CA2060144C - Apparatus for gravel packing a well - Google Patents
Apparatus for gravel packing a well Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2060144C CA2060144C CA002060144A CA2060144A CA2060144C CA 2060144 C CA2060144 C CA 2060144C CA 002060144 A CA002060144 A CA 002060144A CA 2060144 A CA2060144 A CA 2060144A CA 2060144 C CA2060144 C CA 2060144C
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- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- annulus
- conduit
- gravel
- slurry
- devices
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/02—Subsoil filtering
- E21B43/04—Gravelling of wells
Abstract
A sand screen is positioned in a well adjacent an oil or gas reservoir to be produced. At least one conduit is in juxtaposition with the sand screen and has passageways at selected intervals to establish fluid communications between the conduit and the annulus of the well surrounding the sand screen. A gravel packing slurry is injected down the well to form a gravel pack in the annulus. Actuatable devices associated with the conduit passageways control fluid flow between the conduit and annulus so that if the gravel portion of the slurry forms a bridge in the annulus, thereby blocking slurry flow throb the annulus, the slurry will be diverted from the annulus into the conduit through one or more of the passageways in the conduit above the bridge, downward through the conduit and out through one or more passageways in the conduit into the annulus below the bridge to continue the forming of the gravel pack in the annulus.
Description
~o~o~~~
F-5989-L(PAC) This irn~ention relates to apparatus for gravel packing a well, particularly a well that penetrates an unconsolidated or poorly consolidated subterranean oil or gas reservoir.
In the production of hydrocarbons frcen hydrocarbon-bearing unconsolidated formations, a well is provid~l which e~ter~ds frcan the surface of the earth into the unoonsolidated or poorly consolidated formation. The well may be Meted by employing conventional c~npletion practice's, such as running arr3 cementing casing in the well and forming perforations through the casing and Cement sheath suzxc~ndin~g the casing, thereby farming an open production interval which oarmm.~nicates with the formation.
The production of hydrocarbons fr~n unconsolidated or poorly consolidated formations may result in the production of sand along with the hydrocarbons. Produced sand is undesirable for many reasons. Tt is abrasive to c~onents within the well, such as tubing, pumps and valves, arid must be removed frcan the produced f luids at the surface. Fu~~er, it may partially or completely clog the well, thereby ~ necessary an e~ensive workover. In addition, the sand flowing frown the formation may leave therein a Cavity which may result in caving the formation and collapse of the casing.
A technique ccanmonly employed for controlling the flaw of sand frown an unoonsolidated or poorly F-5989-L(PAC) ~nsolidated formation into a well involves the forming of a gravel pack in the well adjacent part or all of the unconsolidat~ or poorly Consolidated formation exposed to the v~ll. Thereafter, hydrocarbons are produced fr~n the formation thresh the gravel pack and into the well.
Gravel packs have generally been successful in mitigating the flow of sand fr~n the formation into the well.
One of the major problems associated with gravel packing, especially in gravel packing long or incliner_i intervals, arises frcan the difficulty in ocenpletely packing the annulus between the screen and the casing for in-casing gravel parks or between the screen and the side of the hole for open hole or under-reamed gravel packs.
Inc~plete packing is often associated with the formation of gravel "Midges" in the interval to be packed which prevent placement of sufficient sand belay that Midge, for top down gravel packing, or above that'Midge, for bottcan up gravel packing. In US-A-4,945,991 the problem associated with Midge formation is circxmn~entsd by permitting separate pathways for sand laden slurry to reach locations above or belay the gravel Midge or Midges.
In acCO~lance with the present invention, there is provided new and improved apparatus for gravel packing a well that penetrates a subterranean formation adjacent an oil or gas reservoir which is to be produced.
' CA 02060144 1999-04-14 F-5989-L(PAC) More particularly, a sand screen is positioned in a well in juxtaposition with an oil or gas reservoir to be produced, an annulus being formed in the w~el.l the sand scxeen. At least one conduit is in juxtaposition with the sand screen and contains openirygs at selected i:r~tervals to establish fluid cce~nunication between the conduit and the annulus. A fluid slurry containing gravel is injected down the annulus with the fluid portion of the slurry being forced out of the annulus into the reservoir and the gravel portion of the slurry forming a gravel pack in the anrntlus surrwnding the openings in the production tubing. A~uatable device's associated with the openings in the conduit control fluid flora betweexi the conduit alai the annulus so that if the gravel portion of the slurry forms a bridge in a portion of the annulus adjaoer~t the conduit, thereby blocking the flew of slurry thrthe annulus, the slurry will be diverted frcan the annulus into the conduit through one or mare opeW rgs in the oo~~duit above the bridge in the annulus, daarr~aard thr~ the coryduit, and out throne or more openings in the ooa~duit into the annulus below the bridge in the annulus to contirnie the forming of a gravel pack within the annulus below the bridge.
The actuatable devices may be rup4.~re discs, blcxa-out plugs or valves. The valves may be time actuated, pressure actuated, electrically actuated or acoustically actuated.
In a further aspect, actuable valves may be closed to prevent gravel flow between the annulus and the conduit during production of oil or gas from the reservoir from loosening the gravel pack in the annulus.
...__..~,...~..r.~. ~__ _.__..,o.~.w ~.__ ......_._ _l f'.
F-5989-L(PAC) Reference is now made to the accca~anying drawings, in which Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic view of the gravel packing apparatus of the present invention positioned within a perforated well casing at a location of an unconsolidated or loosely consolidated oil or gas reservoir.
Fig. 2 is a partial mss-sectional view of a portion of the apparatus of Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic fluid flow pattern illustrating the formation of gravel Midges and use of separate pathways provided by the apparatus of Fig. 1 to cirt gavel Midge formation.
Fig. ~4(located in the second sheet of drawings, with Fig. 2) is a cross-sectional view of the apparatus of Fig. 1 taken along the lines 4-4 of Fig. 1.
This invention is directed to an apparatus for gravel packing a well for use in unconsolidated or poorly consolidated formations to control the production of sand frcan unoonsolidated or poorly consolidated formations. More particularly, this invention is concerned with apparatus for preventing irl~lete gravel packing associated with the formation of gravel bridges in the annulus to be packed which prevents placement of sufficient gravel packing in the annulus below that Midge, for top down gravel packing, or above that Midge, for bottoan up gravel Pad F-5989-T~ (PAC) Referring to Fig. 1, there is illustrated one embodiment of a well gravel packing apparatus in accordance with the present invention. With reference to Fig. 1, there is illustrated a well 1 which extends frc.~n the surface of the earth 3 into an un~nsolidated or poorly consolidated formation 5 containing oil or gas. Well 1 is equipped with a borehole casing 9 that is bonded to the walls of the well by a cement sheath 11. A
plurality of perforation tunnels 12 extend ~ borehole casing 9 and Cement sheath 11 at preselected intervals thereby forming an open production interval 14 that provides for fluid c~unication between the interval of well 1 and a substantial portion of the unCOnsolidated or poorly consolidated formation 5.
The perforation tunnels 12 should have diameters betw~n 1/8 and 1 inch (0.32 arid 2.5 can) or more, and extend vertically along the longitudinal axis of the borehole casing 9. Gravel packers 15 and 16 are set inside the Casing 9 to isolate that portion of the well casing containing perforation tunnels 12 in ocsramanication with the oil or gas Containing formation 5: A sand screen 18 is located inside borehole casing 9 and in juxtaposition with the perforated tunnels 12 to form an annulus 20 surraundir~g the sand screen 18. Sand'sCreen 18 c~arnprises a continuous wrapping of wire ribbon (not shown) on the blank pipe 21 or a slotted liner, or other sand retaining devices. The purpose of the sand screen 18 is to allay fluid flow from the formation into pipe 21 while preventing the move~..ment of sand and gravel. With a wire wrapped screen, slots or openings 22 are first cut or drilled in the pipe 21 to allay fluid flora. Metal ribs (not shown) are welded longitudinally on the outside of the pipe 21. Then the wire ribbon is wrapped around the metal ribs in a helical pattern.
This type of sand screen is conventional in the industry. Other Conventional sand srxeens include slatted liners or prepacked liners. A typical sand screen is disclosed in US A-4,664,191.
F-5989-b(PAC) Sand screens generally are m3nufaetured in lengths of 30 feet (9m) or less, corresponding to one joint of pipe. Spacing between the wire ribbons in the wire wrap or size of slots in a slotted liner depend on the sand or gravel size whose movement is to be prdzibit~3. At least one inch (2.5cxn) of radial clearance is desirable between the sand screen and the casimg 9. The blank pipe 21 usually eacter~ls above the wire ribbons.
The sand screen 18 is supported frcan a conventional gravel packer 16. Such a gravel Backer serves two purposes. It controls the path of flora of the gravel packing slurry into the annulus 20 surrour~dirag the sand screen 18 frcan a conventional cross-over tool 19 ~
the cross-over ports 24 and 26 during hydraulic fracturing and gravel packing and, along with the gravel packer 16, forms an isolating seal for the annulus 20 during oil or gas production from the reservoir. Other mechanical arrang~ents may be used to maintain a similar relationship between the formation 5, annulus 20 and sand screen 18.
In the embCdiment of the invention shcx~m in Fig. 1, one or more conduits 28 are mounted or incorporated in juxtaposition with the exterior of the sand screen 18 and are of sufficient size to permit the flora of sand or gravel slurry. The conduit 28 exteriors substantially throughout the distance of the annulus 20 to be gravel F-5989-L(PAC) packed. Conduit 28 is provided with a plurality of passageways 30 at preselected intervals thexealong that extend the length W ereof which provide fluid oc~nunication between conduit 28 and annulus 20. Thevse passageways are sufficient in rnm~bex atxi size to permit the flow of fluid gavel packing slurry betr~een conduit 28 and annulus 20. Actuatable devices 32 are associated with the passageways 30 and may be nee discs or blow out plugs which can open the fluid oom~ication between o~uit 28 and annulus 20 a single time without resealing or, in the alternative, may be aut~natically actuatable valves which can repeatedly opera arxi close such fluid onication. 'Ihe use of such devices will be more fully explained hereinafter.
Conduit 28 can consist of a pipe (either circular, square. rectarygular, or curved, etc~ ). Althrnx~ the corriuit 28 may be made of any pressure-resistant material, it is preferably to be made of stainless steel.
The conduit 28 preferably begins at the top, sc~ewhat above, even with, or slic~tly below the top of the sand screen i8. ~e conduit 28 preferably ends at the battcm, somerahat above, even with, oar below the bottoan of the sand screen 18.
Referring now to Fig. 2, a slurry of gavel is injected down the well casing 9 ~ a murk string (not shcxan) into the Gross-over tool 19. The term gravel as used herein shall encompass hard, rigid particulate matter ranging in size frcen very fine sand to pebble size material having a size in the range of 8/12 to 250 mesh, preferably 40/60 mesh. The gravel pack slurry passes 2~c~~~.~
F°5989-L(PAC) g through -~owex ports 34 and 36 in the otross°over tool 19, which are in fluid ocamunioatioa~ with cross-over prncts 24 arxi 26 in the gravel Backer 16 and then into annulus 20. Also shown in Fig. 2 is the oo~m~emioa~al. cross-over po~.t 40 between the wash pipe 42 of cross-over t~l 19 and the anan~lar section 44 above the gravel packer 16. Referring again to Fig. 1, aross°over port 40 is closed so as to inhibit the flow of gravel sl~-ry fr~n annulus 20 ~ the sand screen 18 and ~wa~l through the crass-over tool 19 into anrnilar section 44. Consequently, with actuatable devices 32 of oariduit 28 closed, all the gravel spry is forced into annulus 29 arxi out the perforation tunnels 12 into the surro~ding formation 5.
The gravel slurry is injected into the well until anryulus 20 surrounding the sand screen 18 is filled with gravel. Referring to Fig. 1, the arrows a-a illustrate fluid flora paths during the gravel packing phase of the present invention. ~Se fluid flaw paths are as follows:
a: the cross-aver tool 19, b: ~ open cross-aver ports 34 ctrl 36 of cross-aver tool 19, o: through apexmross-aver ports 24 and 26 of gravel packer 16, d: through annulus 20 and, or, Conduit 28, a~
F-5989-L(PAC) _ g e: thraac~ perforations 12 into the formation.
As injection of the gravel slurry continues, a gravel pack 46 as shown in Fig. 3 begins to fill annulus 20 frcan the battcan to the top. Doe to non-uniformity in the permeability of the fox~tion 5, the fluid portion of the gravel slurry will preferentially flow into the high permeability zones of the formation 5 and a Midge 48 of gravel may occur in the upper portion of annulus 20. At this point in the gravel packing operation, one or more of the actuatable devices 32 located along conduit 28 above amd below the bridge 48 of gravel is to permit the gravel packing slurry to flora through o~ ar~ more of the passageways 30 in conduit 28 above the bridge 48 arid down toorriuit 28, bypassing the gravel bridge 48 and flora out ~ one or x~re passageways 30 in conduit 28 below the gravel bridge thereby allowing further pla~merit of gravel packing sand in the annular section 20 below the sand knridge 48. By making the cross-sectional area of conduit 28 smaller than the cross-sectional area of annular suction 20, the fluid velocity in conduit 28 will be greater than the fluid velocity in annular section 20 thereby preventing bridging of gravel within conduit 28. No matter has many gravel midges are formed in annular section 20, the flora of fluid containing gravel is diverted around the gravel bridges until the entire interval in annular space 20 is gravel packed. Zhus, the entire annular space 20 is gravel packed using the separate flora channel concept.
Instead of injecting the gravel slurry down annulus 20 for packing, as described supra, the gravel pack slurry F°5989-L(PAC) may be injected dcxan the oral) aryl up the annulus 20 to be packed in aceordaraoe with gravel packi.r~g techniques )mean in the art.
Referring nay to FIG.4, and by way of example only, a pair of conduits 28 are positioned on opposite sides of the sand scxeen 18. Actuatable devices 32, as noted above, may be n~ure discs or blow out plugs. W en a gravel Midge, such as shownn at 48 in FIG.3, begins to form and causes the pressure in the gravel packir~ slurry to rise, one or more discs rup~re or one or more plugs blow out in the conduit 28 above the Midge 48 to open one or more of the passageways 30 above Midge 48 to the flaw of slurry dawn through the oenduit. After the slurry passes the Midge 48, the increased pressure again causes ors or moue discs to nee or plugs to blow out in the conduit 28 below Midge 48 to open one or more passageways 30 to the flora of slurry back into the anrntlus 20 to continue gravel packia~g below the Midge 48. Autcanatically actuatable valves may be advar~tag~usly used in place of the nee discs or blow out plugs. S~ch valves wrxxld be used to maintain gravel pack integrity when potion of the oil or gas reservoir is initiated. Far' exa~le, the valves could be closed after gravel packing is ecm~lete so that during production the gravel does not flora frown the anrnzlus into the conduit and thereby cause loosenix~g of the gravel pack. If the nee discs or blaa out plugs wexe used, the passageways 30 could not be closed after gravel packing.
While the nzpt~e discs and blow out plugs allay for sing~licity of design and efficiency, autca~atically actuatable valves allow flexibility in designittg the ~~~~1~~.~
F-5989-L(PAC) gravel packing operation to iyroving packing efficier~y. The autcxnatically actuatable valves may be pressure actuated, time actuated, electrically actuated or acoustically actuated.
After the gravel pack has been oc~leted, oil or gas production may maw be immediately carried out by removal of the cross-over tool ,.9 and replant with conventional producing tubing. The fluid flow paths during the production vase is illustrated in US-A-4,685,519 and US A 4,945,991.
Apparatus of the present irn~er~tion is also applicable to placing a gravel pack in an open-hole (i.e., unlined) well drilled in an unconsolidated or poorly consolidated subterranean oil oar gas reservoir as illustrated an US-A-3,434,540. In this embodiment, a gravel park is placed in the well to rest against the wellbore in the formation so that fluid flaaing frca~a the reservoir passes ~
the gravel pack. Positioning a conduit or plurality of conduits in the annulus between the sand saeen and the wellbore in accordance with 'the present invention, provides separate flow paths to permit gravel park slurry to bypass gravel bridges which might build up in the annulus between the sand screen and the reservoir.
Having now described the apparatus of the present invention for gravel parking a well, it is to be understood that various modifications or alterations may bec~e apparent to one skilled in the art without departing frc~n the scope of the appended claims.
F-5989-L(PAC) This irn~ention relates to apparatus for gravel packing a well, particularly a well that penetrates an unconsolidated or poorly consolidated subterranean oil or gas reservoir.
In the production of hydrocarbons frcen hydrocarbon-bearing unconsolidated formations, a well is provid~l which e~ter~ds frcan the surface of the earth into the unoonsolidated or poorly consolidated formation. The well may be Meted by employing conventional c~npletion practice's, such as running arr3 cementing casing in the well and forming perforations through the casing and Cement sheath suzxc~ndin~g the casing, thereby farming an open production interval which oarmm.~nicates with the formation.
The production of hydrocarbons fr~n unconsolidated or poorly consolidated formations may result in the production of sand along with the hydrocarbons. Produced sand is undesirable for many reasons. Tt is abrasive to c~onents within the well, such as tubing, pumps and valves, arid must be removed frcan the produced f luids at the surface. Fu~~er, it may partially or completely clog the well, thereby ~ necessary an e~ensive workover. In addition, the sand flowing frown the formation may leave therein a Cavity which may result in caving the formation and collapse of the casing.
A technique ccanmonly employed for controlling the flaw of sand frown an unoonsolidated or poorly F-5989-L(PAC) ~nsolidated formation into a well involves the forming of a gravel pack in the well adjacent part or all of the unconsolidat~ or poorly Consolidated formation exposed to the v~ll. Thereafter, hydrocarbons are produced fr~n the formation thresh the gravel pack and into the well.
Gravel packs have generally been successful in mitigating the flow of sand fr~n the formation into the well.
One of the major problems associated with gravel packing, especially in gravel packing long or incliner_i intervals, arises frcan the difficulty in ocenpletely packing the annulus between the screen and the casing for in-casing gravel parks or between the screen and the side of the hole for open hole or under-reamed gravel packs.
Inc~plete packing is often associated with the formation of gravel "Midges" in the interval to be packed which prevent placement of sufficient sand belay that Midge, for top down gravel packing, or above that'Midge, for bottcan up gravel packing. In US-A-4,945,991 the problem associated with Midge formation is circxmn~entsd by permitting separate pathways for sand laden slurry to reach locations above or belay the gravel Midge or Midges.
In acCO~lance with the present invention, there is provided new and improved apparatus for gravel packing a well that penetrates a subterranean formation adjacent an oil or gas reservoir which is to be produced.
' CA 02060144 1999-04-14 F-5989-L(PAC) More particularly, a sand screen is positioned in a well in juxtaposition with an oil or gas reservoir to be produced, an annulus being formed in the w~el.l the sand scxeen. At least one conduit is in juxtaposition with the sand screen and contains openirygs at selected i:r~tervals to establish fluid cce~nunication between the conduit and the annulus. A fluid slurry containing gravel is injected down the annulus with the fluid portion of the slurry being forced out of the annulus into the reservoir and the gravel portion of the slurry forming a gravel pack in the anrntlus surrwnding the openings in the production tubing. A~uatable device's associated with the openings in the conduit control fluid flora betweexi the conduit alai the annulus so that if the gravel portion of the slurry forms a bridge in a portion of the annulus adjaoer~t the conduit, thereby blocking the flew of slurry thrthe annulus, the slurry will be diverted frcan the annulus into the conduit through one or mare opeW rgs in the oo~~duit above the bridge in the annulus, daarr~aard thr~ the coryduit, and out throne or more openings in the ooa~duit into the annulus below the bridge in the annulus to contirnie the forming of a gravel pack within the annulus below the bridge.
The actuatable devices may be rup4.~re discs, blcxa-out plugs or valves. The valves may be time actuated, pressure actuated, electrically actuated or acoustically actuated.
In a further aspect, actuable valves may be closed to prevent gravel flow between the annulus and the conduit during production of oil or gas from the reservoir from loosening the gravel pack in the annulus.
...__..~,...~..r.~. ~__ _.__..,o.~.w ~.__ ......_._ _l f'.
F-5989-L(PAC) Reference is now made to the accca~anying drawings, in which Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic view of the gravel packing apparatus of the present invention positioned within a perforated well casing at a location of an unconsolidated or loosely consolidated oil or gas reservoir.
Fig. 2 is a partial mss-sectional view of a portion of the apparatus of Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic fluid flow pattern illustrating the formation of gravel Midges and use of separate pathways provided by the apparatus of Fig. 1 to cirt gavel Midge formation.
Fig. ~4(located in the second sheet of drawings, with Fig. 2) is a cross-sectional view of the apparatus of Fig. 1 taken along the lines 4-4 of Fig. 1.
This invention is directed to an apparatus for gravel packing a well for use in unconsolidated or poorly consolidated formations to control the production of sand frcan unoonsolidated or poorly consolidated formations. More particularly, this invention is concerned with apparatus for preventing irl~lete gravel packing associated with the formation of gravel bridges in the annulus to be packed which prevents placement of sufficient gravel packing in the annulus below that Midge, for top down gravel packing, or above that Midge, for bottoan up gravel Pad F-5989-T~ (PAC) Referring to Fig. 1, there is illustrated one embodiment of a well gravel packing apparatus in accordance with the present invention. With reference to Fig. 1, there is illustrated a well 1 which extends frc.~n the surface of the earth 3 into an un~nsolidated or poorly consolidated formation 5 containing oil or gas. Well 1 is equipped with a borehole casing 9 that is bonded to the walls of the well by a cement sheath 11. A
plurality of perforation tunnels 12 extend ~ borehole casing 9 and Cement sheath 11 at preselected intervals thereby forming an open production interval 14 that provides for fluid c~unication between the interval of well 1 and a substantial portion of the unCOnsolidated or poorly consolidated formation 5.
The perforation tunnels 12 should have diameters betw~n 1/8 and 1 inch (0.32 arid 2.5 can) or more, and extend vertically along the longitudinal axis of the borehole casing 9. Gravel packers 15 and 16 are set inside the Casing 9 to isolate that portion of the well casing containing perforation tunnels 12 in ocsramanication with the oil or gas Containing formation 5: A sand screen 18 is located inside borehole casing 9 and in juxtaposition with the perforated tunnels 12 to form an annulus 20 surraundir~g the sand screen 18. Sand'sCreen 18 c~arnprises a continuous wrapping of wire ribbon (not shown) on the blank pipe 21 or a slotted liner, or other sand retaining devices. The purpose of the sand screen 18 is to allay fluid flow from the formation into pipe 21 while preventing the move~..ment of sand and gravel. With a wire wrapped screen, slots or openings 22 are first cut or drilled in the pipe 21 to allay fluid flora. Metal ribs (not shown) are welded longitudinally on the outside of the pipe 21. Then the wire ribbon is wrapped around the metal ribs in a helical pattern.
This type of sand screen is conventional in the industry. Other Conventional sand srxeens include slatted liners or prepacked liners. A typical sand screen is disclosed in US A-4,664,191.
F-5989-b(PAC) Sand screens generally are m3nufaetured in lengths of 30 feet (9m) or less, corresponding to one joint of pipe. Spacing between the wire ribbons in the wire wrap or size of slots in a slotted liner depend on the sand or gravel size whose movement is to be prdzibit~3. At least one inch (2.5cxn) of radial clearance is desirable between the sand screen and the casimg 9. The blank pipe 21 usually eacter~ls above the wire ribbons.
The sand screen 18 is supported frcan a conventional gravel packer 16. Such a gravel Backer serves two purposes. It controls the path of flora of the gravel packing slurry into the annulus 20 surrour~dirag the sand screen 18 frcan a conventional cross-over tool 19 ~
the cross-over ports 24 and 26 during hydraulic fracturing and gravel packing and, along with the gravel packer 16, forms an isolating seal for the annulus 20 during oil or gas production from the reservoir. Other mechanical arrang~ents may be used to maintain a similar relationship between the formation 5, annulus 20 and sand screen 18.
In the embCdiment of the invention shcx~m in Fig. 1, one or more conduits 28 are mounted or incorporated in juxtaposition with the exterior of the sand screen 18 and are of sufficient size to permit the flora of sand or gravel slurry. The conduit 28 exteriors substantially throughout the distance of the annulus 20 to be gravel F-5989-L(PAC) packed. Conduit 28 is provided with a plurality of passageways 30 at preselected intervals thexealong that extend the length W ereof which provide fluid oc~nunication between conduit 28 and annulus 20. Thevse passageways are sufficient in rnm~bex atxi size to permit the flow of fluid gavel packing slurry betr~een conduit 28 and annulus 20. Actuatable devices 32 are associated with the passageways 30 and may be nee discs or blow out plugs which can open the fluid oom~ication between o~uit 28 and annulus 20 a single time without resealing or, in the alternative, may be aut~natically actuatable valves which can repeatedly opera arxi close such fluid onication. 'Ihe use of such devices will be more fully explained hereinafter.
Conduit 28 can consist of a pipe (either circular, square. rectarygular, or curved, etc~ ). Althrnx~ the corriuit 28 may be made of any pressure-resistant material, it is preferably to be made of stainless steel.
The conduit 28 preferably begins at the top, sc~ewhat above, even with, or slic~tly below the top of the sand screen i8. ~e conduit 28 preferably ends at the battcm, somerahat above, even with, oar below the bottoan of the sand screen 18.
Referring now to Fig. 2, a slurry of gavel is injected down the well casing 9 ~ a murk string (not shcxan) into the Gross-over tool 19. The term gravel as used herein shall encompass hard, rigid particulate matter ranging in size frcen very fine sand to pebble size material having a size in the range of 8/12 to 250 mesh, preferably 40/60 mesh. The gravel pack slurry passes 2~c~~~.~
F°5989-L(PAC) g through -~owex ports 34 and 36 in the otross°over tool 19, which are in fluid ocamunioatioa~ with cross-over prncts 24 arxi 26 in the gravel Backer 16 and then into annulus 20. Also shown in Fig. 2 is the oo~m~emioa~al. cross-over po~.t 40 between the wash pipe 42 of cross-over t~l 19 and the anan~lar section 44 above the gravel packer 16. Referring again to Fig. 1, aross°over port 40 is closed so as to inhibit the flow of gravel sl~-ry fr~n annulus 20 ~ the sand screen 18 and ~wa~l through the crass-over tool 19 into anrnilar section 44. Consequently, with actuatable devices 32 of oariduit 28 closed, all the gravel spry is forced into annulus 29 arxi out the perforation tunnels 12 into the surro~ding formation 5.
The gravel slurry is injected into the well until anryulus 20 surrounding the sand screen 18 is filled with gravel. Referring to Fig. 1, the arrows a-a illustrate fluid flora paths during the gravel packing phase of the present invention. ~Se fluid flaw paths are as follows:
a: the cross-aver tool 19, b: ~ open cross-aver ports 34 ctrl 36 of cross-aver tool 19, o: through apexmross-aver ports 24 and 26 of gravel packer 16, d: through annulus 20 and, or, Conduit 28, a~
F-5989-L(PAC) _ g e: thraac~ perforations 12 into the formation.
As injection of the gravel slurry continues, a gravel pack 46 as shown in Fig. 3 begins to fill annulus 20 frcan the battcan to the top. Doe to non-uniformity in the permeability of the fox~tion 5, the fluid portion of the gravel slurry will preferentially flow into the high permeability zones of the formation 5 and a Midge 48 of gravel may occur in the upper portion of annulus 20. At this point in the gravel packing operation, one or more of the actuatable devices 32 located along conduit 28 above amd below the bridge 48 of gravel is to permit the gravel packing slurry to flora through o~ ar~ more of the passageways 30 in conduit 28 above the bridge 48 arid down toorriuit 28, bypassing the gravel bridge 48 and flora out ~ one or x~re passageways 30 in conduit 28 below the gravel bridge thereby allowing further pla~merit of gravel packing sand in the annular section 20 below the sand knridge 48. By making the cross-sectional area of conduit 28 smaller than the cross-sectional area of annular suction 20, the fluid velocity in conduit 28 will be greater than the fluid velocity in annular section 20 thereby preventing bridging of gravel within conduit 28. No matter has many gravel midges are formed in annular section 20, the flora of fluid containing gravel is diverted around the gravel bridges until the entire interval in annular space 20 is gravel packed. Zhus, the entire annular space 20 is gravel packed using the separate flora channel concept.
Instead of injecting the gravel slurry down annulus 20 for packing, as described supra, the gravel pack slurry F°5989-L(PAC) may be injected dcxan the oral) aryl up the annulus 20 to be packed in aceordaraoe with gravel packi.r~g techniques )mean in the art.
Referring nay to FIG.4, and by way of example only, a pair of conduits 28 are positioned on opposite sides of the sand scxeen 18. Actuatable devices 32, as noted above, may be n~ure discs or blow out plugs. W en a gravel Midge, such as shownn at 48 in FIG.3, begins to form and causes the pressure in the gravel packir~ slurry to rise, one or more discs rup~re or one or more plugs blow out in the conduit 28 above the Midge 48 to open one or more of the passageways 30 above Midge 48 to the flaw of slurry dawn through the oenduit. After the slurry passes the Midge 48, the increased pressure again causes ors or moue discs to nee or plugs to blow out in the conduit 28 below Midge 48 to open one or more passageways 30 to the flora of slurry back into the anrntlus 20 to continue gravel packia~g below the Midge 48. Autcanatically actuatable valves may be advar~tag~usly used in place of the nee discs or blow out plugs. S~ch valves wrxxld be used to maintain gravel pack integrity when potion of the oil or gas reservoir is initiated. Far' exa~le, the valves could be closed after gravel packing is ecm~lete so that during production the gravel does not flora frown the anrnzlus into the conduit and thereby cause loosenix~g of the gravel pack. If the nee discs or blaa out plugs wexe used, the passageways 30 could not be closed after gravel packing.
While the nzpt~e discs and blow out plugs allay for sing~licity of design and efficiency, autca~atically actuatable valves allow flexibility in designittg the ~~~~1~~.~
F-5989-L(PAC) gravel packing operation to iyroving packing efficier~y. The autcxnatically actuatable valves may be pressure actuated, time actuated, electrically actuated or acoustically actuated.
After the gravel pack has been oc~leted, oil or gas production may maw be immediately carried out by removal of the cross-over tool ,.9 and replant with conventional producing tubing. The fluid flow paths during the production vase is illustrated in US-A-4,685,519 and US A 4,945,991.
Apparatus of the present irn~er~tion is also applicable to placing a gravel pack in an open-hole (i.e., unlined) well drilled in an unconsolidated or poorly consolidated subterranean oil oar gas reservoir as illustrated an US-A-3,434,540. In this embodiment, a gravel park is placed in the well to rest against the wellbore in the formation so that fluid flaaing frca~a the reservoir passes ~
the gravel pack. Positioning a conduit or plurality of conduits in the annulus between the sand saeen and the wellbore in accordance with 'the present invention, provides separate flow paths to permit gravel park slurry to bypass gravel bridges which might build up in the annulus between the sand screen and the reservoir.
Having now described the apparatus of the present invention for gravel parking a well, it is to be understood that various modifications or alterations may bec~e apparent to one skilled in the art without departing frc~n the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (11)
1. Apparatus for gravel packing a well that penetrates a subterranean oil or gas reservoir, comprising:
(a) a sand screen positioned in said well in juxtaposition with said reservoir, an annulus being formed in said well surrounding said sand screen, (b) at least one conduit in juxtaposition with said sand screen and having passageways at selected intervals along said conduit to permit fluid communication between said conduit and said annulus, c) means for injecting a fluid slurry containing gravel down through said annulus whereby the fluid portion of said slurry is forced out of said annulus into said reservoir and the gravel portion of said slurry forms a gravel pack in said annulus surrounding said sand screen, and d) actuatable devises associated with said passageways in said conduit to control fluid flan between said conduit and said annulus so that if the gravel portion of said slurry forms a bridge in a portion of said annulus adjacent said conduit, thereby blocking the flow of said slurry through said annulus, said slurry will flow from said annulus into said conduit through one or more of said passageways in said conduit above said bridge, downward through said conduit, and out through one or more of said passageways in said conduit into said annulus below said midge to continue the forming of a gravel pack within said annulus below said bridge.
(a) a sand screen positioned in said well in juxtaposition with said reservoir, an annulus being formed in said well surrounding said sand screen, (b) at least one conduit in juxtaposition with said sand screen and having passageways at selected intervals along said conduit to permit fluid communication between said conduit and said annulus, c) means for injecting a fluid slurry containing gravel down through said annulus whereby the fluid portion of said slurry is forced out of said annulus into said reservoir and the gravel portion of said slurry forms a gravel pack in said annulus surrounding said sand screen, and d) actuatable devises associated with said passageways in said conduit to control fluid flan between said conduit and said annulus so that if the gravel portion of said slurry forms a bridge in a portion of said annulus adjacent said conduit, thereby blocking the flow of said slurry through said annulus, said slurry will flow from said annulus into said conduit through one or more of said passageways in said conduit above said bridge, downward through said conduit, and out through one or more of said passageways in said conduit into said annulus below said midge to continue the forming of a gravel pack within said annulus below said bridge.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said actuatable devices associated with the passageways of said conduit are actuated to an open position when gravel begins to form a midge in said annulus to permit said fluid slurry to flow between said annulus and conduit so as to continue the gravel packing of said annulus below said bridge.
3. Apparatus according to claim 1 and 2 wherein said actuatable devices are pressure actuated.
4. Apparatus according to claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein said devices are rupture discs.
5. Apparatus according to claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein said devices are blow out plugs.
6. Apparatus according to claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein said devices are pressure actuatable valves.
7. Apparatus according to claim 6 wherein said pressure actuatable valves are actuated at differing pressure differentials along said selected intervals of said conduit.
8. Apparatus according to claim 1 or 2 wherein said devices are time actuatable valves.
9. Apparatus according to claim 1 or 2 wherein said devices are electrically actuatable valves.
10. Apparatus acing to claim 1 or 2 wherein said devices are acoustically actuatable valves.
11. Apparatus awarding to claim 1 or 2 wherein said devices are actuated to a closed position to prevent gravel flow between said annulus and conduit from loosening said gravel pack during production of said oil or gas reservoir.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US648,061 | 1991-01-31 | ||
| US07/648,061 US5082052A (en) | 1991-01-31 | 1991-01-31 | Apparatus for gravel packing wells |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2060144A1 CA2060144A1 (en) | 1992-08-01 |
| CA2060144C true CA2060144C (en) | 2000-01-18 |
Family
ID=24599272
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002060144A Expired - Lifetime CA2060144C (en) | 1991-01-31 | 1992-01-28 | Apparatus for gravel packing a well |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5082052A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2060144C (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2252347B (en) |
| NO (1) | NO302910B1 (en) |
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| US3434540A (en) * | 1967-10-12 | 1969-03-25 | Mobil Oil Corp | Sand control method using a particulate pack with external and internal particle size distribution relationships |
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| US4932474A (en) * | 1988-07-14 | 1990-06-12 | Marathon Oil Company | Staged screen assembly for gravel packing |
| US4945991A (en) * | 1989-08-23 | 1990-08-07 | Mobile Oil Corporation | Method for gravel packing wells |
| US4964464A (en) * | 1989-10-31 | 1990-10-23 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Anti-sand bridge tool and method for dislodging sand bridges |
-
1991
- 1991-01-31 US US07/648,061 patent/US5082052A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1992
- 1992-01-28 CA CA002060144A patent/CA2060144C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-01-28 GB GB9201759A patent/GB2252347B/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-01-28 NO NO920374A patent/NO302910B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB9201759D0 (en) | 1992-03-11 |
| NO920374L (en) | 1992-08-03 |
| CA2060144A1 (en) | 1992-08-01 |
| US5082052A (en) | 1992-01-21 |
| GB2252347A (en) | 1992-08-05 |
| NO920374D0 (en) | 1992-01-28 |
| GB2252347B (en) | 1994-10-05 |
| NO302910B1 (en) | 1998-05-04 |
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