CA2039744A1 - Aluminum and boron nitride thermal spray powder - Google Patents
Aluminum and boron nitride thermal spray powderInfo
- Publication number
- CA2039744A1 CA2039744A1 CA002039744A CA2039744A CA2039744A1 CA 2039744 A1 CA2039744 A1 CA 2039744A1 CA 002039744 A CA002039744 A CA 002039744A CA 2039744 A CA2039744 A CA 2039744A CA 2039744 A1 CA2039744 A1 CA 2039744A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- aluminum
- subparticles
- powder
- boron nitride
- alloy
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
- C23C4/06—Metallic material
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12181—Composite powder [e.g., coated, etc.]
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A composite thermal spray powder for abradable coatings is formed as homogeneously agglomerated particles. Each agglomerated particle consists of pluralities of subparticles of boron nitride and subparticles of aluminum or aluminum alloy bonded with an organic binder.
A composite thermal spray powder for abradable coatings is formed as homogeneously agglomerated particles. Each agglomerated particle consists of pluralities of subparticles of boron nitride and subparticles of aluminum or aluminum alloy bonded with an organic binder.
Description
2 l~ ;J I' This invention relates to thermal spray powders and particularlY
to composite powder of boron nitride and aluminum or aluminum alloy useful for producing abradable coatings.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Thermal spraying, also known as flame spraying, involves the heat softening of a heat fusible material such as metal or ceramic, and propelling the softened material in particulate form against a surface which is to be coated. The heated particles stri~e the surface where they are quenched and bonded thereto. A
conventional thermal spray gun is used for the purpose of both heating and propelling the particles. In one type of thermal spray gun, the heat fusible material is supplied to the gun in powder form. Such powders are typically comprised of small particles, e.g., between 100 mesh U. S. Standard screen size (149 microns) and about 2 mic;ons.
A thermal spray gun normally utilizes a combustion or plasma flame to produce the heat for melting of the powder particles.
Other heating means may be used as well, such as electric arcs, resistance heaters or induction heaters, and these may be used alone or in combination with other forms of heaters. In a powder-type combustion thermal spray gun, the carrier gas, which entrains and transports the powder, can be one of the combustion gases or an inert gas such as nitrogen, or it can be simply compressed air. In a plasma spray gun, the primary plasma gas is generally nitrogen or argon. Hydrogen or helium is usually added to the primary gas, and the carrier gas is generally the same as the primary plasma gas.
One form o~ powder for thermal spraying is composite or aggregated powder in which very fine particles are agglomerated into powder particles of suitable size. Such powder formed by spray drying is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,617,358 (Dittrich). This method is useful for producing powder having several constituents such as a metal and a ceramic.
Agglomerated powder also may be made by blending a slurry of the fine powder constituents with a binder, and warming the mixture while continuing with the blending until a dried powder of the agglomerates is obtained. U.S. Patent No. 4,645,716 (Harrington et al) teaches a homogeneous ceramic composition produced by this method. If one of the constituents is nearly the size of the final thermal spray powder, the composite is not homogeneous and, instead, comprises the larger core particles with the finer second constituent bonded thereto. Such a clad powder is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,655,425 (Longo et al).
The latter patent is particularly directed to a clad powder that is useful for produclng thermal spray coatings that a.e abradable such as for clearance control applications in gas turbine engines. A constituent such as boron nitride is clad to nickel alloy core particles. The boron nitride is not meltable and so is carried into a coating by the meltable metal core in the thermal spray process. The patent teaches that the core is only partially clad in order to expose core metal to the heat of the thermal spray process. Optionally, fine aluminum is added to the cladding with improvements that are speculated in the patent to be related to an exothermic ~eaction between the aluminum and the core metal.
Another thermal spray powder in successful use for producing abradable coatings is sold b~ The Per~in-Elmer Corporation as Metco 313 powder. This is formed by cladding about 50% by weight 3 7 ~ !i of very fine powder of an aluminum alloy containing 12~ silicon onto graphite core particles. Although this material has been well established for many years as a clearance control coating in turbine engines, for certain engine parts there has been a need for improved resistance to electrochemical reaction. Also there is always a need for improved abradability of clearance control coating without sacrificing resistance to gas and particle erosion.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Therefore, an object of the invention is to provide an improved thermal spray powder useful for producing clearance controi applications in gas turbine engines. Another object is to provide such a powder for producing coatings having improved resistance to electrochemical reaction in an engine environment.
A further object is to provide such a powder for producing coatings having improved abradability while maintaining erosion resistance.
The foregoing and other objects are achieved by a composite thermal spray powder formed substantially as homogeneously agglomerated particles. Each agglomerated particle comprises pluralities of subparticles of boron nitride and subpartic'es of aluminum or aluminum alloy. The subparticles are bonded in the agglomerates with an organic binder.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
According to the invention a composite thermal spray powder is formed of subparticles of boron nitride and subparticles of aluminum or aluminum alloy. Preferably an aluminum-silicon alloy is utilized, particularly an alloy with 10% to 14~ by weight of silicon, balance aluminum. The subparticles are bonded into agglomerated composite particles with an organic binder.
Generally the boron nitride should be present as 10% to 60~ by weight of the total of the boron nitride and the aluminum or aluminum alloy. The organic binder should be between 2 and 20 by weight of the subparticles, for example 10%.
Further according to the invention the agglomerated particles are substantially homogeneous with respect to the boron nitride and the aluminum or aluminum alloy. The term "homogeneous~ as used herein and in the claims means that in each agglomerated particle there is a plurality of subparticles of each of the boron nitride and aluminum-containing constituents. This form of powder is expressly distinguished from a clad powder such as described in the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 3,655,425, such a clad powder typically having a single core particle of one constituent. One reason for beneficial results of this requirement is believed to relate to a wetting of the boron nitride by the aluminum when the latter is melted during thermal spraying. Such wetting of flne boron nitride particles seems best effected with homogeneity.
The agglomerated particles should have a relat,vely coarse size, generally between 44 and 210 microns. With the subparticles being generally finer such as less than 44 microns. good homogeneity is achieved. In such an example some of the subparticles near 44 microns may form agglomerated particles only slightly larger than 44 microns so that a few of such agglomerated particles may not be homogeneous; in the powder as a whole the agglomerates should be substantially homogenous.
The powder is produced by any conventional or desired method for making organically bonded agglomerate powder suitable for thermal spraying. The agglomerates should not be very friable so as not to break down during handling and feeding. One viable production method is spray drying as taught in the aforementioned U.S.
~ ~ ~.i . ) 7 i Patent No. 3,617,358. However in larger batches there is a Susceptibility for significant reaction between the aluminum and the water used for the slurry in the process, producing hydrogen gas and heat which interfere with the process and constitute a hazard.
A preferred method is agglomerating by stirring a slurry of the fine powder constituents with a binder, and warming the mixture while continuing with the blending until a dr~ed powder of the agglomerates is obtained. The organic binder may be conventional, for example selected from those set forth in the abovementioned patents. The amount of liquid binder introduced into the initial slurry is selected to achieve the proper percentage of organic solids in the final dried agglomerated powder. One or more additives to the slurry such as a neutralizer may be advantageous.
Exam,Dle A composite powder was manufactured by agglomerating fine powder of 30 wt% boron nitride (BN) with fine powder of aluminum-12 wt%
silicon alloy. The respective sizes of the fine BN and alloy powders were - 44 + 1 microns and - 53 + 1 microns. These powder ingredients were premixed for 30 minutes, then an organic binder (UCA~ Latex 879) was added to this mixture with distilled water and acetic acid to neutralize the slu_ry. The container was warmed to about 135 C and stir blending was continued until the sLurry and binder were dried and an agglomerated powder formed with approximately 12% organic solids.
Alloy 1750 gm BN 750 gm Binder 7S0 gm Water 500 gm Acetic Acid70 cc ~ ¢ ~J ~-~} j~
After the powder was manufactured it was top gcreened at 210 microns (70 mesh) and bottom screened at 44 microns (325 mesh).
The powder was sprayed with a Metco Type 9MB plagma ~pray gun using a GH nozzle and a #l powder port. Spray parameters were argon primary gas at 7 kg/cm2 pressure and 96 l/min flow rate, hydrogen secondary gas at 3.S kg/cm2 and flow as required to maintain about 80 volts, 500 amperes, spray rate 3.6 kg/hr, spray distance 13 cm. These parameters were the same as recommended and used for the aforementioned Metco 313 powder (aluminum clad graphite), which was also sprayed for comparison.
Erosion testing at 20 impingement angle produced similar results with 1.6 and 1.7 x10 ~4 cc of coating per gm of abrasive being removed for the agglomerated and clad powders respectively.
Abradability testing demonstrated improved abradability for agglomerated powder compared to clad powder.
While the invention has been described above in detail with reference to specific embodiments, various changes and modifications which fall within the spirit of the invention and scope of the appended claims will become apparent to those skilled in this art. The invention is therefore only intended to be limited by the appended claims or their equivalents.
to composite powder of boron nitride and aluminum or aluminum alloy useful for producing abradable coatings.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Thermal spraying, also known as flame spraying, involves the heat softening of a heat fusible material such as metal or ceramic, and propelling the softened material in particulate form against a surface which is to be coated. The heated particles stri~e the surface where they are quenched and bonded thereto. A
conventional thermal spray gun is used for the purpose of both heating and propelling the particles. In one type of thermal spray gun, the heat fusible material is supplied to the gun in powder form. Such powders are typically comprised of small particles, e.g., between 100 mesh U. S. Standard screen size (149 microns) and about 2 mic;ons.
A thermal spray gun normally utilizes a combustion or plasma flame to produce the heat for melting of the powder particles.
Other heating means may be used as well, such as electric arcs, resistance heaters or induction heaters, and these may be used alone or in combination with other forms of heaters. In a powder-type combustion thermal spray gun, the carrier gas, which entrains and transports the powder, can be one of the combustion gases or an inert gas such as nitrogen, or it can be simply compressed air. In a plasma spray gun, the primary plasma gas is generally nitrogen or argon. Hydrogen or helium is usually added to the primary gas, and the carrier gas is generally the same as the primary plasma gas.
One form o~ powder for thermal spraying is composite or aggregated powder in which very fine particles are agglomerated into powder particles of suitable size. Such powder formed by spray drying is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,617,358 (Dittrich). This method is useful for producing powder having several constituents such as a metal and a ceramic.
Agglomerated powder also may be made by blending a slurry of the fine powder constituents with a binder, and warming the mixture while continuing with the blending until a dried powder of the agglomerates is obtained. U.S. Patent No. 4,645,716 (Harrington et al) teaches a homogeneous ceramic composition produced by this method. If one of the constituents is nearly the size of the final thermal spray powder, the composite is not homogeneous and, instead, comprises the larger core particles with the finer second constituent bonded thereto. Such a clad powder is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,655,425 (Longo et al).
The latter patent is particularly directed to a clad powder that is useful for produclng thermal spray coatings that a.e abradable such as for clearance control applications in gas turbine engines. A constituent such as boron nitride is clad to nickel alloy core particles. The boron nitride is not meltable and so is carried into a coating by the meltable metal core in the thermal spray process. The patent teaches that the core is only partially clad in order to expose core metal to the heat of the thermal spray process. Optionally, fine aluminum is added to the cladding with improvements that are speculated in the patent to be related to an exothermic ~eaction between the aluminum and the core metal.
Another thermal spray powder in successful use for producing abradable coatings is sold b~ The Per~in-Elmer Corporation as Metco 313 powder. This is formed by cladding about 50% by weight 3 7 ~ !i of very fine powder of an aluminum alloy containing 12~ silicon onto graphite core particles. Although this material has been well established for many years as a clearance control coating in turbine engines, for certain engine parts there has been a need for improved resistance to electrochemical reaction. Also there is always a need for improved abradability of clearance control coating without sacrificing resistance to gas and particle erosion.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Therefore, an object of the invention is to provide an improved thermal spray powder useful for producing clearance controi applications in gas turbine engines. Another object is to provide such a powder for producing coatings having improved resistance to electrochemical reaction in an engine environment.
A further object is to provide such a powder for producing coatings having improved abradability while maintaining erosion resistance.
The foregoing and other objects are achieved by a composite thermal spray powder formed substantially as homogeneously agglomerated particles. Each agglomerated particle comprises pluralities of subparticles of boron nitride and subpartic'es of aluminum or aluminum alloy. The subparticles are bonded in the agglomerates with an organic binder.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
According to the invention a composite thermal spray powder is formed of subparticles of boron nitride and subparticles of aluminum or aluminum alloy. Preferably an aluminum-silicon alloy is utilized, particularly an alloy with 10% to 14~ by weight of silicon, balance aluminum. The subparticles are bonded into agglomerated composite particles with an organic binder.
Generally the boron nitride should be present as 10% to 60~ by weight of the total of the boron nitride and the aluminum or aluminum alloy. The organic binder should be between 2 and 20 by weight of the subparticles, for example 10%.
Further according to the invention the agglomerated particles are substantially homogeneous with respect to the boron nitride and the aluminum or aluminum alloy. The term "homogeneous~ as used herein and in the claims means that in each agglomerated particle there is a plurality of subparticles of each of the boron nitride and aluminum-containing constituents. This form of powder is expressly distinguished from a clad powder such as described in the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 3,655,425, such a clad powder typically having a single core particle of one constituent. One reason for beneficial results of this requirement is believed to relate to a wetting of the boron nitride by the aluminum when the latter is melted during thermal spraying. Such wetting of flne boron nitride particles seems best effected with homogeneity.
The agglomerated particles should have a relat,vely coarse size, generally between 44 and 210 microns. With the subparticles being generally finer such as less than 44 microns. good homogeneity is achieved. In such an example some of the subparticles near 44 microns may form agglomerated particles only slightly larger than 44 microns so that a few of such agglomerated particles may not be homogeneous; in the powder as a whole the agglomerates should be substantially homogenous.
The powder is produced by any conventional or desired method for making organically bonded agglomerate powder suitable for thermal spraying. The agglomerates should not be very friable so as not to break down during handling and feeding. One viable production method is spray drying as taught in the aforementioned U.S.
~ ~ ~.i . ) 7 i Patent No. 3,617,358. However in larger batches there is a Susceptibility for significant reaction between the aluminum and the water used for the slurry in the process, producing hydrogen gas and heat which interfere with the process and constitute a hazard.
A preferred method is agglomerating by stirring a slurry of the fine powder constituents with a binder, and warming the mixture while continuing with the blending until a dr~ed powder of the agglomerates is obtained. The organic binder may be conventional, for example selected from those set forth in the abovementioned patents. The amount of liquid binder introduced into the initial slurry is selected to achieve the proper percentage of organic solids in the final dried agglomerated powder. One or more additives to the slurry such as a neutralizer may be advantageous.
Exam,Dle A composite powder was manufactured by agglomerating fine powder of 30 wt% boron nitride (BN) with fine powder of aluminum-12 wt%
silicon alloy. The respective sizes of the fine BN and alloy powders were - 44 + 1 microns and - 53 + 1 microns. These powder ingredients were premixed for 30 minutes, then an organic binder (UCA~ Latex 879) was added to this mixture with distilled water and acetic acid to neutralize the slu_ry. The container was warmed to about 135 C and stir blending was continued until the sLurry and binder were dried and an agglomerated powder formed with approximately 12% organic solids.
Alloy 1750 gm BN 750 gm Binder 7S0 gm Water 500 gm Acetic Acid70 cc ~ ¢ ~J ~-~} j~
After the powder was manufactured it was top gcreened at 210 microns (70 mesh) and bottom screened at 44 microns (325 mesh).
The powder was sprayed with a Metco Type 9MB plagma ~pray gun using a GH nozzle and a #l powder port. Spray parameters were argon primary gas at 7 kg/cm2 pressure and 96 l/min flow rate, hydrogen secondary gas at 3.S kg/cm2 and flow as required to maintain about 80 volts, 500 amperes, spray rate 3.6 kg/hr, spray distance 13 cm. These parameters were the same as recommended and used for the aforementioned Metco 313 powder (aluminum clad graphite), which was also sprayed for comparison.
Erosion testing at 20 impingement angle produced similar results with 1.6 and 1.7 x10 ~4 cc of coating per gm of abrasive being removed for the agglomerated and clad powders respectively.
Abradability testing demonstrated improved abradability for agglomerated powder compared to clad powder.
While the invention has been described above in detail with reference to specific embodiments, various changes and modifications which fall within the spirit of the invention and scope of the appended claims will become apparent to those skilled in this art. The invention is therefore only intended to be limited by the appended claims or their equivalents.
Claims (7)
1. A composite thermal spray powder formed substantially as homogeneously agglomerated particles each of which comprises pluralities of subparticles of boron nitride and subparticles of aluminum or aluminum alloy, the subparticles being bonded with an organic binder.
2. The composite powder according to Claim 1 wherein the aluminum or aluminum alloy is an aluminum-silicon alloy.
3. The composite powder according to Claim 2 wherein the alloy contains 10% to 14% silicon by weight of the alloy, and balance aluminum and incidental impurities.
4. The composite powder according to Claim 1 wherein the boron nitride is present as 10% to 60% by weight of the total of the boron nitride and the aluminum or aluminum alloy.
5. The composite powder according to Claim 1 wherein the organic binder is between 2 and 15 by weight of the subparticles.
6. The composite powder according to Claim 1 wherein the agglomerated particles have a size between 44 and 210 microns, and the subparticles have a size less than 10 microns.
7. A composite thermal spray powder formed substantially as homogeneously agglomerated particles each of which consists essentially of an organic binder and pluralities of subparticles of boron nitride and subparticles of aluminum-silicon alloy, wherein the subparticles are bonded with an organic binder, the alloy is substantially aluminum and 10% to 14% silicon by weight of the alloy, the boron nitride is present as 19% to 60% by weight of the total of the boron nitride and the alloy, the organic binder is between 2 and 15 by weight of the subparticles, the agglomerated particles have a size between 44 and 210 microns, and the subparticles have a size less than 10 microns.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/521,816 US5049450A (en) | 1990-05-10 | 1990-05-10 | Aluminum and boron nitride thermal spray powder |
| US07/521,816 | 1990-05-10 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2039744A1 true CA2039744A1 (en) | 1991-11-11 |
Family
ID=24078289
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002039744A Abandoned CA2039744A1 (en) | 1990-05-10 | 1991-04-04 | Aluminum and boron nitride thermal spray powder |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5049450A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0459114B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH04254568A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9101906A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2039744A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69106219T2 (en) |
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| BRPI0803956B1 (en) * | 2008-09-12 | 2018-11-21 | Whirlpool S.A. | metallurgical composition of particulate materials and process for obtaining self-lubricating sintered products |
| US8272816B2 (en) | 2009-05-12 | 2012-09-25 | TDY Industries, LLC | Composite cemented carbide rotary cutting tools and rotary cutting tool blanks |
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| CN102985197A (en) | 2010-05-20 | 2013-03-20 | 贝克休斯公司 | Methods of forming at least a portion of earth-boring tools, and articles formed by such methods |
| WO2011146743A2 (en) | 2010-05-20 | 2011-11-24 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Methods of forming at least a portion of earth-boring tools |
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| US8800848B2 (en) | 2011-08-31 | 2014-08-12 | Kennametal Inc. | Methods of forming wear resistant layers on metallic surfaces |
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| US20150147572A1 (en) * | 2012-05-21 | 2015-05-28 | Fujimi Incorporated | Cermet powder |
| US10145258B2 (en) * | 2014-04-24 | 2018-12-04 | United Technologies Corporation | Low permeability high pressure compressor abradable seal for bare Ni airfoils having continuous metal matrix |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3084064A (en) * | 1959-08-06 | 1963-04-02 | Union Carbide Corp | Abradable metal coatings and process therefor |
| US3617358A (en) * | 1967-09-29 | 1971-11-02 | Metco Inc | Flame spray powder and process |
| US3655425A (en) * | 1969-07-01 | 1972-04-11 | Metco Inc | Ceramic clad flame spray powder |
| US4645716A (en) * | 1985-04-09 | 1987-02-24 | The Perkin-Elmer Corporation | Flame spray material |
| US4894088A (en) * | 1986-12-16 | 1990-01-16 | Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho | Pellet for fabricating metal matrix composite and method of preparing the pellet |
-
1990
- 1990-05-10 US US07/521,816 patent/US5049450A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1991
- 1991-04-04 CA CA002039744A patent/CA2039744A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1991-04-10 EP EP91105686A patent/EP0459114B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-04-10 DE DE69106219T patent/DE69106219T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-05-09 BR BR919101906A patent/BR9101906A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1991-05-10 JP JP3133247A patent/JPH04254568A/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0459114A1 (en) | 1991-12-04 |
| DE69106219T2 (en) | 1995-05-11 |
| US5049450A (en) | 1991-09-17 |
| JPH04254568A (en) | 1992-09-09 |
| BR9101906A (en) | 1991-12-17 |
| DE69106219D1 (en) | 1995-02-09 |
| EP0459114B1 (en) | 1994-12-28 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Discontinued | ||
| FZDE | Discontinued |
Effective date: 19970404 |