CA2061508C - Smoke detector with automatic dialing - Google Patents
Smoke detector with automatic dialing Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2061508C CA2061508C CA002061508A CA2061508A CA2061508C CA 2061508 C CA2061508 C CA 2061508C CA 002061508 A CA002061508 A CA 002061508A CA 2061508 A CA2061508 A CA 2061508A CA 2061508 C CA2061508 C CA 2061508C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- circuit
- smoke
- casing
- monitoring station
- smoke detector
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000000994 depressogenic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000011664 signaling Effects 0.000 claims 3
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000272168 Laridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000002457 bidirectional effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000005069 ears Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B25/00—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems
- G08B25/01—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems characterised by the transmission medium
- G08B25/08—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems characterised by the transmission medium using communication transmission lines
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
- H04M11/00—Telephonic communication systems specially adapted for combination with other electrical systems
- H04M11/04—Telephonic communication systems specially adapted for combination with other electrical systems with alarm systems, e.g. fire, police or burglar alarm systems
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
- G08B17/10—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means
- G08B17/11—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means using an ionisation chamber for detecting smoke or gas
- G08B17/113—Constructional details
Abstract
A smoke detector casing of conventional size and adapted to be secured in any room of a residence or the like, contains not only a smoke detector, an audible alarm and their circuit with a 9 volts alkaline battery as a power supply but also a microprocessor and an automatic telephone dialer and a modem together with a telephone jack for connecting the circuit to a telephone line so as to immediately dial and send a smoke detection signal to a central monitoring station.
The circuit of the smoke detector is also used for transmitting emergency signals others than fire alarms. The smoke detector casing also encloses a high sensitivity combined microphone and loud speaker to provide for direct bi-directional voice communication between the occupant of the monitored area and the attendant at the central monitoring station. The direction of the voice communication is controlled by the attendant who can thus manage the panic situation.
The circuit of the smoke detector is also used for transmitting emergency signals others than fire alarms. The smoke detector casing also encloses a high sensitivity combined microphone and loud speaker to provide for direct bi-directional voice communication between the occupant of the monitored area and the attendant at the central monitoring station. The direction of the voice communication is controlled by the attendant who can thus manage the panic situation.
Description
FIELD OF THE TNVEHTION
The invention relates to an apparatus for detecting fire and other emergency conditions and transmitting a corresponding emergency signal to a remote central monitoring station.
BACKGROL~IdD OF THE INiIENTION
Various emergency reporting or alarm systems e~cist for installatipn in houses and other buildings, which link up the alarm system to a central monitoring station which in turn, can take steps for notifying the police or the fire department or a medical organization. Known such systems are quite costly and they often require a special dedicated telephone line. .
Generally speaking such a known alarm system comprises a central unit and a series of detectors such as infra-red sensors which mainly serve to detect a non-desired presence. These known systems must be armed when the house occupant leaves the premises and must be disarmed when the occupant comes back to the house. This requirement is constraining with the result that the occupant often abandons or forgets the arming and disarming Procedure.
Also the house occupant, in an emergency and therefore stressful situation, must use a conventional telephone apparatus to commun9.cate with the attendant at the central monitoring station. Hoth the attendant and the occupant may dial at the same time and the communication becomes impossible.
Frequently, the attendant, in an intrusion situation, is under directives not to call the occupant. In such a situation, the occupant must call the attendant and frequently he does not have the required central telephone number at hand, so much so that he is in a stressful situation. Delays therefore occur which are highly harmful in an emergency situation.
OBJECTa O~ THE I~fVENTION
The general object of the invention is to provide a canventianal casing for a smoke detector which encloses not only a smoke detecting circuit but also is circuited for automatic telephonic communication with his central monitoring station, and yet is powered in an autonomous manner by a standard dry cell battery as used in conventional smoke detectars.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an emergency system of the character described having means for sending another type of emergency alarm or signal, than a fire or smoke signal.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a device of the character described provided with means for establishing bi-directional voice communication between the occupant of the monitored area and the attendant at the central monitoring station.
Another object of the present invention is that all the communications are transmitted over a conventional public utility phone line.
SUMMARY O~' THE INVE1~TIDPi ' The alarm system of the invention comprises a small portable casing adapted to be secured to a ceiling, a wall or the like, in a room to be monitored, said casing enclosing its own power supply, a smoke sensing device and its attendant electronic circuit together with a microprocessor and automatic telephone dialer and a modem with telephonic cord connectors. The circuit is capable of using the public utility phone lines to automatically dial upon a smoke detection, so as to communicate with a computer at said monitoring station.
preferably, the casing includes a discriminating circuit to permit signals indicating other types of emergency situations than a fire or smoke situation to be sent to the central monitoring station.
The invention relates to an apparatus for detecting fire and other emergency conditions and transmitting a corresponding emergency signal to a remote central monitoring station.
BACKGROL~IdD OF THE INiIENTION
Various emergency reporting or alarm systems e~cist for installatipn in houses and other buildings, which link up the alarm system to a central monitoring station which in turn, can take steps for notifying the police or the fire department or a medical organization. Known such systems are quite costly and they often require a special dedicated telephone line. .
Generally speaking such a known alarm system comprises a central unit and a series of detectors such as infra-red sensors which mainly serve to detect a non-desired presence. These known systems must be armed when the house occupant leaves the premises and must be disarmed when the occupant comes back to the house. This requirement is constraining with the result that the occupant often abandons or forgets the arming and disarming Procedure.
Also the house occupant, in an emergency and therefore stressful situation, must use a conventional telephone apparatus to commun9.cate with the attendant at the central monitoring station. Hoth the attendant and the occupant may dial at the same time and the communication becomes impossible.
Frequently, the attendant, in an intrusion situation, is under directives not to call the occupant. In such a situation, the occupant must call the attendant and frequently he does not have the required central telephone number at hand, so much so that he is in a stressful situation. Delays therefore occur which are highly harmful in an emergency situation.
OBJECTa O~ THE I~fVENTION
The general object of the invention is to provide a canventianal casing for a smoke detector which encloses not only a smoke detecting circuit but also is circuited for automatic telephonic communication with his central monitoring station, and yet is powered in an autonomous manner by a standard dry cell battery as used in conventional smoke detectars.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an emergency system of the character described having means for sending another type of emergency alarm or signal, than a fire or smoke signal.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a device of the character described provided with means for establishing bi-directional voice communication between the occupant of the monitored area and the attendant at the central monitoring station.
Another object of the present invention is that all the communications are transmitted over a conventional public utility phone line.
SUMMARY O~' THE INVE1~TIDPi ' The alarm system of the invention comprises a small portable casing adapted to be secured to a ceiling, a wall or the like, in a room to be monitored, said casing enclosing its own power supply, a smoke sensing device and its attendant electronic circuit together with a microprocessor and automatic telephone dialer and a modem with telephonic cord connectors. The circuit is capable of using the public utility phone lines to automatically dial upon a smoke detection, so as to communicate with a computer at said monitoring station.
preferably, the casing includes a discriminating circuit to permit signals indicating other types of emergency situations than a fire or smoke situation to be sent to the central monitoring station.
~~.~._~~v Preferably, the device further includes a high sensitivity microphone and a loud sgeaker together with a corresponding bidirectional voice communication circuit whereby through the same telephone line, voice communication can be established between the attendant at the central monitoring station and the occupant of the monitored area. The latter does not have to use the conventional telephone apparatus, the casing then being used as a free-hand telephone apparatus.
Preferably, this voice communication circuit enables the attendant at the monitoring station to control the directions of the voice communication in order to better manage a panic situation at the monitored area.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Figure 1 is a perspective view of the smoke detector in accordance with the invention together with a control pad connected thereto.
Figure 2 is a bottom plan view of the casing of figure 1 and with Z5 portions of the bottom cut away to show certain parts located within the casing.
Figure 3 is a vertical section of the casing.
Figure 4 is a cross-section taken along line 4-4 of figure 3.
Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the electronic circuit contained in the casing of figures 1 to 4 and, Figure 6 is a schematic view showiaag the alarm system of the invention connected to a central monitoring station which is in turn connected to a public utility security service station. .
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The alarm system of the invention comprises a casing 2 of the size of a conventional smoke detector casing such as found in residential homes and adapted to be secured to the ceiling or a wall of the room to be monitored.
Casing 2 comprises a box 4 to which is hinged a cover 6 by means of releasable hixxges 8.
The casing is secured to the ceiling by means of screws or the like inserted through holes in the tubular ears Z0. The cover is maintained in closed position by a snap lock 12. Two female telephone jacks are mounted within the box 4 arid opens at the side of the box 4, namely an eight-pin telephone jack 14 to be connected to a telephone line and a six-pin telephone jack 16 serving as an input for accessories. The box 4 also carries a push-button 18 which serves as a cancel/test button. The box 4 and cover 6 houses electronic circuits at two levels, namely the bottom level 20 and the top level 22. ,.
As one type of input accessory, a remote control pad 24 is provided, having two top push--buttons 26 which serve, when simultaneously depressed, to manually sound an alarm and a single button 27 which serves to cancel the alarm.
The pad 24 is connected to the input jack 16 through a conventional telephone cord 28 having at its ends two male plugs 30. The remote control pad I5 can be positioned in any easily accessible location within the room being monitored.
The electric and electronic components contained in the casing 2 are shown in figure 5, as schematic blocks : a power supply 32 is provided which includes means to releasably receive a standard 9 volt alkaline battery such as found in conventional smoke detectors and which also includes the electronic circuit for furnishing different voltages as necessary to the various other electronic components.
A processing unit or micro-processor 34 is provided which controls all the operations and gives the necessary instructions.
A mute/t~st 36 is provided which is operated by the cancel/test button 18 or by the remote cancel button 27 on the remote control pad 24. If the apparatus is not in an alarm state when cancel/test button 18 is activated, then block 36 will effect a verification of the functioning of the apparatus. If the apparatus is in an alarm state when button 18 is depressed, then the alarm is cancelled. This occurs also when button 27 is depressed on the remote control pad 24. A smoke alarm block 38 is provided which contains a smoke detector preferably a double high ionization chamber and an audible alarm and attending electronic circuit.
An interface block 40 is provided which serves to detect a change of status of the different inputs ; for instance this interface block, will detect whether the smoke detector is in a detecting state or whether 'the two push-buttons 26 have been depressed simultaneously to sound an alarm, or if the button 27 is depressed to cancel the alarm. This interface block 40 can be also provided with electronic circuits not only to discriminate between a smoke-sensing signal for the smoke detector and between an emergency alarm from the control pad 24 but also to discriminate for instance the signals of intrusion detectors which would be connected to the input jack 16. A specific signal is therefore sent to the processing unit 34 accordingly.
A telephonic interface 42 is also present which comprises an automatic dialer and modem. A communication block 44 serves to coordinate the transmission of informations between box 2 and a central control station through the telephonic lines.
Finally, casing 2 also preferably contains a high sensitivity microphone and a loud speaker, which may be combined as one unit, together with the attendant electronic circttrts as denoted by bi-directional voice circuit 45.
Line 43 connected to telephone interface block 42 indicates that the latter is connected to the female telephone jack 14 while line 41 connected to the interface block 40 indicates that the latter is connected to jack 18 and to remote control pad 24, namely for connection to various types of input accessories.
Referring to Figure 6, casing together with control pad 24 are shown located in a room 48 to be monitored. A telephone cord 50 is connected to the eight-pin ~aok 14 and together with a conventional telephone apparatus 5Z is ' connected to the utility telephone line 54 which feeds the signal coming from the casing 2 to a computer 56 in a central monitoring station 58. The information is sent over lines 54 via the modem of telephonic interface 42, so as to obtain better sending accuracy of the transmitted signal. The signal, when received at computer 56, actavates the audible alarm 60 to warn the attendant at the monitoring station.
upon a signal having been received by the computer. 56, an order is sent to gull out from the hard disk of said computer, a customer file corresponding to the occupant of the room 48. The customer file may contain the following information : name and address of room occupant, information on the same such as whether he is an elderly or a sick person, key person to call in the case of emergency with ghone number and any other useful information. The monitoring station attendant then sends relevant information to the computer 62 of the public , security service station 64, the attendant of which sends the appropriate instructions in accordance with the type of emergency situation either to the police department, the fire department or the appropriate medical. organization which sends the appropriate help as ixidicated by the police car 66, the fire fighting truck 68 and the ambulance 70.
Signals sent from casing 2 should have an override command mode that will interrupt and cancel a possible telephone conversation using the telephone 52.
Preferably, this voice communication circuit enables the attendant at the monitoring station to control the directions of the voice communication in order to better manage a panic situation at the monitored area.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Figure 1 is a perspective view of the smoke detector in accordance with the invention together with a control pad connected thereto.
Figure 2 is a bottom plan view of the casing of figure 1 and with Z5 portions of the bottom cut away to show certain parts located within the casing.
Figure 3 is a vertical section of the casing.
Figure 4 is a cross-section taken along line 4-4 of figure 3.
Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the electronic circuit contained in the casing of figures 1 to 4 and, Figure 6 is a schematic view showiaag the alarm system of the invention connected to a central monitoring station which is in turn connected to a public utility security service station. .
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The alarm system of the invention comprises a casing 2 of the size of a conventional smoke detector casing such as found in residential homes and adapted to be secured to the ceiling or a wall of the room to be monitored.
Casing 2 comprises a box 4 to which is hinged a cover 6 by means of releasable hixxges 8.
The casing is secured to the ceiling by means of screws or the like inserted through holes in the tubular ears Z0. The cover is maintained in closed position by a snap lock 12. Two female telephone jacks are mounted within the box 4 arid opens at the side of the box 4, namely an eight-pin telephone jack 14 to be connected to a telephone line and a six-pin telephone jack 16 serving as an input for accessories. The box 4 also carries a push-button 18 which serves as a cancel/test button. The box 4 and cover 6 houses electronic circuits at two levels, namely the bottom level 20 and the top level 22. ,.
As one type of input accessory, a remote control pad 24 is provided, having two top push--buttons 26 which serve, when simultaneously depressed, to manually sound an alarm and a single button 27 which serves to cancel the alarm.
The pad 24 is connected to the input jack 16 through a conventional telephone cord 28 having at its ends two male plugs 30. The remote control pad I5 can be positioned in any easily accessible location within the room being monitored.
The electric and electronic components contained in the casing 2 are shown in figure 5, as schematic blocks : a power supply 32 is provided which includes means to releasably receive a standard 9 volt alkaline battery such as found in conventional smoke detectors and which also includes the electronic circuit for furnishing different voltages as necessary to the various other electronic components.
A processing unit or micro-processor 34 is provided which controls all the operations and gives the necessary instructions.
A mute/t~st 36 is provided which is operated by the cancel/test button 18 or by the remote cancel button 27 on the remote control pad 24. If the apparatus is not in an alarm state when cancel/test button 18 is activated, then block 36 will effect a verification of the functioning of the apparatus. If the apparatus is in an alarm state when button 18 is depressed, then the alarm is cancelled. This occurs also when button 27 is depressed on the remote control pad 24. A smoke alarm block 38 is provided which contains a smoke detector preferably a double high ionization chamber and an audible alarm and attending electronic circuit.
An interface block 40 is provided which serves to detect a change of status of the different inputs ; for instance this interface block, will detect whether the smoke detector is in a detecting state or whether 'the two push-buttons 26 have been depressed simultaneously to sound an alarm, or if the button 27 is depressed to cancel the alarm. This interface block 40 can be also provided with electronic circuits not only to discriminate between a smoke-sensing signal for the smoke detector and between an emergency alarm from the control pad 24 but also to discriminate for instance the signals of intrusion detectors which would be connected to the input jack 16. A specific signal is therefore sent to the processing unit 34 accordingly.
A telephonic interface 42 is also present which comprises an automatic dialer and modem. A communication block 44 serves to coordinate the transmission of informations between box 2 and a central control station through the telephonic lines.
Finally, casing 2 also preferably contains a high sensitivity microphone and a loud speaker, which may be combined as one unit, together with the attendant electronic circttrts as denoted by bi-directional voice circuit 45.
Line 43 connected to telephone interface block 42 indicates that the latter is connected to the female telephone jack 14 while line 41 connected to the interface block 40 indicates that the latter is connected to jack 18 and to remote control pad 24, namely for connection to various types of input accessories.
Referring to Figure 6, casing together with control pad 24 are shown located in a room 48 to be monitored. A telephone cord 50 is connected to the eight-pin ~aok 14 and together with a conventional telephone apparatus 5Z is ' connected to the utility telephone line 54 which feeds the signal coming from the casing 2 to a computer 56 in a central monitoring station 58. The information is sent over lines 54 via the modem of telephonic interface 42, so as to obtain better sending accuracy of the transmitted signal. The signal, when received at computer 56, actavates the audible alarm 60 to warn the attendant at the monitoring station.
upon a signal having been received by the computer. 56, an order is sent to gull out from the hard disk of said computer, a customer file corresponding to the occupant of the room 48. The customer file may contain the following information : name and address of room occupant, information on the same such as whether he is an elderly or a sick person, key person to call in the case of emergency with ghone number and any other useful information. The monitoring station attendant then sends relevant information to the computer 62 of the public , security service station 64, the attendant of which sends the appropriate instructions in accordance with the type of emergency situation either to the police department, the fire department or the appropriate medical. organization which sends the appropriate help as ixidicated by the police car 66, the fire fighting truck 68 and the ambulance 70.
Signals sent from casing 2 should have an override command mode that will interrupt and cancel a possible telephone conversation using the telephone 52.
Whenever the system does not include an oral communication facility within tYie box 2 as provided by the bi-directional voice circuit 46, the room occupant will use the conventional telephone 52 to communicate with the attendant at central monitoring station 58. If the bi-directa.onal voice circuit and microphone loud speaker unit is present ixa box 2, then the occupant can communicate directly with the attendant at the central monitoring station 58 without using telephone 52.
voice circuit 46 includes circuitry which enables the attendant at the monitoring station to control the direction of the voice communication. The attendant decides whether to listen only or to speak only. He can thus better manage a panic situation at the monitored area.
voice circuit 46 includes circuitry which enables the attendant at the monitoring station to control the direction of the voice communication. The attendant decides whether to listen only or to speak only. He can thus better manage a panic situation at the monitored area.
Claims (3)
1. An emergency signalling system comprising a casing adapted to be fixed to the ceiling or wall of a room to be monitored and a separate, hand held, control pad having a pair of buttons disposed side by side and a third button, said casing enclosing a power supply circuit including connector means to connect said circuit to a direct current battery and means to furnish different voltages, and a main circuit including a smoke detector, an audible alarm, a mute-test, a micro-processor, an interface block having discriminating means to discriminate between a smoke-sensing signal and an emergency signal, an automatic telephone dialer, a modem, a first connector means to connect said circuit to a utility telephone line and a second connector means to connect said circuit to said pad buttons, said circuit generating a smoke indicating signal when said said smoke detector detects presence of smoke in said room or an emergency signal when said pair of buttons are simultaneously depressed by an occupant of said room, whereby said smoke indicating signal or an emergency signal is automatically dialed and transmitted to a central monitoring station through said utility telephone line, said third button when solely depressed by said occupant activating sand mute-test to cancel said generated emergency signal or, when no emergency signal is being generated, to effect a verification of the fonctioning of said circuit.
2. An emergency signalling system as defined in claim 1, wherein said circuit in said casing further includes a bi-directional voice circuit including a high sensitivity microphone and a loud speaker enabling said casing and its circuit to be used by said occupant as a hands-off telephone apparatus for oral communication with the attendant at the central monitoring station.
3. An emergency signalling system has defined in claim 2, wherein said bi-directional voice circuit includes electronic circuit means enabling sole control of the direction of the voice communication by the attendant at said central monitoring station.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US78709591A | 1991-11-04 | 1991-11-04 | |
| US07/787,095 | 1991-11-04 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2061508A1 CA2061508A1 (en) | 1993-05-05 |
| CA2061508C true CA2061508C (en) | 2000-11-07 |
Family
ID=25140409
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002061508A Expired - Fee Related CA2061508C (en) | 1991-11-04 | 1992-02-19 | Smoke detector with automatic dialing |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5365568A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2061508C (en) |
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| US3505476A (en) * | 1967-01-03 | 1970-04-07 | Pelass Systems Inc | Automatic telephone alarm apparatus |
| FI77344C (en) * | 1987-10-15 | 1989-02-10 | Sostel Oy | TILL ETT TELEFONNAET ANSLUTBAR INTELLIGENT ALARMANORDNING. |
| KR920010745B1 (en) * | 1989-11-21 | 1992-12-14 | 주식회사 금성사 | Tele-alarming system |
-
1992
- 1992-02-19 CA CA002061508A patent/CA2061508C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1993
- 1993-07-06 US US08/086,119 patent/US5365568A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2609519A (en) * | 2021-08-07 | 2023-02-08 | Leslie Kelly Andrew | An intelligent fire and occupant safety system and method |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2061508A1 (en) | 1993-05-05 |
| US5365568A (en) | 1994-11-15 |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed |
Effective date: 20070219 |
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| MKLA | Lapsed |
Effective date: 20070219 |