CA1225265B - Mesh structure and laminate made therewith - Google Patents
Mesh structure and laminate made therewithInfo
- Publication number
- CA1225265B CA1225265B CA 528676 CA528676A CA1225265B CA 1225265 B CA1225265 B CA 1225265B CA 528676 CA528676 CA 528676 CA 528676 A CA528676 A CA 528676A CA 1225265 B CA1225265 B CA 1225265B
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- main
- strands
- zones
- interconnecting
- depressions
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/12—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin next to a fibrous or filamentary layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D28/00—Producing nets or the like, e.g. meshes, lattices
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form
- B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2305/00—Condition, form or state of the layers or laminate
- B32B2305/38—Meshes, lattices or nets
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S264/00—Plastic and nonmetallic article shaping or treating: processes
- Y10S264/47—Processes of splitting film, webs or sheets
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S264/00—Plastic and nonmetallic article shaping or treating: processes
- Y10S264/81—Plastic net
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/91—Product with molecular orientation
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24058—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including grain, strips, or filamentary elements in respective layers or components in angular relation
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24058—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including grain, strips, or filamentary elements in respective layers or components in angular relation
- Y10T428/24074—Strand or strand-portions
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/10—Scrim [e.g., open net or mesh, gauze, loose or open weave or knit, etc.]
- Y10T442/184—Nonwoven scrim
Abstract
Abstract In order to produce a biaxially orientated mesh structure using a single axis draw, a plastics material starting material has parallel, side-by-side main zones separated by lines of holes or depressions; the starting material is drawn parallel to the main zones, stretching the main zones into continuous, orientated main strands interconnected by smaller cross-section strands which have been formed from the zones between holes or depressions in each line, and have been orientated at right angles to the direction of drawing by the effect of the main zones decreasing in width as they were stretched. The mesh structure is suitable for cross-lamination.
Description
~Z~5'~
Jo 1.
MESH STRUCTURE AND LAMINATE MAD THEREWITH
Background of the Invention The present invention relates to a method of making a mesh structure comprising providing a starting material which has substantially parallel lines of holes or depressions defining elongate, side-by-side main zones between the lines of holes or depressions and intermediate Nazi between the holes or depressions in each line, and drawing the starting material in a direction substantially parallel to the main zones to stretch the starting material out into a mesh structure lo slaving orientated monsoons with the orientations therein extending generally parallel to 'he drawing direction. Go 2 073 090B discloses such a method, used for making uniaxially-orientated structures, and GO 2 035 191B discloses similar starting materials, being stretched in two directions at right angles to form biaxially-orientated structures. GO 2 073 GOB and GO 2 035 191B can also be referred to for background else on stretching and orientating plastics materials.
In the uniaxially-stretched materials of Go 2 073 OBOE, the parts ox the main zones which are directly between holes or depressions stretch out, forming strands interconnecting bars which comprise thy remainder of the main zones and also the intermediate zones. In order to obtain biaxial orientation, the structure must be stretched in the direction at right angles, as set out in GO 2 035 AYE.
US 3 906 073, US 3 719 540 and US 3 500 627 disclose products which ~;2&5 pa apparently have main, orientated strands with the orientation therein extending From end to end. In each case, the main strands are inter connected at a plurality of positions spaced along the main strands by orientated fibr~ls which, at least in the case of the first two US Specifications, branch out from the main strands at a small angle.
It is desirable to be able to produce a biaxially-orientated structure with a single direction stretch. The structure so produced should be capable of having two clear axes, substantially at 90 to each other, though this may not be necessary in all circumstances.
lo Thus it should be possible to have the orientated interconnecting strands substantially at right angles to the main strands, and certainly making a large angle to the main strands.
I
Definitions The term "rectangular" includes square.
- The term "orientated" means molecularly orientated.
The term "thickness" refers to the dimension normal to the plane of tune starting material or mesh structure, the term "width" refers to the appropriate dimension in the plane of the starting material or mesh structure normally at right angles to the direction o; the strand in cushion and the term "wed Rachel is the ratio of the width to the thickness.
The "calculated stretch ratio on the interconnecting strands"
is the ratio o-f the distance apart of the mid-points of the inn zones after drawing to that before drawing (though ~.2~SZ6~
normally the actual stretch retie it less due to the main strands necking down slightly between connection points with the interconnecting strands), The width of a main zone is generally the distance between the two lines which are tangent to the line of holes or depressions on either side of the main zone, the same being the case mutates mutandis for man strands and mesh openings. h somewhat different definition applies to a ribbed structure (see below).
~.~2;2~ 5 The depressions are not necessarily formed by the application of pressure.
The Invention In the method of the invention, the starting material has substantially parallel lines of holes or depressions defining elongate side-by-side main zones between the lines of holes or depressions and intermediate zones between the holes or depressions in each line. The starting material is drawn in a direction substantially parallel to the main Jones while preventing substantial contraction in the direction at right angles to the drawing direction, thereby stretching the main zones out into orientated main strands with the orientation therein extending from end to end and generally parallel to the drawing direction, decreasing the width of the main zones when forming the main strands, and simultaneously stretching the intermediate zones between the main zones in a direction at a large angle to the direction of drawing whereby, in the mesh structure produced, orientated interconnecting strands, wormed prom the intermediate zones, interconnect the main strands, with the orientation in the interconnecting strands extending at 2 large angle to the main strands.
In the mesh structure of the invention, there are parallel, orientated main strands whose orientation extends ~22S~G5 from end to end thereof and generally parallel thereto, and orientated, interconnecting strands interconnectirlg the main strands, the interconnecting strands extending at a large angle to the main strands and having orientation which is directed generally parallel to the interconnecting strands. The mesh structures can be used to form laminates, particularly cross-lam;nates with the main strands of one mesh structure layer generally at right angles to the main strands of another mesh structure layer.
.
Z~6S
In the method of the invention, the main, parallel zones narrow down to form the main strands and thus stretch owlet the subsidiary intermediate or transverse zones into orientated interconnecting strands whose orientation it preferably at right angles to the direction of drawing, and calculatett stretch ratios of Al or more can be applied to the interconnecting strands. The orientation of the main strands extends from end to end thereof although they are interconnected by the interconnecting strands at a plurality of positions spaced along the main strands.
It has thus been tliscovered that a mesh structure which has substantial orientation in two directions at right angles can be produced by stretching a substantially unorientated starting material in a single direction. Nonetheless, as explained below, the invention is not restricted to using a single, unidirectional tlraw.
To facilitate the stretching of the "transverse" zones, these zones should not be too wide (i.e. should not have too great a dimension in the direction in which the main zones are stretched) - they are preferably substantially narrower than the 6~j main zones, e.g. one quarter the width or less, i.e. the distance between the holes or depression ox one line and those of the Addison line being at least four times the distance apart of the holes or depressions in any one line. The main strands can have a uniform thickness along their center line (or another line parallel to their axes) and their width can also be fairly uniform. These main strands run right through the mesh structure and give the mesh structure its strength Particularly if the mesh structure is being used for a cross-laid laminate main strands of one mesh structure layer generally at right angles to the main strands of the other mesh structure layer), the transverse strength of the mesh structure is not of importance and need only be sufficient for machine - I handling in an automatic process; the interconnecting strands need only to keep the main strands roughly parallel prior to laminating. However, it is undesirable Jo stretch the main strands to such a degree that they fibrillate (if this is possible with the particular plastics material used).
It is believed that of the main zones or strands are to exhibit sufficient strength to orientate the intermediate zones, the interconnecting strands should ye of smaller cross-sectional area than the main strands, and those cross-sectional areas are conveniently measured at the mid-points. The main strands can predominate in weight per square unit area of the mesh structure, for instance forming 85, 90, 95% or even more of the weight of the product, thus ensuring economic use of the plastics material.
In order to achieve this, and in order to achieve good cross-orientation, the distance between the main zones can be small (i.e. the main zones being close together), the holes or depressions (if present) being correspondingly small and forming a very low percentage of the surface area of the starting material. Apart from the foregoing, a small distance between the main zones (when the main zones are close together) can give good cross-orientation.
A small percentage width reduction of the main zones can give a large stretch ratio on the intermediate or transverse zones. The main zones in the starting material are preferably at least two or four times as wide as the distance between the main zones, if appreciable stretch is to be achieved in the interconnecting strands There would be a large number of the side-by-s;de main zones, e.g. at least ten and preferably at least fifty or a hundred. Mesh structures can be produced with from fifty to four hundred main strands tooth meter and one would expect mesh structure widths of one to four meters. The main strands will usually be of substantially rectangular section, i.e. two sides of the rectangle being the faces of the mesh structure.
If the starting material is to be drawn solely in the transverse direction (TO), a stonier can be used. In I
by general, the holes or depressions in each line should be close together to achieve the cross orientation of the intermediate zones - the intermediate zones would thus be small, as measured in the direction in which the starting material is drawn.
Though one can use a single, unidirectional draw, it may be possible or advantageous to draw the starting material biaxially. Thus the starting material can be drawn, e.g.
to a small stretch ratio, in the direction at right angles to the main zones. This drawing will orientate the intermediate zones to a certain extent, though the orientation need not penetrate into the sides of the main zones live. pass beyond notional lines on either side of a respective main zone and tangent to the holes or depressions. The stretch 15 ratio on the interconnecting strands so formed may be for instance 2:1. Subsequently (or even possibly simultaneously), the material is drawn parallel to the main Jones, stretching out the main zones but also further stretching out the interconnecting strands in a direction parallel to their 20 axes. The whole operation could be paraffined by giving a small machine direction (MD) draw using draw rolls and then giving a large TO draw in a stonier.
As a further possibility, once the main strands have been formed, it is possible to draw in the direction at fight - 25 angles to the main strands, further to stretch out the .. , on S~65 interconnecting strands, possibly reducing or eliminating the thicker small zones referred to below.
.
In general, in the mesh structures of the invention, the ratio of main strand width: transverse pitch of main strands, 5 as measured at mid-points (which are usually the narrowest points) of the main strands, is preferably below 1:5, say from 1:4.5 or 1:4.25 or 1:4 down to I though larger relative transverse pitches are possible with suitable dimensioning of the starting material - the man strands at their narrowest points may be separated by a distance of not more than three times their width at their narrowest points.
The production of the correct mesh structure depends upon a combination of various parameters such as pitching of the holes or depressions Lowe. transverse dimension of the individual intenmedlate zones and width of main zones and draw ratio applied Jo the main ones. The main zones in the starting material and the main strands in the mesh structure are preferably much wider than they are thick and hence tape-like, preferred wed ratios for both the main zones and the main strands being at least about 5:1, or at least about 10:1, or at least about 20:1. If the main zones are not very close together, high wed ratios are required.
The actual thickness, if uniform, may not be of great importance, though this has not been , .
I S Us assessed experimentally, It is found easier to obtain more uniform thickness strands with very thin starting materials, the thickness normally becoming less uniform as the average thickness increases (i.e. less thickness difference between main strands and the interconnecting strands, and between different zones in the structure);
it is found thaw starting materials of thickness of 0.5mm and less are preferred, the most useful being those of 0.2mm and less. However in principle the starting material can be of any suitable thickness.
, .
The preferred starting material is strictly uniplanar, by which is meant that, ignoring any membrane (which may not lie on the median plane), awl parts of the starting material are symmetrical about the median plane of the starting material; in this manner, in the mesh structure, all parts will be symmetrical about the median plane, ignoring any membrane, film or fibrils (which may not lie on the median plane) produced from the starting membrane.
It is further preferred that the starting material should have planar faces apart from the holes or depressions.
However insubstantial departures from uniplanarity or from plenarily are not excluded - for instance, in an alternative to having starling material with planar faces, it would be possible to provide the starting material with parallel ribs, which could be formed by direct extrusion or embossing, the ribs forming the main zones tin this ..
~2252GS
case, the width of a main zone is the width of the rib).
The holes (or depressions if applicable) can be formed e.g. by punching, slitting, embossing or burning in (on a water-cooled roller), or by forming them as the starting material itself is formed (for instance obturating a slit die e.g. generally as in French Patent Specification No.
3b8 393 or by integral extrusion of a square mesh as in US. Patent Specification lo. 3 325 181), Slitting is a useful way of forming the holes ho there is no substantial material removal and as it enables the main zones to be very close together. A useful process is that in which a plastics sheet is formed with longitudinal slits, and is then heated whilst its longitudinal margins are restrained - forming roughly elliptical holes. In general, it is preferred to avoid any substantial protuberance around the periphery of the holes or depressions. If depressions are formed, the membrane closing the depressions can be ruptured during stretching and the residual film-like material removed;
alternatively, an orientated film can remain in the mesh openings.
The starting material is preferably not substantially orientated, though melt-flow orientation can be present.
The starting material can be any suitable thermoplastics ~.Z~5 Z~5 material, such as for instance high density polyethylene (HYPE), low density polyethylene, polypropylene, copolymers of HYPE and polypropylene, polyesters, and polyamide.
Tape-like filaments tend to crack or spilt when produced s from some plastics such as DYE and polypropylene, but these may be acceptable for certain uses - the use of polyesters can reduce the tendency to crack or split.
The starting material can have a skin on one or both faces containing an ultra-violet stabilizer; if a laminate Is formed and the skin is on one face, it would be on the outside face.
The intermediate zones are stretched (and hence usually the axes and direction of orientation of the interconnecting strands will extend) at a large angle to the d~rectlon of drawing the starting material; this angle is preferably roughly 90, but the angle could be substantially less than 90 though it is preferably more than 75. Thus, though the interconnecting strands priorly extend substantially at right angles to the main strands, this need not be so; the interconnecting strands need not have any specific geometrical shape nor be aligned with any interconnecting strand on the other side of the respective main strand - for instance, the interconnecting strands could form the "verticals" in a "brick wall" pattern with the main strands fonmlng the "hori70ntals".
. . \
ESSAY
The mesh structure can be very flat and thus easily laminated to provide good cross-laid laminates. Although there may be small zones of thicker and unorientated or less orientated material where the interconnecting strands join the main strands, there need be no large-sized nodules which could interior with bonding. The structure may be cross-laminated with a similar or identical struck lure, but this is not necessarily so. Lowe - 10 structures can be bonded directly face to face or can be separated by at least one further layer.
The mesh structure of this invention can have a high strength in the direction of the main strands and thus the cross-laid 15 laminate will have good strength characteristics in two - directions at right angles. As the mesh structure of the invention can be formed and laminated at much greater speeds than fabrics can be woven or knitted, the invention renders possible the fabrication at relatively high speeds 20 of a material which can be substituted for woven fabrics or some purposes.
The mesh structure of this invention can be used without lamination, i.e. as an unlamented material.
Description of Preferred Embodiments The invention will be further described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, In which:-Figure 1 is a plan view of a plastics starting material fur forming a mesh structure in accordance with the invention;
Figure 2 is a plan view o-F the mesh structure formed therefrom;
Figures 3 and 4 are plan views of two further mesh structures in accordance with the invention;
Figure 5 is a perspective view of the mesh structure of Figure 4;
Figure 6 is a section along the plane YI-VI in Figure S;
Figure 7 shows various shapes of holes or depressions that can be used in the starting material;
.
Figure 8 is a schematic perspective view of a laminate in accordance with the invention; and Figures 9 to 14 dye schematic sections through six other laminates in accordance with the invention.
' ~2SZ~;
In the drawings, the hatching run up and down the slope; only sample contoured zones are indicated with hatching.
inures 1 to 5 5 Looking at Figure 1, the starting material is a strictly uniplanar sheet of plastics material 1 having planar faces and in which is formed a regular pattern of holes or depressions 2; the holes or depressions 2 are in lines, the holes or depressions 2 in each line dividing the starting material 1 into a large number of parallel main zones 3 which are close together and on either side of or separated by the lines of holes or depressions 2:
the holes or depressions 2 also define small transverse or intermediate zones S between the main zones 3 and between the holes or depressions 2: each of the intermediate zones 5 is symmetrical about a respective line at right angles to the line of holes or depressions Z, and the interconnecting strands 6 are at right angle to the main strands 4 as the starting material is uniplanar with planar races, the thickness of each intermediate zone 5 is the same as that of the main zones 3, ire the intermediate zones 5 are defined between the planes defined by the outer faces of the main zones: the holes or depressions 2 are close together and the distance between the holes or depressions 2 of one line and those of the adjacent line is substantially greater than the distance apart of the ~L2;2526~ .
holes or depressions 2 in each line: the holes or depressions 2 preferably have their centers on a notional rectangular grid and the area of the holes or depressions 2 is prre~erably less than 20~ of the plan view of the starting material 1. For the purposes of illustration and or most of the hollowing Examples, the holes or depressions 2 are shown as circular, but Figure 7 shows various shapes or the holes or depressions 2, including simple piercing and slits. Although circular holes or depressions are easier or tooling, it is suggested that square holes on the square, with roadside corners (Figure 7, middle of top row) give better control during stretching and a better, more regular product - "on the square" means that the sides ox the square are parallel to and at right angles to the stretching direction. It elongated, the direction in which the major axis ox the hole or depression Z extends can be either parallel to the lines of holes or depressions Z or at right angles thereto.
The starting material 1 is drawn only in the direction indicated by the double arrow in Figure 1, while preventing any substantial contraction of the web of material as a whole in the direction at right angles to the drawing direction, ire while preventing any substantial reduction of the (transverse) pitch of the main zones 3, though permitting reduction in width of each individual main zone 3. As illustrated in Figure 2, the material forms a geometrically regular product.
The main zones 3 in the starting material 1 are ~.z~5Z~5 17 a stretched out into continuous, uniaxially-orientated, rectangular section main strands which are like tapes or filaments running right through two structure, their orientation extending longitudinally thereof, i. Q .
S generally parallel to the drawing direction, and Eros end to end thereof, and their sonnets lines have substantially uni~oLm thickness. At the same time, the width of the main zones 3 substantially decreases, whereby the force Ox contraction of each main strand 4 as the main strand 4 reduces in width causes the intermediate zones 5 to stretch at right angles to the drawing direction, to form discontinuous, smaller cross-sectional area, uniaxially-orientated, transverse, interconnecting strands 6 which extend at right angles to the main strands 4 and interconnect the main strands 4 at a plurality or large number of positions spaced along the main strands Wyeth the orientation extending longitudinally of the interconnecting strands 6, i.e. at right angles to the drawing direction. The mesh structure is biaxially-orientated. In the generally rectangular mesh openings wormed, the largest dimension parallel to the main strands 4 is substantially greater than that at right angles to the main strands I. The width of the interconnecting strands 6 is substantially less than that of the main strands 4 and the cLoss-sectional area of the mid-points of the interconnecting strands 6 is less than the minimum cross-sectional area Ox the main strands 4; the orientation of (or stretch ratio applied to) the interconnecting strands 6 may be .. .
substantially more than what applied to the main strands 4, though this is not essential. The stretch ratio ox the interconnecting strands 6 is determined by the diameter or width of the holes or depressions 2 and the reduction in width of the main zones 3 when forming the main strands 4. The main zones 3 should decrease in width by at least 50~, as measured at their narrowest parts. According to the stretch ratio applied, small thicker zones 7 (small blobs and/or unstretched shoulders ) may remain a agent each end of each interconnecting strand 6. The zones 7 may be thicker than both the main and interconnecting strands 4,6, or just thicker than the man strands 4.
The zones 7 need not necessarily be present; for instance with polyester, the corresponding zones may be at or have slight depressions, indicating that biaxial orientation has occurred in such zones this possibly occurs even if there are blobs or shoulders I. No account is taken herein of the small zones 7, or of the depressions, when giving the stretch ratios on the interconnecting strands 6, i.e. it is assumed that the whole of each interconnecting strand 6 stretched out uniformly, although this may not be the case.
The stretching is carried out at a temperature above the second order transition temperature of the plastics material but substantially below the softening point so thaw melt flow orientation is avoided during the stretching; for example for HYPE, the preferred temperature range is 75 .
~2%5~65i to 102C. After stretching, the structures can be annealed in a Lyle known manner.
Figure 7 As indicated above, Figure 7 shows various shapes of holes or depressions 2 that can be used in the starting material.
Examples _ To provide typical examples, a parallel-faced starting material was formed with holes on a notional rectangular grid. The square holes of Example 4 were "on the square".
The starving material was stretched at an elevated temperature.
The following Table gives details of four Examples. All dimensions are in mm, unless otherwise specified. The starving material was planar and effectively parallel sided, though differences in thickness were noted in one starting maternal used for Examples 1 and 2), the maximum and minimum thickness of the starting material being recorded as 0.28 and 0.21 mm nominal 0.25 my In each Example, the maximum thickness of the product was at zone 7.
Due to thickness variations in the starting materials (small in the case of Examples 3 and 4), there were variations In the dilnensions observed in the products, but average values have been recorded for Examples 1 and 2 and typical values for Examples 3 and 4. In commercial production, closer thickness tolerances would be required of the starting material than those indicated for Examples 1 and 2.
Tool e Exile e 1 2 3 4 Figure in which illustrated Z 3 4 I Jo Material ~:)/20 H to APE * H YE H APE
thickness 0.25 OHS 4.5 .
Hole shape circular circular circular square, rail used corners Hole six 1.6 3.l75 1.6 6.35 O .75 radius miners Hot e pi tech (stretch direction) 2.4 4.7 2.4 8 Hole pitch (transverse) foe 12.7 12.7 25.4 w: d ratio main mines 19: 1 38:1 22:1 4.2:1 Distance apart of holes (stretch 0.8 1.525 0.8 1.65 direction)- x Distances apart of holes (transverse) 4.76 9.525 lull 19.05 _ y _ yolks 5.95 6.25 13.9 11.5 Ter~erat~e of Stretching (-C) 75~5 75~5 90 9~5 Stretch ratio on l ~gitudinal strands 7.1 3.5:1 gel 5.6:1 Large Audi net strand width rffiU lion 66~ 44~ 53 measured at mid-point) tbximuT oFening~size natured in transverse 4.g 7.2 6.5 15.5 direction Calculated stretch ratio on interconnecting 3.m:1 2.26:1 4.C6:1 2.50:1 strands Longitudinal strand thinness (Monet= 0.~3 0.07 0.16 1.78 thinnest point) Longitudinal strand width 1 5 5 5 6 2 9.0 (mi~inPnan~est part)- a wed ratio longitvdinalstrand 19:1 79:1 39:1 5:1 -Inter~ectlng strand iodines 0.08 0.07 0.20 205 (mid-point) Interconnecting strand 0 3 0 3 0 5 1.0 width (midpoint)- b Thickness of thickest point of stymie 0.~8 0.18 0.45 3.3 a/b 5 1~.3 12.4 9 'I Co-extrusion (one-sided) ** Closest Figure 'Sue Figure 8 A crcss-laid laminate is shown in Figure 8, and can be considered as having been made in a machine whose machine direction MY is indicated by the arrow The laminate is formed of two layers 21, 22, each of which can be generally in accordance with any of Figures 2, 3, or 4. The top layer 22 has been stretched in the MD and the bottom layer 21 has been stretched in the transverse direction (TO).
, The bonding is preferably effected by providing a multi-component lo starting material, having on at least one face a bonding material which bonds at a temperature which does not destroy the physical properties of the mesh structure, the two mesh structure layers being heated to bond them - thus the bonding maternal can be a skin which melts or becomes tacky at a temperature (or temperature and pressure) at which the main component of the mesh structure would not orientate The bonding material may be or instance ethylene vinyl acetate or low density polyethylene (LOPE);
the starting material can for instance be unorientated OX
0.15mm thick polypropylene Wylie a thin layer of LOPE on at least one face. The bonding material can be provided in any suitable way, for instance by extrusion coating or co-extrusion. Alternatively, a bonding material or adhesive can be applied immediately prior to laminating.
Figures 9 to 14 In Figures to 14 MD stretched layers are indicated as 21 and TO stretched layers are indicated as 22, although in the alternative these could be reversed. Figures 9 I and 10 illustrate three-layer and four-layer laminates respectively. Figures 11 to 13 show the incorporation of one or more layers 23 of another material, e.g. polyethylene film. Figure 14 shows the lamination of a layer which can be generally in accordance with Figure 2, 3 or 4, with a film 23 of plastics material, e.g. polyethylene film, which has a preferred or single direction of orientation (direction of maximum strength) at right ankles to the main strands 4.
Uses The single layer mesh structure of the invention can be used for: Sunshade cloth windbreaks sand barriers (small thicknesses), civil engineering such as ground stabilization - 3~Z~S Z~j5 I
or reinforcement (large thicknesses), general construction, such as concrete reinforcement, plaster reinforcement for ceiling panels or as a false ceiling, and asphalt reinforcement with the main strands extending transversely of the traffic direction (in this case, polyester is a preferred material).
The laminate of the invention can be used for or as an alternative to:
Textile fabrics for industrial application wind-breaks, shade cloths, bases for needle felt olive harvesting nets, packaging, tarpaulin, bale wraps, carpet backings, or sacks or bags e.g. for wool, cement (laminated with paper or film) or fertilizers.
.
Jo 1.
MESH STRUCTURE AND LAMINATE MAD THEREWITH
Background of the Invention The present invention relates to a method of making a mesh structure comprising providing a starting material which has substantially parallel lines of holes or depressions defining elongate, side-by-side main zones between the lines of holes or depressions and intermediate Nazi between the holes or depressions in each line, and drawing the starting material in a direction substantially parallel to the main zones to stretch the starting material out into a mesh structure lo slaving orientated monsoons with the orientations therein extending generally parallel to 'he drawing direction. Go 2 073 090B discloses such a method, used for making uniaxially-orientated structures, and GO 2 035 191B discloses similar starting materials, being stretched in two directions at right angles to form biaxially-orientated structures. GO 2 073 GOB and GO 2 035 191B can also be referred to for background else on stretching and orientating plastics materials.
In the uniaxially-stretched materials of Go 2 073 OBOE, the parts ox the main zones which are directly between holes or depressions stretch out, forming strands interconnecting bars which comprise thy remainder of the main zones and also the intermediate zones. In order to obtain biaxial orientation, the structure must be stretched in the direction at right angles, as set out in GO 2 035 AYE.
US 3 906 073, US 3 719 540 and US 3 500 627 disclose products which ~;2&5 pa apparently have main, orientated strands with the orientation therein extending From end to end. In each case, the main strands are inter connected at a plurality of positions spaced along the main strands by orientated fibr~ls which, at least in the case of the first two US Specifications, branch out from the main strands at a small angle.
It is desirable to be able to produce a biaxially-orientated structure with a single direction stretch. The structure so produced should be capable of having two clear axes, substantially at 90 to each other, though this may not be necessary in all circumstances.
lo Thus it should be possible to have the orientated interconnecting strands substantially at right angles to the main strands, and certainly making a large angle to the main strands.
I
Definitions The term "rectangular" includes square.
- The term "orientated" means molecularly orientated.
The term "thickness" refers to the dimension normal to the plane of tune starting material or mesh structure, the term "width" refers to the appropriate dimension in the plane of the starting material or mesh structure normally at right angles to the direction o; the strand in cushion and the term "wed Rachel is the ratio of the width to the thickness.
The "calculated stretch ratio on the interconnecting strands"
is the ratio o-f the distance apart of the mid-points of the inn zones after drawing to that before drawing (though ~.2~SZ6~
normally the actual stretch retie it less due to the main strands necking down slightly between connection points with the interconnecting strands), The width of a main zone is generally the distance between the two lines which are tangent to the line of holes or depressions on either side of the main zone, the same being the case mutates mutandis for man strands and mesh openings. h somewhat different definition applies to a ribbed structure (see below).
~.~2;2~ 5 The depressions are not necessarily formed by the application of pressure.
The Invention In the method of the invention, the starting material has substantially parallel lines of holes or depressions defining elongate side-by-side main zones between the lines of holes or depressions and intermediate zones between the holes or depressions in each line. The starting material is drawn in a direction substantially parallel to the main Jones while preventing substantial contraction in the direction at right angles to the drawing direction, thereby stretching the main zones out into orientated main strands with the orientation therein extending from end to end and generally parallel to the drawing direction, decreasing the width of the main zones when forming the main strands, and simultaneously stretching the intermediate zones between the main zones in a direction at a large angle to the direction of drawing whereby, in the mesh structure produced, orientated interconnecting strands, wormed prom the intermediate zones, interconnect the main strands, with the orientation in the interconnecting strands extending at 2 large angle to the main strands.
In the mesh structure of the invention, there are parallel, orientated main strands whose orientation extends ~22S~G5 from end to end thereof and generally parallel thereto, and orientated, interconnecting strands interconnectirlg the main strands, the interconnecting strands extending at a large angle to the main strands and having orientation which is directed generally parallel to the interconnecting strands. The mesh structures can be used to form laminates, particularly cross-lam;nates with the main strands of one mesh structure layer generally at right angles to the main strands of another mesh structure layer.
.
Z~6S
In the method of the invention, the main, parallel zones narrow down to form the main strands and thus stretch owlet the subsidiary intermediate or transverse zones into orientated interconnecting strands whose orientation it preferably at right angles to the direction of drawing, and calculatett stretch ratios of Al or more can be applied to the interconnecting strands. The orientation of the main strands extends from end to end thereof although they are interconnected by the interconnecting strands at a plurality of positions spaced along the main strands.
It has thus been tliscovered that a mesh structure which has substantial orientation in two directions at right angles can be produced by stretching a substantially unorientated starting material in a single direction. Nonetheless, as explained below, the invention is not restricted to using a single, unidirectional tlraw.
To facilitate the stretching of the "transverse" zones, these zones should not be too wide (i.e. should not have too great a dimension in the direction in which the main zones are stretched) - they are preferably substantially narrower than the 6~j main zones, e.g. one quarter the width or less, i.e. the distance between the holes or depression ox one line and those of the Addison line being at least four times the distance apart of the holes or depressions in any one line. The main strands can have a uniform thickness along their center line (or another line parallel to their axes) and their width can also be fairly uniform. These main strands run right through the mesh structure and give the mesh structure its strength Particularly if the mesh structure is being used for a cross-laid laminate main strands of one mesh structure layer generally at right angles to the main strands of the other mesh structure layer), the transverse strength of the mesh structure is not of importance and need only be sufficient for machine - I handling in an automatic process; the interconnecting strands need only to keep the main strands roughly parallel prior to laminating. However, it is undesirable Jo stretch the main strands to such a degree that they fibrillate (if this is possible with the particular plastics material used).
It is believed that of the main zones or strands are to exhibit sufficient strength to orientate the intermediate zones, the interconnecting strands should ye of smaller cross-sectional area than the main strands, and those cross-sectional areas are conveniently measured at the mid-points. The main strands can predominate in weight per square unit area of the mesh structure, for instance forming 85, 90, 95% or even more of the weight of the product, thus ensuring economic use of the plastics material.
In order to achieve this, and in order to achieve good cross-orientation, the distance between the main zones can be small (i.e. the main zones being close together), the holes or depressions (if present) being correspondingly small and forming a very low percentage of the surface area of the starting material. Apart from the foregoing, a small distance between the main zones (when the main zones are close together) can give good cross-orientation.
A small percentage width reduction of the main zones can give a large stretch ratio on the intermediate or transverse zones. The main zones in the starting material are preferably at least two or four times as wide as the distance between the main zones, if appreciable stretch is to be achieved in the interconnecting strands There would be a large number of the side-by-s;de main zones, e.g. at least ten and preferably at least fifty or a hundred. Mesh structures can be produced with from fifty to four hundred main strands tooth meter and one would expect mesh structure widths of one to four meters. The main strands will usually be of substantially rectangular section, i.e. two sides of the rectangle being the faces of the mesh structure.
If the starting material is to be drawn solely in the transverse direction (TO), a stonier can be used. In I
by general, the holes or depressions in each line should be close together to achieve the cross orientation of the intermediate zones - the intermediate zones would thus be small, as measured in the direction in which the starting material is drawn.
Though one can use a single, unidirectional draw, it may be possible or advantageous to draw the starting material biaxially. Thus the starting material can be drawn, e.g.
to a small stretch ratio, in the direction at right angles to the main zones. This drawing will orientate the intermediate zones to a certain extent, though the orientation need not penetrate into the sides of the main zones live. pass beyond notional lines on either side of a respective main zone and tangent to the holes or depressions. The stretch 15 ratio on the interconnecting strands so formed may be for instance 2:1. Subsequently (or even possibly simultaneously), the material is drawn parallel to the main Jones, stretching out the main zones but also further stretching out the interconnecting strands in a direction parallel to their 20 axes. The whole operation could be paraffined by giving a small machine direction (MD) draw using draw rolls and then giving a large TO draw in a stonier.
As a further possibility, once the main strands have been formed, it is possible to draw in the direction at fight - 25 angles to the main strands, further to stretch out the .. , on S~65 interconnecting strands, possibly reducing or eliminating the thicker small zones referred to below.
.
In general, in the mesh structures of the invention, the ratio of main strand width: transverse pitch of main strands, 5 as measured at mid-points (which are usually the narrowest points) of the main strands, is preferably below 1:5, say from 1:4.5 or 1:4.25 or 1:4 down to I though larger relative transverse pitches are possible with suitable dimensioning of the starting material - the man strands at their narrowest points may be separated by a distance of not more than three times their width at their narrowest points.
The production of the correct mesh structure depends upon a combination of various parameters such as pitching of the holes or depressions Lowe. transverse dimension of the individual intenmedlate zones and width of main zones and draw ratio applied Jo the main ones. The main zones in the starting material and the main strands in the mesh structure are preferably much wider than they are thick and hence tape-like, preferred wed ratios for both the main zones and the main strands being at least about 5:1, or at least about 10:1, or at least about 20:1. If the main zones are not very close together, high wed ratios are required.
The actual thickness, if uniform, may not be of great importance, though this has not been , .
I S Us assessed experimentally, It is found easier to obtain more uniform thickness strands with very thin starting materials, the thickness normally becoming less uniform as the average thickness increases (i.e. less thickness difference between main strands and the interconnecting strands, and between different zones in the structure);
it is found thaw starting materials of thickness of 0.5mm and less are preferred, the most useful being those of 0.2mm and less. However in principle the starting material can be of any suitable thickness.
, .
The preferred starting material is strictly uniplanar, by which is meant that, ignoring any membrane (which may not lie on the median plane), awl parts of the starting material are symmetrical about the median plane of the starting material; in this manner, in the mesh structure, all parts will be symmetrical about the median plane, ignoring any membrane, film or fibrils (which may not lie on the median plane) produced from the starting membrane.
It is further preferred that the starting material should have planar faces apart from the holes or depressions.
However insubstantial departures from uniplanarity or from plenarily are not excluded - for instance, in an alternative to having starling material with planar faces, it would be possible to provide the starting material with parallel ribs, which could be formed by direct extrusion or embossing, the ribs forming the main zones tin this ..
~2252GS
case, the width of a main zone is the width of the rib).
The holes (or depressions if applicable) can be formed e.g. by punching, slitting, embossing or burning in (on a water-cooled roller), or by forming them as the starting material itself is formed (for instance obturating a slit die e.g. generally as in French Patent Specification No.
3b8 393 or by integral extrusion of a square mesh as in US. Patent Specification lo. 3 325 181), Slitting is a useful way of forming the holes ho there is no substantial material removal and as it enables the main zones to be very close together. A useful process is that in which a plastics sheet is formed with longitudinal slits, and is then heated whilst its longitudinal margins are restrained - forming roughly elliptical holes. In general, it is preferred to avoid any substantial protuberance around the periphery of the holes or depressions. If depressions are formed, the membrane closing the depressions can be ruptured during stretching and the residual film-like material removed;
alternatively, an orientated film can remain in the mesh openings.
The starting material is preferably not substantially orientated, though melt-flow orientation can be present.
The starting material can be any suitable thermoplastics ~.Z~5 Z~5 material, such as for instance high density polyethylene (HYPE), low density polyethylene, polypropylene, copolymers of HYPE and polypropylene, polyesters, and polyamide.
Tape-like filaments tend to crack or spilt when produced s from some plastics such as DYE and polypropylene, but these may be acceptable for certain uses - the use of polyesters can reduce the tendency to crack or split.
The starting material can have a skin on one or both faces containing an ultra-violet stabilizer; if a laminate Is formed and the skin is on one face, it would be on the outside face.
The intermediate zones are stretched (and hence usually the axes and direction of orientation of the interconnecting strands will extend) at a large angle to the d~rectlon of drawing the starting material; this angle is preferably roughly 90, but the angle could be substantially less than 90 though it is preferably more than 75. Thus, though the interconnecting strands priorly extend substantially at right angles to the main strands, this need not be so; the interconnecting strands need not have any specific geometrical shape nor be aligned with any interconnecting strand on the other side of the respective main strand - for instance, the interconnecting strands could form the "verticals" in a "brick wall" pattern with the main strands fonmlng the "hori70ntals".
. . \
ESSAY
The mesh structure can be very flat and thus easily laminated to provide good cross-laid laminates. Although there may be small zones of thicker and unorientated or less orientated material where the interconnecting strands join the main strands, there need be no large-sized nodules which could interior with bonding. The structure may be cross-laminated with a similar or identical struck lure, but this is not necessarily so. Lowe - 10 structures can be bonded directly face to face or can be separated by at least one further layer.
The mesh structure of this invention can have a high strength in the direction of the main strands and thus the cross-laid 15 laminate will have good strength characteristics in two - directions at right angles. As the mesh structure of the invention can be formed and laminated at much greater speeds than fabrics can be woven or knitted, the invention renders possible the fabrication at relatively high speeds 20 of a material which can be substituted for woven fabrics or some purposes.
The mesh structure of this invention can be used without lamination, i.e. as an unlamented material.
Description of Preferred Embodiments The invention will be further described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, In which:-Figure 1 is a plan view of a plastics starting material fur forming a mesh structure in accordance with the invention;
Figure 2 is a plan view o-F the mesh structure formed therefrom;
Figures 3 and 4 are plan views of two further mesh structures in accordance with the invention;
Figure 5 is a perspective view of the mesh structure of Figure 4;
Figure 6 is a section along the plane YI-VI in Figure S;
Figure 7 shows various shapes of holes or depressions that can be used in the starting material;
.
Figure 8 is a schematic perspective view of a laminate in accordance with the invention; and Figures 9 to 14 dye schematic sections through six other laminates in accordance with the invention.
' ~2SZ~;
In the drawings, the hatching run up and down the slope; only sample contoured zones are indicated with hatching.
inures 1 to 5 5 Looking at Figure 1, the starting material is a strictly uniplanar sheet of plastics material 1 having planar faces and in which is formed a regular pattern of holes or depressions 2; the holes or depressions 2 are in lines, the holes or depressions 2 in each line dividing the starting material 1 into a large number of parallel main zones 3 which are close together and on either side of or separated by the lines of holes or depressions 2:
the holes or depressions 2 also define small transverse or intermediate zones S between the main zones 3 and between the holes or depressions 2: each of the intermediate zones 5 is symmetrical about a respective line at right angles to the line of holes or depressions Z, and the interconnecting strands 6 are at right angle to the main strands 4 as the starting material is uniplanar with planar races, the thickness of each intermediate zone 5 is the same as that of the main zones 3, ire the intermediate zones 5 are defined between the planes defined by the outer faces of the main zones: the holes or depressions 2 are close together and the distance between the holes or depressions 2 of one line and those of the adjacent line is substantially greater than the distance apart of the ~L2;2526~ .
holes or depressions 2 in each line: the holes or depressions 2 preferably have their centers on a notional rectangular grid and the area of the holes or depressions 2 is prre~erably less than 20~ of the plan view of the starting material 1. For the purposes of illustration and or most of the hollowing Examples, the holes or depressions 2 are shown as circular, but Figure 7 shows various shapes or the holes or depressions 2, including simple piercing and slits. Although circular holes or depressions are easier or tooling, it is suggested that square holes on the square, with roadside corners (Figure 7, middle of top row) give better control during stretching and a better, more regular product - "on the square" means that the sides ox the square are parallel to and at right angles to the stretching direction. It elongated, the direction in which the major axis ox the hole or depression Z extends can be either parallel to the lines of holes or depressions Z or at right angles thereto.
The starting material 1 is drawn only in the direction indicated by the double arrow in Figure 1, while preventing any substantial contraction of the web of material as a whole in the direction at right angles to the drawing direction, ire while preventing any substantial reduction of the (transverse) pitch of the main zones 3, though permitting reduction in width of each individual main zone 3. As illustrated in Figure 2, the material forms a geometrically regular product.
The main zones 3 in the starting material 1 are ~.z~5Z~5 17 a stretched out into continuous, uniaxially-orientated, rectangular section main strands which are like tapes or filaments running right through two structure, their orientation extending longitudinally thereof, i. Q .
S generally parallel to the drawing direction, and Eros end to end thereof, and their sonnets lines have substantially uni~oLm thickness. At the same time, the width of the main zones 3 substantially decreases, whereby the force Ox contraction of each main strand 4 as the main strand 4 reduces in width causes the intermediate zones 5 to stretch at right angles to the drawing direction, to form discontinuous, smaller cross-sectional area, uniaxially-orientated, transverse, interconnecting strands 6 which extend at right angles to the main strands 4 and interconnect the main strands 4 at a plurality or large number of positions spaced along the main strands Wyeth the orientation extending longitudinally of the interconnecting strands 6, i.e. at right angles to the drawing direction. The mesh structure is biaxially-orientated. In the generally rectangular mesh openings wormed, the largest dimension parallel to the main strands 4 is substantially greater than that at right angles to the main strands I. The width of the interconnecting strands 6 is substantially less than that of the main strands 4 and the cLoss-sectional area of the mid-points of the interconnecting strands 6 is less than the minimum cross-sectional area Ox the main strands 4; the orientation of (or stretch ratio applied to) the interconnecting strands 6 may be .. .
substantially more than what applied to the main strands 4, though this is not essential. The stretch ratio ox the interconnecting strands 6 is determined by the diameter or width of the holes or depressions 2 and the reduction in width of the main zones 3 when forming the main strands 4. The main zones 3 should decrease in width by at least 50~, as measured at their narrowest parts. According to the stretch ratio applied, small thicker zones 7 (small blobs and/or unstretched shoulders ) may remain a agent each end of each interconnecting strand 6. The zones 7 may be thicker than both the main and interconnecting strands 4,6, or just thicker than the man strands 4.
The zones 7 need not necessarily be present; for instance with polyester, the corresponding zones may be at or have slight depressions, indicating that biaxial orientation has occurred in such zones this possibly occurs even if there are blobs or shoulders I. No account is taken herein of the small zones 7, or of the depressions, when giving the stretch ratios on the interconnecting strands 6, i.e. it is assumed that the whole of each interconnecting strand 6 stretched out uniformly, although this may not be the case.
The stretching is carried out at a temperature above the second order transition temperature of the plastics material but substantially below the softening point so thaw melt flow orientation is avoided during the stretching; for example for HYPE, the preferred temperature range is 75 .
~2%5~65i to 102C. After stretching, the structures can be annealed in a Lyle known manner.
Figure 7 As indicated above, Figure 7 shows various shapes of holes or depressions 2 that can be used in the starting material.
Examples _ To provide typical examples, a parallel-faced starting material was formed with holes on a notional rectangular grid. The square holes of Example 4 were "on the square".
The starving material was stretched at an elevated temperature.
The following Table gives details of four Examples. All dimensions are in mm, unless otherwise specified. The starving material was planar and effectively parallel sided, though differences in thickness were noted in one starting maternal used for Examples 1 and 2), the maximum and minimum thickness of the starting material being recorded as 0.28 and 0.21 mm nominal 0.25 my In each Example, the maximum thickness of the product was at zone 7.
Due to thickness variations in the starting materials (small in the case of Examples 3 and 4), there were variations In the dilnensions observed in the products, but average values have been recorded for Examples 1 and 2 and typical values for Examples 3 and 4. In commercial production, closer thickness tolerances would be required of the starting material than those indicated for Examples 1 and 2.
Tool e Exile e 1 2 3 4 Figure in which illustrated Z 3 4 I Jo Material ~:)/20 H to APE * H YE H APE
thickness 0.25 OHS 4.5 .
Hole shape circular circular circular square, rail used corners Hole six 1.6 3.l75 1.6 6.35 O .75 radius miners Hot e pi tech (stretch direction) 2.4 4.7 2.4 8 Hole pitch (transverse) foe 12.7 12.7 25.4 w: d ratio main mines 19: 1 38:1 22:1 4.2:1 Distance apart of holes (stretch 0.8 1.525 0.8 1.65 direction)- x Distances apart of holes (transverse) 4.76 9.525 lull 19.05 _ y _ yolks 5.95 6.25 13.9 11.5 Ter~erat~e of Stretching (-C) 75~5 75~5 90 9~5 Stretch ratio on l ~gitudinal strands 7.1 3.5:1 gel 5.6:1 Large Audi net strand width rffiU lion 66~ 44~ 53 measured at mid-point) tbximuT oFening~size natured in transverse 4.g 7.2 6.5 15.5 direction Calculated stretch ratio on interconnecting 3.m:1 2.26:1 4.C6:1 2.50:1 strands Longitudinal strand thinness (Monet= 0.~3 0.07 0.16 1.78 thinnest point) Longitudinal strand width 1 5 5 5 6 2 9.0 (mi~inPnan~est part)- a wed ratio longitvdinalstrand 19:1 79:1 39:1 5:1 -Inter~ectlng strand iodines 0.08 0.07 0.20 205 (mid-point) Interconnecting strand 0 3 0 3 0 5 1.0 width (midpoint)- b Thickness of thickest point of stymie 0.~8 0.18 0.45 3.3 a/b 5 1~.3 12.4 9 'I Co-extrusion (one-sided) ** Closest Figure 'Sue Figure 8 A crcss-laid laminate is shown in Figure 8, and can be considered as having been made in a machine whose machine direction MY is indicated by the arrow The laminate is formed of two layers 21, 22, each of which can be generally in accordance with any of Figures 2, 3, or 4. The top layer 22 has been stretched in the MD and the bottom layer 21 has been stretched in the transverse direction (TO).
, The bonding is preferably effected by providing a multi-component lo starting material, having on at least one face a bonding material which bonds at a temperature which does not destroy the physical properties of the mesh structure, the two mesh structure layers being heated to bond them - thus the bonding maternal can be a skin which melts or becomes tacky at a temperature (or temperature and pressure) at which the main component of the mesh structure would not orientate The bonding material may be or instance ethylene vinyl acetate or low density polyethylene (LOPE);
the starting material can for instance be unorientated OX
0.15mm thick polypropylene Wylie a thin layer of LOPE on at least one face. The bonding material can be provided in any suitable way, for instance by extrusion coating or co-extrusion. Alternatively, a bonding material or adhesive can be applied immediately prior to laminating.
Figures 9 to 14 In Figures to 14 MD stretched layers are indicated as 21 and TO stretched layers are indicated as 22, although in the alternative these could be reversed. Figures 9 I and 10 illustrate three-layer and four-layer laminates respectively. Figures 11 to 13 show the incorporation of one or more layers 23 of another material, e.g. polyethylene film. Figure 14 shows the lamination of a layer which can be generally in accordance with Figure 2, 3 or 4, with a film 23 of plastics material, e.g. polyethylene film, which has a preferred or single direction of orientation (direction of maximum strength) at right ankles to the main strands 4.
Uses The single layer mesh structure of the invention can be used for: Sunshade cloth windbreaks sand barriers (small thicknesses), civil engineering such as ground stabilization - 3~Z~S Z~j5 I
or reinforcement (large thicknesses), general construction, such as concrete reinforcement, plaster reinforcement for ceiling panels or as a false ceiling, and asphalt reinforcement with the main strands extending transversely of the traffic direction (in this case, polyester is a preferred material).
The laminate of the invention can be used for or as an alternative to:
Textile fabrics for industrial application wind-breaks, shade cloths, bases for needle felt olive harvesting nets, packaging, tarpaulin, bale wraps, carpet backings, or sacks or bags e.g. for wool, cement (laminated with paper or film) or fertilizers.
.
Claims (26)
1. A method of making a plastics material mesh structure, comprising:
providing a plastics starting material which has a regular pattern of holes or depressions, the holes or depressions being in parallel notional lines, the distance between the holes or depressions of one line and those of the adjacent line being substantially greater than the distance between the holes or depressions in each line, the holes or depressions defining elongate, side-by-side main zones between the lines of holes or depressions and intermediate zones between the holes or depressions in each line, each of which intermediate zones is generally symmetrical about a respective notional line at right angles to the line of holes or depressions, the major part of the thickness of each intermediate zone being between planes defined by the outer faces of the main zones; and drawing the starting material only in a direction substantially parallel to the main zones while preventing substantial reduction of the pitch of the main zones though permitting reduction in width of each individual main zone, thereby stretching the main zones out into continuous, substantially uniaxially-orientated main strands with the orientation therein extending substantially uniformly from end to end and generally parallel to the drawing direction, substantially decreasing the width of the main zones when forming the main strands whereby the force of contraction of each main strand as the main strand reduces in width causes said intermediate zones to stretch in a direction generally at right angles to the drawing direction to form discontinuous, substantially uniaxially-orientated interconnecting strands which interconnect the main strands, whereby a biaxially-orientated mesh structure is produced comprising said orientated main strands and said orientated interconnecting strands with the orientation in the interconnecting strands extending generally at right angles to the main strands and the cross-sectional area of the mid-points of the interconnecting strands being less than the minimum cross-sectional area of the main strands.
providing a plastics starting material which has a regular pattern of holes or depressions, the holes or depressions being in parallel notional lines, the distance between the holes or depressions of one line and those of the adjacent line being substantially greater than the distance between the holes or depressions in each line, the holes or depressions defining elongate, side-by-side main zones between the lines of holes or depressions and intermediate zones between the holes or depressions in each line, each of which intermediate zones is generally symmetrical about a respective notional line at right angles to the line of holes or depressions, the major part of the thickness of each intermediate zone being between planes defined by the outer faces of the main zones; and drawing the starting material only in a direction substantially parallel to the main zones while preventing substantial reduction of the pitch of the main zones though permitting reduction in width of each individual main zone, thereby stretching the main zones out into continuous, substantially uniaxially-orientated main strands with the orientation therein extending substantially uniformly from end to end and generally parallel to the drawing direction, substantially decreasing the width of the main zones when forming the main strands whereby the force of contraction of each main strand as the main strand reduces in width causes said intermediate zones to stretch in a direction generally at right angles to the drawing direction to form discontinuous, substantially uniaxially-orientated interconnecting strands which interconnect the main strands, whereby a biaxially-orientated mesh structure is produced comprising said orientated main strands and said orientated interconnecting strands with the orientation in the interconnecting strands extending generally at right angles to the main strands and the cross-sectional area of the mid-points of the interconnecting strands being less than the minimum cross-sectional area of the main strands.
2. A method of making a plastics material mesh structure, comprising:
providing a plastics starting material which has a regular pattern of holes or depressions, the holes or depressions being in parallel notional lines, the distance between the holes or depressions of one line and those of the adjacent line being at least four times the distance between the holes or depressions in each line, the holes or depressions defining elongate, side-by-side main zones between the lines of holes or depressions and intermediate zones between the holes or depressions in each line, each of which intermediate zones is generally symmetrical about a respective notional line at right angles to the line of holes or depressions, the major part of the thickness of each intermediate zone being between planes defined by the outer faces of the main zones; and drawing the starting material only in a direction substantially parallel to the main zones while preventing substantial reduction of the pitch of the main zones though permitting reduction in width of each individual main zone, thereby stretching the main zones out into continuous, substantially uniaxially-orientated main strands with the orientation therein extending substantially uniformly from end to end and generally parallel to the drawing direction, substantially decreasing the width of the main zones when forming the main strands whereby the force of contraction of each main strand as the main strand reduces in width causes said intermediate zones to stretch in a direction generally at right angles to the drawing direction to form discontinuous, substantially uniaxially-orientated interconnecting strands which interconnect the main strands, whereby a biaxially-orientated mesh structure is produced comprising said orientated main strands and said orientated interconnecting strands with the orientation in the interconnecting strands extending generally at right angles to the main strands and the cross-sectional area of the mid-points of the interconnecting strands being less than the minimum cross-sectional area of the main strands, and in which mesh structure there is adjacent each end of each interconnecting strand a zone of plastics material which is thicker than the material of the remainder of the interconnecting strand.
providing a plastics starting material which has a regular pattern of holes or depressions, the holes or depressions being in parallel notional lines, the distance between the holes or depressions of one line and those of the adjacent line being at least four times the distance between the holes or depressions in each line, the holes or depressions defining elongate, side-by-side main zones between the lines of holes or depressions and intermediate zones between the holes or depressions in each line, each of which intermediate zones is generally symmetrical about a respective notional line at right angles to the line of holes or depressions, the major part of the thickness of each intermediate zone being between planes defined by the outer faces of the main zones; and drawing the starting material only in a direction substantially parallel to the main zones while preventing substantial reduction of the pitch of the main zones though permitting reduction in width of each individual main zone, thereby stretching the main zones out into continuous, substantially uniaxially-orientated main strands with the orientation therein extending substantially uniformly from end to end and generally parallel to the drawing direction, substantially decreasing the width of the main zones when forming the main strands whereby the force of contraction of each main strand as the main strand reduces in width causes said intermediate zones to stretch in a direction generally at right angles to the drawing direction to form discontinuous, substantially uniaxially-orientated interconnecting strands which interconnect the main strands, whereby a biaxially-orientated mesh structure is produced comprising said orientated main strands and said orientated interconnecting strands with the orientation in the interconnecting strands extending generally at right angles to the main strands and the cross-sectional area of the mid-points of the interconnecting strands being less than the minimum cross-sectional area of the main strands, and in which mesh structure there is adjacent each end of each interconnecting strand a zone of plastics material which is thicker than the material of the remainder of the interconnecting strand.
3. The method of Claim 1 or 2, wherein the starting material is substantially unorientated.
4. The method of Claim 1 or 2, wherein a substantially unorientated starting material is subjected to a small stretch in a direction at right angles to said drawing direction, prior to drawing the starting material in said drawing direction.
5. The method of Claim 1 or 2, wherein, after drawing the starting material in said drawing direction, the mesh structure is drawn in a direction at right angles to said drawing direction.
6. The method of Claim 1 or 2, wherein the main zones are substantially wider than they are thick.
7. The method of Claim 1 or 2, wherein the main zones are generally rectangular in shape, as seen in section normal to said drawing direction, being substantially wider than they are thick.
8. The method of Claim 1 or 2, wherein the ratio of the width to thickness of the main zones is about 5:1 or more.
9. The method of Claim 1 or 2, wherein the ratio of the width to thickness of the main zones is about 20:1 or more.
10. The method of Claim 1 or 2, wherein said holes or depressions are on a notional rectangular grid.
11. The method of Claim 1, wherein, in the mesh structure formed, there is adjacent each end of each interconnecting strand a zone of plastics material which is thicker than the material of the remainder of the interconnecting strand
12. The method of Claim 2 or 11, wherein said thicker zones are at least about 1.32 times as thick as the thickness of the mid-point of the interconnecting strands.
13. The method of Claim 2 or 11, wherein said thicker zones are at least about 1.85 times as thick as the thinnest part of the main strands.
14. The method of Claim 1 or 11, wherein the distance between the holes or depressions of one line and those of the adjacent line is at least about 2.975 times the distance between the holes or depressions in each line.
15. The method of Claim 1. 2 or 11, wherein the thickness of the starting material is about 0.5 mm or less.
16. The method of Claim 1, 2 or 11. wherein the product of the distance between the holes or depressions of one line and those of the adjacent line and the overall stretch ratio applied, divided by the width of the holes or depressions as measured in the direction at right angles to said drawing direction, is at least about 10.5.
17. The method of Claim 1, 2 or 11, wherein the pitch of the main strands in the direction at right angles to said drawing direction is less than about five times the width of the main strand at its narrowest part.
18. The method of Claim 1, 2 or 11, wherein the main strands and the interconnecting strands define substantially rectangular mesh openings whose dimension.
parallel to the main strands is substantially greater than their dimension parallel to the interconnecting strands.
parallel to the main strands is substantially greater than their dimension parallel to the interconnecting strands.
19. The method of Claim 1, 2 or 11, wherein in said mesh structure the main strands contain at least 85% of said plastics material of said mesh structure.
20. The method of Claim 1, 2 or 11, wherein the main strands have substantially uniform thickness, as seen in section along their centre lines.
21. A mesh structure, comprising: parallel, oriented main strands whose orientation extends from end to end thereof and generally parallel thereto; and orientated, interconnecting strands interconnecting the main strands, the interconnecting strands extending generally at right angles to the main strands at a plurality of positions spaced along the main strands, having orientation which is directed generally parallel to the intercon-necting strands, and being of much smaller width than the main strands, which widths are measured at the narrowest parts of the interconnecting strands and of the main strands, respectively;
there being adjacent each end of each interconnecting strand, a small zone of plastics material which is thicker than the mate-rial of the remainder of the main strand.
there being adjacent each end of each interconnecting strand, a small zone of plastics material which is thicker than the mate-rial of the remainder of the main strand.
22. A mesh structure, comprising: parallel, orientation main strands whose orientation extends from end to end thereof and generally parallel thereto; and orientated, interconnecting strands interconnecting the main strands, the interconnecting strands extending generally at right angles to the main strands at a plurality of positions spaced along the main strands, having orientation which is directed generally parallel to the intercon-necting strands, and being of much smaller cross-sectional area and width than the main strands, which cross-sectional areas and widths are measured at the narrowest parts of the interconnecting strands and of the main strands, respectively; there being adja-cent each end of each interconnecting strand, a small zone of plastics material which is thicker than the material of the remainder of the main strand.
23. The mesh structure of claim 21 or 22, wherein the ratio of the width to the thickness of the main strands is at least 5:1, as measured at the narrowest parts of the main strands.
24. The mesh structure of claim 21 or 22, wherein the ratio of the width to the thickness of the main strands is at least 20:1, as measured at the narrowest parts of the main strands.
25. The mesh structure of claim 21 or 22, wherein the interconnecting strands are separated by mesh openings whose largest dimension parallel to the main strands is substantially greater than their largest dimension at right angles to the main strands.
26. The mesh structure of claim 21 or 22, bonded to another mesh structure of claim 21 or 22, thereby forming a lam-Nate comprising the mesh structure of separate layers, said main strands of one mesh structure extending generally at right angles to said main strands of the other mesh structure.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8219477A GB2124965B (en) | 1982-07-06 | 1982-07-06 | Mesh structure and laminate made therewith |
| GB8219477 | 1982-07-06 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1225265B true CA1225265B (en) | 1987-08-11 |
Family
ID=10531493
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000431855A Expired CA1199822A (en) | 1982-07-06 | 1983-07-05 | Mesh structure and laminate made therewith |
| CA 528676 Expired CA1225265B (en) | 1982-07-06 | 1987-01-30 | Mesh structure and laminate made therewith |
Family Applications Before (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000431855A Expired CA1199822A (en) | 1982-07-06 | 1983-07-05 | Mesh structure and laminate made therewith |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US4618385A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0099210B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS5993332A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE24439T1 (en) |
| CA (2) | CA1199822A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3368550D1 (en) |
| ES (3) | ES8502022A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2124965B (en) |
| GR (1) | GR79338B (en) |
| HK (1) | HK67887A (en) |
| MY (1) | MY8700547A (en) |
| SG (1) | SG33287G (en) |
Families Citing this family (34)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB8509498D0 (en) * | 1985-04-12 | 1985-05-15 | Plg Res | Plastics material mesh structure |
| IT1197855B (en) * | 1986-08-07 | 1988-12-21 | Rdb Plastotecnica Spa | PROCEDURE FOR OBTAINING MOLECULAR GUIDELINES IN PERFORATED SHEETS IN EXTRUDED PLASTIC MATERIAL, AND PRODUCT OBTAINED |
| US5368356A (en) * | 1989-05-16 | 1994-11-29 | Daimler-Benz Ag | Wind guard for a convertible interior space |
| US5269631A (en) * | 1989-09-14 | 1993-12-14 | Netlon Limited | Plastics material mesh structures |
| US5267816A (en) * | 1989-09-14 | 1993-12-07 | Netlon Limited | Geogrids |
| US5466531A (en) * | 1993-08-10 | 1995-11-14 | Textiles Coated International | Polytetrafluoroethylene laminate and method of producing same |
| CA2148289C (en) * | 1994-05-20 | 2006-01-10 | Ruth Lisa Levy | Perforated nonwoven fabrics |
| US5527500A (en) * | 1994-06-02 | 1996-06-18 | The Tensar Corporation | Method of forming a framed panel utilizing tensioning by heat shrinking |
| GB9423721D0 (en) | 1994-11-24 | 1995-01-11 | Netlon Ltd | Plastics material mesh structures |
| AU697777B3 (en) * | 1997-12-02 | 1998-10-15 | Walter Pike | Wind tolerant primarily sun and wind umbrella |
| AU697773B3 (en) * | 1997-12-05 | 1998-10-15 | Walter Pike | Wind tolerant sun and wind protective fence |
| DE19913479C1 (en) * | 1999-03-25 | 2000-10-19 | Naue Fasertechnik | Large, high tensile geogrids, method and device for their production and their use as drain and reinforcement grids and as fences |
| JP4947847B2 (en) * | 2001-04-05 | 2012-06-06 | ダイヤテックス株式会社 | Reinforced embankment sheet |
| US20050140172A1 (en) * | 2003-12-24 | 2005-06-30 | Mazda Motor Corporation | Wind deflector of open car |
| WO2007051253A1 (en) * | 2005-11-03 | 2007-05-10 | Black Adda Pty Ltd | Plastics reinforcement mesh |
| WO2009126051A1 (en) * | 2008-04-08 | 2009-10-15 | Formway Furniture Limited | Injection moulding method |
| US8468974B2 (en) * | 2010-05-13 | 2013-06-25 | Peter B. Lindgren | Aquaculture cage screen |
| US20120257926A1 (en) * | 2011-04-11 | 2012-10-11 | Tenax S.P.A. | Product having a net structure, a process for realizing the product and use of the product for geotechnical applications |
| ITMI20110606A1 (en) * | 2011-04-11 | 2012-10-12 | Tenax Spa | MANUFACTURED WITH A RETICULAR STRUCTURE, PROCEDURE FOR THE REALIZATION OF THE SAME AND USE OF THIS MANUAL FOR GEOTECHNICAL APPLICATIONS |
| GB201118659D0 (en) | 2011-10-28 | 2011-12-14 | Tensar Technologies Ltd | Mesh structure, production and uses thereof |
| CN104213550A (en) * | 2014-09-16 | 2014-12-17 | 兰州大学 | Plastic grid-shaped sand barrier for wind prevention and sand fixation |
| CN117211308A (en) * | 2015-10-09 | 2023-12-12 | 坦萨有限责任公司 | Geogrid made of co-extruded multi-layer polymers |
| JP6353957B2 (en) * | 2016-11-18 | 2018-07-04 | 日東電工株式会社 | Raw water channel spacer and spiral membrane element provided with the same |
| GB201715202D0 (en) * | 2017-09-20 | 2017-11-01 | Tensar Tech Ltd | Geogrids |
| CN107630443A (en) * | 2017-11-07 | 2018-01-26 | 高鸿永 | Check winds and fix drifting sand method and the sand-protecting barrier of checking winds and fixing drifting sand in the rare area of wind heavy rainfall |
| USD869889S1 (en) | 2017-12-05 | 2019-12-17 | Steelcase Inc. | Chairback |
| USD869890S1 (en) | 2017-12-05 | 2019-12-17 | Steelcase Inc. | Chairback |
| US10813463B2 (en) | 2017-12-05 | 2020-10-27 | Steelcase Inc. | Compliant backrest |
| USD870479S1 (en) | 2017-12-05 | 2019-12-24 | Steelcase Inc. | Chair |
| US11291305B2 (en) | 2017-12-05 | 2022-04-05 | Steelcase Inc. | Compliant backrest |
| USD869872S1 (en) | 2017-12-05 | 2019-12-17 | Steelcase Inc. | Chair |
| USD907383S1 (en) | 2019-05-31 | 2021-01-12 | Steelcase Inc. | Chair with upholstered back |
| USD907935S1 (en) | 2019-05-31 | 2021-01-19 | Steelcase Inc. | Chair |
| EP4320301A1 (en) * | 2021-04-07 | 2024-02-14 | Aviplast Plastic Industries Ltd | A mesh structure and method of forming the mesh structure |
Family Cites Families (28)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DD94251A (en) * | ||||
| DE94251C (en) * | ||||
| US3255065A (en) * | 1961-06-02 | 1966-06-07 | Fmc Corp | Method for making a composite film |
| NL278551A (en) * | 1961-06-02 | |||
| GB1054946A (en) * | 1962-09-07 | 1900-01-01 | ||
| US3300366A (en) * | 1964-03-19 | 1967-01-24 | Jr Day Krolik | Perforated sheet material |
| NL136829C (en) * | 1964-11-20 | |||
| GB1116181A (en) * | 1965-01-01 | 1968-06-06 | Bakelite Xylonite Ltd | Improvements in or relating to netting of thermoplastic material |
| US3500627A (en) * | 1968-07-31 | 1970-03-17 | Hercules Inc | Synthetic textile yarn |
| US3950475A (en) * | 1969-02-05 | 1976-04-13 | Smith & Nephew Polyfabrik Limited | Method of producing banded fibers from a thermoplastic sheet |
| CA917869A (en) * | 1969-09-15 | 1973-01-02 | Johnson And Johnson | Reticulate sheet material and method and apparatus for manufacturing the same |
| US3719540A (en) * | 1970-05-04 | 1973-03-06 | Hercules Inc | Preparation of transversely fibrillated film |
| US4013752A (en) * | 1970-07-15 | 1977-03-22 | Johnson & Johnson | Method of manufacturing reticulate sheet material |
| JPS542236B1 (en) * | 1970-07-15 | 1979-02-03 | ||
| SE404503B (en) * | 1973-01-16 | 1978-10-09 | Hercules Inc | PROCEDURE FOR TRANSFORMING A THERMOPLASTIC FOIL TO A WIRE PRODUCT |
| US4186781A (en) * | 1973-01-16 | 1980-02-05 | Hercules Incorporated | Network structures and methods of making same |
| US3906073A (en) * | 1973-07-05 | 1975-09-16 | Hercules Inc | Methods of making network structures |
| GB1521034A (en) * | 1974-09-11 | 1978-08-09 | Netlon Ltd | Molecularly oriented plastics material mesh |
| US4207375A (en) * | 1975-06-26 | 1980-06-10 | Hercules Incorporated | Network structures and methods of making same |
| CA1080419A (en) * | 1976-04-08 | 1980-07-01 | Chia-Seng Liu | Reticulated web structures |
| US4140826A (en) * | 1976-04-08 | 1979-02-20 | Hercules Incorporated | Reticulated web structures |
| US4062995A (en) * | 1976-06-23 | 1977-12-13 | Johnson & Johnson | Reticular web |
| GB1595331A (en) * | 1977-07-02 | 1981-08-12 | Gilbert M | Mesh structures incorporating orientated plastics components |
| NO152611C (en) * | 1978-10-16 | 1985-10-23 | Plg Res | PLASTIC NETWORK CONSTRUCTION, PROCEDURE FOR ITS MANUFACTURING AND USE OF THE CONSTRUCTION |
| NO152612C (en) * | 1978-10-16 | 1985-10-23 | Plg Res | CONNECTING PLASTIC NETWORK CONSTRUCTION WITH SPACE MASKS AND PROCEDURE FOR ITS MANUFACTURING |
| GB2031833B (en) * | 1978-10-16 | 1983-01-12 | Plg Res | Device for holding a number of containers |
| DE3273902D1 (en) * | 1981-04-03 | 1986-11-27 | Plg Res | Plastics material mesh structure |
| DK439182A (en) * | 1981-10-05 | 1983-04-06 | Plg Res | THE PRINCIPLE AND PROCEDURE FOR PREPARING THIS |
-
1982
- 1982-07-06 GB GB8219477A patent/GB2124965B/en not_active Expired
-
1983
- 1983-06-30 DE DE8383303823T patent/DE3368550D1/en not_active Expired
- 1983-06-30 EP EP19830303823 patent/EP0099210B1/en not_active Expired
- 1983-06-30 AT AT83303823T patent/ATE24439T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1983-07-05 CA CA000431855A patent/CA1199822A/en not_active Expired
- 1983-07-05 GR GR71864A patent/GR79338B/el unknown
- 1983-07-06 ES ES524275A patent/ES8502022A1/en not_active Expired
- 1983-07-06 JP JP58123125A patent/JPS5993332A/en active Granted
-
1984
- 1984-08-14 ES ES1984281107U patent/ES281107Y/en not_active Expired
- 1984-08-14 ES ES1984281106U patent/ES281106Y/en not_active Expired
-
1985
- 1985-08-13 US US06/765,186 patent/US4618385A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1986
- 1986-08-06 US US06/893,826 patent/US4680215A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1987
- 1987-01-30 CA CA 528676 patent/CA1225265B/en not_active Expired
- 1987-04-10 SG SG33287A patent/SG33287G/en unknown
- 1987-09-17 HK HK67887A patent/HK67887A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-12-30 MY MY547/87A patent/MY8700547A/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US4680215A (en) | 1987-07-14 |
| ES281107Y (en) | 1985-12-16 |
| GB2124965B (en) | 1986-05-29 |
| DE3368550D1 (en) | 1987-02-05 |
| SG33287G (en) | 1987-07-17 |
| ES281107U (en) | 1985-02-16 |
| ATE24439T1 (en) | 1987-01-15 |
| ES524275A0 (en) | 1985-01-01 |
| ES281106Y (en) | 1986-05-01 |
| EP0099210B1 (en) | 1986-12-30 |
| GB2124965A (en) | 1984-02-29 |
| EP0099210A2 (en) | 1984-01-25 |
| HK67887A (en) | 1987-09-25 |
| EP0099210A3 (en) | 1984-05-02 |
| JPS5993332A (en) | 1984-05-29 |
| ES281106U (en) | 1985-02-16 |
| JPH0470137B2 (en) | 1992-11-10 |
| US4618385A (en) | 1986-10-21 |
| ES8502022A1 (en) | 1985-01-01 |
| CA1199822A (en) | 1986-01-28 |
| MY8700547A (en) | 1987-12-31 |
| GR79338B (en) | 1984-10-22 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CA1225265B (en) | Mesh structure and laminate made therewith | |
| CA1146320A (en) | Plastics material mesh structure | |
| IE49622B1 (en) | Plastics material mesh structure | |
| US4793885A (en) | Method of laminating and stretching film material and apparatus for said method | |
| US4574100A (en) | Plastics material mesh structure | |
| US5156495A (en) | Plastic material mesh structure | |
| EP1908586A1 (en) | Process for producing laminates of unidirectionally arranged polymeric tapes | |
| CA1275024A (en) | Industrial textile fabric | |
| MXPA06014157A (en) | Reticulated webs and method of making. | |
| JPS63302027A (en) | Net-shaped sheet | |
| EP3505684B1 (en) | Reinforced geogrid and method for producing same | |
| GB2073090A (en) | Plastics Material Mesh Structure | |
| GB2390565A (en) | Geogrid | |
| EP0733460A3 (en) | Process for the production of high-strength yarns and crossply laminates thereof | |
| CA2517514A1 (en) | Cloth-like polymeric film with directional tear | |
| DE2246051A1 (en) | WOVEN AND NON-WOVEN FABRICS MADE FROM STRETCHED PLASTIC TAPES AND THE PROCESS FOR THEIR PRODUCTION | |
| US4536429A (en) | Plastics material mesh structure | |
| US4348445A (en) | Reinforced film of a combination of thermoplastic netting and oriented film | |
| US3567566A (en) | Composite reinforced thermoplastic foil laminate | |
| US3627620A (en) | Reinforced plastic sheeting | |
| KR19980070948A (en) | Laminates and Uniaxially Oriented Laminates | |
| US5753337A (en) | Plastic net structures and the plastic net structures formed thereby | |
| US3535180A (en) | Methods of making reinforced plastic sheeting | |
| JPH11156986A (en) | Flat reticular body and manufacture thereof | |
| US5366789A (en) | Sheet material |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| NARE | Reissued | ||
| MKEX | Expiry |