CA1298685C - Dyeing and flame retardant treatment for aramids - Google Patents
Dyeing and flame retardant treatment for aramidsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1298685C CA1298685C CA000538694A CA538694A CA1298685C CA 1298685 C CA1298685 C CA 1298685C CA 000538694 A CA000538694 A CA 000538694A CA 538694 A CA538694 A CA 538694A CA 1298685 C CA1298685 C CA 1298685C
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- Prior art keywords
- fiber
- alkyl
- flame
- phenylene
- fabric
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K21/00—Fireproofing materials
- C09K21/06—Organic materials
- C09K21/12—Organic materials containing phosphorus
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M13/244—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing sulfur or phosphorus
- D06M13/282—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing sulfur or phosphorus with compounds containing phosphorus
- D06M13/288—Phosphonic or phosphonous acids or derivatives thereof
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M13/244—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing sulfur or phosphorus
- D06M13/282—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing sulfur or phosphorus with compounds containing phosphorus
- D06M13/288—Phosphonic or phosphonous acids or derivatives thereof
- D06M13/29—Phosphonic or phosphonous acids or derivatives thereof containing halogen atoms
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M13/244—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing sulfur or phosphorus
- D06M13/282—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing sulfur or phosphorus with compounds containing phosphorus
- D06M13/292—Mono-, di- or triesters of phosphoric or phosphorous acids; Salts thereof
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P1/00—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed
- D06P1/44—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed using insoluble pigments or auxiliary substances, e.g. binders
- D06P1/667—Organo-phosphorus compounds
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P3/00—Special processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the material treated
- D06P3/02—Material containing basic nitrogen
- D06P3/04—Material containing basic nitrogen containing amide groups
- D06P3/24—Polyamides; Polyurethanes
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P3/00—Special processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the material treated
- D06P3/34—Material containing ester groups
- D06P3/52—Polyesters
- D06P3/521—Polyesters using acid dyes
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P3/00—Special processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the material treated
- D06P3/34—Material containing ester groups
- D06P3/52—Polyesters
- D06P3/54—Polyesters using dispersed dyestuffs
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S8/00—Bleaching and dyeing; fluid treatment and chemical modification of textiles and fibers
- Y10S8/92—Synthetic fiber dyeing
- Y10S8/924—Polyamide fiber
- Y10S8/925—Aromatic polyamide
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
- Coloring (AREA)
- Fireproofing Substances (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide) fibers are simultaneously dyed and imparted with improved flame retardant properties with a flame retardant liquid in which a disperse or acid dye is dissolved. Fabrics thus dyed and flame retardant treated exhibit no afterglow when exposed to an open flame and a Limiting Oxygen Index greater than their undyed, untreated counterparts.
Poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide) fibers are simultaneously dyed and imparted with improved flame retardant properties with a flame retardant liquid in which a disperse or acid dye is dissolved. Fabrics thus dyed and flame retardant treated exhibit no afterglow when exposed to an open flame and a Limiting Oxygen Index greater than their undyed, untreated counterparts.
Description
86~S
A ~EIN~ AND FLAME RETARDANT
- REATME~ FOR ~RAMIDS
This invention relates to the concurrent dyeing and flame-retardant treatment of aramid, preferably in fabric form, and is specific to the use of cyclic phosphonate esters having flame retardant properties.
These esters serve to swell the aramid fiber and allow for introduction of a dyestuff into the fiber.
_ CK~ROUND OF THE INVENTION
The aramid fiber Nomex (a registered trademar~ of duPont) has several interesting and indeed unique properties that make it highly desirable for specific applications. As an example, the fiber is inherently flame retardant, and thus lends itself to applications in which such 1ame retardant properties are desirable.
Aramid fibers are extremely hard to dye, due, in part, to the crystallinity of the fiber. Solution-dyed aramid fibers are available but only in limited colors as selected by the fiber manufacturer. Frequently dye carriers such as acetophenone have been used to ~; effectively dye such fibers. However, these carriers may themselves be flammable or detract from the otherwise good inherently flame retardant properties of the fiber. In addition, acetophenone dyed products ~ have a rather characteristic odor that is not well ':
' 8~85 accepted. Dyes introduced in-to the fiber and/or topical finishes and chemicals applied to the fiber affect the flame retardant characteristics of tha final product.
Observations with respect to the flame retardant properties, or lack thereo~, for aramid fibers are similar to those noted in the dyeing and finishing of glass fabrics. While glass fibers will not themselves support combustion, the pigments, dyes or other finishes applied to glass fabrics will burn. Glass fabric forms a convenient matrix to support the pigments, dyes or finish, and this matrix provides a relatively large surface area and allows flames to propagate. A similar situation occurs with Nomex fabrics and thus, as with glass fabrics, it is sometimes necessary to add an auxiliary flame retardant chemical to the finish to improve the overall flame retardant characteristics of the final aramid product.
It is therefore an object of this invention to both dye and flame retard aramid fibers, specifically poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide) or Nomex, in a single step and to provide a product that has flame retardant qualities that are at least as good as, if not better than, the corresponding undyed, greige aramid fabric.
The invention includes the application of a flame ~Z9~6~
., retardant material or flame retardant system together with a di~p~rse dye or an acid dye (anionic dye) to an aramid fiber in the form of a ~taple, tow, or yarn;
woYen, ~on-woven, circular knitted, or tricot knitted ~abric~; crimped, texturized, flocked, or t~fted textiles; but preferably in the form of a woven fabric.
The acid or di~per~e dye may be applied to the fiber~
u~ing any convenient process; however (1) a pad/th~rmosol process, (2) a print paste proces~, or (3) immersion of the fibers into a neat, heated ~olution of flame retardant plu8 dyestuff gives the best recult~.
Candidate fibers for the dyeing and flame retardant process of thi~ invention are known generally as aromatic polyamide~ or "aramid~". This class includes a wide variety of polymers as disclosed in U.S. 4,324,706. Experience indicatec that for ~ome reason not full~y under6tood, not all type~ of aramid fibers can be reproducibly treated by this proce~s;
those fibers that are not ~uited do not allow the di6perse of acid dye to enter the fiber and are only surface stained. thu~, a fiber amenable to the proce~6 of this invention i~ elected from the class of aramid~
~uitable for dyeing and flame retarding. Such fibers are referred to here a~ treatable, i.e., dyeable and ~ ~, ~'-.
3~298EiE~i flame-retardant treatable aramids and are known chemically as poly~m-phenyleneisophthalamide3, i.e., the meta isomer which is the poly condensation product of m-phenylenediamine and isophthalic acid. Below is a listing of fibers now commercially available identified by fiber name (usually a trademark) and producer:
Eiber Name Producer Nom~x DuPont Apyeil Unitika :: (5207) Apyeil-A Unitika (6007) Conex Teijin Selection of ~ suitable aramid amenable to the continuous dyeing and flame retarding process of this invention can be conveniently made by subjecting a fiber sample to an abbreviated test to determine fiber acceptability. Experience indicates that fibers of the para isomer, polytp-phenyleneterephthalamide), represented commercially by duPont's Kevlar and Enka-Glanzstoff's ~renka, as well as Rhone-Poulenc's ; ~Kermel and polybenzimidazole tPBI), are merely stained or changed in color but are not dyed by the process of this invention. Accordingly, as used in the text of ~ ~ Trademark ,~ .
.~
''\
l;~9B685 this application and in the claims that follow, the expressions "aramid" and "aromatic polyamide fiber", when pertaining to the novel process of this invention, will signify the meta isomer~ Blends of poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide) fibers with other fibers, including fibers of the para isomer, may be subjected to the dyeing process in which case only the meta isomer fibers will be dyed.
The flame retardant materials used in the process of this invention do not degrade and successfully withstand heat treatment at temperatures over 300 F, and are typically liquid at such temperatures. Among the types of materials that may be employed, preferred are the cyclic phosphonate ester~ described, for instance, in one or more of U.S. Patents 3,894,386, 3,149,476, 3,991,019 and 3,511,857.
The flame retardant materials used in accordance with the present invention are thermally stable cyclic phosphonate esters prepared by reacting al~yl-halogen-free esters with a bicyclic phosphite.
As a class these cyclic phosphonate esters are represented by one of the formulas:
(R'O)b ~ - OCd C ~ ~ ~ ~ R
lZ91368~
where a i~ 0 or 1; b is 0, 1 or 2, C i9 1, 2 or 3 and a~b+c is 3; R and R' are the ~ame or different and are alkyl (Cl-C8), phenyl, halophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, phenethyl, hydroxyethyl, phenoxyethyl, or dibromophenoxymethyl; R2 is alkyl (C~Cg); and R3 i~ lower alkyl (Cl-C4) or hydroxyalkyl (Cl-C4) or (R O C~--R ~ COC'dzt Z ~:'R~) where d is 0, 1 or 2; e is 1, 2 or 3; R2 is alkyl (Cl-C4); R3 is lower alkyl (Cl-C4) or hydroxyalkyl (Cl-C4) or hydroxyalkyl (Cl-C4~; R4 is alkyl (Cl-C4) phenyl, halophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, hydroxyethyl, phenoxyethyl, dibromophenoxyethyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, or phenethyl; and R5 is monovalent alkyl : (Cl-C6), chlorophenyl, bromophenyl, dibromophenyl, :. 15 tribromophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, naphthyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, or phenethyl; divalent alkylene (Cl-C6), vinylene, o-phenylene, m-phenylene, p-phenylene, tetrachlorophenylene (o, m, or p), or ~: tetrabromophenylene (o, m, or p); or trivalent phenenyl.
~ :
~ ' .
.. - ,, ~:
lLZ9~61~S
The preferred compounds are repre~ented by the formula: C~2c~
" ~ CH2 ~,"
' C~, c~2o in which n is 0 or 1, usually a 50:50 mixture o~ the mono and di-esters. The preparation of these cyclic p~osphonate e~ters and their u~e as flame retardants are de-~cribed i~ U.S. 3,789,091 and 3,849,368.
The 50:50 mixture of these eQters is available as ~Antibla~e 19 t YOmetimeS AB 19 herein) from Albright &
Wil50n, ~nc ., of ~ic~mond , Virginia. Also available is Antiblaze l9T, a low viscosity grade ~lame retardant containing 93% active ingredient and formulated espec~ ally for textile treating r~guirements. As described by the supplier, Antiblaze l9 has a flash point of 464 E (240 C), and l9T a flssh point of 459 F (237 C) by the Cleveland c~pen cup method; both are suited for application as high temperatures.
An essential part of the present invention is heating the fibers in the presence of both the dye~tuf (disper e or acidic) plus the flame retardant liguid.
Treatment temperatures in the range of 300 - 600 F are * Trad~mark -7-.. :. ..... - . ~ .
~2986~35 contemplated. However, higher and lower temperatures may be employed depending upon the specific heat characteristics of the aromatic polyamide fiber being treated, heat tolerance of the dyestuff itself, and the nature of the flame retardant liquid. Heating is generally in the range of about 350 F to about 390 F
and for a period of time sufficient to impart the desired fla~e retardant characteristics to the fiber as well as to introduce a sufficient quantity of dyes-tuff into the fiber. Exposure times range from per:iods as short as 10 seconds up to 2 minutes or longer, depending upon the processing conditions and the equipment employed.
~, Dyestuff-containing compositions and flame-retardant treatments are detailed below.
The pad/thermosol process. A solution of "neat"
(undiluted) flame retardant containing the desired quantity of disperse or acid dye is padded onto the fibers at ambient temperatures, then heat treated in order to "fix" the dyestuff to the fiber and provide the required flame-retardant treatment. Following this, the fibers are washed with an aqueous detergent (scoured) then given a rinse in a halogenated hydrocarbon, for instance perchloroethylene.
.,.,.,,~,."
~Z9868~
rint pastes A paste of disperse dyestuff is made with the li~uid flame-retardant material, and this wat.er-free paste is then applied to the aramid fabrics to be treated either in a uniform manner, such as with a doctor knife, nip roll or the like, or in a predetermined pattern on a printing machine. Heat is applied in order to fix the dyestuff to the fiber and accomplish the required flame retardant treatment, and thi~ is followed by an aqueous detergent scour and a rinse in a halogenated hydrocarbon.
Immersi in hot fluid. Successful dyeing and flame retardant kreatment may be accomplished by immersing the fibers, typically in fabric form, into a bath containing the flame retardant material in which the requisite quantity of disperse or acid dye has been dissolved. When Antiblaze l9 is used as the flame retardant liquid, the dyestuff solution is maintained at a temperature in the range of about 350 to 380 F, and the fibers are exposed to the heated solution for various periods of time ranging from as little as 15 seconds up to about 2 minutes. This immersion is followed by an aqueous detergent scour and then rinsing with a halogenated hydrocarbon.
While not wishing to be bound by any theory or mode of operation, it would appear that a suitable _g_ ; , .
~Z~13685 flame retardant acts both as a solvent or a vehicle for dyeing the fiber and causing the fiber itself to swell, thus allowing the disperse or acid dye to enter into the fibers. In addition, it appears that the dyeing mechanism is an equilibrium condition between the fiber and the flame-retardank fluid -- the greater the solubility of the dye in the flame-retardant liquid, the less the "solubility" of the dye in the fiber. The dye yield thus depends upon solubility of the dye in the flame retardant fluid.
The process of the present invention makes it possible to both dye and improve the flame retardant characteristics of aramid fibers using either acid dyes or disperse dyes with the minimum number of steps, at a rapid rate of treatment and on existing equipment. The dyes can be applied by a pad/thermosol process, immersion in the hot flame-retardant fluid containing the dye, or by incorporating the flame-retarda~t fluid into a print paste and printing the fabric. The flame-retardant fluid may also contain an organic solvent swelling agent to assist in swelling the aramid fiber and thus facilitate introduction of the dyestuff and flame-retardant into the fiber. Such swelling agents include N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethylacetamide.
1~8~ 3S
Flame Retard~ncY Te~ts The processes of the present invention are capable of imparting desirable flame-retardant properties to the material being treated so that the abric will at least meet the standards established by the requisite review or governmental authority. A host of such tests are given in U.S. 4,120,79~. However, those more specific to aramid fibers, and in particular Nomex, are NFPA 701, FTM 5903 and FTM 5905. Significant is the fact that the product produced by the process of this invention does not exhibit a~terglow following exposure to open flame. By contrast, most aramid fibers have an afterglow of about 12 seconds following exposure to open flame. This afterglow is a critical factor because it will support combustion if combustible gases are also present. In addition, Nomex fabrics treated in accordance with the present invention perform better in most tests than the undyed (greige) fabrics.
Treated fabrics submitted to testing exhibit a minimum shrinkage when exposed to open 1ame, do not support combustion when removed from the open flame and do not exhibit afterglow. By contrast, unfinished Nomex fabrics continue to burn for several seconds after being removed from flame and there is some afterglow present; unfinished Nomex samples also shrink considerably.
.~
.
~29~3685 Flame retardancy testing procedures and methods are explained in more detail below. From these tests it will be apparent that the simultaneous dyeing and flame-retardant treatment of the present invention improves the burning characteristics of aramid fibers, specifically Nomex fabric. In addition, testing indicates that the finish is durable, many samples retaining desirable properties after the equivalent of 50 home launderings in a washing machine.
One specific test of importance is the Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI), determined according to ASTM Method D-2863-77, which is an expression of the percent of oxygen needed to suppor-t combustion on a sample (see below). For greige Nomex fabric, the LOI ~alue is 26.6%. The same Nomex fabric but dyed and flame retardant treated in accordance with the process of the curren-t invention has a LOI value of 39% for oxygen.
Untreated PBI (another iber that is inherently flame retardant~ exhibits a LOI of 41%.
.~
FR Federal Test Method 5903 is intended for use in determining the resistance of cloth to flame and glow propagation and tendency to char. A rectangular cloth test specimen (70mm x 120mm) with long dimension parallel to the warp or fill direction is placed in a holder and suspended vertically in a cabinet with the ' .~
' 129E~6~5 lower end 3/4 inch above the top of a Fisher gas burner. A synthetic gas mixture consisting primarily of hydrogen and methane is supplied to the burner.
After the specimen is mounted in the cabinet and the door closed, the burner flame is applied vertically at the middle of the lower edge of the specimen for 12 seconds. The specimen continues to flame after the burner is extin~uished. The time in seconds the specimen continues to glow after the specimen has ceased to flame is reported as afterglow time; if the specimen glows for more than 30 seconds, it is removed from the test cabinet, taking care not to fan the flame, and suspended in a draft-free area in the same vertical position as in the test cabinet. Char length, the distance (in mm) from the end of the specimen which was exposed to the flame, to the end of a lengthwise tear through the center of the charred area to the highest peak in the charred area, is also measured and the results averaged.
ER Federal Te~-t Method 5gO5, flame contact test is a measurement of the resistance of textiles and other materials to flame propagation that exposes the specimen to the flame source for a longer period of ~ time than test method 5903. A test specimen the same -~ size as in the above method is exposed to a high temperature butane gas flame 3 inches in height by ~`
; -13-:, ~Z98613S
vertical suspension in the flame for 12 seconds, the lowest part of the specimen always 1.5 inches above the center of the burner. At the end of 12 seconds, the specimen is withdrawn from the flame slowly, and any afterflaming timed. The speciman is then re-introduced into the flame and again slowly withdrawn after 12 seconds and any afterflame timed. For each 12-second exposure the results are reported as: ignites, propagates flame; ignites but is self-extinguishing; is ignition resistant; melts; shrinks away from the flame;
or drops flaming pieces.
Limiting O~ygen Index (LOI) is a method of measuring the minimum oxygen concentration needed to support candle-like combustion of a sample according to ASTM D-2863-77. A test specimen is placed vertically in a glass cylinder, ignited, and a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen is flowed upwardly through the column. An initial oxygen concentration is selected, the specimen ignited from the top and the length of burning and the time are noted. The oxygen concentration is adjusted, the specimen is re-ignited (or a new specimen inserted), and the test is repeated until the lowest concentration of oxygen needed to support burning is reached.
:
, ~ , 9~36~5 The invention will be further explained with reference to the following examples in which all parts and percentages are by weight and temperatures reported in degrees Fahrenheit.
xample I
A pad bath, consisting of Antiblaze 19 in which 3%
Disperse Red 90 (C.I. 11117) was dissolved, was padded onto Nomex fabric at ambient temperature, then heat treated at 390 F for 60 seconds using a Benz oven.
Following heat treatment, the dyed Nomex fabric was scoured with an a~ueous detergent, then rinsed with perchloroethylene. Color retention was good and the dyeing was level when the fabric was examined ~or side-to-side and end-to-end dyeing.
Example II
, A print paste was made of Disperse Red 90 (3%) and Antiblaze 19; no other ingredients were added. The dry paste that resulted was printed onto Nomex fabric and heat treated in the same manner as in Example I at 380 F for 60 seconds. After scouring and rinsing, also as in Example I, the dye appeared to be well fixed onto the Nomex fabric.
~2~
E~ample III
Example II was repeated, this time using Disperse Blue 56 (CI-63285), and similar results were obtained.
Example IV
In the manner of Example I, a pad bath was prepared containing Acid Blue 171 (Acid Blue 3GL-200) and this was padded onto samples of Nomex 455 fabric which was then heat treated at 380 F for 90 seconds followed by an aqueous detergent scour and rinse. The procedure was repeated using Acid Green 70 (Acid Olive 3BL-131).
The samples thus prepared appeared to have the dyestuff suitably fixed to the fiber. However, the yield was not as great as with the disp0rse dyes. It is believed that the yield is a function of the solubility of the dye in the flame retardant fluid and that the dyeing mechanism is an equilibrium between the fiber and the flame retardant fluid.
':~
" ~, .. .
12~6~5 E~ample V
An equal mixture containing 0.33~ of Disperse Red 60, 0.33% of Disperse Yellow 54 and 0.33% of Disperse Blue 56 was dissolved in neat Antiblaze 19. Th~
solution was heated to a temperature in the ranye of 350-380 F and samples of Nomex fabric were immersed in the dye solution for periods of from 15 seconds to 2 minutes. The æamples were then scoured with an aqueous detergent solution and then rinsed in perchloroethylene. Analysis of the samples indicates that color yield is improved at higher temperatures and with higher dwell times in the heated fluid.
The process of the invention provides a convenient way to dye aramid fibers susceptible to treatment, particularly Nomex fibers, and to impart improved flame-retardancy properties over and above those of the undyed fabric.
E~ample VI
Nomex (T-455) fabric was continuously FR finished and dyed by immersion of the fabric through a hot fluid bath containing neat (undiluted) Antiblaze 19 (ABl9) and a disperse dyestuff. The hot neat ABl9 and 0.5% of ~ltasol Blue 3N (Disperse Blue 14, CI-61500, 12.5mg) ~L29~ S
were dissolved in the bath (2.5g). The bath was heated to 375 F in an indirect (oil) heated trough and the Nomex fabric was passed through the hot fluid with dyestuff having a dwell time of two minutes in the hot fluid. The fabric was squeezed through the nip of two rubber rolls to approximately 110% wet pickup. The fabric wa~ then thoroughly scoured with hot water (140F) and detergent (approximately 0.05% non-ionic detergent). The color yield was observed to be good.
Based on phosphorus analysis, the final finished and dyed sample had 3.5% AB19 fixed in the fiber.
The fabric was then examined for its flammability properties and the following data were collected:
LOI - 0.3g (39%) Warp Direction Fill Direction Ave Ave Ave Ave Ave Ave A~terflame Char Aftcrglow A~terflame Char Afterglow 0 1.3" 0 0 1.3" 0 ~L~986~5 ~ FTM - 5905 (Using Natural Gas) HARP FILL
Ave Ave Ave Avo Ave Avo 13t 2nd lnche~ 13t 2nd inche~
Aftorflame Aftorflamo Uncharrod Af~orflamo Aftorflamo Uncharred O O ~O . O O 0 10 . 0"
The average percent consumed was 16.7%
~ g reflected by the above data, the flammability characteristics were very good with an average char length of only 1.3 inches using the FTM-5903 test method. There was no afterglow on the samples which compares to the controls. The consumption in ETM-5905 was only 16.7%. This compares to 25% to 35% for normal Nomex fabrics.
As a control, undyed Nomex fabric (T-455) was examined for flammability and the following results ~ noted:
: LOI .... 0.273 (27.3%) :`
-: --19--~Z986~
Warp Direction Fill Direction Ave Ave Ave Ave Ave Ave Afterflamo Char Afterg 10NAfterflame Char Afterglo~
O Z.8 3 se~. 0 2.5 3 sec.
FTM - 5903 (Using Natural Gas) WARP FILL
Ave Ave Ave Ave Ave Ave Ist 2nd inches 1st 2ndinches Aftorflame Afterflame Uncharred Aft~rflame Afterflame Uncharred 6 sec. 3 sec. 8.6 9 sec. 1 sec. 8.4 3~.2~ consumed E~ample VII
Acid dyes were applied via undiluted flame retardant. Solutions of Acid Blue 3GL 200 (Acid Blue .~ 171) and Acid Olive 3BL 131 (Acid Green 70), both 1~, in ABl9 were padded onto T-455 Nomex and heated in a Benz oven at 380 F for 60 seconds. The samples were then given a hot water scouring. The dyed samples ~ appeared to have good color retention.
:~.
~ -20-~' :
.
lZ9~16~35 E~ample YIII
Disperse Dyes applied via undiluted flame retardant. In a manner similar to Example 1, for comparison, a Nomex sample was also treated with only a 1% solution of Dispersed Dye Red 90 using the same conditions as discussed above. The color retention after scouring was good.
~xample IX
Acid Dye~. In the manner of Example IV, 3% baths of Acid Blue 171 and Acid Green 70 in ABl9 were prepared and heated to 220 F to insure good dye solubility. The hot dye solutions were applied to the Nomex samples and then passed through a Benz oven at 380 F for 90 seconds. The samples were given a hot detergent scour and dried. The dyed samples had good color retention.
ample X
Application of Acid Dyes via a Flame Retardant.
Samples of Nomex were dyed with baths having a dye (2.5% Acid Blue 3GL-200) dissolved in 90/10, 50/50, and 25/75 ABl9/water mixtures. All samples were heated in a Benz oven at 350 F for either 60 or 120 seconds and ; 9~s at 380 F for either 60 or 120 seconds. The samples were given a hot water scour at 140 F and then given a process wash in a washing machine. Only the dyed samples which were heated to 400 F had good color retention.
The surface appearance and hand of the normal processed Nome~ fabric is somewhat harsh. It was noted that the treatment with the flame-retardant/solvent system greatly improved the touch of the final finished Nomex fabric.
Grab tensile strengths were obtained to determine the potential strenyth loss of the fabrics which were dyed and finished, and lightfastness for certain samples were also obtained. The results are reported below:
~9~36~5 Tensllc Stren~th~
Warp Flll Al~l 9YN20 Temperature~Timc Lb3, Lb~ .
90/10 w/dye 400-F/60 ~ea . 261.5 Z18.7 400/120 24B.5 204.3 350/60 264.2 211.8 350/120 255.7 223.3 90/10 35~1Z0 260.0 213.7 400/120 258.3 20Z.0 50~50 ~/dyc 350/60 264.2 226.2 350/120 267.5 232.Z
400/60 258.5 21 ~ .2 400/120 262.1 211.6 50/50 350/~20 2~1.2 226.2 400/120 269.8 213.7 25/75 w~dyc 400~120 268.2 220.0 400~60 256.3 229.3 350~60 269.2 227.2 350~120 267.0 236.8 25~75 350~120 243.0 227.5 400~120 263.3 226.0 Control 284.8 234.4 1 An average of three determinations 2 Contains 2.5% dye dissolved in the flame retardant :
;
~L29~S
Xenon Ligh~a~tne~ Te~t Rating Ra~in~
AB 19~HzO ratioTime ~m1n.1 Temperature~ 20 hr~. 40 hr~.
,~ 90~10 120 35~ 4.5 4.0 400 4.5 4.5 Iz 4~0 4.5 4.5 50/50 lZ~ 350 4.5 4.0 IZ~ 400 4.5 4.0 Z5/75 60 400 4.5 4.0 120 400 4.5 4.5 ~am~le ~I
Application of Acid Dyes Using Production Type Equipment. A dye formulation was developed for application from a flame-retardant/water mixture that would match the Sage Green shade for the military apparel. This formulation was applied to a plain weave and a twill fahric. The formulation consisted of:
2.00% Irgalan Olive Green 2BC
0.20% Nylanthrene Yellow SL2007 tYellow l9B) 0.20% Irgalan Orange P-2R (Acid Orange 154) dissolved in a 80/20 mixture of AB19/water. The mixture was applied and heated in the manner of Example X; the wet pickup was about 60%. The treated sample was run through the tenter frame at 380 F for a dwell ~2913~85 time of three minutes. Approximately 10 yards o fabric was dyed. After the heat treatment, the fabrics were scoured in 0.5% nonionic de-tergent and 0.5% soda ash at 180 F and then hot water rinsed. The following data were collected:
~' Flammability Data plain weave LOI - 0.409 ~larp Flll Aftorflame Char Afterglow Afterflame Char Afterglow 0 1.2 0 0 1.2 0 0 1.2 0 0 1.1 0 0 1.2 0 0 1.2 0 0 1.3 0 0 1.1 0 twill fabric LOI - 0.434 : -25-~29E~ S
Warp Fill ter~lamo Char ~glow Afterflame Char Aftor~low 0 1.0 0 0 1.0 0 O ~.1 0 0 1.1 0 O 1.~ 0 0 0.7 0 0 1.0 0 0 0.~ 0 The shade was very close to the standard Military Sage Green. The fixation was very good based on observation and crocking and the IIIA Washing Test.
' Wet Crocking Dry Crocking plain weave 5.0 5.0 twill 5.0 5.0 IIIA Washing Test Fabric Nylon PolYester Cotton plain weave 4.5 5.0 4.5 twill 4-5 4-5 4 5 ';
. .
, ~ -26-;
~. .
A ~EIN~ AND FLAME RETARDANT
- REATME~ FOR ~RAMIDS
This invention relates to the concurrent dyeing and flame-retardant treatment of aramid, preferably in fabric form, and is specific to the use of cyclic phosphonate esters having flame retardant properties.
These esters serve to swell the aramid fiber and allow for introduction of a dyestuff into the fiber.
_ CK~ROUND OF THE INVENTION
The aramid fiber Nomex (a registered trademar~ of duPont) has several interesting and indeed unique properties that make it highly desirable for specific applications. As an example, the fiber is inherently flame retardant, and thus lends itself to applications in which such 1ame retardant properties are desirable.
Aramid fibers are extremely hard to dye, due, in part, to the crystallinity of the fiber. Solution-dyed aramid fibers are available but only in limited colors as selected by the fiber manufacturer. Frequently dye carriers such as acetophenone have been used to ~; effectively dye such fibers. However, these carriers may themselves be flammable or detract from the otherwise good inherently flame retardant properties of the fiber. In addition, acetophenone dyed products ~ have a rather characteristic odor that is not well ':
' 8~85 accepted. Dyes introduced in-to the fiber and/or topical finishes and chemicals applied to the fiber affect the flame retardant characteristics of tha final product.
Observations with respect to the flame retardant properties, or lack thereo~, for aramid fibers are similar to those noted in the dyeing and finishing of glass fabrics. While glass fibers will not themselves support combustion, the pigments, dyes or other finishes applied to glass fabrics will burn. Glass fabric forms a convenient matrix to support the pigments, dyes or finish, and this matrix provides a relatively large surface area and allows flames to propagate. A similar situation occurs with Nomex fabrics and thus, as with glass fabrics, it is sometimes necessary to add an auxiliary flame retardant chemical to the finish to improve the overall flame retardant characteristics of the final aramid product.
It is therefore an object of this invention to both dye and flame retard aramid fibers, specifically poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide) or Nomex, in a single step and to provide a product that has flame retardant qualities that are at least as good as, if not better than, the corresponding undyed, greige aramid fabric.
The invention includes the application of a flame ~Z9~6~
., retardant material or flame retardant system together with a di~p~rse dye or an acid dye (anionic dye) to an aramid fiber in the form of a ~taple, tow, or yarn;
woYen, ~on-woven, circular knitted, or tricot knitted ~abric~; crimped, texturized, flocked, or t~fted textiles; but preferably in the form of a woven fabric.
The acid or di~per~e dye may be applied to the fiber~
u~ing any convenient process; however (1) a pad/th~rmosol process, (2) a print paste proces~, or (3) immersion of the fibers into a neat, heated ~olution of flame retardant plu8 dyestuff gives the best recult~.
Candidate fibers for the dyeing and flame retardant process of thi~ invention are known generally as aromatic polyamide~ or "aramid~". This class includes a wide variety of polymers as disclosed in U.S. 4,324,706. Experience indicatec that for ~ome reason not full~y under6tood, not all type~ of aramid fibers can be reproducibly treated by this proce~s;
those fibers that are not ~uited do not allow the di6perse of acid dye to enter the fiber and are only surface stained. thu~, a fiber amenable to the proce~6 of this invention i~ elected from the class of aramid~
~uitable for dyeing and flame retarding. Such fibers are referred to here a~ treatable, i.e., dyeable and ~ ~, ~'-.
3~298EiE~i flame-retardant treatable aramids and are known chemically as poly~m-phenyleneisophthalamide3, i.e., the meta isomer which is the poly condensation product of m-phenylenediamine and isophthalic acid. Below is a listing of fibers now commercially available identified by fiber name (usually a trademark) and producer:
Eiber Name Producer Nom~x DuPont Apyeil Unitika :: (5207) Apyeil-A Unitika (6007) Conex Teijin Selection of ~ suitable aramid amenable to the continuous dyeing and flame retarding process of this invention can be conveniently made by subjecting a fiber sample to an abbreviated test to determine fiber acceptability. Experience indicates that fibers of the para isomer, polytp-phenyleneterephthalamide), represented commercially by duPont's Kevlar and Enka-Glanzstoff's ~renka, as well as Rhone-Poulenc's ; ~Kermel and polybenzimidazole tPBI), are merely stained or changed in color but are not dyed by the process of this invention. Accordingly, as used in the text of ~ ~ Trademark ,~ .
.~
''\
l;~9B685 this application and in the claims that follow, the expressions "aramid" and "aromatic polyamide fiber", when pertaining to the novel process of this invention, will signify the meta isomer~ Blends of poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide) fibers with other fibers, including fibers of the para isomer, may be subjected to the dyeing process in which case only the meta isomer fibers will be dyed.
The flame retardant materials used in the process of this invention do not degrade and successfully withstand heat treatment at temperatures over 300 F, and are typically liquid at such temperatures. Among the types of materials that may be employed, preferred are the cyclic phosphonate ester~ described, for instance, in one or more of U.S. Patents 3,894,386, 3,149,476, 3,991,019 and 3,511,857.
The flame retardant materials used in accordance with the present invention are thermally stable cyclic phosphonate esters prepared by reacting al~yl-halogen-free esters with a bicyclic phosphite.
As a class these cyclic phosphonate esters are represented by one of the formulas:
(R'O)b ~ - OCd C ~ ~ ~ ~ R
lZ91368~
where a i~ 0 or 1; b is 0, 1 or 2, C i9 1, 2 or 3 and a~b+c is 3; R and R' are the ~ame or different and are alkyl (Cl-C8), phenyl, halophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, phenethyl, hydroxyethyl, phenoxyethyl, or dibromophenoxymethyl; R2 is alkyl (C~Cg); and R3 i~ lower alkyl (Cl-C4) or hydroxyalkyl (Cl-C4) or (R O C~--R ~ COC'dzt Z ~:'R~) where d is 0, 1 or 2; e is 1, 2 or 3; R2 is alkyl (Cl-C4); R3 is lower alkyl (Cl-C4) or hydroxyalkyl (Cl-C4) or hydroxyalkyl (Cl-C4~; R4 is alkyl (Cl-C4) phenyl, halophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, hydroxyethyl, phenoxyethyl, dibromophenoxyethyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, or phenethyl; and R5 is monovalent alkyl : (Cl-C6), chlorophenyl, bromophenyl, dibromophenyl, :. 15 tribromophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, naphthyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, or phenethyl; divalent alkylene (Cl-C6), vinylene, o-phenylene, m-phenylene, p-phenylene, tetrachlorophenylene (o, m, or p), or ~: tetrabromophenylene (o, m, or p); or trivalent phenenyl.
~ :
~ ' .
.. - ,, ~:
lLZ9~61~S
The preferred compounds are repre~ented by the formula: C~2c~
" ~ CH2 ~,"
' C~, c~2o in which n is 0 or 1, usually a 50:50 mixture o~ the mono and di-esters. The preparation of these cyclic p~osphonate e~ters and their u~e as flame retardants are de-~cribed i~ U.S. 3,789,091 and 3,849,368.
The 50:50 mixture of these eQters is available as ~Antibla~e 19 t YOmetimeS AB 19 herein) from Albright &
Wil50n, ~nc ., of ~ic~mond , Virginia. Also available is Antiblaze l9T, a low viscosity grade ~lame retardant containing 93% active ingredient and formulated espec~ ally for textile treating r~guirements. As described by the supplier, Antiblaze l9 has a flash point of 464 E (240 C), and l9T a flssh point of 459 F (237 C) by the Cleveland c~pen cup method; both are suited for application as high temperatures.
An essential part of the present invention is heating the fibers in the presence of both the dye~tuf (disper e or acidic) plus the flame retardant liguid.
Treatment temperatures in the range of 300 - 600 F are * Trad~mark -7-.. :. ..... - . ~ .
~2986~35 contemplated. However, higher and lower temperatures may be employed depending upon the specific heat characteristics of the aromatic polyamide fiber being treated, heat tolerance of the dyestuff itself, and the nature of the flame retardant liquid. Heating is generally in the range of about 350 F to about 390 F
and for a period of time sufficient to impart the desired fla~e retardant characteristics to the fiber as well as to introduce a sufficient quantity of dyes-tuff into the fiber. Exposure times range from per:iods as short as 10 seconds up to 2 minutes or longer, depending upon the processing conditions and the equipment employed.
~, Dyestuff-containing compositions and flame-retardant treatments are detailed below.
The pad/thermosol process. A solution of "neat"
(undiluted) flame retardant containing the desired quantity of disperse or acid dye is padded onto the fibers at ambient temperatures, then heat treated in order to "fix" the dyestuff to the fiber and provide the required flame-retardant treatment. Following this, the fibers are washed with an aqueous detergent (scoured) then given a rinse in a halogenated hydrocarbon, for instance perchloroethylene.
.,.,.,,~,."
~Z9868~
rint pastes A paste of disperse dyestuff is made with the li~uid flame-retardant material, and this wat.er-free paste is then applied to the aramid fabrics to be treated either in a uniform manner, such as with a doctor knife, nip roll or the like, or in a predetermined pattern on a printing machine. Heat is applied in order to fix the dyestuff to the fiber and accomplish the required flame retardant treatment, and thi~ is followed by an aqueous detergent scour and a rinse in a halogenated hydrocarbon.
Immersi in hot fluid. Successful dyeing and flame retardant kreatment may be accomplished by immersing the fibers, typically in fabric form, into a bath containing the flame retardant material in which the requisite quantity of disperse or acid dye has been dissolved. When Antiblaze l9 is used as the flame retardant liquid, the dyestuff solution is maintained at a temperature in the range of about 350 to 380 F, and the fibers are exposed to the heated solution for various periods of time ranging from as little as 15 seconds up to about 2 minutes. This immersion is followed by an aqueous detergent scour and then rinsing with a halogenated hydrocarbon.
While not wishing to be bound by any theory or mode of operation, it would appear that a suitable _g_ ; , .
~Z~13685 flame retardant acts both as a solvent or a vehicle for dyeing the fiber and causing the fiber itself to swell, thus allowing the disperse or acid dye to enter into the fibers. In addition, it appears that the dyeing mechanism is an equilibrium condition between the fiber and the flame-retardank fluid -- the greater the solubility of the dye in the flame-retardant liquid, the less the "solubility" of the dye in the fiber. The dye yield thus depends upon solubility of the dye in the flame retardant fluid.
The process of the present invention makes it possible to both dye and improve the flame retardant characteristics of aramid fibers using either acid dyes or disperse dyes with the minimum number of steps, at a rapid rate of treatment and on existing equipment. The dyes can be applied by a pad/thermosol process, immersion in the hot flame-retardant fluid containing the dye, or by incorporating the flame-retarda~t fluid into a print paste and printing the fabric. The flame-retardant fluid may also contain an organic solvent swelling agent to assist in swelling the aramid fiber and thus facilitate introduction of the dyestuff and flame-retardant into the fiber. Such swelling agents include N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethylacetamide.
1~8~ 3S
Flame Retard~ncY Te~ts The processes of the present invention are capable of imparting desirable flame-retardant properties to the material being treated so that the abric will at least meet the standards established by the requisite review or governmental authority. A host of such tests are given in U.S. 4,120,79~. However, those more specific to aramid fibers, and in particular Nomex, are NFPA 701, FTM 5903 and FTM 5905. Significant is the fact that the product produced by the process of this invention does not exhibit a~terglow following exposure to open flame. By contrast, most aramid fibers have an afterglow of about 12 seconds following exposure to open flame. This afterglow is a critical factor because it will support combustion if combustible gases are also present. In addition, Nomex fabrics treated in accordance with the present invention perform better in most tests than the undyed (greige) fabrics.
Treated fabrics submitted to testing exhibit a minimum shrinkage when exposed to open 1ame, do not support combustion when removed from the open flame and do not exhibit afterglow. By contrast, unfinished Nomex fabrics continue to burn for several seconds after being removed from flame and there is some afterglow present; unfinished Nomex samples also shrink considerably.
.~
.
~29~3685 Flame retardancy testing procedures and methods are explained in more detail below. From these tests it will be apparent that the simultaneous dyeing and flame-retardant treatment of the present invention improves the burning characteristics of aramid fibers, specifically Nomex fabric. In addition, testing indicates that the finish is durable, many samples retaining desirable properties after the equivalent of 50 home launderings in a washing machine.
One specific test of importance is the Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI), determined according to ASTM Method D-2863-77, which is an expression of the percent of oxygen needed to suppor-t combustion on a sample (see below). For greige Nomex fabric, the LOI ~alue is 26.6%. The same Nomex fabric but dyed and flame retardant treated in accordance with the process of the curren-t invention has a LOI value of 39% for oxygen.
Untreated PBI (another iber that is inherently flame retardant~ exhibits a LOI of 41%.
.~
FR Federal Test Method 5903 is intended for use in determining the resistance of cloth to flame and glow propagation and tendency to char. A rectangular cloth test specimen (70mm x 120mm) with long dimension parallel to the warp or fill direction is placed in a holder and suspended vertically in a cabinet with the ' .~
' 129E~6~5 lower end 3/4 inch above the top of a Fisher gas burner. A synthetic gas mixture consisting primarily of hydrogen and methane is supplied to the burner.
After the specimen is mounted in the cabinet and the door closed, the burner flame is applied vertically at the middle of the lower edge of the specimen for 12 seconds. The specimen continues to flame after the burner is extin~uished. The time in seconds the specimen continues to glow after the specimen has ceased to flame is reported as afterglow time; if the specimen glows for more than 30 seconds, it is removed from the test cabinet, taking care not to fan the flame, and suspended in a draft-free area in the same vertical position as in the test cabinet. Char length, the distance (in mm) from the end of the specimen which was exposed to the flame, to the end of a lengthwise tear through the center of the charred area to the highest peak in the charred area, is also measured and the results averaged.
ER Federal Te~-t Method 5gO5, flame contact test is a measurement of the resistance of textiles and other materials to flame propagation that exposes the specimen to the flame source for a longer period of ~ time than test method 5903. A test specimen the same -~ size as in the above method is exposed to a high temperature butane gas flame 3 inches in height by ~`
; -13-:, ~Z98613S
vertical suspension in the flame for 12 seconds, the lowest part of the specimen always 1.5 inches above the center of the burner. At the end of 12 seconds, the specimen is withdrawn from the flame slowly, and any afterflaming timed. The speciman is then re-introduced into the flame and again slowly withdrawn after 12 seconds and any afterflame timed. For each 12-second exposure the results are reported as: ignites, propagates flame; ignites but is self-extinguishing; is ignition resistant; melts; shrinks away from the flame;
or drops flaming pieces.
Limiting O~ygen Index (LOI) is a method of measuring the minimum oxygen concentration needed to support candle-like combustion of a sample according to ASTM D-2863-77. A test specimen is placed vertically in a glass cylinder, ignited, and a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen is flowed upwardly through the column. An initial oxygen concentration is selected, the specimen ignited from the top and the length of burning and the time are noted. The oxygen concentration is adjusted, the specimen is re-ignited (or a new specimen inserted), and the test is repeated until the lowest concentration of oxygen needed to support burning is reached.
:
, ~ , 9~36~5 The invention will be further explained with reference to the following examples in which all parts and percentages are by weight and temperatures reported in degrees Fahrenheit.
xample I
A pad bath, consisting of Antiblaze 19 in which 3%
Disperse Red 90 (C.I. 11117) was dissolved, was padded onto Nomex fabric at ambient temperature, then heat treated at 390 F for 60 seconds using a Benz oven.
Following heat treatment, the dyed Nomex fabric was scoured with an a~ueous detergent, then rinsed with perchloroethylene. Color retention was good and the dyeing was level when the fabric was examined ~or side-to-side and end-to-end dyeing.
Example II
, A print paste was made of Disperse Red 90 (3%) and Antiblaze 19; no other ingredients were added. The dry paste that resulted was printed onto Nomex fabric and heat treated in the same manner as in Example I at 380 F for 60 seconds. After scouring and rinsing, also as in Example I, the dye appeared to be well fixed onto the Nomex fabric.
~2~
E~ample III
Example II was repeated, this time using Disperse Blue 56 (CI-63285), and similar results were obtained.
Example IV
In the manner of Example I, a pad bath was prepared containing Acid Blue 171 (Acid Blue 3GL-200) and this was padded onto samples of Nomex 455 fabric which was then heat treated at 380 F for 90 seconds followed by an aqueous detergent scour and rinse. The procedure was repeated using Acid Green 70 (Acid Olive 3BL-131).
The samples thus prepared appeared to have the dyestuff suitably fixed to the fiber. However, the yield was not as great as with the disp0rse dyes. It is believed that the yield is a function of the solubility of the dye in the flame retardant fluid and that the dyeing mechanism is an equilibrium between the fiber and the flame retardant fluid.
':~
" ~, .. .
12~6~5 E~ample V
An equal mixture containing 0.33~ of Disperse Red 60, 0.33% of Disperse Yellow 54 and 0.33% of Disperse Blue 56 was dissolved in neat Antiblaze 19. Th~
solution was heated to a temperature in the ranye of 350-380 F and samples of Nomex fabric were immersed in the dye solution for periods of from 15 seconds to 2 minutes. The æamples were then scoured with an aqueous detergent solution and then rinsed in perchloroethylene. Analysis of the samples indicates that color yield is improved at higher temperatures and with higher dwell times in the heated fluid.
The process of the invention provides a convenient way to dye aramid fibers susceptible to treatment, particularly Nomex fibers, and to impart improved flame-retardancy properties over and above those of the undyed fabric.
E~ample VI
Nomex (T-455) fabric was continuously FR finished and dyed by immersion of the fabric through a hot fluid bath containing neat (undiluted) Antiblaze 19 (ABl9) and a disperse dyestuff. The hot neat ABl9 and 0.5% of ~ltasol Blue 3N (Disperse Blue 14, CI-61500, 12.5mg) ~L29~ S
were dissolved in the bath (2.5g). The bath was heated to 375 F in an indirect (oil) heated trough and the Nomex fabric was passed through the hot fluid with dyestuff having a dwell time of two minutes in the hot fluid. The fabric was squeezed through the nip of two rubber rolls to approximately 110% wet pickup. The fabric wa~ then thoroughly scoured with hot water (140F) and detergent (approximately 0.05% non-ionic detergent). The color yield was observed to be good.
Based on phosphorus analysis, the final finished and dyed sample had 3.5% AB19 fixed in the fiber.
The fabric was then examined for its flammability properties and the following data were collected:
LOI - 0.3g (39%) Warp Direction Fill Direction Ave Ave Ave Ave Ave Ave A~terflame Char Aftcrglow A~terflame Char Afterglow 0 1.3" 0 0 1.3" 0 ~L~986~5 ~ FTM - 5905 (Using Natural Gas) HARP FILL
Ave Ave Ave Avo Ave Avo 13t 2nd lnche~ 13t 2nd inche~
Aftorflame Aftorflamo Uncharrod Af~orflamo Aftorflamo Uncharred O O ~O . O O 0 10 . 0"
The average percent consumed was 16.7%
~ g reflected by the above data, the flammability characteristics were very good with an average char length of only 1.3 inches using the FTM-5903 test method. There was no afterglow on the samples which compares to the controls. The consumption in ETM-5905 was only 16.7%. This compares to 25% to 35% for normal Nomex fabrics.
As a control, undyed Nomex fabric (T-455) was examined for flammability and the following results ~ noted:
: LOI .... 0.273 (27.3%) :`
-: --19--~Z986~
Warp Direction Fill Direction Ave Ave Ave Ave Ave Ave Afterflamo Char Afterg 10NAfterflame Char Afterglo~
O Z.8 3 se~. 0 2.5 3 sec.
FTM - 5903 (Using Natural Gas) WARP FILL
Ave Ave Ave Ave Ave Ave Ist 2nd inches 1st 2ndinches Aftorflame Afterflame Uncharred Aft~rflame Afterflame Uncharred 6 sec. 3 sec. 8.6 9 sec. 1 sec. 8.4 3~.2~ consumed E~ample VII
Acid dyes were applied via undiluted flame retardant. Solutions of Acid Blue 3GL 200 (Acid Blue .~ 171) and Acid Olive 3BL 131 (Acid Green 70), both 1~, in ABl9 were padded onto T-455 Nomex and heated in a Benz oven at 380 F for 60 seconds. The samples were then given a hot water scouring. The dyed samples ~ appeared to have good color retention.
:~.
~ -20-~' :
.
lZ9~16~35 E~ample YIII
Disperse Dyes applied via undiluted flame retardant. In a manner similar to Example 1, for comparison, a Nomex sample was also treated with only a 1% solution of Dispersed Dye Red 90 using the same conditions as discussed above. The color retention after scouring was good.
~xample IX
Acid Dye~. In the manner of Example IV, 3% baths of Acid Blue 171 and Acid Green 70 in ABl9 were prepared and heated to 220 F to insure good dye solubility. The hot dye solutions were applied to the Nomex samples and then passed through a Benz oven at 380 F for 90 seconds. The samples were given a hot detergent scour and dried. The dyed samples had good color retention.
ample X
Application of Acid Dyes via a Flame Retardant.
Samples of Nomex were dyed with baths having a dye (2.5% Acid Blue 3GL-200) dissolved in 90/10, 50/50, and 25/75 ABl9/water mixtures. All samples were heated in a Benz oven at 350 F for either 60 or 120 seconds and ; 9~s at 380 F for either 60 or 120 seconds. The samples were given a hot water scour at 140 F and then given a process wash in a washing machine. Only the dyed samples which were heated to 400 F had good color retention.
The surface appearance and hand of the normal processed Nome~ fabric is somewhat harsh. It was noted that the treatment with the flame-retardant/solvent system greatly improved the touch of the final finished Nomex fabric.
Grab tensile strengths were obtained to determine the potential strenyth loss of the fabrics which were dyed and finished, and lightfastness for certain samples were also obtained. The results are reported below:
~9~36~5 Tensllc Stren~th~
Warp Flll Al~l 9YN20 Temperature~Timc Lb3, Lb~ .
90/10 w/dye 400-F/60 ~ea . 261.5 Z18.7 400/120 24B.5 204.3 350/60 264.2 211.8 350/120 255.7 223.3 90/10 35~1Z0 260.0 213.7 400/120 258.3 20Z.0 50~50 ~/dyc 350/60 264.2 226.2 350/120 267.5 232.Z
400/60 258.5 21 ~ .2 400/120 262.1 211.6 50/50 350/~20 2~1.2 226.2 400/120 269.8 213.7 25/75 w~dyc 400~120 268.2 220.0 400~60 256.3 229.3 350~60 269.2 227.2 350~120 267.0 236.8 25~75 350~120 243.0 227.5 400~120 263.3 226.0 Control 284.8 234.4 1 An average of three determinations 2 Contains 2.5% dye dissolved in the flame retardant :
;
~L29~S
Xenon Ligh~a~tne~ Te~t Rating Ra~in~
AB 19~HzO ratioTime ~m1n.1 Temperature~ 20 hr~. 40 hr~.
,~ 90~10 120 35~ 4.5 4.0 400 4.5 4.5 Iz 4~0 4.5 4.5 50/50 lZ~ 350 4.5 4.0 IZ~ 400 4.5 4.0 Z5/75 60 400 4.5 4.0 120 400 4.5 4.5 ~am~le ~I
Application of Acid Dyes Using Production Type Equipment. A dye formulation was developed for application from a flame-retardant/water mixture that would match the Sage Green shade for the military apparel. This formulation was applied to a plain weave and a twill fahric. The formulation consisted of:
2.00% Irgalan Olive Green 2BC
0.20% Nylanthrene Yellow SL2007 tYellow l9B) 0.20% Irgalan Orange P-2R (Acid Orange 154) dissolved in a 80/20 mixture of AB19/water. The mixture was applied and heated in the manner of Example X; the wet pickup was about 60%. The treated sample was run through the tenter frame at 380 F for a dwell ~2913~85 time of three minutes. Approximately 10 yards o fabric was dyed. After the heat treatment, the fabrics were scoured in 0.5% nonionic de-tergent and 0.5% soda ash at 180 F and then hot water rinsed. The following data were collected:
~' Flammability Data plain weave LOI - 0.409 ~larp Flll Aftorflame Char Afterglow Afterflame Char Afterglow 0 1.2 0 0 1.2 0 0 1.2 0 0 1.1 0 0 1.2 0 0 1.2 0 0 1.3 0 0 1.1 0 twill fabric LOI - 0.434 : -25-~29E~ S
Warp Fill ter~lamo Char ~glow Afterflame Char Aftor~low 0 1.0 0 0 1.0 0 O ~.1 0 0 1.1 0 O 1.~ 0 0 0.7 0 0 1.0 0 0 0.~ 0 The shade was very close to the standard Military Sage Green. The fixation was very good based on observation and crocking and the IIIA Washing Test.
' Wet Crocking Dry Crocking plain weave 5.0 5.0 twill 5.0 5.0 IIIA Washing Test Fabric Nylon PolYester Cotton plain weave 4.5 5.0 4.5 twill 4-5 4-5 4 5 ';
. .
, ~ -26-;
~. .
Claims (16)
1. A process of simultaneously dyeing and flame retarding an aramid fiber, comprising the steps of:
(1) contacting dyeable poly(m-phenylene-isophthalamide) fibers or fabric with a solution consisting essentially of a flame-retarding amount of a cyclic phosphonate ester flame retardant represented by the formulae:
(A) where a is 0 or 1; b is 0, 1 or 2, c is 1, 2 or 3 and a+b+c is 3; R and R' are the same or different and are alkyl (C1-C8), phenyl, halophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, phenethyl, hydroxyethyl, phenoxyethyl, or dibromophenoxymethyl; R2 is alkyl (C1-C4); and R3 is lower alkyl (C1-C4) or hydroxyalkyl (C1-C4); or ( B ) where d is 0, 1 or 2; e is 1, 2 or 3; R2 is alkyl (C1-C4); R3 is lower alkyl (C1-C4) or hydroxyalkyl (C1-C4); R4 is alkyl (C1-C4) phenyl, halophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, hydroxyethyl, phenoxyethyl, dibromophenoxyethyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, or phenethyl; and R5 is monovalent alkyl (C1-C6), chlorophenyl, bromophenyl, dibromophenyl, tribromophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, naphthyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, or phenethyl; divalent alkylene (C1-C6), vinylene, o-phenylene, m-phenylene, p-phenylene, tetrachlorophenylene (o, m, or p), or tetrabromophenylene (o, m, or p); or trivalent phenenyl and a disperse dyestuff, an acid dyestuff or both; and (2) heating the aramid fiber treated in step (1) to fix said dye to said fiber.
(1) contacting dyeable poly(m-phenylene-isophthalamide) fibers or fabric with a solution consisting essentially of a flame-retarding amount of a cyclic phosphonate ester flame retardant represented by the formulae:
(A) where a is 0 or 1; b is 0, 1 or 2, c is 1, 2 or 3 and a+b+c is 3; R and R' are the same or different and are alkyl (C1-C8), phenyl, halophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, phenethyl, hydroxyethyl, phenoxyethyl, or dibromophenoxymethyl; R2 is alkyl (C1-C4); and R3 is lower alkyl (C1-C4) or hydroxyalkyl (C1-C4); or ( B ) where d is 0, 1 or 2; e is 1, 2 or 3; R2 is alkyl (C1-C4); R3 is lower alkyl (C1-C4) or hydroxyalkyl (C1-C4); R4 is alkyl (C1-C4) phenyl, halophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, hydroxyethyl, phenoxyethyl, dibromophenoxyethyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, or phenethyl; and R5 is monovalent alkyl (C1-C6), chlorophenyl, bromophenyl, dibromophenyl, tribromophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, naphthyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, or phenethyl; divalent alkylene (C1-C6), vinylene, o-phenylene, m-phenylene, p-phenylene, tetrachlorophenylene (o, m, or p), or tetrabromophenylene (o, m, or p); or trivalent phenenyl and a disperse dyestuff, an acid dyestuff or both; and (2) heating the aramid fiber treated in step (1) to fix said dye to said fiber.
2. The process of claim 1, in which the solution contains a tinctorial amount of a disperse dye.
3. The process of claim 1, in which the solution contains a tinctorial amount of an acid dye.
4. The process of claim 1, in which the solution is applied by padding onto an aramid fabric.
5. The process of claim 1, in which the flame retardant plus dyestuff are applied as a print paste.
6. The process of claim 1, in which the fiber or fabric is heated in step (2) at a temperature in the range of about 350° F to about 400° F.
7. The process of claim 1, in which the fiber or fabric is heated in step (2) for a period of from about 30 seconds to about 2 minutes.
8. The process of claim 6, in which the fiber or fabric is heated in step (2) for a period of from about 30 seconds to about 2 minutes.
9. A process of dyeing and imparting a flame retardant treatment to a dyeable aramid fiber, comprising the successive steps of:
(1) contacting a dyeable poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide) fiber with a solution consisting essentially of a flame-retarding amount of a cyclic phosphonate ester flame retardant represented by the formulae:
(A) where a is 0 or 1; b is 0, 1 or 2, c is 1, 2 or 3 and a+b+c is 3; R and R' are the same or different and are alkyl (C1-C8), phenyl, halophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, phenethyl, hydroxyethyl, phenoxyethyl, or dibromophenoxymethyl; R2 is alkyl (C1-C4); and R3 is lower alkyl (C1-C4) or hydroxyalkyl (C1-C4); or (B) where d is 0, 1 or 2; e is 1, 2 or 3; R2 is alkyl (C1-C4); R3 is lower alkyl (C1-C4) or hydroxyalkyl (C1-C4); R4 is alkyl (C1-C4) phenyl, halophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, hydroxyethyl, phenoxyethyl, dibromophenoxyethyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, or phenethyl; and R5 is monovalent alkyl (C1-C6), chlorophenyl, bromophenyl, dibromophenyl, tribromophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, naphthyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, or phenethyl; divalent alkylene (C1-C6), vinylene, o-phenylene, m-phenylene, p-phenylene, tetrachlorophenylene (o, m, or p), or tetrabromophenylene (o, m, or p); or trivalent phenenyl and a disperse dyestuff, an acid dyestuff or both, the solution being maintained at a temperature of from about 300° F to a temperature not greater than the boiling point of the solution;
(2) allowing the fiber to remain in contact with the solution until the dye is fixed to the fiber;
and (3) removing and drying the dyed and flame-retardant-treated fiber.
(1) contacting a dyeable poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide) fiber with a solution consisting essentially of a flame-retarding amount of a cyclic phosphonate ester flame retardant represented by the formulae:
(A) where a is 0 or 1; b is 0, 1 or 2, c is 1, 2 or 3 and a+b+c is 3; R and R' are the same or different and are alkyl (C1-C8), phenyl, halophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, phenethyl, hydroxyethyl, phenoxyethyl, or dibromophenoxymethyl; R2 is alkyl (C1-C4); and R3 is lower alkyl (C1-C4) or hydroxyalkyl (C1-C4); or (B) where d is 0, 1 or 2; e is 1, 2 or 3; R2 is alkyl (C1-C4); R3 is lower alkyl (C1-C4) or hydroxyalkyl (C1-C4); R4 is alkyl (C1-C4) phenyl, halophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, hydroxyethyl, phenoxyethyl, dibromophenoxyethyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, or phenethyl; and R5 is monovalent alkyl (C1-C6), chlorophenyl, bromophenyl, dibromophenyl, tribromophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, naphthyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, or phenethyl; divalent alkylene (C1-C6), vinylene, o-phenylene, m-phenylene, p-phenylene, tetrachlorophenylene (o, m, or p), or tetrabromophenylene (o, m, or p); or trivalent phenenyl and a disperse dyestuff, an acid dyestuff or both, the solution being maintained at a temperature of from about 300° F to a temperature not greater than the boiling point of the solution;
(2) allowing the fiber to remain in contact with the solution until the dye is fixed to the fiber;
and (3) removing and drying the dyed and flame-retardant-treated fiber.
10. The process of claim 9, in which the solution is maintained at a temperature in the range of about 350° to about 400° F.
11. The process of claim 10, in which the fiber is in contact with the heated solution for from about 15 seconds to about 2 minutes.
12. The process of claim 10, in which the dyestuff is a disperse dye.
13. The process of claim 10, in which the dyestuff is an acid dye.
14. A dyed poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide) fiber or fabric produced by the process of claim 1, having a Limiting Oxygen Index at least 12% (absolute) higher than undyed fiber, both fibers measured by ASTM Method D-2863-77.
15. A dyed poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide) fiber or fabric produced by the process of claim 9, having a Limiting Oxygen Index at least 12% (absolute) higher than undyed fiber, both fibers measured by ASTM Method D-2863-77.
16. A dyed, flame-retarded polymeric fiber made of poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide), dyed with an acid dyestuff, or disperse dyestuff, having a Limiting Oxygen Index at least 12% (absolute) higher than an untreated poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide fiber and flame retarded with at least one cylic phosphonate ester represented by one of the formulae:
(A) where a is 0 or 1; b is 0, 1 or 2, c is 1, 2 or 3 and a+b+c is 3; R and R' are the same or different and are alkyl (C1-C8), phenyl, halophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, phenethyl, hydroxyethyl, phenoxyethyl, or dibromophenoxymethyl; R2 is alkyl (C1-C4); and R3 is lower alkyl (C1-C4) or hydroxyalkyl (C1 C4); or (B) where d is 0, 1 or 2; e is 1, 2 or 3; R2 is alkyl (C1-C4); R3 is lower alkyl (C1-C4) or hydroxyalkyl (C1-C4); R4 is alkyl (C1-C4) phenyl, halophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, hydroxyethyl, phenoxyethyl, dibromophenoxyethyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, or phenethyl; and R5 is monovalent alkyl (C1-C6), chlorophenyl, bromophenyl, dibromophenyl, tribromophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, naphthyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, or phenethyl; divalent alkylene (C1-C6), vinylene, o-phenylene, m-phenylene, p-phenylene, tetrachlorophenylene (o, m, or p), or tetrabromophenylene (o, m, or p); or trivalent phenenyl.
(A) where a is 0 or 1; b is 0, 1 or 2, c is 1, 2 or 3 and a+b+c is 3; R and R' are the same or different and are alkyl (C1-C8), phenyl, halophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, phenethyl, hydroxyethyl, phenoxyethyl, or dibromophenoxymethyl; R2 is alkyl (C1-C4); and R3 is lower alkyl (C1-C4) or hydroxyalkyl (C1 C4); or (B) where d is 0, 1 or 2; e is 1, 2 or 3; R2 is alkyl (C1-C4); R3 is lower alkyl (C1-C4) or hydroxyalkyl (C1-C4); R4 is alkyl (C1-C4) phenyl, halophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, hydroxyethyl, phenoxyethyl, dibromophenoxyethyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, or phenethyl; and R5 is monovalent alkyl (C1-C6), chlorophenyl, bromophenyl, dibromophenyl, tribromophenyl, hydroxyphenyl, naphthyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, or phenethyl; divalent alkylene (C1-C6), vinylene, o-phenylene, m-phenylene, p-phenylene, tetrachlorophenylene (o, m, or p), or tetrabromophenylene (o, m, or p); or trivalent phenenyl.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/871,389 US4752300A (en) | 1986-06-06 | 1986-06-06 | Dyeing and fire retardant treatment for nomex |
| US871,389 | 1986-06-06 | ||
| PCT/US1992/011152 WO1994014921A1 (en) | 1986-06-06 | 1992-12-21 | A dyeing and flame retardant treatment for synthetic textiles |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1298685C true CA1298685C (en) | 1992-04-14 |
Family
ID=26785254
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000538694A Expired - Lifetime CA1298685C (en) | 1986-06-06 | 1987-06-03 | Dyeing and flame retardant treatment for aramids |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4752300A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0249375B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS6328985A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1298685C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3785968D1 (en) |
| IL (1) | IL82652A0 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1994014921A1 (en) |
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| US4902300A (en) * | 1986-06-05 | 1990-02-20 | Burlington Industries, Inc. | Simultaneously dyed and flame-retarded fabric blends |
| US5238464A (en) * | 1986-06-05 | 1993-08-24 | Burlington Industries, Inc. | Process for making flame-resistant cellulosic fabrics |
| US5211720A (en) * | 1986-06-06 | 1993-05-18 | Burlington Industries, Inc. | Dyeing and flame-retardant treatment for synthetic textiles |
| US4752300A (en) * | 1986-06-06 | 1988-06-21 | Burlington Industries, Inc. | Dyeing and fire retardant treatment for nomex |
| AU604922B2 (en) * | 1987-05-22 | 1991-01-03 | Burlington Industries, Inc. | Simultaneously dyed and flame retarded fabrics |
| DE4007299A1 (en) * | 1990-03-08 | 1991-09-12 | Hoechst Ag | METHOD FOR THE ONE-BATH DYEING AND FLAME-RETARDANT FINISHING OF FLAT-SHAPED TEXTILE MATERIALS |
| US5092904A (en) * | 1990-05-18 | 1992-03-03 | Springs Industries, Inc. | Method for dyeing fibrous materials |
| US5096459A (en) * | 1990-09-26 | 1992-03-17 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Method of dyeing aromatic polyamide fibers with water-soluble dyes |
| US5207803A (en) * | 1990-09-28 | 1993-05-04 | Springs Industries | Method for dyeing aromatic polyamide fibrous materials: n,n-diethyl(meta-toluamide) dye carrier |
| US5215545A (en) * | 1990-10-29 | 1993-06-01 | Burlington Industries, Inc. | Process for dyeing or printing/flame retarding aramids with N-octyl-pyrrolidone swelling agent |
| US5486210A (en) | 1992-01-30 | 1996-01-23 | Reeves Brothers, Inc. | Air bag fabric containing graft polymer thereon |
| US5407728A (en) * | 1992-01-30 | 1995-04-18 | Reeves Brothers, Inc. | Fabric containing graft polymer thereon |
| US6114036A (en) * | 1992-03-17 | 2000-09-05 | Alliedsignal Inc. | Flexible fire retardant multi-layer structures comprising polyolefin and polyamide layers and process for making the same |
| US5437690A (en) * | 1994-05-25 | 1995-08-01 | Springs Industries, Inc. | Method for dyeing fibrous materials and dye assistant relating to the same |
| JP3403550B2 (en) | 1995-06-29 | 2003-05-06 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | Sputtering apparatus and sputtering method |
| JP3098204B2 (en) * | 1997-03-07 | 2000-10-16 | ティーディーケイ株式会社 | Alloy target for magneto-optical recording, its manufacturing method and its reproducing method |
| NL1006525C2 (en) * | 1997-07-10 | 1999-01-12 | Dsm Nv | Halogen-free flame-retardant thermoplastic polyester composition. |
| US6132476A (en) * | 1998-04-20 | 2000-10-17 | Southern Mills, Inc. | Flame and shrinkage resistant fabric blends and method for making same |
| US6867154B1 (en) | 1998-04-20 | 2005-03-15 | Southern Mills, Inc. | Patterned, flame resistant fabrics and method for making same |
| JP3662519B2 (en) * | 2000-07-13 | 2005-06-22 | シャープ株式会社 | Optical pickup |
| US6699805B2 (en) | 2000-07-31 | 2004-03-02 | Southern Mills, Inc. | Dyed melamine fabrics and methods for dyeing melamine fabrics |
| FR2851581B1 (en) * | 2003-02-21 | 2007-04-06 | Rhodianyl | FIBERS, FIBERS, FILAMENTS AND FIRE RETARDED TEXTILE ARTICLES |
| JP2005344262A (en) * | 2004-06-07 | 2005-12-15 | Teijin Techno Products Ltd | Meta-aromatic polyamide fiber |
| US9598861B2 (en) * | 2005-02-18 | 2017-03-21 | George Kalogridis Davis | Fire-resistant ultra-lightweight panel with three-dimensional surface design |
| CA2537859A1 (en) * | 2005-02-28 | 2006-08-28 | Galaman Ltd. | Fire retardant coverings and blankets for horses |
| CA2685894A1 (en) * | 2007-05-08 | 2008-11-20 | Southern Mills, Inc. | Systems and methods for dyeing inherently flame resistant fibers withoutusing accelerants or carriers |
| US8932965B1 (en) | 2008-07-30 | 2015-01-13 | International Textile Group, Inc. | Camouflage pattern with extended infrared reflectance separation |
| US10433593B1 (en) | 2009-08-21 | 2019-10-08 | Elevate Textiles, Inc. | Flame resistant fabric and garment |
| US8793814B1 (en) | 2010-02-09 | 2014-08-05 | International Textile Group, Inc. | Flame resistant fabric made from a fiber blend |
| US8209785B2 (en) | 2010-02-09 | 2012-07-03 | International Textile Group, Inc. | Flame resistant fabric made from a fiber blend |
| US9459423B2 (en) | 2013-11-12 | 2016-10-04 | Corning Cable Systems Llc | Fire resistant optical communication cable using ceramic-forming fibers |
| US9802384B2 (en) * | 2014-11-07 | 2017-10-31 | W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. | Fire retardant laminates |
| WO2018075654A1 (en) * | 2016-10-21 | 2018-04-26 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Noise-absorbent and odor-adsorbent fabric cover systems for vehicle interiors |
| CA3135175C (en) | 2019-03-28 | 2022-10-18 | Southern Mills, Inc. | Flame resistant fabrics |
| EP3992339A4 (en) * | 2019-06-28 | 2022-09-28 | Teijin Limited | Dyed fabric, fiber product in which same is used, and method for dyeing fabric |
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| US3511857A (en) * | 1963-11-12 | 1970-05-12 | Hooker Chemical Corp | Esters of phosphorus and method of preparation thereof |
| DE1619493A1 (en) * | 1966-11-16 | 1971-03-25 | Bayer Ag | Process for coloring and printing polyacrylonitrile structures |
| US3527557A (en) * | 1966-12-27 | 1970-09-08 | Monsanto Co | Basic dye acceptance of acrylonitrile-polymer containing fibers |
| BE786774A (en) * | 1971-07-26 | 1973-01-26 | Dow Chemical Co | IMPROVEMENTS WITH CELLULOS POLYESTER OR TRIACETATE FIBERS |
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| JPS5090778A (en) * | 1973-12-24 | 1975-07-21 | ||
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| DE2900686A1 (en) * | 1979-01-10 | 1980-07-24 | Cassella Ag | POLYESTER SOLUBLE OR DISPERSIBLE IN WATER, METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF AND THE USE THEREOF AS A LEVELING AGENT, LEVELING AGENT AND METHOD FOR EVENLY COLORING |
| JPS57199869A (en) * | 1981-05-28 | 1982-12-07 | Teijin Ltd | Fire-proof processing of suede like raised fabric |
| US4759770A (en) * | 1986-05-14 | 1988-07-26 | Burlington Industries, Inc. | Process for simultaneously dyeing and improving the flame-resistant properties of aramid fibers |
| US4705523A (en) * | 1986-05-14 | 1987-11-10 | Burlington Industries, Inc. | Process for improving the flame-retardant properties of printed shaped articles from aramid fibers |
| US4842609A (en) * | 1986-06-05 | 1989-06-27 | Burlington Industries, Inc. | Flame retardant treatments for polyester/cotton fabrics |
| US4752300A (en) * | 1986-06-06 | 1988-06-21 | Burlington Industries, Inc. | Dyeing and fire retardant treatment for nomex |
-
1986
- 1986-06-06 US US06/871,389 patent/US4752300A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1987
- 1987-05-25 IL IL82652A patent/IL82652A0/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-06-02 EP EP87304853A patent/EP0249375B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-06-02 DE DE8787304853T patent/DE3785968D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-06-03 CA CA000538694A patent/CA1298685C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-06-05 JP JP62140109A patent/JPS6328985A/en active Pending
-
1992
- 1992-12-21 WO PCT/US1992/011152 patent/WO1994014921A1/en active Application Filing
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US4752300A (en) | 1988-06-21 |
| WO1994014921A1 (en) | 1994-07-07 |
| EP0249375B1 (en) | 1993-05-26 |
| EP0249375A3 (en) | 1988-11-09 |
| DE3785968D1 (en) | 1993-07-01 |
| JPS6328985A (en) | 1988-02-06 |
| EP0249375A2 (en) | 1987-12-16 |
| IL82652A0 (en) | 1987-11-30 |
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