CA1277209C - Composite forming fabric - Google Patents
Composite forming fabricInfo
- Publication number
- CA1277209C CA1277209C CA000551533A CA551533A CA1277209C CA 1277209 C CA1277209 C CA 1277209C CA 000551533 A CA000551533 A CA 000551533A CA 551533 A CA551533 A CA 551533A CA 1277209 C CA1277209 C CA 1277209C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- warp
- weave
- flattened
- forming fabric
- yarns
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 70
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 57
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 2
- YUBJPYNSGLJZPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dithiopyr Chemical compound CSC(=O)C1=C(C(F)F)N=C(C(F)(F)F)C(C(=O)SC)=C1CC(C)C YUBJPYNSGLJZPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002292 Nylon 6 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002302 Nylon 6,6 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
- D21F1/00—Wet end of machines for making continuous webs of paper
- D21F1/0027—Screen-cloths
- D21F1/0036—Multi-layer screen-cloths
- D21F1/0045—Triple layer fabrics
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S162/00—Paper making and fiber liberation
- Y10S162/903—Paper forming member, e.g. fourdrinier, sheet forming member
Abstract
COMPOSITE FORMING FABRIC
Abstract of the Disclosure A composite paper-making forming fabric of re-duced thickness and having improved fiber retention.
The fabric comprises at least two complete weaves, each formed by its own set of warp and weft yarns and being interconnected by binder yarns which are separately inter-woven with the two complete weaves. An upper one of the complete weaves constitutes a paper-side weave which is comprised of flattened warp yarns having an aspect ratio of width to height of between 1.20 and 2.30 and inter-woven with the weft yarns and having a plain weave. The bottom one of the complete weaves constitutes the machine-side weave which is comprised of flattened warp yarns having an aspect ratio of width to height of between 1.20 and 2.30. The bottom weave has a mesh count of sub-stantially half that of the upper weave. The upper weave has a machine-direction frame length which is less than that when round warp yarns are used. The product of the warp mesh count and the width of the flattened warp strands in the upper weave is not more than about 0.65.
Abstract of the Disclosure A composite paper-making forming fabric of re-duced thickness and having improved fiber retention.
The fabric comprises at least two complete weaves, each formed by its own set of warp and weft yarns and being interconnected by binder yarns which are separately inter-woven with the two complete weaves. An upper one of the complete weaves constitutes a paper-side weave which is comprised of flattened warp yarns having an aspect ratio of width to height of between 1.20 and 2.30 and inter-woven with the weft yarns and having a plain weave. The bottom one of the complete weaves constitutes the machine-side weave which is comprised of flattened warp yarns having an aspect ratio of width to height of between 1.20 and 2.30. The bottom weave has a mesh count of sub-stantially half that of the upper weave. The upper weave has a machine-direction frame length which is less than that when round warp yarns are used. The product of the warp mesh count and the width of the flattened warp strands in the upper weave is not more than about 0.65.
Description
~L~7'7;~
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
Field of Invention The present invention relates to paper machine forming fabrics and is particularly directed to a compo-site fabric comprised of at least two complete weaves, each having its own set of warp and weft yarns, with a warp or weft binder yarn that in~erconnects the two layers. The upper weave, that is the paper-side weave, is provided with flattened warp yarns.
In the continuous manufacture of paper, the paper machine is comprised essentially of a forming section, a press section, and a dryer section. In the forming section a dilute slurry of fibers and fillers is directed onto the surface of a moving forming fabric by means of a head box. As the forming fabric moves along the forming section, water is removed from the slurry by gravity and various dewatering devices. By the end of the forming section a continuous wet but self-supporting web of fibers and fillers remains on the surface of the forming fabric. The web~then passes out of the forming section into the press section where more water is removed by mechanical pressing, after which the web passes into the dryer section where the remaining water is removed by an evaporative process.
~LZ77~09 Description of prior art In recent years forming fabrics have been woven of plastic polymeric filaments in single-layer twill patterns and, although improvements have been made to produce reasonably satisfactory single-layer fabrics, the more recent development of multi-layer forming fabrics has given additional benefits to paper,-makers by providing increased fiber retention and fabric stability.
Typically, the paper side or upper layer of a composite forming fabric of the prior art is a ! fi~e mesh plain weave, which provides excellent retention of fibers, f good dewatering, and a minimum of mark in the paper produced on its surface. The running side, or bottom layer, of such a composite fabric is usually a coarser mesh, with larger diameter strands than those of the upper layer, in order to provide resistance to stretching, narrowing, and wear.
The two layers of a composite fabric are typically interconnected in one of two ways. The first and most common method is~to use a weft binder, which is usually a finer diameter yarn than those of the two layers, and iâ woven so as to interweave the top and bottom warp yarns and thus bind the two layers together.
The other method is to interweave the warp yarns of the top layer with the weft yarns of the bottom layer, so as to bind the two layers together.
Composite forming fabrics having this descrip-tion and with various binder yarn configurations are well known, examples of which are described in Canadian Patent 1,115,177 and U.S. Patent 4,501,303.
,. : . .
. ' ' ~L2~7'7~0~3 The importance of fabric surface geometry and, in particular, the size of the surface openings (frames) defined by the strands in the top layer, is described in the inventor's paper "Retention and Drainage of Multi-layer Fabrics" (Pulp & Paper Canada, May 1986). For optimum fiber retention, it is advantageous to make these openings, particularly their machine,direction lengths, as small as possible. In addition, it is often desirable to make the openings in the fabric small so that the dewater-ing capacity of the fabric is reduced, and 'thus more controlled.
~One of the problems suffered by paper machine screens made as composite fabrics is that the plain weave construction of their upper layer, by the very nature of the weave geometry, imposes severe restrictions on the degree to which the si~e of openings in the fabric can be reduced.
Another problem suffered by composite fabrics in some applications arises from their greater thickness, __which increases the void volume, resulting in higher volumes of water being carried by the fabric. On some paper machines, the greater thickness of the composite fabric results in unacceptable defects in the formation of the paper web.
1~77~)9 A further problem suffered by composite fabrics is that the warp or weft binder yarns distort the upper paper-makaing surface, typically creating a localized surface depression often referred to as a "dimple". If the "dimple" is too deep, or results in blockage of some of the openings in the top layer, an unacceptable wire mark may be produced in the paper sh,eet formed on the top layer.
SU~ARY OF INVENTION
An important feature of the present invention is to overcome the above-mentioned problems by providing a composite fabric which has substantially smaller surface openings in the upper or paper-side layer by using mono-filament warp strands with a flattened profile (cross-section).
Another feature of the present invention is to provide a composite fabric of reduced thic~ness.
Yet another feature of the present invention is to reduce the severity of the "dimples" in the upper layer created by the warp or weft binder yarns that are used to join the two layers of the composite fabric.
The use of flattened, high molecular weight, polyester warp strands in multi-layer fabrics has been described in U.K. Published Patent Application 2,157,328A.
In this case, however, the objectives of using flattened warp strands were to improve wear resistance and to reduce the thickness and hence the void volume of the fabric. In addition, importantly, that invention applied specifically to those double-layer fabrics in which there is only one set of warp yarns.
~L~77~2(~
According to the above features, from a broad aspect, the present invention provicles a composite paper-making forming fabric of reduced thickness and having improved fiber retention. The fabric comprises at least two complete weaves, each formed by its own set of warp and weft yarns and being in-terconnected by binder yarns which are separately interwoven with the two complete weaves. An upper one of the complete weaves constitutes a paper-side weave which is comprised of flattened warp yarns having an aspect ratio of width to height of between 1.20 and 2.30 and interwoven with the weft yarns and having a plain weave. The bottom one of the complete weaves constitutes the machine-side weave which is comprised of flattened warp yarns having an aspect ratio of width to height of between 1.20 and 2.30. The bottom weave has a mesh count of substantially half that of the upper weave. The upper weave has a machine-direction frame length which is less than that when round warp yarns are used. The product of the warp mesh count and the width of the flattened warp strands in the upper weave is not more than about 0.65.
Usually, the bottom weave strands are larger and are woven in a coarser mesh count than the upper weave, although the bottom weave may also be woven with the same size of flattened warps and same mesh count as the upper weave.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
A preferred embodiment of the present inven-tion will now be described with reference to an example thereof as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which:
~ 5 .
12~ 9 FIGURE 1 is a plan view of the upper layer of a composite fabric of the prior art;
FIGURES lA and lB are sectional views of the composite fabric along lines A-A and B-B respec-tively;
FIGURE 2 is a plan view of the upper layer of a composite fabric of the invention in which the warp yarns of the upper layer have a flattened profile;
FIGURES 2A and 2B a:re sectional views along lines A-A and B-B respectively;
FIGURE 3 is a plan view of the upper layer of a composite fabric of the invention;
FIGURES 3A and 3B are sectional views, similar to Figures 2A and 2B, but illustrating a modified lower weave with flattened warps; and - 5a -~'~77209 FIGURE 4 is an enlarged cross-section o~ one of the flattened warp yarns.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to the drawings, Figure 1 depicts, in plan view, the upper layer 10 of a composite fabric of the prior art, in which all of the strands 11 and 12 have a round cross-section. In this upper layer, warp strands 11 and weft strands 12 are interwoven in a plain weave construction.
Figures lA and lB illustrate the 'composite nature of the fabric comprising an upper layer 10 of warps ~- 11 and wefts 12 in plain weave construction and a lower layer 13 having a four-harness satin weave with coarser warps 14 and wefts 15 and with half the mesh count of the upper layer. The two layers are tied together in the weft direction by a binder yarn 16. The cross-machine direc-tion width of the surface openings (frames) in the upper layer 10 is illustrated by dimension "x" and the machine direction length of the frames is shown by dimension "y".
Figure 2 is a plan view of the upper layer 20 of a composite fabric constructed in accordance with the present invention, and having the same mesh count as the fabric in Figure 1. However, with our invention the warp yarns 21 of the upper plain weave layer have a flattened profile and the weft yarns 22 are of a larger diameter.
The shape of the flattened warps 21 is shown in the sectional view of Figure 2A and, in greatly enlarged cross-section, in Figure 4. The lower layer 23 is a four-harness satin weave with coarse warps 24 and wefts 25, with half the mesh count of the upper layer 20. The two layers are tied together in the weft direction by a '' ' . - ' :, ~ .
.'', ' ' ' ~ ~ .
lZ77~09 binder yarn 26. The cross-machine direction width dimen-sion of the frames "xl" has been reduced due to the use of the flattened warp strands 21 which are wider than the round strands 11 of Figure 1. A reduction in the machine direction dimension "ylll of the frames has been achieved by the use of larger diameter weft strands 22. Flattened warp makes possible the use of either~larger diameter weft at the same weft count or, alternately, unchanged weft diameter at a higher weft count. Either combination achieves the same result of a reduced machine,direction frame length. A plain weave upper layer with a warp count of 63 strànds per inch has been woven with flattened warps having dimensions of .0045"x.0075", that is, an aspect ratio of 1.67. This enabled .0078" weft to be woven at a weft count of 74 strands per inch, whereas with round warp of .007" diameter at the same warp count (63 strands per inch) it was not possible to use a weft size larger than .0072" at a weft count of 74 strands per inch. A similar result was achieved in the same plain weave upper layer at the same warp count (63 strands per inch) with flattened warps having dimensions of .0044"x.0077", that is, an aspect ratio of 1.75.
Figures 3, 3A and 3B depict another embodiment of the composite fabric of the invention. In this embodi-ment the upper layer 30 is the same as upper layer 20 of Figure 2, with the same reduced frame width xl and length yl, The lower layer 33 is a four harness satin weave with coarse warps 34 and wefts 35, again with half the mesh count of the upper layer 30, but with the warps 34 having a flattened profile. The two layers are again inter-connected in the weft direction by a binder yarn 36.
~2~77~9 Although the embodiments illustrated in Figures 2 and 3 show a bottom weave with half the mesh coun-t of the upper weave, it is understood that the invention is not limited to composite fabrics having this particular mesh ratio. That is, the mesh ratio of warps and wefts in the upper weave to warps and wefts in the bottom weave may be 3:2, 4:3, 5:4, or any combinatiorf, as described in the prior art.
Figure 4 is a greatly enlarged cross-section of one of the flattened warps showing the flattenlng aspect ratio, which is defined herein as the strand width "b"
divided by the strand height "a".
Increasing the warp flattening aspect ratio, particularly by increasing the strand width "b" at con-stant strand height "a" enables substantial degrees of reduction in the size of fabric surface openings to be realized.
Higher flattening ratios also enable reductions in fabric thickness to be achieved, particularly if flattened warps are also used in the bottom layer 23 of the composite fabric. For example, when the afore-mentioned 63 mesh plain weave upper weave with .0045"x.0075" flattened warps- was combined with a bottom weave using .0075"x.015" flattened warps (aspect ratio of 2.0) or .0073"x.015" taspect ratio of 2.05) at a mesh count of 31~ strands per inch, reductions of .002"-.003"
in fabric thickness were observed, compared to the same mesh counts woven with round warp strands.
Preferably, the flattening aspect ratio of the monofilament warp yarns in either the top or bottom layer will be 1.20-2.30. More preferably, an aspect ratio of : ' -~LX~7~()9 1 30-2.00 has been found to be desirable for the flattened warps of the upper layer in order to control the machine direction length of surface openings and the dewatering capacity of the fabric. A preferred aspect ratio for the flattened warps of the bottom layer is 1.60-2.20 which enhances reductions in fabric thickness without detrimen-tal effects on the resistance of th~ cloth to stretching and narrowing.
The use of flattened warps in the upper layer reduces the severity of ~the "dimples" associated with weft binder yarns, and thus reduces the tendency for -- wire mark in the paper sheet.
In composite fabrics of the prior art, when -round cross-section warps of the upper layer are used as binder yarns the resultant "dimples" in the top surface are deeper and more disruptive to the adjacent mesh than those formed with weft binders. In the composite fabric of the invention, the use of flattened warps makes it practicable to use warp binders, since the mesh distortion and depth of the "dimples"-is greatly reduced.
Also, in the case of warp binder yarns~ the top layer disruption is reduced even further if smaller diameter bottom weft strands are used in the bottom layer at only those positions where the top layer warp binder actually interweaves the bottom weft layer. This smaller diameter bottom weft may also advantageously be a different material than the regular bottom weft yarns; for example, polyamides such as nylon 6 or nylon 66 may be used instead of polyester.
,' ' ~. :
~27~0C3 The invention applies to composite fabrics with an upper fabric layer woven with warp mesh counts of 36-100 strands per inch, which is the normal range for paper machine forming fabrics. More preferably, the warp mesh count of the upper weave will be 40-80 strands per inch. Typical flat warp dimensions for the preferred ranges of aspect ratio and warp mesh,count are:
Aspect ratio = 1.3 Aspect ratio = 2.0 40 strands per inch .OlO"x.013" .0081"x.0162"
80 strands per inch .0047"x.0061" .0038',"x;0076"
This invention is not limited to the weaves illustrated; that is, the upper fabric layer and the lower fabric layer can be woven in any construction and in any mesh count~ Accordingly, it is within the ambit of the present invention to cover any obvious modifications, provided such modifications fall within the scope of the appended claims.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
Field of Invention The present invention relates to paper machine forming fabrics and is particularly directed to a compo-site fabric comprised of at least two complete weaves, each having its own set of warp and weft yarns, with a warp or weft binder yarn that in~erconnects the two layers. The upper weave, that is the paper-side weave, is provided with flattened warp yarns.
In the continuous manufacture of paper, the paper machine is comprised essentially of a forming section, a press section, and a dryer section. In the forming section a dilute slurry of fibers and fillers is directed onto the surface of a moving forming fabric by means of a head box. As the forming fabric moves along the forming section, water is removed from the slurry by gravity and various dewatering devices. By the end of the forming section a continuous wet but self-supporting web of fibers and fillers remains on the surface of the forming fabric. The web~then passes out of the forming section into the press section where more water is removed by mechanical pressing, after which the web passes into the dryer section where the remaining water is removed by an evaporative process.
~LZ77~09 Description of prior art In recent years forming fabrics have been woven of plastic polymeric filaments in single-layer twill patterns and, although improvements have been made to produce reasonably satisfactory single-layer fabrics, the more recent development of multi-layer forming fabrics has given additional benefits to paper,-makers by providing increased fiber retention and fabric stability.
Typically, the paper side or upper layer of a composite forming fabric of the prior art is a ! fi~e mesh plain weave, which provides excellent retention of fibers, f good dewatering, and a minimum of mark in the paper produced on its surface. The running side, or bottom layer, of such a composite fabric is usually a coarser mesh, with larger diameter strands than those of the upper layer, in order to provide resistance to stretching, narrowing, and wear.
The two layers of a composite fabric are typically interconnected in one of two ways. The first and most common method is~to use a weft binder, which is usually a finer diameter yarn than those of the two layers, and iâ woven so as to interweave the top and bottom warp yarns and thus bind the two layers together.
The other method is to interweave the warp yarns of the top layer with the weft yarns of the bottom layer, so as to bind the two layers together.
Composite forming fabrics having this descrip-tion and with various binder yarn configurations are well known, examples of which are described in Canadian Patent 1,115,177 and U.S. Patent 4,501,303.
,. : . .
. ' ' ~L2~7'7~0~3 The importance of fabric surface geometry and, in particular, the size of the surface openings (frames) defined by the strands in the top layer, is described in the inventor's paper "Retention and Drainage of Multi-layer Fabrics" (Pulp & Paper Canada, May 1986). For optimum fiber retention, it is advantageous to make these openings, particularly their machine,direction lengths, as small as possible. In addition, it is often desirable to make the openings in the fabric small so that the dewater-ing capacity of the fabric is reduced, and 'thus more controlled.
~One of the problems suffered by paper machine screens made as composite fabrics is that the plain weave construction of their upper layer, by the very nature of the weave geometry, imposes severe restrictions on the degree to which the si~e of openings in the fabric can be reduced.
Another problem suffered by composite fabrics in some applications arises from their greater thickness, __which increases the void volume, resulting in higher volumes of water being carried by the fabric. On some paper machines, the greater thickness of the composite fabric results in unacceptable defects in the formation of the paper web.
1~77~)9 A further problem suffered by composite fabrics is that the warp or weft binder yarns distort the upper paper-makaing surface, typically creating a localized surface depression often referred to as a "dimple". If the "dimple" is too deep, or results in blockage of some of the openings in the top layer, an unacceptable wire mark may be produced in the paper sh,eet formed on the top layer.
SU~ARY OF INVENTION
An important feature of the present invention is to overcome the above-mentioned problems by providing a composite fabric which has substantially smaller surface openings in the upper or paper-side layer by using mono-filament warp strands with a flattened profile (cross-section).
Another feature of the present invention is to provide a composite fabric of reduced thic~ness.
Yet another feature of the present invention is to reduce the severity of the "dimples" in the upper layer created by the warp or weft binder yarns that are used to join the two layers of the composite fabric.
The use of flattened, high molecular weight, polyester warp strands in multi-layer fabrics has been described in U.K. Published Patent Application 2,157,328A.
In this case, however, the objectives of using flattened warp strands were to improve wear resistance and to reduce the thickness and hence the void volume of the fabric. In addition, importantly, that invention applied specifically to those double-layer fabrics in which there is only one set of warp yarns.
~L~77~2(~
According to the above features, from a broad aspect, the present invention provicles a composite paper-making forming fabric of reduced thickness and having improved fiber retention. The fabric comprises at least two complete weaves, each formed by its own set of warp and weft yarns and being in-terconnected by binder yarns which are separately interwoven with the two complete weaves. An upper one of the complete weaves constitutes a paper-side weave which is comprised of flattened warp yarns having an aspect ratio of width to height of between 1.20 and 2.30 and interwoven with the weft yarns and having a plain weave. The bottom one of the complete weaves constitutes the machine-side weave which is comprised of flattened warp yarns having an aspect ratio of width to height of between 1.20 and 2.30. The bottom weave has a mesh count of substantially half that of the upper weave. The upper weave has a machine-direction frame length which is less than that when round warp yarns are used. The product of the warp mesh count and the width of the flattened warp strands in the upper weave is not more than about 0.65.
Usually, the bottom weave strands are larger and are woven in a coarser mesh count than the upper weave, although the bottom weave may also be woven with the same size of flattened warps and same mesh count as the upper weave.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
A preferred embodiment of the present inven-tion will now be described with reference to an example thereof as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which:
~ 5 .
12~ 9 FIGURE 1 is a plan view of the upper layer of a composite fabric of the prior art;
FIGURES lA and lB are sectional views of the composite fabric along lines A-A and B-B respec-tively;
FIGURE 2 is a plan view of the upper layer of a composite fabric of the invention in which the warp yarns of the upper layer have a flattened profile;
FIGURES 2A and 2B a:re sectional views along lines A-A and B-B respectively;
FIGURE 3 is a plan view of the upper layer of a composite fabric of the invention;
FIGURES 3A and 3B are sectional views, similar to Figures 2A and 2B, but illustrating a modified lower weave with flattened warps; and - 5a -~'~77209 FIGURE 4 is an enlarged cross-section o~ one of the flattened warp yarns.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to the drawings, Figure 1 depicts, in plan view, the upper layer 10 of a composite fabric of the prior art, in which all of the strands 11 and 12 have a round cross-section. In this upper layer, warp strands 11 and weft strands 12 are interwoven in a plain weave construction.
Figures lA and lB illustrate the 'composite nature of the fabric comprising an upper layer 10 of warps ~- 11 and wefts 12 in plain weave construction and a lower layer 13 having a four-harness satin weave with coarser warps 14 and wefts 15 and with half the mesh count of the upper layer. The two layers are tied together in the weft direction by a binder yarn 16. The cross-machine direc-tion width of the surface openings (frames) in the upper layer 10 is illustrated by dimension "x" and the machine direction length of the frames is shown by dimension "y".
Figure 2 is a plan view of the upper layer 20 of a composite fabric constructed in accordance with the present invention, and having the same mesh count as the fabric in Figure 1. However, with our invention the warp yarns 21 of the upper plain weave layer have a flattened profile and the weft yarns 22 are of a larger diameter.
The shape of the flattened warps 21 is shown in the sectional view of Figure 2A and, in greatly enlarged cross-section, in Figure 4. The lower layer 23 is a four-harness satin weave with coarse warps 24 and wefts 25, with half the mesh count of the upper layer 20. The two layers are tied together in the weft direction by a '' ' . - ' :, ~ .
.'', ' ' ' ~ ~ .
lZ77~09 binder yarn 26. The cross-machine direction width dimen-sion of the frames "xl" has been reduced due to the use of the flattened warp strands 21 which are wider than the round strands 11 of Figure 1. A reduction in the machine direction dimension "ylll of the frames has been achieved by the use of larger diameter weft strands 22. Flattened warp makes possible the use of either~larger diameter weft at the same weft count or, alternately, unchanged weft diameter at a higher weft count. Either combination achieves the same result of a reduced machine,direction frame length. A plain weave upper layer with a warp count of 63 strànds per inch has been woven with flattened warps having dimensions of .0045"x.0075", that is, an aspect ratio of 1.67. This enabled .0078" weft to be woven at a weft count of 74 strands per inch, whereas with round warp of .007" diameter at the same warp count (63 strands per inch) it was not possible to use a weft size larger than .0072" at a weft count of 74 strands per inch. A similar result was achieved in the same plain weave upper layer at the same warp count (63 strands per inch) with flattened warps having dimensions of .0044"x.0077", that is, an aspect ratio of 1.75.
Figures 3, 3A and 3B depict another embodiment of the composite fabric of the invention. In this embodi-ment the upper layer 30 is the same as upper layer 20 of Figure 2, with the same reduced frame width xl and length yl, The lower layer 33 is a four harness satin weave with coarse warps 34 and wefts 35, again with half the mesh count of the upper layer 30, but with the warps 34 having a flattened profile. The two layers are again inter-connected in the weft direction by a binder yarn 36.
~2~77~9 Although the embodiments illustrated in Figures 2 and 3 show a bottom weave with half the mesh coun-t of the upper weave, it is understood that the invention is not limited to composite fabrics having this particular mesh ratio. That is, the mesh ratio of warps and wefts in the upper weave to warps and wefts in the bottom weave may be 3:2, 4:3, 5:4, or any combinatiorf, as described in the prior art.
Figure 4 is a greatly enlarged cross-section of one of the flattened warps showing the flattenlng aspect ratio, which is defined herein as the strand width "b"
divided by the strand height "a".
Increasing the warp flattening aspect ratio, particularly by increasing the strand width "b" at con-stant strand height "a" enables substantial degrees of reduction in the size of fabric surface openings to be realized.
Higher flattening ratios also enable reductions in fabric thickness to be achieved, particularly if flattened warps are also used in the bottom layer 23 of the composite fabric. For example, when the afore-mentioned 63 mesh plain weave upper weave with .0045"x.0075" flattened warps- was combined with a bottom weave using .0075"x.015" flattened warps (aspect ratio of 2.0) or .0073"x.015" taspect ratio of 2.05) at a mesh count of 31~ strands per inch, reductions of .002"-.003"
in fabric thickness were observed, compared to the same mesh counts woven with round warp strands.
Preferably, the flattening aspect ratio of the monofilament warp yarns in either the top or bottom layer will be 1.20-2.30. More preferably, an aspect ratio of : ' -~LX~7~()9 1 30-2.00 has been found to be desirable for the flattened warps of the upper layer in order to control the machine direction length of surface openings and the dewatering capacity of the fabric. A preferred aspect ratio for the flattened warps of the bottom layer is 1.60-2.20 which enhances reductions in fabric thickness without detrimen-tal effects on the resistance of th~ cloth to stretching and narrowing.
The use of flattened warps in the upper layer reduces the severity of ~the "dimples" associated with weft binder yarns, and thus reduces the tendency for -- wire mark in the paper sheet.
In composite fabrics of the prior art, when -round cross-section warps of the upper layer are used as binder yarns the resultant "dimples" in the top surface are deeper and more disruptive to the adjacent mesh than those formed with weft binders. In the composite fabric of the invention, the use of flattened warps makes it practicable to use warp binders, since the mesh distortion and depth of the "dimples"-is greatly reduced.
Also, in the case of warp binder yarns~ the top layer disruption is reduced even further if smaller diameter bottom weft strands are used in the bottom layer at only those positions where the top layer warp binder actually interweaves the bottom weft layer. This smaller diameter bottom weft may also advantageously be a different material than the regular bottom weft yarns; for example, polyamides such as nylon 6 or nylon 66 may be used instead of polyester.
,' ' ~. :
~27~0C3 The invention applies to composite fabrics with an upper fabric layer woven with warp mesh counts of 36-100 strands per inch, which is the normal range for paper machine forming fabrics. More preferably, the warp mesh count of the upper weave will be 40-80 strands per inch. Typical flat warp dimensions for the preferred ranges of aspect ratio and warp mesh,count are:
Aspect ratio = 1.3 Aspect ratio = 2.0 40 strands per inch .OlO"x.013" .0081"x.0162"
80 strands per inch .0047"x.0061" .0038',"x;0076"
This invention is not limited to the weaves illustrated; that is, the upper fabric layer and the lower fabric layer can be woven in any construction and in any mesh count~ Accordingly, it is within the ambit of the present invention to cover any obvious modifications, provided such modifications fall within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A composite paper-making forming fabric of re-duced thickness and having improved fiber retention, com-prising at least two complete weaves, each formed by its own set of warp and weft yarns and being interconnected by binder yarns which are separately interwoven with said two complete weaves, an upper one of said complete weaves constituting a paper-side weave which is comprised of flattened warp yarns having an aspect ratio of width to height of between 1.20 and 2.30 and interwoven with said weft yarns and having a plain weave, and a bottom one of said complete weaves constituting the machine-side weave which is comprised of flattened warp yarns having an aspect ratio of width to height of between 1.20 and
2.30; wherein said bottom weave has a mesh count of sub-stantially half that of said upper weave; and wherein said upper weave has a machine-direction frame length which is less than that when round warp yarns are used;
and further wherein the product of the warp mesh count and the width of the flattened warp strands in the upper weave is not more than about 0.65.
2. The composite forming fabric as claimed in claim 1, wherein the product of the warp mesh count and the width of the flattened warp strands in the upper weave of said forming fabric is in the range of about 0.47 to 0.65.
and further wherein the product of the warp mesh count and the width of the flattened warp strands in the upper weave is not more than about 0.65.
2. The composite forming fabric as claimed in claim 1, wherein the product of the warp mesh count and the width of the flattened warp strands in the upper weave of said forming fabric is in the range of about 0.47 to 0.65.
3. The composite forming fabric as claimed in claim 1, wherein said upper weave has a warp mesh count of 36-100 strands per inch.
4. The composite forming fabric as claimed in claim 3, wherein said upper weave has a warp mesh count of about 40-80 strands per inch.
5. The composite forming fabric as claimed in claim 1, in which said binder yarns are woven in the weft direc-tion.
6. The composite forming fabric as claimed in claim 1, in which said binder yarns are woven in the warp direc-tion.
7. The composite forming fabric as claimed in claim 1, in which said flattened warps have an aspect ratio of width to height of between 1.30 and 2.00.
8. The composite forming fabric as claimed in claim 1, in which said flattened warps have an aspect ratio of width to height of between 1.67 - 1.75.
9. The composite forming fabric as claimed in claim 1, in which said flattened bottom warps have an aspect ratio of width to height of between 1.60 - 2.20.
10. The composite forming fabric as claimed in claim 1, in which said flattened bottom warps have an aspect ratio of width to height of between 2.00 - 2.05.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US93595386A | 1986-11-28 | 1986-11-28 | |
| US935,953 | 1992-08-26 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1277209C true CA1277209C (en) | 1990-12-04 |
Family
ID=25467959
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000551533A Expired - Fee Related CA1277209C (en) | 1986-11-28 | 1987-11-10 | Composite forming fabric |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4815499A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0269070B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS63175192A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU597123B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1277209C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3784451T2 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI90360C (en) |
| NO (1) | NO166658C (en) |
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-
1987
- 1987-11-10 CA CA000551533A patent/CA1277209C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-11-18 AU AU81355/87A patent/AU597123B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1987-11-24 EP EP87117322A patent/EP0269070B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-11-24 DE DE8787117322T patent/DE3784451T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-11-26 FI FI875215A patent/FI90360C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-11-27 NO NO874973A patent/NO166658C/en unknown
- 1987-11-27 JP JP62297868A patent/JPS63175192A/en active Granted
-
1988
- 1988-02-25 US US07/163,161 patent/US4815499A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FI875215A (en) | 1988-05-29 |
| DE3784451T2 (en) | 1993-07-01 |
| NO874973L (en) | 1988-05-30 |
| EP0269070A2 (en) | 1988-06-01 |
| EP0269070B1 (en) | 1993-03-03 |
| FI875215A0 (en) | 1987-11-26 |
| FI90360B (en) | 1993-10-15 |
| NO874973D0 (en) | 1987-11-27 |
| FI90360C (en) | 1994-01-25 |
| AU597123B2 (en) | 1990-05-24 |
| JPS63175192A (en) | 1988-07-19 |
| EP0269070A3 (en) | 1989-10-18 |
| DE3784451D1 (en) | 1993-04-08 |
| NO166658C (en) | 1991-08-21 |
| NO166658B (en) | 1991-05-13 |
| US4815499A (en) | 1989-03-28 |
| JPH0366437B2 (en) | 1991-10-17 |
| AU8135587A (en) | 1988-06-02 |
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| MKLA | Lapsed |