CA1293369C - Refrigerant and a machine having a refrigerating circuit with refrigerant - Google Patents
Refrigerant and a machine having a refrigerating circuit with refrigerantInfo
- Publication number
- CA1293369C CA1293369C CA000559264A CA559264A CA1293369C CA 1293369 C CA1293369 C CA 1293369C CA 000559264 A CA000559264 A CA 000559264A CA 559264 A CA559264 A CA 559264A CA 1293369 C CA1293369 C CA 1293369C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- refrigerant
- dme
- weight
- heat
- refrigerating circuit
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
- C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
- C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/10—Components
- C09K2205/11—Ethers
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The invention pertains to a refrigerant containing dichlorodifluoromethane and dimethyl ether in an amount of 12-35 per cent by weight. A machine having a refrigerating circuit with such refrigerant is also claimed.
The invention pertains to a refrigerant containing dichlorodifluoromethane and dimethyl ether in an amount of 12-35 per cent by weight. A machine having a refrigerating circuit with such refrigerant is also claimed.
Description
Refrigerant and a machine having a refrigerating circuit with refrigerant The invention relates to a refrigerant containing dichlorodifluoromethane and dimethyl ether.
Refrigerants are widely used as heat transfer fluids, i.e., they are used to absorb heat which is unwanted or superfluous in one place and they part with it in another. This process is used for instance in heat pumps, refrigeration plants such as compression refrigerating machines, refrige-rators, air treatment plants, in the production and distribution of food-stuffs, and in many other applications.
In said machines the refrigerant at low temperature withdraws hea-t from a medium and gives it up at higher temperature to some other ,nedium. In other words, heat is pumped to a higher temperature. In the case o-f heat pumps, the main point is to recover heat, for instance for the heating of a building. The main objec-t in refrigerating plants is the withdrawal of heat, i.e., cooling.
Heat pumps and many refrigerating plants operate on the same principle, which may~be described as follows. In the condenser space of a refrigerating circuit the compressor raises the pressure of the refrigerant vapour so that its saturation temperature will be slightly above the temperature of the medium to be heated (this will for instance be the ambient air around a refrigerator). The~refrigerant vapour will give this heat up to this medium and condense. The condensate next expands through a valve -to an evaporator space. In this space the compressor will keep the pressure so low that the saturation temperature of the refrigerant vapour will be slightly below the temperature of the medium from which heat is withdrawn (for instance the cold storage space of a refrigerator). Heat will then flow from tliis medium to the refrigerant, which will evaporate as the medium cools down. To keep the process cycle going the compressor must discharge the vapour from the evaporator to the condenser at a sufficient rate.
:: : :
ReFrigerants are also used in obtaining mechanical or electrical eneryy from waste heat by the organic Rankine cycle process (ORC). In that process, a refr~igerant is evaporated using heat from a waste heat stream of for :
.
33~
instance 200C. The vapour drives a turbine and condenses at a temperature of for instance 80C, after which the condensate is pumped back to the evaporator.
Whether a refrigerant is suitable for a specific application depends onphysico-chemical and thermodynamic properties as well as on safety and availability. A description of various refrigerants and their applications is to be found in Kirk-Othmer's Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology, third edition, Volume 20, pp. 78-107.
In actual practice only a very few fluids are found to be suitable refrigerants. By far the most widely used one is dichlorodifluoromethane (commonly referred to as R-12). R-12 is nonflammable, nontoxic, and commer-cially available.
In view of the rise in energy prices it is now of greater importance than it once was that the refrigeran-t be energy saving, i.e., that it has a high refrigeration capacity at a low input. The present invention relates to a refrigerant which may be used instead of R-1~ and is energy saving. The refrigerant is composed of a mixture of R-12 and dime-thJl ether (DME). That DME is suited for use as a refrigerant is known from "The Refrigerating Data Book", fifth edition ASRE, Menasha, 1946, p. 56, Table 2. Also, a refrige-rant mixture of R-12 and DME is listed in Table 7 of a publication by W.A.
Pennington entitled "Refrigerants" in the November issue o-F "Air Condi-tioning, Heating and Ventilating" of 1958, p. 81. In this table a number of azeotropic refrigerant mixtures are listed, including a mixture of 90% by weight of R-12 and 10% by weight of ~ME (90 R-12~10 OME). No further infor-mation about this refrigerant mixture is provided. However, it appears from a previous publication by the same author that DME is unsuitable for use in combination with R-12 as a refrigerant (see Modern Refrigeration, June 1950, p. 154), as its vapour pressure is only about 0,5 bar higher than that or R-12.
Research experiments have now shown that the 90 R-12/10 OME refrigerant mixture uses up almost as much energy as does R-12. Surprisingly, howeve~, it has been found that energy consumption will decrease considerably upon even a limited increase in the amount of DME in the R-12/DME mixture dn~
that the mixture will still be an extremely suitable refrigerant.
:~29~33~
The invention consists in that the refrigerant oF the above-described type contains DME in an amoun-t of 12 to 35 per cent by weight. The refrigerant preferably contains 12 to 16, more particularly 12 to 14 per cent by weight of DME. For instance, with a re-Frigerant composed of 15 per cent by weight of DME and 85 per cent by weight of R-12 (85 R-12/15 DME) an energy saving was measured in the temperature range of 30 to 2C of 6% as compared with R-12 and of J% as compared with 90 R-12/10 DME.
The flammable DME may be introduced into 100 parts by weight of the non-flamrnable R-12 in an amount of up to 15,3 parts by weight without a flam-mable gas mixture being formed upon evaporation. Provided that safety regulations are observed the refrigerant according to the invention may contain up to 35~ by weight of DME. The upper limit of 35 per cen-t by weight is governed by an energy consumption which is about equal to that for R-12.
Optionally, the refrigerant may also contain small amounts of other usual refrigerant fluids.
An embodiment of the invention consists of a machine having a c10sed-cycle refrigeration circuit filled with the refrigeran-t according to the inven-tion. Examples of such machines include domestic refrigerators and freezers, refrigerated display cases in sales rooms, high-capacity comp~essor systems For stationary re-frigeration and re-frigerated traf~ic, and air conditioning plants, e.g., for buildings and vehicles.
The partial replacement of R-12 by DME has other advantages in addition to sav~ng energy.
Since the mid 1970s it has been known that R-12, in common with certain ; ~ other fully fluorinated hydrocarbons, will sooner or later pass from the atmosphere into the stratosphere and attack the ozone layer. The ozone layer acts as a sKield that partially blocks solar ultraviolet radiation by ab-sorbing it. Hence, a weakening of the ozone layer will result in an increase in ultraviolet radiation on earth. This may have unfavourable consequences for man, flora and fauna. Therefore, investigations have been made into findlng ways of restricting -the use of R-12. The present refrigerant has the advantage oF containing less R-12.
:~
:
~"33~
In common with R-12, DME is chemically stable, has low toxicity, and is not corrosive. Pure DME does not ~orm peroxides or bischloromethyl ether with R-12 at elevated compressor temperature (125C), and does not attack ozone.
R-12 and D~E are miscible in any ratio.
The DME in the present re-Frigerant will dissolve sludge (a reaction product of R-12 and compressor oil) and traces of free water and ice in the refrigerating circuit and thus prevent the plant from breaking down as a result of freezing up of expansion valves and/or filters. Up to now it has often been practice for methanol to be added to R-12 to restrain the for-mation of ice (see Kalton-Pocket Manual from ~ali Chemie AG Hannover, 1978, p. 65). However, methanol may promote corrosion and, unlike DME, does not contribute to the refrigeration capacity.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention -the refrigerant con-tains 15 per cent by weight of DME. The various advantages of using DME are best combined in this way. For instance, the 85 R-12/15 DME refrigerant mixture is energy-saving, contains about 25 per cent by volume less R-12 than the usual refrigerant R-12, and the formation of ice-crystals in the refrigeration circuit is excluded.
Examples The re-frigerants R-12, 90 R-12/10 DME, 87 R-12/13 DME and 85 R-12/15 D~E
were tested in a refrigeration plant provided with a dryer. A description of this system and its operation are given below.
The refrigerant is passed through an expansion valve to an evaporator, where it will evaporate while absorbing heat. The vapour is sucked in by the com-pressor, compressed in a condenser, and condenses, releasing heat. The com-pressor used is an electrically driven 4-cylinder open compressor of the trademark Worthing-ton. The evaporator and the condenser are "shell and tube"
type heat exchangers, trademark Helpman. Water cooling in the condenser is regulated by an electronically controlled valve. The expansion valve is ~lso electronically controlled. The plan-t is equipped with a high and low pres-sure pressure switch and an oil dif-Ferential pressure pressure switch. '!~?
temperature desired in the evaporator is maintained by means of a t~
statted water/glycol stream.
12~33~g The plant contains the necessary equipment -for measuring the refrigeration capacity and the input of the compressor. The quotient of refrigeration capacity and input is the coefficient of performance. This is a measure of energy consumption.
The refrigerants were tested in the plant at a condensation temperature of 30C and evaporation temperatures of + 2C (common in refrigerators and air treatment systems) and -10C (freezer compartment temperature).
In Table I are listed the measured values for refrigeration capacity, input, and coefficient of performance. Table II gives the increase in refrigeration capacity and decrease of power consumption (i.e., an increase in coe-fficient of performance) for 90 R-12/10 DME and 85 R-12/15 DME as compared with R-12.
Table II shows that the addition of DME results in an increase in refrige-ration capacity, and that the energy consumption of the mixtures 87 R-12/13 DME and 85 R-12/15 DME mixture is substantially lower than that of R-12 and 90 R-12/10 DME. The decrease is largest in the temperature range of 30C -2C. The refrigerant according to the invention is therefore particularly suited to be used in refrigerators, air treatment plants, and heat pumps.
Tests in actual practice have shown that the refrigerants 87 R-12/13 DME and 67 R-12/33 DME could be made use of with advantage and without any problems in domestic refrigerators. When use is made of the mixture 67 R-12/33 DME, the required fire safety regulations must be observed.
\
33~
Table I
refrigerant R-12 90 R-12/10 DME 85 R-12/15 DME 87 R-12/13 DME
.. _ evaporation tem-perature 2C
_ refrigeration capacity (kW) 48,21 _ 52~28 50,79 input (kW) ~ 9,18 _ 9,39 9,42 coe-fficient of performance 5,25 5,29 5,56 5,38 _ ..
evaporation tem-perature -10C
.
re~rigeration capacity (kW) 29,12 _ 31,59 31,17 :
input (kW) 8,44 _ 8,80 8,88 .
coefficient of .
performance 3,45 3,50 3,59 3,51 :: :
~: :
:
3~
Table II
re-frigerant 90 R-12/10 DME 85 R-12/15 DME 87 R-12/13 DME
versus R-12 versus R-12 versus R-12 evaporation tern-~ .
energy consump-tion - 0,8% - 5,9% - 4,7%
refrigeration .
capacity + 8,5% + 5,6%
evaporation tem-perature -10C:
, , : energy consump- .
tion - 1,6% - 4,1% - 3,5%
refrigeration capacity _ + 8~5~o + 7,1%
' ~ :
: ~ :
:
: :~
' ::
Refrigerants are widely used as heat transfer fluids, i.e., they are used to absorb heat which is unwanted or superfluous in one place and they part with it in another. This process is used for instance in heat pumps, refrigeration plants such as compression refrigerating machines, refrige-rators, air treatment plants, in the production and distribution of food-stuffs, and in many other applications.
In said machines the refrigerant at low temperature withdraws hea-t from a medium and gives it up at higher temperature to some other ,nedium. In other words, heat is pumped to a higher temperature. In the case o-f heat pumps, the main point is to recover heat, for instance for the heating of a building. The main objec-t in refrigerating plants is the withdrawal of heat, i.e., cooling.
Heat pumps and many refrigerating plants operate on the same principle, which may~be described as follows. In the condenser space of a refrigerating circuit the compressor raises the pressure of the refrigerant vapour so that its saturation temperature will be slightly above the temperature of the medium to be heated (this will for instance be the ambient air around a refrigerator). The~refrigerant vapour will give this heat up to this medium and condense. The condensate next expands through a valve -to an evaporator space. In this space the compressor will keep the pressure so low that the saturation temperature of the refrigerant vapour will be slightly below the temperature of the medium from which heat is withdrawn (for instance the cold storage space of a refrigerator). Heat will then flow from tliis medium to the refrigerant, which will evaporate as the medium cools down. To keep the process cycle going the compressor must discharge the vapour from the evaporator to the condenser at a sufficient rate.
:: : :
ReFrigerants are also used in obtaining mechanical or electrical eneryy from waste heat by the organic Rankine cycle process (ORC). In that process, a refr~igerant is evaporated using heat from a waste heat stream of for :
.
33~
instance 200C. The vapour drives a turbine and condenses at a temperature of for instance 80C, after which the condensate is pumped back to the evaporator.
Whether a refrigerant is suitable for a specific application depends onphysico-chemical and thermodynamic properties as well as on safety and availability. A description of various refrigerants and their applications is to be found in Kirk-Othmer's Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology, third edition, Volume 20, pp. 78-107.
In actual practice only a very few fluids are found to be suitable refrigerants. By far the most widely used one is dichlorodifluoromethane (commonly referred to as R-12). R-12 is nonflammable, nontoxic, and commer-cially available.
In view of the rise in energy prices it is now of greater importance than it once was that the refrigeran-t be energy saving, i.e., that it has a high refrigeration capacity at a low input. The present invention relates to a refrigerant which may be used instead of R-1~ and is energy saving. The refrigerant is composed of a mixture of R-12 and dime-thJl ether (DME). That DME is suited for use as a refrigerant is known from "The Refrigerating Data Book", fifth edition ASRE, Menasha, 1946, p. 56, Table 2. Also, a refrige-rant mixture of R-12 and DME is listed in Table 7 of a publication by W.A.
Pennington entitled "Refrigerants" in the November issue o-F "Air Condi-tioning, Heating and Ventilating" of 1958, p. 81. In this table a number of azeotropic refrigerant mixtures are listed, including a mixture of 90% by weight of R-12 and 10% by weight of ~ME (90 R-12~10 OME). No further infor-mation about this refrigerant mixture is provided. However, it appears from a previous publication by the same author that DME is unsuitable for use in combination with R-12 as a refrigerant (see Modern Refrigeration, June 1950, p. 154), as its vapour pressure is only about 0,5 bar higher than that or R-12.
Research experiments have now shown that the 90 R-12/10 OME refrigerant mixture uses up almost as much energy as does R-12. Surprisingly, howeve~, it has been found that energy consumption will decrease considerably upon even a limited increase in the amount of DME in the R-12/DME mixture dn~
that the mixture will still be an extremely suitable refrigerant.
:~29~33~
The invention consists in that the refrigerant oF the above-described type contains DME in an amoun-t of 12 to 35 per cent by weight. The refrigerant preferably contains 12 to 16, more particularly 12 to 14 per cent by weight of DME. For instance, with a re-Frigerant composed of 15 per cent by weight of DME and 85 per cent by weight of R-12 (85 R-12/15 DME) an energy saving was measured in the temperature range of 30 to 2C of 6% as compared with R-12 and of J% as compared with 90 R-12/10 DME.
The flammable DME may be introduced into 100 parts by weight of the non-flamrnable R-12 in an amount of up to 15,3 parts by weight without a flam-mable gas mixture being formed upon evaporation. Provided that safety regulations are observed the refrigerant according to the invention may contain up to 35~ by weight of DME. The upper limit of 35 per cen-t by weight is governed by an energy consumption which is about equal to that for R-12.
Optionally, the refrigerant may also contain small amounts of other usual refrigerant fluids.
An embodiment of the invention consists of a machine having a c10sed-cycle refrigeration circuit filled with the refrigeran-t according to the inven-tion. Examples of such machines include domestic refrigerators and freezers, refrigerated display cases in sales rooms, high-capacity comp~essor systems For stationary re-frigeration and re-frigerated traf~ic, and air conditioning plants, e.g., for buildings and vehicles.
The partial replacement of R-12 by DME has other advantages in addition to sav~ng energy.
Since the mid 1970s it has been known that R-12, in common with certain ; ~ other fully fluorinated hydrocarbons, will sooner or later pass from the atmosphere into the stratosphere and attack the ozone layer. The ozone layer acts as a sKield that partially blocks solar ultraviolet radiation by ab-sorbing it. Hence, a weakening of the ozone layer will result in an increase in ultraviolet radiation on earth. This may have unfavourable consequences for man, flora and fauna. Therefore, investigations have been made into findlng ways of restricting -the use of R-12. The present refrigerant has the advantage oF containing less R-12.
:~
:
~"33~
In common with R-12, DME is chemically stable, has low toxicity, and is not corrosive. Pure DME does not ~orm peroxides or bischloromethyl ether with R-12 at elevated compressor temperature (125C), and does not attack ozone.
R-12 and D~E are miscible in any ratio.
The DME in the present re-Frigerant will dissolve sludge (a reaction product of R-12 and compressor oil) and traces of free water and ice in the refrigerating circuit and thus prevent the plant from breaking down as a result of freezing up of expansion valves and/or filters. Up to now it has often been practice for methanol to be added to R-12 to restrain the for-mation of ice (see Kalton-Pocket Manual from ~ali Chemie AG Hannover, 1978, p. 65). However, methanol may promote corrosion and, unlike DME, does not contribute to the refrigeration capacity.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention -the refrigerant con-tains 15 per cent by weight of DME. The various advantages of using DME are best combined in this way. For instance, the 85 R-12/15 DME refrigerant mixture is energy-saving, contains about 25 per cent by volume less R-12 than the usual refrigerant R-12, and the formation of ice-crystals in the refrigeration circuit is excluded.
Examples The re-frigerants R-12, 90 R-12/10 DME, 87 R-12/13 DME and 85 R-12/15 D~E
were tested in a refrigeration plant provided with a dryer. A description of this system and its operation are given below.
The refrigerant is passed through an expansion valve to an evaporator, where it will evaporate while absorbing heat. The vapour is sucked in by the com-pressor, compressed in a condenser, and condenses, releasing heat. The com-pressor used is an electrically driven 4-cylinder open compressor of the trademark Worthing-ton. The evaporator and the condenser are "shell and tube"
type heat exchangers, trademark Helpman. Water cooling in the condenser is regulated by an electronically controlled valve. The expansion valve is ~lso electronically controlled. The plan-t is equipped with a high and low pres-sure pressure switch and an oil dif-Ferential pressure pressure switch. '!~?
temperature desired in the evaporator is maintained by means of a t~
statted water/glycol stream.
12~33~g The plant contains the necessary equipment -for measuring the refrigeration capacity and the input of the compressor. The quotient of refrigeration capacity and input is the coefficient of performance. This is a measure of energy consumption.
The refrigerants were tested in the plant at a condensation temperature of 30C and evaporation temperatures of + 2C (common in refrigerators and air treatment systems) and -10C (freezer compartment temperature).
In Table I are listed the measured values for refrigeration capacity, input, and coefficient of performance. Table II gives the increase in refrigeration capacity and decrease of power consumption (i.e., an increase in coe-fficient of performance) for 90 R-12/10 DME and 85 R-12/15 DME as compared with R-12.
Table II shows that the addition of DME results in an increase in refrige-ration capacity, and that the energy consumption of the mixtures 87 R-12/13 DME and 85 R-12/15 DME mixture is substantially lower than that of R-12 and 90 R-12/10 DME. The decrease is largest in the temperature range of 30C -2C. The refrigerant according to the invention is therefore particularly suited to be used in refrigerators, air treatment plants, and heat pumps.
Tests in actual practice have shown that the refrigerants 87 R-12/13 DME and 67 R-12/33 DME could be made use of with advantage and without any problems in domestic refrigerators. When use is made of the mixture 67 R-12/33 DME, the required fire safety regulations must be observed.
\
33~
Table I
refrigerant R-12 90 R-12/10 DME 85 R-12/15 DME 87 R-12/13 DME
.. _ evaporation tem-perature 2C
_ refrigeration capacity (kW) 48,21 _ 52~28 50,79 input (kW) ~ 9,18 _ 9,39 9,42 coe-fficient of performance 5,25 5,29 5,56 5,38 _ ..
evaporation tem-perature -10C
.
re~rigeration capacity (kW) 29,12 _ 31,59 31,17 :
input (kW) 8,44 _ 8,80 8,88 .
coefficient of .
performance 3,45 3,50 3,59 3,51 :: :
~: :
:
3~
Table II
re-frigerant 90 R-12/10 DME 85 R-12/15 DME 87 R-12/13 DME
versus R-12 versus R-12 versus R-12 evaporation tern-~ .
energy consump-tion - 0,8% - 5,9% - 4,7%
refrigeration .
capacity + 8,5% + 5,6%
evaporation tem-perature -10C:
, , : energy consump- .
tion - 1,6% - 4,1% - 3,5%
refrigeration capacity _ + 8~5~o + 7,1%
' ~ :
: ~ :
:
: :~
' ::
Claims (4)
1. A refrigerant containing dichlorodifluoromethane and dimethyl ether, characterized in that the amount of dimethyl ether in the refrigerant is 12 to 35 per cent by weight.
2. A refrigerant according to claim 1, characterized in that the amount of dimethyl ether is 12 to 16 per cent by weight.
3. A refrigerant according to claim 2, characterized in that the amount of dimethyl ether is 12 to 14 per cent by weight.
4. A refrigerating circuit with refrigerant, characterized in that the refrigerant has a composition according to any one of the claims 1-3.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL8700408 | 1987-02-19 | ||
| NL8700408 | 1987-02-19 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1293369C true CA1293369C (en) | 1991-12-24 |
Family
ID=19849596
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000559264A Expired - Fee Related CA1293369C (en) | 1987-02-19 | 1988-02-18 | Refrigerant and a machine having a refrigerating circuit with refrigerant |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4783276A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0280355B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS63205386A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE65794T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU593979B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1293369C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3863939D1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2023697B3 (en) |
Families Citing this family (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU635724B2 (en) * | 1988-12-14 | 1993-04-01 | Lubrizol Corporation, The | Liquid compositions containing carboxylic esters |
| FR2658508B1 (en) * | 1990-02-20 | 1993-09-24 | Atochem | MIXTURES OF DIMETHYLETHER AND 1,1,1,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE AND THEIR APPLICATIONS AS REFRIGERANTS, AS AEROSOL PUSHERS OR AS PLASTIC FOAM EXPANDING AGENTS. |
| DE69133423T2 (en) * | 1990-03-12 | 2005-11-10 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Co., Wilmington | Azeotropic composition of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and dimethyl ether |
| US5409962A (en) * | 1990-03-12 | 1995-04-25 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Substantially constant boiling blowing agent compositions of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and dimethyl ether |
| US5061394A (en) * | 1990-03-13 | 1991-10-29 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Azeotropic composition of 1-chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane and dimethyl ether |
| US5221492A (en) * | 1991-08-23 | 1993-06-22 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Azeotropic mixture of perfluoropropane and dimethyl ether |
| US5294359A (en) * | 1992-02-03 | 1994-03-15 | Alliedsignal Inc. | Refrigerant compositions |
| US6156224A (en) * | 1992-06-19 | 2000-12-05 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Working fluid containing perfluorodimethylether |
| JP2714486B2 (en) * | 1993-03-02 | 1998-02-16 | イー・アイ・デュポン・ドゥ・ヌムール・アンド・カンパニー | Composition containing hexafluoropropane |
| US20090293523A1 (en) | 2008-06-02 | 2009-12-03 | Dover Systems, Inc. | System and method for using a photovoltaic power source with a secondary coolant refrigeration system |
| US9657973B2 (en) | 2008-06-02 | 2017-05-23 | Hill Phoenix, Inc. | Refrigeration system with photovoltaic power source |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2101993A (en) * | 1932-04-30 | 1937-12-14 | Gen Motors Corp | Refrigerant mixture and the method of using the same |
| US2101593A (en) * | 1935-10-12 | 1937-12-07 | Frank C Osborn | Cigarette stub receiver and extinguisher |
| DE697055C (en) * | 1937-09-06 | 1940-10-04 | Escher Wyss Werke Lindau G M B | Procedure for securing the operation of compression refrigeration machines |
| US2136790A (en) * | 1937-10-18 | 1938-11-15 | Servel Inc | Absorption refrigeration |
| US3948817A (en) * | 1972-02-03 | 1976-04-06 | Gisela Grothoff | Propelling gas system for alcoholic perfumed liquids for use in aerosol dispensers |
-
1987
- 1987-12-30 US US07/139,454 patent/US4783276A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1988
- 1988-02-10 DE DE8888200238T patent/DE3863939D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-02-10 EP EP88200238A patent/EP0280355B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-02-10 ES ES88200238T patent/ES2023697B3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-02-10 AT AT88200238T patent/ATE65794T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-02-18 CA CA000559264A patent/CA1293369C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-02-18 AU AU11957/88A patent/AU593979B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1988-02-18 JP JP63034145A patent/JPS63205386A/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0280355A1 (en) | 1988-08-31 |
| US4783276A (en) | 1988-11-08 |
| ATE65794T1 (en) | 1991-08-15 |
| AU593979B2 (en) | 1990-02-22 |
| JPS63205386A (en) | 1988-08-24 |
| EP0280355B1 (en) | 1991-07-31 |
| DE3863939D1 (en) | 1991-09-05 |
| ES2023697B3 (en) | 1992-02-01 |
| AU1195788A (en) | 1988-08-25 |
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