hydroxide solution for 4 hours, thoroughly washed with water and maintained in 500 ml of 1 N hydrochloric acid at 40C for 24 hours. The mordenite thus treated was washed with water, dried and calcined at 450C for 4 hours to prepare a morde-nite catalyst containing 0.24% of Na, 3.95% of K and small amounts of other metals such as Ca and Mg. This catalyst was placed in the same reaction tube as that used in Comparative Example 1, and the reaction was carried out by passing methanol/ammonia therethrough under the conditions of 320C, 18 kg/cm , SV of 1,000 to 4,200 hr 1, and N/C of 1.9.
The same reaction tests were conducted for the catalyst which had been contacted with steam under the conditions of 400C, 15 kg/cm and 20 hours to obtain the results shown in Table 6.
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Example 8 Naturally-occurring mordenite crushed into about 6 mm squares (100 g) was held in l N ammonia nitrate solution at 20C for 16 hours, washed with water, dried and calcined at 450C for 4 hours. The result-an-t catalyst was placed in the same reaction tube as that used in Comparative Example 1, and the reaction was carried out by feeding ammonia/methanol mixture under the conditions of 320C, 18 kg/cm2 and N/C of 1.9. The reaction products at SV of 1,000 to 4,400 were analyzed, respectively. After the reaction was continued under the same conditions at 320C and SV of 1,000 for 700 hours, the reaction products obtained at 320C and at SV of 1,000 to 4,100 were analyzed, respectively. After termination of the reaction, steam was subsequently passed through the catalyst layer under the conditions of 400C, 15 kg/cm2 and SV of l,000.
Then, methanol/ammonia was introduced again and the reaction products obtained under the conditions of 320 C, 18 kg/cm2 and N/C of 1.9 were analyzed, respectively.
The respective reaction results are shown in Table 7.
.
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Claims (7)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. In a process for production of dimethylamine by a gas phase reaction of ammonia and methanol over a catalyst of a zeolite selected from the group con-sisting of mordenite, clinoptilolite, and erionite, the improvement wherein said catalyst is previously and separately from said reaction of ammonia and methanol contacted with an atmosphere comprising steam at a temperature of from 250 to 700°C.
2. A process according to Claim 1, wherein the catalyst is mordenite, clinoptilolite or erionite which has not yet been used for the reaction of ammonia and methanol.
3. A process according to Claim 1, wherein the catalyst is mordenite, clinoptilolite or erionite which has already been used for the reaction of ammonia and methanol.
4. A process according to Claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the catalyst is contacted with the atmosphere comprising steam under a steam pressure of 1 to 70 atm. for 1 to 400 hours at a temperature of 350 to 500°C.
5. A process according to Claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the catalyst is contacted with the atmosphere comprising steam under a pressure of 5 to 30 atm. for 10 to 30 hours at a temperature of 350 to 500°C.
6. A process according to Claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the catalyst has an alkali metal content adjusted to from 1 to 7% by weight as calculated on the basis of the oxide thereof.
7. A process according to Claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the reaction of ammonia and methanol is a continuous reaction conducted under the conditions of a temperature of 250 to 500°C, a pressure of 1 to 50 atm., N/C of 0.2 to 6 and a space velocity of 360 to 18,000 hr-1 as calculated based on the data under 1 atm. and 0°C.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP58094919A JPS59220796A (en) | 1983-05-31 | 1983-05-31 | Electronic musical instrument |
| JP100949/1983 | 1983-06-08 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1212964A true CA1212964A (en) | 1986-10-21 |
Family
ID=14123394
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000456092A Expired CA1212964A (en) | 1983-05-31 | 1984-06-07 | Process for producing dimethylamine |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4684210A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS59220796A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1212964A (en) |
Families Citing this family (30)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4762389A (en) * | 1984-03-30 | 1988-08-09 | Nec Corporation | Optical fiber connector |
| JPS61213811A (en) * | 1985-03-19 | 1986-09-22 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | Optical connector |
| JPS61185019U (en) * | 1985-05-09 | 1986-11-18 | ||
| JPH0231735Y2 (en) * | 1987-02-12 | 1990-08-28 | ||
| US4842364A (en) * | 1988-10-11 | 1989-06-27 | Jack Moon Co. Ltd., Taiwan | Fiber optic cable innerduct plug and assembly |
| EP0472587A4 (en) * | 1989-05-19 | 1993-01-20 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company (A Delaware Corporation) | Housing for an opto-electronic device |
| US5052775A (en) * | 1989-08-15 | 1991-10-01 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Optical fiber module termination array and panel |
| US4986626A (en) * | 1989-08-15 | 1991-01-22 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Optical fiber termination module |
| JP3301791B2 (en) * | 1992-11-30 | 2002-07-15 | アジレント・テクノロジーズ・インク | Optical connector |
| AU716587B2 (en) * | 1995-10-31 | 2000-03-02 | Indigo Medical, Incorporated | Fiber optic radiation transmission system, connector system for an optical fiber, and methods of using same |
| JP3685231B2 (en) * | 1997-02-17 | 2005-08-17 | 横河電機株式会社 | Optical receptacle for optical measurement |
| JP3098487B2 (en) * | 1998-01-29 | 2000-10-16 | 日本電気株式会社 | Optical cable introduction structure and optical cable introduction connection method |
| DE19845854C2 (en) * | 1998-10-05 | 2000-11-02 | Framatome Connectors Int | Optical fiber connector for a mechanically detachable connection between - at least one fiber optic connector pair - at least one fiber optic connector and a circuit board |
| DE19922250A1 (en) * | 1999-05-14 | 2000-11-16 | Delphi Tech Inc | Connectors |
| DE19931121B4 (en) * | 1999-07-06 | 2005-12-29 | Tyco Electronics Logistics Ag | Diode holder |
| DE19955316A1 (en) | 1999-11-17 | 2001-05-23 | Delphi Tech Inc | Connectors |
| DE10018016A1 (en) * | 2000-04-11 | 2001-10-25 | Delphi Tech Inc | Connectors for light guides |
| US6942395B1 (en) | 2001-01-29 | 2005-09-13 | Jds Uniphase Corporation | Method and apparatus of pull-lever release for fiber optic modules |
| US6840680B1 (en) | 2001-04-14 | 2005-01-11 | Jds Uniphase Corporation | Retention and release mechanisms for fiber optic modules |
| US6994478B1 (en) | 2001-04-14 | 2006-02-07 | Jds Uniphase Corporation | Modules having rotatable release and removal lever |
| US6796715B2 (en) * | 2001-04-14 | 2004-09-28 | E20 Communications, Inc. | Fiber optic modules with pull-action de-latching mechanisms |
| US6863448B2 (en) * | 2001-04-14 | 2005-03-08 | Jds Uniphase Corporation | Method and apparatus for push button release fiber optic modules |
| US6851867B2 (en) | 2001-04-14 | 2005-02-08 | Jds Uniphase Corporation | Cam-follower release mechanism for fiber optic modules with side delatching mechanisms |
| US6692159B2 (en) | 2001-04-14 | 2004-02-17 | E20 Communications, Inc. | De-latching mechanisms for fiber optic modules |
| US7118281B2 (en) | 2002-08-09 | 2006-10-10 | Jds Uniphase Corporation | Retention and release mechanisms for fiber optic modules |
| US7132605B2 (en) * | 2005-04-01 | 2006-11-07 | Adc Telecommunications, Inc. | Split cable seal |
| JP3987078B2 (en) * | 2005-08-31 | 2007-10-03 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | Optical connector |
| US7186144B1 (en) * | 2005-12-01 | 2007-03-06 | Adc Telecommunications, Inc. | Connector including media converter |
| US20090159332A1 (en) * | 2007-10-26 | 2009-06-25 | Matthew Holmberg | Cable seal assembly |
| US8934751B2 (en) * | 2012-11-13 | 2015-01-13 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Telecommunications cable inlet device |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE7519901U (en) * | 1975-06-23 | 1975-11-13 | Planck M Gesellschaft Zur Foerderung Der Wissenschaften | LIGHT GUIDE COUPLING |
| US4477146A (en) * | 1981-03-16 | 1984-10-16 | Amp Incorporated | Optical waveguide connector |
| US4461539A (en) * | 1981-06-01 | 1984-07-24 | Switchcraft, Inc. | Fiber optic connector assembly with slidable spacer |
-
1983
- 1983-05-31 JP JP58094919A patent/JPS59220796A/en active Pending
-
1984
- 1984-06-07 CA CA000456092A patent/CA1212964A/en not_active Expired
-
1985
- 1985-02-06 US US06/698,562 patent/US4684210A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS59220796A (en) | 1984-12-12 |
| US4684210A (en) | 1987-08-04 |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| MKEX | Expiry |