CA1325826C - Equipment for and methods of locating the position of a fault on a power transmission line - Google Patents
Equipment for and methods of locating the position of a fault on a power transmission lineInfo
- Publication number
- CA1325826C CA1325826C CA000610700A CA610700A CA1325826C CA 1325826 C CA1325826 C CA 1325826C CA 000610700 A CA000610700 A CA 000610700A CA 610700 A CA610700 A CA 610700A CA 1325826 C CA1325826 C CA 1325826C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- fault
- voltage
- line section
- line
- current
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/08—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks
- G01R31/088—Aspects of digital computing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
- H02H7/26—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured
- H02H7/265—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured making use of travelling wave theory
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Equipment for and methods of locating the position of a fault on a power transmission line.
An equipment for locating the position of a fault (9) on a power transmission line (7) between two ends (11,13) of the line (7) comprising: a voltage (15A,B) and a current (17A,B) sensor located at each end (11,13) of the line (7) for deriving signals representative of the voltage VS,VR and current IS,IR at each end (11,13); and two interlinked microprocessors (21A,B), one located at each end (11,13) of the line (7), for calculating the distance x of the fault (9) from one end of the line (11) utilising the signals and equations of the form:
Vf = cosh (Tx) VS - ZO sinh (Tx) IS; and Vf = cosh (T(L-x)) VR - ZO sinh (T(L-x)) IR, where Vf is the fault voltage, T is the propagation constant of the line (7), ZO is the characteristic impedance of the line (7) and L
is the total length of the line (7).
Equipment for and methods of locating the position of a fault on a power transmission line.
An equipment for locating the position of a fault (9) on a power transmission line (7) between two ends (11,13) of the line (7) comprising: a voltage (15A,B) and a current (17A,B) sensor located at each end (11,13) of the line (7) for deriving signals representative of the voltage VS,VR and current IS,IR at each end (11,13); and two interlinked microprocessors (21A,B), one located at each end (11,13) of the line (7), for calculating the distance x of the fault (9) from one end of the line (11) utilising the signals and equations of the form:
Vf = cosh (Tx) VS - ZO sinh (Tx) IS; and Vf = cosh (T(L-x)) VR - ZO sinh (T(L-x)) IR, where Vf is the fault voltage, T is the propagation constant of the line (7), ZO is the characteristic impedance of the line (7) and L
is the total length of the line (7).
Description
-l- 132~826 EQUIPMENT FOR AND METHODS OF LOCATING THE POSITION
OF A FAULT ON A POWER TRANSMISSION LINE
This invention relates to equipment for and methods of locating the position of a fault on a power transmission line.
Satisfactory operation of known forms of such equipment, for example those using impedance to fault measuring techniques or adaptations thereof, relies on one or more of a number of assumptions which make them inaccurate in certain circumstances.
The main assumptions made are as follows: that the transmission line conductors are ideally transposed; that the parameters of the network in which the transmission line is connected are known and constant; that the fault type can be determined; that shunt capacitance of the line can be neglected; and that the phase of the current in the fault path can be determined.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an equipment for and method of locating the position of a fault on a power transmission line whose operation does not depend on any of the above assumptions.
According to the present invention there is provided a power transmission system comprising a power transmission line and an equipment for locating a position of a fault on a section of said power transmission line between a first and a second end of said line section, said equipment comprising: line protection equipment for providing a start signal indicative of the occurrence of a said fault; first means responsive to said start signal for deriving first and second digital signals representa-tive respectively of a post fault voltage Vs and a post fault current IS at said first end, said first means including a first ,~ ~
OF A FAULT ON A POWER TRANSMISSION LINE
This invention relates to equipment for and methods of locating the position of a fault on a power transmission line.
Satisfactory operation of known forms of such equipment, for example those using impedance to fault measuring techniques or adaptations thereof, relies on one or more of a number of assumptions which make them inaccurate in certain circumstances.
The main assumptions made are as follows: that the transmission line conductors are ideally transposed; that the parameters of the network in which the transmission line is connected are known and constant; that the fault type can be determined; that shunt capacitance of the line can be neglected; and that the phase of the current in the fault path can be determined.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an equipment for and method of locating the position of a fault on a power transmission line whose operation does not depend on any of the above assumptions.
According to the present invention there is provided a power transmission system comprising a power transmission line and an equipment for locating a position of a fault on a section of said power transmission line between a first and a second end of said line section, said equipment comprising: line protection equipment for providing a start signal indicative of the occurrence of a said fault; first means responsive to said start signal for deriving first and second digital signals representa-tive respectively of a post fault voltage Vs and a post fault current IS at said first end, said first means including a first ,~ ~
voltage sensor and a first current sensor for producing analog signals representative respectively of the voltage Vs and the current IS and a first analog to digital converter for converting the analog signals provided by said first voltage and current sensors to said first and second digital signals respectively;
second means also responsive to said start signal for deriving third and fourth digital signals representative respectively of a post fault voltage VR and a post fault current IR at said second end, said second means including a second voltage sensor and a second current sensor for producing analog signals representative respectively of the voltage VR and the current IR
and a second analog to digital converter for converting the analog signals provided by said second voltage and current sensors to said third and fourth digital signals respectively;
processor means responsive to said first, second, third and fourth signals for calculating the distance of the fault from a `said end of said line section utilizing equations of the form:
:~Xf Asvs-BsIs$ and Xf=ARVR-BRIR~
where Xf is the fault voltage or current, AS is a first trans-mission parameter of the line section between the fault and said first end, BS is a second transmission parameter of the line section between the fault and said first end, AR is a first ~transmission parameter of the line section between the fault and :said second end, and BR is a second transmission parameter of the line section between the fault and said second end, said processor means including a random access memory in which said first to fourth digital signals are stored and a read only memory ' ~3~ 1325826 in which said transmission parameters of the line section are stored, said first and second means each including an isolation device for isolating said processor means from the high voltages of said power transmission lines; and display means for displaying said distance.
In one particular embodiment of the invention where said power transmission line section is a multi-phase power transmission action line; said first and second means derive a set of said first, second, third and fourth signals in respect of each phase of said transmission line section; and said processor means includes means for transforming said signals to produce corresponding sets of decoupled signals Vsn, ISn, VRn, IRn and means for utilising each set of said decoupled signals in equations of the form:
fn AsnVsn BsnIsn; and Xfn=ARnVRn BRnIRn, where n indicates the relevant said set.
The invention will now be further explained and, one equipment for and method of locating the position of a fault on a power transmission line in accordance with the invention described by ~, 4 132~826 1~, .j ~ay of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating a two port net~ork;
Figure 2 is a schematic d1agram of a power transmission llne having a fault;
Figure 3 is a schematic d~agram of the equ~pment; and Figure 4 is a block schematic diagram showing the part of the equipment at one end of the transmission line in greater detail. ~l The invention makes use of the well known two port network ff equation. The two port network equation relates the voltage and current at one port of a two port network to the voltage and current ( at the other port, as follows:
¦- Vll = rAlBllrV2~ (1), !~
~Il J = ~A2B2 ~ ~l2 l where, as illustrated in Figure 1, Vl and 11 are the voltage and current respectively at one port of a two port network ll V2 and 12 are the voltage and current respectively at the other port of the two port network l, and Al, A2, Bl and B2 are the parameters, i.e.
transfer functions, of the two port network 1. Multiplying out the ~atricies of equation (l) gives:
' Vl = A1V2 + B112 (2) and Il = A2V2 + B2I2 The invention resides in the application of the two port network equation to the or each phase of a power transmission line having a fault in respect of the parts of the line on either side of the fault. Thus, referring to Figure 2, application of equation ~2) to parts 3 and 5 of a power transmission line 7 on either side of a fault 9 produces an equation:
Vf = ASVS ~ BSIS
for part 3, and produces an equation:
Vf = ARVR - BRIR
for part 5; where: Vf is the fault voltage; Vs and IS are the voltage and current respectively at the end 11 of the part 3 of the transmisson line 7 remote from the fault 9; VR and IR are the voltage and current respectively at the end 13 of the part 5 of the transmission line 7 remote from the fault 9; AS and BS are first and second transmission l~ne parameters bet~een the fault 9 and the ( end 11; and AR and BR are first and second transmission line parameters between the fault 9 and the second end 13. From transmission line theory:
. I
AS = cosh(Tx) BS = Zo Sinh(Tx) (6), AR = cosh (T(L - x)) BR = Zo sinh (T(L - x)) ~here T is the propagation constant of the line 7, x is the distance of the fault 9 along the ~ransmission line 7 from the end 11, ZO is the characteristic impedance of the line 7 and L is the total length of the line 7 between the ends 11 and 13.
Equating the right-hand sides of equations (4) and (5) and substituting for As, Bs, AR and BR from equations (6) gives:
cosh (Tx).Vs - ZO sinh (Tx).I5 = cosh (T(L-x)).VR-Zo sinh (T(L-x)).IR
Expanding cosh (T(L-x)) and sinh (T(L-x)) gives:
cosh (Tx).Vs - Z~.sinh (Tx).IS
= VR (cosh (TL).cosh (Tx) - sinh (TL).sinh (Tx)) - IRZo (sinh (TL).cosh (Tx) - cosh (TL).sinh (Tx)).
-6- j Rearrang~ng g~ves:
- cosh (Tx)(VR.cosh (TL) - lRZ0.sinh (TL) - Vs) = sinh (Tx).(lRZo.cosh (TL) - VR.sinh (TL) + ISZo).
Therefore:
tanh (Tx) = - (VR.cosh (TL) - IRZO.sinh (TL) - V ) IRZo.cosh (TL) - VR.sinh (TL) + ISZo ( Therefore:
x = tanh~l (-P/Q) (7), ~here:
' P = IRZo.cosh (TL) - VR.sinh (TL) + IsZo (8) and:
1 Q = VR.cosh (TL) - IRZ0.sinh (TL) - Vs (9).
( Hence, if the values of Vs, Is, VR, IR, Z0, T and L are known, the distance x of the fault 9 along the transmission line 7 from the end 11 can be calculated from equaticns (7), (8) and (9). Vs, 15, VR and IR can be measured at each end of the line and Zo,T and L ~11 be known for a given transmiss~on line.
It is to be noted that equations (7), (8) and (9) hold irrespective of the type of the fault 9 and are indeterminate for a fault free healthy line. Furthermore, equations (7), (8) and (9) are independent of the fault path which may therefore be non-linear and still not affect the calculation of x. T and Z0 cater for the non-transposition and shunt capacitance of the line and are not affected by the parameters of the network in which the transmission line ls connected.
One example of an equipment for carrying out the method according to the invention will now be described with reference to Figure 3.
The equipment comprises, at each of the two ends 11 and 13 of the line 7, a voltage sensor 15A or 15B and current sensor 17A or 17B, for measuring the voltage Vs or VR and current IS or IR at that end 11 or 13 of the line 7, an analogue to digital (A/D) converter 19A or 19B
for converting the analogue signals output by the voltage and current sensors 15A, 17A or 15B, 17B into digital form, a microprocessor 21A
or 21B which receives these digital signals and a display 23A or 23B.
The line 7 is shown as interconnecting two power transmission systems R and S. The microprocessors 21A and 21B are interconnected so that each microprocesor 21A or 21B receives not only the digital voltage and current signals from the end at which it is situated, but also the digital voltage and current signals from the other end of the line 7.
Each microprocessor 21A or 21B can therefore calculate x as defined by equations (7), (8) and (9) using the values of Vs, Is, VR and IR input to it and the known values of ZO, T and L. The, value of x is displayed on each of the displays 23.
Where the line 7 is a multiphase transmission line, the calculations are performed in respect of each phase of the transmitted power. However, in the case of a multiphase line the problem arises that the different phases will normally not be decoupled.
To overcome this problem a modal component transformation may be used, as described in an article by L.M.~edephol entitled 'Application of matrix methods to the solution of travelling wave phenomena in polyphase systems' published in 1968 in Proc IEE 110 (12) at pages 2200 to 2212.
To this end the microprocessors 21A and 21B are arranged to ultiply the voltage and current quantities V5, IS or VR, IR for each phase by an appropriate transformation ~atrix to produce corresponding sets of decoupled quant~tieS VSn~ Isn or VRn~ IRn where n is 1, 2 e up to the number of phases ~n the system. These decoupled quantities are then utilised ~n respect of each phase of the line 7 in equations 132~826 -8- .
of the form: ;
V~n r ASn Vsn ~ BSn ISn (10) and Yfn = ~ n VRn - BRn IRn (11), ~here ASn~ BSn~ ARn and BRn are the ~odel line parameters and ASn = cosh (TnX) BSn = ZOn s~nh (TnX) (12), ARn = cosh (Tn(L-X)) BRn = ZOn sinh (Tn(L-x)) ~here Tn are the modal propagation constants of the line and ZOn are the characteristic modal impedances of the line. Equations (10), (11) and (12) are then worked in the same way as equations (4), (5) and (6) above to obtain the distance x of the fault along the line 7 from the end 11, as in equations (7), (8) and (9) above; that is:
x = tanh -1 (~Pn/Qn) (13) !' Tn ~here:
Pn = IRn Zon~Cosh (TnL) - VRn-Sinh (TnL) + ISn ZOn (14) and Qn = vRn.cosh (TnL) - IRn Zon sinh (TnL)~ VSn (15).
One particular form of the equipment at each end of the line 7 will now be described in greater detail with reference to Figure 4.
The equlpment is for use with a three-phase transmission 132~826 g line. The three phase voltage and current signals Ya~ Vb, Vc, Ia~ Ib and Ic from line transformers (not shown) are fed, via an isolation transformer 33 and filters 35 for extracting the power frequency phase information, to a multiplexer 37. The output of the multiplexer 37 is then passed via a sample and hold gate 39 to an AID converter 41.
The resultant digitlsed signals are stored ~n a cyclic buffer in a random access memory 43 of a microprocessor 44 by a direct memory access unit 45. An tnput/output unit 46 is sampled continuously until a start signal tndicating occurrence of fault is rece~ved from a line protection equipment, typically a distance relay, after which the process of sampling the phase voltage and current slgnals Va, Vb, Vc, Ia~ Ib, Ic continues until post fault data has been captured. The microprocessor 44 then carries out the necessary calculations. A
keypad and alpha numeric display 47 are used to display and transfer the modal voltages and currents, to display the final distance to fault result calculated by the microprocessor and to enter the line parameters for storage in an electrically erasable programr~ble read only memory 49.
It will be understood that if the line 7 is a multi-circuit line there will be a set of modal components for each phase and each circuit. Thus for a single c~rcuit three-phase line n will have values 1, 2 and 3 and for a double circuit three-phase line will have values 1 to 6.
It will be further understood that transformations other than a modal component transfor~ation may be used for decoupling purposes in equipment and methods according to the invention. For example, the well known symmetrical component transformation might be used, for example, if the transmission line conductors were known to be ideally transposed.
It is also pointed out that whilst in the above explanation of the invention and in the equipment and method described by way of example, use of the voltage equation (2) is described, the current equation (3) could equally well be used.
second means also responsive to said start signal for deriving third and fourth digital signals representative respectively of a post fault voltage VR and a post fault current IR at said second end, said second means including a second voltage sensor and a second current sensor for producing analog signals representative respectively of the voltage VR and the current IR
and a second analog to digital converter for converting the analog signals provided by said second voltage and current sensors to said third and fourth digital signals respectively;
processor means responsive to said first, second, third and fourth signals for calculating the distance of the fault from a `said end of said line section utilizing equations of the form:
:~Xf Asvs-BsIs$ and Xf=ARVR-BRIR~
where Xf is the fault voltage or current, AS is a first trans-mission parameter of the line section between the fault and said first end, BS is a second transmission parameter of the line section between the fault and said first end, AR is a first ~transmission parameter of the line section between the fault and :said second end, and BR is a second transmission parameter of the line section between the fault and said second end, said processor means including a random access memory in which said first to fourth digital signals are stored and a read only memory ' ~3~ 1325826 in which said transmission parameters of the line section are stored, said first and second means each including an isolation device for isolating said processor means from the high voltages of said power transmission lines; and display means for displaying said distance.
In one particular embodiment of the invention where said power transmission line section is a multi-phase power transmission action line; said first and second means derive a set of said first, second, third and fourth signals in respect of each phase of said transmission line section; and said processor means includes means for transforming said signals to produce corresponding sets of decoupled signals Vsn, ISn, VRn, IRn and means for utilising each set of said decoupled signals in equations of the form:
fn AsnVsn BsnIsn; and Xfn=ARnVRn BRnIRn, where n indicates the relevant said set.
The invention will now be further explained and, one equipment for and method of locating the position of a fault on a power transmission line in accordance with the invention described by ~, 4 132~826 1~, .j ~ay of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating a two port net~ork;
Figure 2 is a schematic d1agram of a power transmission llne having a fault;
Figure 3 is a schematic d~agram of the equ~pment; and Figure 4 is a block schematic diagram showing the part of the equipment at one end of the transmission line in greater detail. ~l The invention makes use of the well known two port network ff equation. The two port network equation relates the voltage and current at one port of a two port network to the voltage and current ( at the other port, as follows:
¦- Vll = rAlBllrV2~ (1), !~
~Il J = ~A2B2 ~ ~l2 l where, as illustrated in Figure 1, Vl and 11 are the voltage and current respectively at one port of a two port network ll V2 and 12 are the voltage and current respectively at the other port of the two port network l, and Al, A2, Bl and B2 are the parameters, i.e.
transfer functions, of the two port network 1. Multiplying out the ~atricies of equation (l) gives:
' Vl = A1V2 + B112 (2) and Il = A2V2 + B2I2 The invention resides in the application of the two port network equation to the or each phase of a power transmission line having a fault in respect of the parts of the line on either side of the fault. Thus, referring to Figure 2, application of equation ~2) to parts 3 and 5 of a power transmission line 7 on either side of a fault 9 produces an equation:
Vf = ASVS ~ BSIS
for part 3, and produces an equation:
Vf = ARVR - BRIR
for part 5; where: Vf is the fault voltage; Vs and IS are the voltage and current respectively at the end 11 of the part 3 of the transmisson line 7 remote from the fault 9; VR and IR are the voltage and current respectively at the end 13 of the part 5 of the transmission line 7 remote from the fault 9; AS and BS are first and second transmission l~ne parameters bet~een the fault 9 and the ( end 11; and AR and BR are first and second transmission line parameters between the fault 9 and the second end 13. From transmission line theory:
. I
AS = cosh(Tx) BS = Zo Sinh(Tx) (6), AR = cosh (T(L - x)) BR = Zo sinh (T(L - x)) ~here T is the propagation constant of the line 7, x is the distance of the fault 9 along the ~ransmission line 7 from the end 11, ZO is the characteristic impedance of the line 7 and L is the total length of the line 7 between the ends 11 and 13.
Equating the right-hand sides of equations (4) and (5) and substituting for As, Bs, AR and BR from equations (6) gives:
cosh (Tx).Vs - ZO sinh (Tx).I5 = cosh (T(L-x)).VR-Zo sinh (T(L-x)).IR
Expanding cosh (T(L-x)) and sinh (T(L-x)) gives:
cosh (Tx).Vs - Z~.sinh (Tx).IS
= VR (cosh (TL).cosh (Tx) - sinh (TL).sinh (Tx)) - IRZo (sinh (TL).cosh (Tx) - cosh (TL).sinh (Tx)).
-6- j Rearrang~ng g~ves:
- cosh (Tx)(VR.cosh (TL) - lRZ0.sinh (TL) - Vs) = sinh (Tx).(lRZo.cosh (TL) - VR.sinh (TL) + ISZo).
Therefore:
tanh (Tx) = - (VR.cosh (TL) - IRZO.sinh (TL) - V ) IRZo.cosh (TL) - VR.sinh (TL) + ISZo ( Therefore:
x = tanh~l (-P/Q) (7), ~here:
' P = IRZo.cosh (TL) - VR.sinh (TL) + IsZo (8) and:
1 Q = VR.cosh (TL) - IRZ0.sinh (TL) - Vs (9).
( Hence, if the values of Vs, Is, VR, IR, Z0, T and L are known, the distance x of the fault 9 along the transmission line 7 from the end 11 can be calculated from equaticns (7), (8) and (9). Vs, 15, VR and IR can be measured at each end of the line and Zo,T and L ~11 be known for a given transmiss~on line.
It is to be noted that equations (7), (8) and (9) hold irrespective of the type of the fault 9 and are indeterminate for a fault free healthy line. Furthermore, equations (7), (8) and (9) are independent of the fault path which may therefore be non-linear and still not affect the calculation of x. T and Z0 cater for the non-transposition and shunt capacitance of the line and are not affected by the parameters of the network in which the transmission line ls connected.
One example of an equipment for carrying out the method according to the invention will now be described with reference to Figure 3.
The equipment comprises, at each of the two ends 11 and 13 of the line 7, a voltage sensor 15A or 15B and current sensor 17A or 17B, for measuring the voltage Vs or VR and current IS or IR at that end 11 or 13 of the line 7, an analogue to digital (A/D) converter 19A or 19B
for converting the analogue signals output by the voltage and current sensors 15A, 17A or 15B, 17B into digital form, a microprocessor 21A
or 21B which receives these digital signals and a display 23A or 23B.
The line 7 is shown as interconnecting two power transmission systems R and S. The microprocessors 21A and 21B are interconnected so that each microprocesor 21A or 21B receives not only the digital voltage and current signals from the end at which it is situated, but also the digital voltage and current signals from the other end of the line 7.
Each microprocessor 21A or 21B can therefore calculate x as defined by equations (7), (8) and (9) using the values of Vs, Is, VR and IR input to it and the known values of ZO, T and L. The, value of x is displayed on each of the displays 23.
Where the line 7 is a multiphase transmission line, the calculations are performed in respect of each phase of the transmitted power. However, in the case of a multiphase line the problem arises that the different phases will normally not be decoupled.
To overcome this problem a modal component transformation may be used, as described in an article by L.M.~edephol entitled 'Application of matrix methods to the solution of travelling wave phenomena in polyphase systems' published in 1968 in Proc IEE 110 (12) at pages 2200 to 2212.
To this end the microprocessors 21A and 21B are arranged to ultiply the voltage and current quantities V5, IS or VR, IR for each phase by an appropriate transformation ~atrix to produce corresponding sets of decoupled quant~tieS VSn~ Isn or VRn~ IRn where n is 1, 2 e up to the number of phases ~n the system. These decoupled quantities are then utilised ~n respect of each phase of the line 7 in equations 132~826 -8- .
of the form: ;
V~n r ASn Vsn ~ BSn ISn (10) and Yfn = ~ n VRn - BRn IRn (11), ~here ASn~ BSn~ ARn and BRn are the ~odel line parameters and ASn = cosh (TnX) BSn = ZOn s~nh (TnX) (12), ARn = cosh (Tn(L-X)) BRn = ZOn sinh (Tn(L-x)) ~here Tn are the modal propagation constants of the line and ZOn are the characteristic modal impedances of the line. Equations (10), (11) and (12) are then worked in the same way as equations (4), (5) and (6) above to obtain the distance x of the fault along the line 7 from the end 11, as in equations (7), (8) and (9) above; that is:
x = tanh -1 (~Pn/Qn) (13) !' Tn ~here:
Pn = IRn Zon~Cosh (TnL) - VRn-Sinh (TnL) + ISn ZOn (14) and Qn = vRn.cosh (TnL) - IRn Zon sinh (TnL)~ VSn (15).
One particular form of the equipment at each end of the line 7 will now be described in greater detail with reference to Figure 4.
The equlpment is for use with a three-phase transmission 132~826 g line. The three phase voltage and current signals Ya~ Vb, Vc, Ia~ Ib and Ic from line transformers (not shown) are fed, via an isolation transformer 33 and filters 35 for extracting the power frequency phase information, to a multiplexer 37. The output of the multiplexer 37 is then passed via a sample and hold gate 39 to an AID converter 41.
The resultant digitlsed signals are stored ~n a cyclic buffer in a random access memory 43 of a microprocessor 44 by a direct memory access unit 45. An tnput/output unit 46 is sampled continuously until a start signal tndicating occurrence of fault is rece~ved from a line protection equipment, typically a distance relay, after which the process of sampling the phase voltage and current slgnals Va, Vb, Vc, Ia~ Ib, Ic continues until post fault data has been captured. The microprocessor 44 then carries out the necessary calculations. A
keypad and alpha numeric display 47 are used to display and transfer the modal voltages and currents, to display the final distance to fault result calculated by the microprocessor and to enter the line parameters for storage in an electrically erasable programr~ble read only memory 49.
It will be understood that if the line 7 is a multi-circuit line there will be a set of modal components for each phase and each circuit. Thus for a single c~rcuit three-phase line n will have values 1, 2 and 3 and for a double circuit three-phase line will have values 1 to 6.
It will be further understood that transformations other than a modal component transfor~ation may be used for decoupling purposes in equipment and methods according to the invention. For example, the well known symmetrical component transformation might be used, for example, if the transmission line conductors were known to be ideally transposed.
It is also pointed out that whilst in the above explanation of the invention and in the equipment and method described by way of example, use of the voltage equation (2) is described, the current equation (3) could equally well be used.
Claims (5)
1. A power transmission system comprising a power trans-mission line and an equipment for locating a position of a fault on a section of said power transmission line between a first and a second end of said line section, said equipment comprising:
line protection equipment for providing a start signal indicative of the occurrence of a said fault; first means responsive to said start signal for deriving first and second digital signals representative respectively of a post fault voltage VS and a post fault current IS at said first end, said first means including a first voltage sensor and a first current sensor for producing analog signals representative respectively of the voltage VS and the current IS and a first analog to digital converter for converting the analog signals provided by said first voltage and current sensors to said first and second digital signals respectively; second means also responsive to said start signal for deriving third and fourth digital signals representative respectively of a post fault voltage VR and a post fault current IR at said second end, said second means including a second voltage sensor and a second current sensor for producing analog signals representative respectively of the voltage VR and the current IR and a second analog to digital converter for convert-ing the analog signals provided by said second voltage and current sensors to said third and fourth digital signals respectively; processor means responsive to said first, second, third and fourth signals for calculating the distance of the fault from a said end of said line section utilising equations of the form:
Xf=ASVS-BSIS; and Xf=ARVR-BRIR, where Xf is the fault voltage or current, AS is a first trans-mission parameter of the line section between the fault and said first end, BS is a second transmission parameter of the line section between the fault and said first end, AR is a first transmission parameter of the line section between the fault and said second end, and BR is a second transmission parameter of the line section between the fault and said second end, said processor means including a random access memory in which said first to fourth digital signals are stored and a read only memory in which said transmission parameters of the line section are stored, said first and second means each including an isolation device for isolating said processor means from the high voltages of said power transmission lines; and display means for displaying said distance.
line protection equipment for providing a start signal indicative of the occurrence of a said fault; first means responsive to said start signal for deriving first and second digital signals representative respectively of a post fault voltage VS and a post fault current IS at said first end, said first means including a first voltage sensor and a first current sensor for producing analog signals representative respectively of the voltage VS and the current IS and a first analog to digital converter for converting the analog signals provided by said first voltage and current sensors to said first and second digital signals respectively; second means also responsive to said start signal for deriving third and fourth digital signals representative respectively of a post fault voltage VR and a post fault current IR at said second end, said second means including a second voltage sensor and a second current sensor for producing analog signals representative respectively of the voltage VR and the current IR and a second analog to digital converter for convert-ing the analog signals provided by said second voltage and current sensors to said third and fourth digital signals respectively; processor means responsive to said first, second, third and fourth signals for calculating the distance of the fault from a said end of said line section utilising equations of the form:
Xf=ASVS-BSIS; and Xf=ARVR-BRIR, where Xf is the fault voltage or current, AS is a first trans-mission parameter of the line section between the fault and said first end, BS is a second transmission parameter of the line section between the fault and said first end, AR is a first transmission parameter of the line section between the fault and said second end, and BR is a second transmission parameter of the line section between the fault and said second end, said processor means including a random access memory in which said first to fourth digital signals are stored and a read only memory in which said transmission parameters of the line section are stored, said first and second means each including an isolation device for isolating said processor means from the high voltages of said power transmission lines; and display means for displaying said distance.
2. A system according to claim 1, wherein: Xf is the voltage at the fault; AS=cos h (Tx); BS=ZOsin h (Tx); AR=cos h (T(L-x)) and BR=ZOsin h (T(L-x)), where T is the propagation constant of said line section, x is the distance of the fault along the transmission line section from said first end, ZO is the characteristic impedance of said line section and L is the total length of the line section between said first and second ends.
3. A system according to claim 1, wherein said processor means comprises a microprocessor.
4. A system according to claim 1, wherein: said power transmission line section is a multi-phase power transmission line section; said first and second means derive a set of said first, second, third and fourth signals in respect of each phase of said transmission line section; and said processor means includes firstly means for transforming said signals to produce corresponding sets of decoupled signals VSn, ISn, VRn, IRn and secondly means for utilising each set of said decoupled signals in equations of the form:
Xfn=ASnVSn-BSnISn; and Xfn=ARnVRn-BRnIRn, where n indicates the relevant said set.
Xfn=ASnVSn-BSnISn; and Xfn=ARnVRn-BRnIRn, where n indicates the relevant said set.
5. A system according to claim 4, wherein the transforma-tion applied by said means for transforming is a modal component transformation.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8821204.8 | 1988-09-09 | ||
| GB8821204A GB2222688B (en) | 1988-09-09 | 1988-09-09 | Equipment for and methods of locating the position of a fault on a power transmission line |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1325826C true CA1325826C (en) | 1994-01-04 |
Family
ID=10643343
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000610700A Expired - Fee Related CA1325826C (en) | 1988-09-09 | 1989-09-08 | Equipment for and methods of locating the position of a fault on a power transmission line |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5072403A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0358488B1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU618843B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1325826C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE68916495T2 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2222688B (en) |
| IN (1) | IN176145B (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA896838B (en) |
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-
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- 1988-09-09 GB GB8821204A patent/GB2222688B/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1989
- 1989-09-05 IN IN786DE1989 patent/IN176145B/en unknown
- 1989-09-06 EP EP89309034A patent/EP0358488B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-09-06 DE DE68916495T patent/DE68916495T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-09-06 US US07/403,377 patent/US5072403A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-09-07 ZA ZA896838A patent/ZA896838B/en unknown
- 1989-09-07 AU AU41142/89A patent/AU618843B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1989-09-08 CA CA000610700A patent/CA1325826C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0358488A2 (en) | 1990-03-14 |
| GB2222688A (en) | 1990-03-14 |
| GB2222688B (en) | 1992-12-23 |
| ZA896838B (en) | 1990-05-30 |
| IN176145B (en) | 1996-02-10 |
| US5072403A (en) | 1991-12-10 |
| DE68916495D1 (en) | 1994-08-04 |
| EP0358488B1 (en) | 1994-06-29 |
| DE68916495T2 (en) | 1994-10-13 |
| GB8821204D0 (en) | 1988-10-12 |
| AU4114289A (en) | 1990-03-15 |
| EP0358488A3 (en) | 1991-03-20 |
| AU618843B2 (en) | 1992-01-09 |
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