CA2073013A1

CA2073013A1 - Process and device for the gasification of materials and/or for reforming a gas, plus a high-temperature heat-exchanger for carrying out the process

Info

Publication number: CA2073013A1
Application number: CA002073013A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Mircea T. Manolescu; Jean-Paul Vandenhoeck
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Kortec AG
Priority date: 1990-09-11
Filing date: 1991-09-10
Publication date: 1992-03-12
Also published as: CN1036858C; AU8493491A; US5730763A; US5580362A; TR26217A; DE4028853A1; KR920702406A; HU9201539D0; EP0500874A1; JPH05502473A; CN1059753A; BR9105901A; WO1992004426A1; JP2925323B2; KR950009002B1; ZA917168B; AU654826B2

Abstract

Abstract (Figure 1) PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR GASIFYING GASIFICATION
SUBSTANCES AND/OR FOR PERFORMING A GAS AND HIGH
TEMPERATURE HEAT EXCHANGER FOR CARRYING OUT THIS PROCESS

The invention relates to a process and an apparatus for gasifying liquid and/or fine grain solid gasification substances and/or for reforming a gas, using a gasification agent, in a reactor (1). In the process the process heat is supplied by heat collier particles which are heated within a substantially closed circuit in a heater (5) by combustion gases which are produced in a combustion chamber (3), and passed through the reactor (1) in counter-flow relationship with the gasification substance or the gas to be reformed and the gasification agent, and then returned to the heater (5) for renewed heating. In accordance with the invention the particles and the combustion gas form a fluidised bed above at least one grid (34, 34a, 34b, 34c, 34d, 34e) arranged in the heater (5). The particles flow out of the heater (5) into the adjoining combustion chamber (3) in which they form a fluidised bed with the combustion gas and pass by way of a flow transfer pipe (7, 7') out of the combustion chamber (3) into an upper region of the reactor (1). m e throughput of particles through the flow transfer pipe (7, 7') forms a seal which prevents a throughflow of product gas which is generated in the reactor (1). The particles form one or more fluidised beds in the reactor (1) with the gasification substance and/or the gas to be reformed.

Description

KDRT~ AG 90/01310 Fe/ki 21~7~ 3 P~OESS AND A~?ARA~US ~:)R G~SIFY:~G G~SIFIC~lIC~J
SI~A~ES AND/OR E~R REEORI!~NG A G~S AND ~:G~
TE2~ HEP~ ~XCE3~NOE:R EOR C~ING our THIS
PROOESS

me invention relates to a process for gasifying 1;guid and/or fine-grain solid gasification substances and/or for reforming a gas, ad~ing a gasification agent, as set forth in the classifying portion of claim l.
The invention further relates to an apparatus for car~ing out the p~cess, as set forth in the classify~ng porticn of claim 18 and a high 5 t~tt3re heat exchanger, as set forth in the classifying portian of c]~
28, esFci~lly for this a~aratus.
In a known process (British patent spec~fication No 744 742) for gasifying a fine-grain gasification n2~3i2land/or for reform~ng a carbon dioxide-bearing gas to provide a c æbon monoxide-be æing gas, the reactor is supplied with the heat required for the chemical reaction to take place, by way of fine-grain heat-carrier particles which are passed in a closed circuit and which are heated outside the reactor. In the case of particles which are conveyed in counter-flow relationship, the en~eavour is to achieve good distribution of the p æticles in the reactor and thus good transfer of heat between the particles and the gasification substance, by virtue of the reactor being arranged horizontally and rotated about its longitudinal axis. Particles which reach the bottom of the reactor are l;fted by the rotary movement in order then to fall back to the bottom of the reactor, due to their own weight; that aL~angement is intended to cause the interior of the reactor to be acted upon by the particles, in a similar manner to a trickle flow there~tmn, in omer to glve a good heat exchange effect. For particles which move in co-flow rel~tionship, it is pmposed that they are conveyed from an upper region of a vertically disposed reactor through a layer of fine-grain solid gasification substances to the bottom of the reactor frcm which they are discharged together with any ash which is produced.

Z~7~0~,3 The particles consist of metals or metal oxides and are about between l and 5 mm in grain size. Any ash which is discharged by way of the particles is separated out before the particles are recycled to the heater, for example by sieving or by magnetic separation of ash components. The heater provided for heating the particles likewise comprises a heater cylinder which rotates about its longitudina' axis;
the aspect of the supply of heat to the heater is not discussed in detail. The particles which are heated in the heater are passed to the heater again, within the closed circuit, after they issue from the reactor by way of a coking device or an air preheater. When gasifying substances in dust form, they can assume a floating condition within the reactor, in a manner which is not described in further detail.
The use of a rotating reactor and also a rotating heater means that the level of expenditure involved in carrying the process into effect is relatively high. A corresponding level of expenditure is required for constructing and maintaining an apparatus for carrying out the process. In addition, there is no guarantee of intimate mixing with the gasification substance, either when the particles pass with a trickle flow through the gasification substance when the reactor rotates, or when a layer of the gasification m3~ial within a rotating reactor is acted upon by downwardly moving particles, so that the level of efficiency in terms of heat exchange is relatively low.
In a known process for reforming of gases containing 2 and H20, and hydrocarbon-bearing gases to provide reduction gases with a high H2 and 00 component tGerman patent specification No 2 947 128), the heat transfer medium used is fluidisable heat-resistant particles, for example of aluminium oxide, of a particle size in the range of between 50 and 500 um. There is no provision therein for gasification of liquid or solid gasification substances. For the purposes of reforming gases, the particles which circulate in a closed circuit firstly absorb in the heater and in the combustion chamber, the heat of combustion gases Z5~ 3 which are produced in the combustion chamber. For that purpose the particles are held in a fluidised bed which is formed with the combustion gas, both in the heater and also in the combustion chamber, in each case above a respective grid. In that situation they pass by way of a down pipe from the heater into the combustion chamber fron which they pass by way of a further down pipe into a bottom chamber which is disposed beneath the combustion chamber. The bottom chamber is connected by way of a conveyor pipe to the upper region of the reactor in which the particles are received above grids in flui~iced beds forTed with the gas to be reformed. The fluidised be~ produced in the reactor are likewise connected by way of a down pipe. In order to prevent reduction gas produced in the reactor from passing into the bottom chamber or the combustion chamber, arranged in the conveyor pipe is a double-acting valve which is to open or close alternately. The double-acting valve provides on the one hand that particles are discontinuously fed to the reactor while on the other hand it means that the structure and operation of the apparatus for carrying out the process are relatively expensive and involve an increased amount of wear and accorbingly also an increased susceptibility to trouble.
The invention is based on the object of so developing a process of the gen OE al kind set forth that in an effective, simple and operationally reliable manner, it can provide for the absorption of heat by the particles and the delivery of heat to gasification substances and/or gases to be reformed and gasification agent in the reactor. The invention is further based on the object of developing an apparatus of the general kind set forth for carrying out the process and comprising a high temperature heat exchanger of a relAti~ely simple, wear-resistant and operationally reliable structure which permits heat exchange with a high level of efficiency.
In accordance with the m vention, the object is attainsd in a process set forth by the features of cLa~m ~, in an apparatus 2~

set forth by the features of cl~;~ 18 and in a heat exchanger set forth by the features of cl~1m 28.
Further advantaseous conligurations of tne process according to the invention are set forth in process claims 2through 17, advantageous cc~fi-g~rations of the apparatus æe set forth in apparatus claims 18 through 27, while advantageous canfigurations of the heat exchanger æe set forth in cLaims 29 timYuyh 37.
The fact that the particles and the combustion gas form a fluidised bed above at least one grid disposed in the heater results, within the heater, in intimate mQxing between the particles and the combustion gas, which results in good heat exchange. Heat exchange or heating of the particles to the necessary temperature of 1250C takes place in a flui~;ced bed in the heater, the lower portion of which is in the form of a combustion cham~er in which the combustion gases are at a temperature of betweenl350C and 1500C. In accordance with the invention the particles which are heated in the heater and in the combustion ch~mber pass by way of a flow transfer pipe fLul~ the combustion chamber into an upper region of the reactor. The throughput of material through the flow transfer pipe forms a seal which prevents a throughflow of product gas which is produced in the reactor. Thus, with a low level of expenditure in regard to carrying the process into effect and in a mEnner which involves a low level of wear and which is thus operationally reliable, in accordance with the invention a throughflow of product gas is prevented, without for example any need to provide a double-acting valve which has to be opened and closed alternately as a sealing member, and actuated during operation of the process.
The particles passing into the reactor there fonm with the gasification substance and/or the gas to be reformed a number of fluidised beds corresponding to the number of grids: that ensures in the reactor a good heat excnange effect which enhances the level of effectiveness of the pmcess.

2~7;~ 3 Advantageously, the throughput of particles through the flow transfer pipe is adjustable so that the operating procedure can be influenced in a simple fashion by varying the particles which are fed to the reactor, and therewith also the amount of heat.
It has further been found to be advantageous for solid gasification substances to be conveyed into a feed or entry chamber in which they are picked up by a conveyor gas and passed therewith to the reactor by way of at least one feed pipe. That ensures in a simple and effective fashion that the gasification substances are substantially uniformly distributed in a fluidised bed which is built up in the reactor and which results in a good heat exchange effect.
In that connection it is advantageous for fluidised beds which are disposed in succession to be formed in the reactor above the reactor bottom adjacent the feed chamber, and one or more grids. That gives rise to gocd conditions for fast and complete performance of the chemical reactions which result in a gasification or reforming effect, and also uniform heating, which is advantageous in that respect, by the particles. In that way the mixing effect which is required for gasification or reforming, in respect of the particles with the gasification agent and substance and/or reforming gas for transport of heat and material, can take place more quickly and more completely.
In a preferred embodiment agglomerated particles and/or particles with ash clinging thereto are removed from the combustion chamber by way of a closable discharge pipe. In a simple fashion, that permits particles which are no longer operational in regard to the formation of a fluidised bed to be removed as required from the particle circuit. In that way the level of effectiveness of the prccess and also the operational reliability thereof can be further improved in a simple fashion.
In another preferred embodiment, a control gas which is for example an inert gas can be supplied by way of control nozzles to a 2~7"~)~3 portion adjacent to an outlet opening of the flow transfer pipe, in order to increase the throughput speed through the flow transfer pipe, by way of an injection action. The supply of heat to the reactor and thus the operating procedure of the process can be influenced in a simple manner in that way, by virtue of a variation in the speed of th mughput through the flow transfer pipe.
The solid gasification substances which can be used are fine-grain pit coal, brown coal or lignite, peat, charcoal or biomass and/or the liquid gasification substances which may be used are light or heavy hydm carbons and alcohols. The gasificiation agents that may be used are H20- and C02-bearing substances such as for example water vapour-bearing gases, CO2-bearing waste gases such as blast furnace gas or the like.
The gas to be reformed, that may be used, is gaseous hydrocarbons such as for example natural gas.
In order for the prccess to be carried out effectively, it has been found advantageous for the combustion gases in the combustion chamber to reach a temperature of between about 1350C and 1500C.
It has also been found advantageous for water vapour or steam to be added directly to the reactor, as a gasification agent. That gives good distribution of the gasification agent within the reactor, as a necessary condition for effective gasification.
It is advantageous for an increased pressure to be formed in the reactor, relative to the heater or the air preheater. The increased pressure ensures in a simple fashion that no oxygen-bearing hot combustion gases can pass from the co~bustion chamber into the reactor, where they could result in combustion which wDuld endanger operational safety. In a co lesponding fashion, that ensures that preheated combustion air cannot flow into the reactor.
For the purposes of carrying the process into effect, it has been found advantageous to use particles of a substantially spherical 2Q7~0~

shape of a diameter in a range of between about 0.5 mm and 3 mm. The particles prefOEably comprise an oxide, for example aluminium oxide.
In the apparatus according to the invention for carTying out the process, the heater, combustion chamber and reactor are each arranged substant~ally in a vertical direction. That ensures in a simple fashion that particles can be conveyed within the individual vesse1c due to the force of gravity acting on them; there is therefore no need for example for a heater or reactor to be caused to rotate in order to convey the particles. Furthermore, the particles can be conveyed by the force of gravity between individual vessels, by virtue of a suitable arrangement thereof.
The fact that in accordance with the invention the heater is ` disposed above the combustion chamber immediately adjoining same and has at Ieast one grid, and in its upper region has a distributor for the particles, ensures in a simple fashion that particles which æe uniformly di~tributed in the heater pass into the combustion chamber due to the fom e of gravity acting thereon. In that arrangement, gr dc may be formed from high-grade steel in a region which is further away ~fm m the combustion chYmber; grids which are ~rr~ngcd adjacent the ~~20 o~mbustion chamber are made from cer~mdc ;elements in order to be able to withstand the high temper tureo of the combustion gases. To provide ~-for the~ advo~t~gec s formation of thin fluidised beds of a height of abcut 100 mm above a grid, it is adv~ntageous for the grids to have a substantially flat surface which is substantially maintained even after thermal expansion has occurred. Fbr that purpose, the ceramic elements can be designed to engage one into the other and can be supported relative to each other and/or relative to an outside wall of the heater by way of springs. M2king the grids r-~" ceramic elements or high-grade steel also means that the amount of wear from which the grids suffer is slight, in spite of the formation of fluidised beds within which the particles are moved at a high speed.
;~'' ~ . . . .

ZC?7~

me fact that fuel nozzles are arranged in a lower region of the combustion chamber, distri~uted around its periphery, while cambustion air nozzles are disposed therebeneath, also distributed around its periphery, ensures that the combustion gas produced is distributed and caused to flow in such a way that the particles form a fluidised bed in the combustion chamber with the combustion gas.
-In accordance with the invention the inlet opening of the flow transfer pipe is arranged in the region of the fuel nozzles. mat arrangement ensures that sufficient particles continuously pass from the fluidised bed formed in the ccmbustion chamber into the flow transfer pipe in which they form a seal relative to the prcduct gas prcduced in the reactor and carry a sufficient amount of heat to the reactor. In order further to promote the intake of particles into the flow transfer pipe, the inlet opening may be of a funnel-shaped enlarged configuration at least in a region-wise fashion.
In accordance with the invention a distributor device for distributing the particles is associated, at a spacing, with the outlet opening of the flow transfer pipe, which opening projects into the upper region of the reactor. me distributor device which is formed for example from a baffle plate results in uniform distribution of the hot particles passing into the reactor.
In accordance with the invention, associated with the reactor is an entry or feed chamber which is connected to the reactor by way of at least one feed conduit and which has a lower chamber with a connecting conduit for a conveyor gas and an upper chamber which is arranged above the lower chamber and which is separated therefrom by a porous partition, the upper chamber having a connecting conduit for gasification substance. In a simple fashion, that arrangement provides the necessary condition for the solid gasification substances which are introduced into the reactor, after passing into the reactor, being Z~7q~)' 3 picked up quickly and in a substantially uniformly distributed fashion in the fluidised bed which is formed in the reactor and which contains the icles part In a preferred embodiment, the distributor device is an orifice plate associated with the flow transfer pipe and/or a distributor plate which can be supplied by uay of the outlet opening or the orifice plate. The arrangement of the orifice plate provides that the particles flownng out of the outlet opening are divided into a main coTponent which p~ses through the orifice plate and a smaller, diverted component. That provides for good distribution of the particles in the upper region of the reactor. Distribution can be further improved by a distributor plate being so arranged that it is acted upon by the main component of the particles, which flows through the orifice plate.
In another preferred embodiment, at least one control nozzle connected to a contr~l gas conduit is as~ociated uith a region of the flow transfer pipe, which is adjacent to the outlet opening. By suitably supplying a gas such as an inert gas as the control gas, by way of the injection effect which is produced thereby in the flow transfer pipe, it is possible to vary the throughput of particles through the flow transfer pipe in a simple fashion in order to influence the operating procedure involved in the process.
In the heater as well as in the reactor heat exchange takes placie between the particles and a gas in a fluldized bed at hi~h temperat~res.
Heater and reactor are therefore high temperature heat-exchangers which make possible by the configuration of their arids uith a relatively simple, we2r-resistant and operationally reliable structure a heat exchange with a high level of efficiency. This high temperature heat exchanger is not d y applicable as a part of the apparatus according to the invention but in an universal manner.
An embodiment of the apparatus according to the invention is described with reference to the drawing with an example of the operating procedure according to the invention. In the drawings which are diagra~matic simplifi~d Vi~Js:
Figure 1 shows an apparatus for carrying out the process, Figure 2 is a view in longitudinal section through a grid, Figure 3 is a plan view of a region of the grid shown in Figure 2, Figure 4 shows a support element for a grid as shown in Figures 2 and 3, 2~30~3 Figure 5 is a view in longitudinal section through an arrangement of cover elements for a grid, taken along line V-V in Figure 3, Figure 6 is a plan view of a cover element, S Figure 7 is a view in longitudinal section through a cover element taken along line VII-VII in Figure 6, Figure 8 is a diagram showing a throughflow of particles through a grid in dependence on a gas speed, Figure 9 is a view in section through the lower region of a combustion chamber and the upper region of a reactor of an apparatus as shown in Figure 1, and Figure 10 is a view in section through the lower region of the reactor and an associated feed chamber for the apparatus shown in Figures lo and 2.
The apparatus shown in Figure 1 for carrying out the process according to the invention for gasifying liquid and/or fine-grain solid gasification substances and/or for reforming a gas, using a gasification agent, has a reactor 1 which is cLlanged vertically substantially in the middle of the apparatus. Disposed above the reactor 1 is a heater 5 which is in the foxm of a vessel or container and the lower region of which is in the form of a combustion chamber 3.
So that heat carrier p æ ticles which æ e heated in the heater 5 and the combustion chamber 3, in the manner described hereinafter, can pass into the reactor 1, a flow transfer pipe 7 extends from the lower region of the combustion chamber 3 into the upper region of the reactor 1 (see Figure 9~.
For the Furposes of supplying a~dloading gasification substances, the assembly includes a storage container (not shown) from which for example solid, fine-grain gasification substances are fed in a metered fashion to an entry or feed chamber 11 which is arranged beneath the ~7~0'' 3 reactor and which is connected to the lower region of the reactor 1 by way of a plurality of feed pipes 9. The illustrated e~bodiment has seven feed pipes 9, of which Figure 10 shows a row with three feed pipes 9.
Disposed beneath the reactor 1 is an air preheater 13 which is connected to the reactor 1 by way of a return conduit 15. In a corresponding manner to the combustion chamber 3 and the heater 5, the reactor 1 and the air preheater 13 æ e each also in the form of a container and are secured to a support frame which is generally identified by reference numeral 17.
The support frame is in the ~orm of a steel structure and has for example four longitudinal columns of which Figure 1 shcws the front tw~ columns 19 and 21. At v æ ious positions in respect of height, the columns 19 and 21 are connected together by transverse struts 23. The support fr~le 17 is fixedly anchored to a ground region 18 by way ofa foundation in a menner which is not further shown herein.
As can be seen from Figure 9, arranged in the lower region of the combustion chamber 3 in two adjacent horizontal planes, and distributed around the periphery of the cambustion chamber 3, æ e fuel nozzles 25 for the feed of fuel. In that arrangement, fuel nozzles 2S
which are disposed in one plane æ e arranged in displaced relationship in the peripheral direction relative to the fuel nozzles 25 disposed in the adjacent plane. Cambustion air nozzles 26 æ e allanged beneath the fuel nozzles 25 and adjacent thereto, also distributed æ ound the periphery, in one plane. The distribution of the fuel nozzles 25 and the cambustion air nozzles 26 at the periphery is such that in the present case a combustion air nozzle 26 is associated with each fuel nozzle 25. The fuel nozzles 25 and the cambustion air nozzles 26 æ e each æ ranged to extend in the radial direction in the same fashion and project beyond the wall of the cambustion chamber 3 into the interior thereof. In that æ rangement the nozzles 25, 26 each have an inclin~ly 12 ;~7W~1~3 downwardly, radially inwardly extend m g end 25' and 26' respectively.
Fuel of widely varying nature can be continuously supplied to the combustion chamber 3 by way of the fuel nozzles 25. When the apparatus is used in a blast furnace or ~;rect reducing installation, it is possible for example to burn waste gas which is produced m that case. It is also possible however to burn liquid fuels, fine-grain coal, charcoal or biomaterial. The ccmbustion air is pre-heated in the air preheater 13 and from there is passed to the combustion chamber 3 by way of a combustion air conduit 31. The conduit 31 communicates with an annular chamber 31' which is formed between an outside wall 3' of the combustion chamber 3 and an inside wall 32 which is disposed opposite thereto and at a spacing therefrom. The tw~ walls 3' and 32 are of such a configuration as to taper in a funnel-like configuration towards the bottom of the combustion chamber 3. In order to prcvide that the conbustion air nozzles 26 are uniformly supplied, they are each open relative to the annular chamber 31'. Due to the supply of combustion air which has already been preheated, hot combustion gases can be produced at a temperature of between about 1350C and 1500C in the combustion chamber 3. The combustion gases flow at a speed which can be predetermined in a suitable fashion, from the combustion chamber 3 into the heater 5 which they leave as an exhaust gas by way of a gas outlet 33 at its upper end at a temperature in the present embodiment of about 350C. Thoseex~lst gases can possibly be used in a further preheater (not shcwn), for example for producing steam as a gasification agent, or for drying solid fuels, and subsequently thereto can be passed to a waste gas cleaning installation (also not shown).
In the present case the heater 5 is subdivided by five grids 34a thr~ugh 34e which extend substantially horizontal1y and flat; in that arrangement the spacing between adjacent grids is substantially the same. The heater 5 and the combustion chamber 3 are clad with refractory material in a manner which is not shown in greater detail 2~73~)~3 herein; it is also possible to use water-cooled wall elements.
In counter-flow relationship with the combustion gases which rise from the combustion chamber 3 into the heater 5, heat carrier particles are supplied by way of a distributor 41 which is arranged beneath the gas outlet 33 and above the grid 34e. me particles which comprise a hard, substantially abrasion-resistant material, for example aluminium oxide, are fed to the distributor by way of a conveyor conduit 43 which extends substantially in a vertical direction from the bottom region of the support frame 17. The particles are fed to the conveyor conduit 43 by a pneumatic conveyor device 40; the latter can be supplied with compressed air by a blower (not shcwn), by way of a compressed air connection 54. It is also possible for the particles to be conveyed to the distributor for example by way of support belts provided with conveyor buckets, or by way of a screw conveyor.
The heater 5 is substantially uniformly supplied with particles by way of a distributor 41 having a plurality of distributor pipes or plates which extend in a star-like configuration. me particles are of a diameter in the range of between about 0.5 mm and 3 mm and are of substanti lly spherical shape, wherein by a suitable grading operation it is optionally possible to ensure that the proportion of particles which are not of a spherical shape but which are flat is small. In order to achieve a high level of efficiency in regard to the supply of heat frcm the combustion gas to the particles, the particles are fluidised by the combustion gas above one or more of the grids 34a through 34e in such a way that thin fluidised beds of a height of about 100 mm are formed above the grids. Ball-shaped particles are particularly suitable for the formation of thin fluidised beds of that kind. The intimate mixing effect between the particles and the combustion gas, which takes place in the thin fluidised beds above the grids 34a through 34e, permits good absorption of heat by the particles 2~7~0~

so that they are heated to a temperature of about 1250C when involving a short residence time of about between 1 and 2 minutes Fer fluidised bed and with a short transit time through the heater 5, starting from a temperature of about 200C at which the particles are supplied by way of the distributor 41.
The particles may pass from one of the grids 34e, 34d, 34c, 34b to a respective adjacent region of the heater 5, which is defined by a subjacent grid, or from the grid 34a to the combustion chamber 3, by way of a plurality of flow transfer pipes 37 (see Figure 5) associated with respective grids 34a through 34e. That will be described hereinafter in connection with the structure of the grids.
Further heating of the particles may occur directly in the combustion chamber 3 by the combustion gas which is produced therein and which is at a temperature of between about 1350C and 1500C. The described arrangement of the fuel nozzles 25 and the combustion air 26 gives a flow of the combustion gas produced such that formed within the combustion chamber 3 is a fluidised bed in which the particles in the combustion chamber 3 are substantially completely involved. The fluidised bed formed in the combustion chamber 3 corresponds to a seething or bubbling fluidised bed in which the density thereof is comparatively low and in which the particles are in rapid tion.
Besides providing for a good transfer of heat between the combustion gases and the particles, the fluidised bed produced in the combustion chamber 3 also provides that the particles prevent ash from clinging or being deposited, as is otherwise possible, by virtue of contact with the fuel nozzles 25, the combustion air nozzles 26 and the wal1 3' of the combustion chamber.
In order for the thin fluidised beds to be formed above the grids 34a through 34e in the heater 5, it is necessary for them to have a substantially flat surface. In the upper and thus colder region of 2~7~ 3 the heater 5, it is possible to use a grid 34e consisting of high-grade steel, which has a sufficiently high level of thermal resistance and resistance to wear. In the lower region of the heater 5 with temperatures of up to about 1250C, it is advantageous for example for the grids 34a, 34b to be formed from a heat-resistant ceramic material.
In that respect, it has been found advantageous to use hexagonal ceramic elements which are supported against each other and which are prestressed relative to each other and generally relative to the outside wall of the heater 5 by way of springs so that it is possible to compensate for thermal expansion effects. In that way it is possible to ensure that, even in the heated condition, the grids retain their flat shape or their horizontal positioning. Each of the ele~ents has at least one through opening through which the combustion gas can flow.
In accordance with the invention, each of the ceramic elements is of a two-part configuration, comprising a respective support element 35, 3S', 35" and 35"' (Figures 2 and 4) made from a ceramic material, and a respective cover element 36', 36" (Figures 3 and 5) associated with the support element.
As can be seen from Figure 4, the support elements 35 through 35"' are of a prism-like configuraiton with a hexagonal base surface and a central through opening 351. For connecting adjacent support elements 35 through 35"', side walls which are alternately adjacent to each other are respectively provided with holding projections 352 and holding recesses 353 which extend substantially horizontally at respectively equal spacings from each other. Side surfaces which extend inclinedly in a suitable fashion are pr~vided on the holding projections 352 and the holding recesses 353 so that, to provide for mutual support, holding recesses 353 of a support element 35' through 35"' can receive holding projections 352 of adjacent support elements in a simple fashion while the holding projections 352 of that support Z~7~ q 3 element in turn engage into holding recesses 353 of adjacent support elements. In that way, the arrangement of a plurality of support elements 35' through 35"' gives the supporting configuration shown in Figure 2 of one of the grids 34a t.~rough 34d. If the grid 34e is not formed from high-grade steel, it can be constructed in a manner corresponding to the grids 34a through 34d described herein, like morecver possibly also grids in other parts of the apparatus, such as for example the reactor 1.
In that respect, as can be seen from Figure 2, support elements of different heights are so arranged that support elements 35 of the smallest height are disposed in a central region. They are then adjoined in a radiAlly outward direction by substantially concentric regions with support elements 35', 35" and 35"', each of heights which are increased in a step-wise configuration, wherein all support elements 35 through 35"' are so arranged that their upper end faces lie in a co~mon plane. That arrangement of support elements 35 through 35"' of different heights gives a vault-like structure for the load-supporting part of the grids, which gives a good load-bearing performance and a reduction in weight. For the load-bearing part of the grids to be supported at a wall 354 of a container, such as for example in the present case the heater 5, the radially outwardly disposed support elements 3S"' extend as shown in Figure 2 into a receiving means in the wall 354, the receiving means being lined with refractory material 355. AdjolnIng the radially outward support elements 35"' are intermediate elements 356 which co-operate therewith and which in their entirety provide a substantially cylindrical outside perip,heral surface. That is adjoined by steel plates 357 of a suitable shell-like configuration which are prestressed in a radially inward direction by way of springs 358 which are distributed around the periphery of the assembly at predetenminable spacings. The springs 358 17 21~7~Q~3 may each be formed by a plurality of mutually associated diaphragm springs or by coil springs of a suitable configuration. The springs 358 load the support elements 35~ 351, 35" and 35"1 substantially uniformly with radially inwardly d;rected radial forces. Thus, mutually adjacent holding elements 35, 35~, 35" and 351" are pressed against each other, for holding projections 352 and holding recesses 353 properly to engage into each other. ~y virtue of the fact that the individual support elements 35 ~ 35 1~ 351' and 351" are pressed against each other substantially uniformly by way of the prestressing forces of the 10 springs 358~ variations in the dimensions of the container wall 354 and also the individual support elements 35, 351, 35~' and 35nl, which are due to temperature differences, can be compensated in a simple and reliable fashion. mat therefore ensures that fluctuations in temperature do not give rise to the formation of cracking which could 15 otherwise occur due to local stress concentrations, while at the same time that arrangement ensures that, for example when a respective grid cools d~wn, the cohesion between the mutually adjacent support elements 35~ 35~ ~ 35~ and 351~ is not reduced. That also guarantees that the grids enjoy sufficient stability in respect of shape.
q~he fact that the individual support elements 35 through 35~ ~
differ from each other only in respect of their height means that it is readily possible for support elements to be made from a ceramic material, using shapes which æe the same in terms of their fundamental structure. The hexagonal configuration of the support elements 35 25 through 35n~ also makes it possible to provide through openings 351 of reLatively large diameter, which results in the support elements being of a relatively small wall thickness and thus a reduction in weight. In that way it is possible for a proportion of over 50% of the total area of a grid which is constructed in that way to constitute an opening 30 æea, made up of ~11 of the through openings 351. Accordingly, it is 18 2~7~0~

possible to achieve a saving in weight in the range of between 70% and 90%, relative to a rigid assembly of grids.
For a grid which is constructed in accordance with the invention from support elements 35 through 35"' and which has support elements 35 of munimum height of about 15 cm and support elements 35"' of maximwm height of about 40 cm, it has been found sufficient, to provide a degree of rigidity which satisfies the relevant requirements, for a prestressing force of about 2 kP/cm2 to be applied at the outside periphery by means of the springs 358. For the purposes of carrying out the process with temperature increases which occur in that situation and resulting thermal expansion effects affecting the support elements 35 through 35"', a uniformly distributed increase in the prestressing force to about 5 kP/cm2 has proven to be particularly advantageous. The prestressing force is certainly below the pressure limit specified for the refractory material. As the refractory material is constantly held under a substantially uniform pressure, crack formation during cooling is very substantially prevented.
To provide the flat surface required for a grid in order for a respective fluidised bed to be fonmed thereon, cover elements 36', 36"
are arranged on the top side of the load-carrying part of the grid which is formed by the above-described arrangement of support elements 35 thr~ugh 35"'. In that respect, associated with each of the support elements 35 through 35~' is a respective cover element 36' and 36"
respectively of the same basic hexagonal shape and size, wherein each of the cover elements 36', 36" which are of a substanti~lly plate-like flat configuration lies on supporting projecitons 359 provided in corner regions of the support elements 35 through 35"'. As can be seen from Figures 5, 6 and 7, the cover elements 36', 36" alternately have side edges 361 and 362 which extend inclinedly at different angles of inclination. In that respect the side edges 361 form an inclined surface which is accessible from above while the side edges 362 form an 2~7~ 3 inclined surface which is not accessible from above and which fonms an undercut configuration. By virtue of side edges 361 and 362 of adjacent cover elements 36' and 36" engaging into each other, that provides for mutual support and connection between the cover el~ ~nts 36' and 36"
which are laid in that way on the support elements 35 through 3Sn'. The surface which is formed in that way by the cover elements 36' and 36"
is flat to the extent required for the formation of a fluidised bed. By virtue of the fact that the cover elements 36', 36" are disconnected fDDm the support elements 35 thr~ugh 35" in regard to the transmission of load-bearing forces or thermal stresses or expansion effects, the surface of a grid which is constructed in that way remains flat even when such loadings occur.
The ccver elements 36' which, like the cover elements 36" and the support elements 35 through 35"' are made fi~l a ceramic material, are provided in the present embodiment with a central opening 363 and at a r~ spacing therefrom with six further through cpenings 364 of substantially the same diameter.
As shown in Figure 5, cover elements 36" are respectively fixedly connected to a flow transfer pipe 37 which is passed thmugh a central thrcugh opening 363. Cover elements 36" of that kind which ~ mDreover like the cover elements 36' may have through openings 364 are -~ aL.al.ged alternately with cover elenents 36' in sulch a way that for example each fifth to tenth cover element is a cover element 36" which is connected to a flow transfer pipe 37. The weight of the pipes 37 provides for adequate anchoring of the cover elements 36" and overall the aLLangement of cover elements 36' and 36" is adequately anchored by way of the side edges 361 and 362 which overlap each other. A~aptation of flow transfer pipes 37 to a desired rate of particle throughput can be effected in a simple manner by cover elements 36', 36" being ~laced by those in which the flow transfer pipes 37 are each of the required diameter and height.

2~730~3 m rough the opening 351 in the support elements 35 through 35"' and the openings 363 and 364 associated with the openings 351 in the cover element 36', and the openings 364 in the cover elements 36", gas which is required to build up a fluidised bed with particles passes into the region above a grid which is constructed in that way. In the case of the grids 34a through 34d of the heater 5, combustion gas flows out of the combustion chamber 3 by way of the through openings 351 and 363 as well as 364 into the region above the respective grid. In that situation the speed of the combustion gases Vf is of a value which is sufficient to hold the particles supplied by way of the distributor 41 in a fluidised bed in a high state of turbulence; in that case, a fluidised bed is formed by such a movement of the particles above each of the grids 34a through 34d. P æ ticle transport from a region above a grid into a region beneath the grid takes place by way of the flow transfer pipes 37 which æ e associated with the cover elements 36". As can be seen from Figure 5, each flow transfer pipe 37 has an entry region 371 of larger diameter, which is disposed above the cover element 36" and thus the grid. m e end of the flow transfer pipe 37 which is opposite the entry region 371 has an end wall 372 with a central discharge opening 373. The disch æ ge opening 373 is thus of a diameter dA which is reduced in comparison with the entry region 371 and also the diameter du of the flow transfer pipe 37.
As described hereinafter in relation to a grid, p æ ticles can pass th m ugh the flow transfer pipes 37 or the disch æ ge openings 373, through the grid or from a region above the grid into a region beneath the grid. m at applies in a corresponding manner to all grids which are made up in a corresponding fashion from support ele~ents 35 th m ugh 35n' and cover elements 36', 36".
Within a fluidised bed the particles æe of a density which generally exceeds that of the gas flowing through the grid in a counter-flow relationship to the particles, by a factor of 1000 times.

21 Z~7~ 3 In the present process, particles move through the openings 363 and 364 of the cover elements 36' and the openings 364 and the respectively associated flow transfer pipe 37 of the cover elements 36" at a flow rate in the range of between about 200 and 600 kg/cm2th, the diameter of the openings 263 and 264 being in the region of between about 20 mm and 80 mm. The flow rate of the fluidisation gas is substantially lower and is in the range of between 3 and 50 kg/cm /h and depends on the pressure, temperature and respective kind of gasification procedure being performed. The gas flow which passes through the openings 363 and 364 in the grids can result in substantially no particles being able to pass in counter-flow relationship to the gas through the grid.
The diagram shDwn in Figure 8 illustrates the relationship between the gas speed and the particle flow for diamete s of the openings 363 and 364 of about 60 mm, and an overall transmission range for the grid of about 25% for particles with a diameter of about 1 mm.
At a high gas speed Vh of mDre than 5 m/s which corresponds to the flow speed of the particles Vf, there is only a low degree of flow of p æ ticles through the grid. If therefore the gas speed exceeds the particle flow speed, only a small proportion of particles passes through the grid, which is to be attributed to the turbulence effects caused in the gas flow by the particle flow. For a self-cleaning effect for the openings 363 and 364 in the grid, in relation to ash which is produced and the like, it is desirable for the gas speed Vh within the openings 363 and 364 to be substantially above the particle flow speed Vf. Moreover, for an e~*ive heat exchange effect relative to the p æ ticles and for the formation of a fluidised bed, it is desirable for the gas speed Vt above a grid to be of a value which is close to the particle speed Vf. As mentioned, high speeds Vh of the gas in the openings 363 and 364 give only a low flow of particles through those openings. Portions of a grid which surround entry regions 371 of flow transfer pipes 37 form regions with a comparatively calm flow within 22 z~7~ 3 the fluidised bed, being regions in which the gas speed is lower than the gas speed Vt outside those regions. The result of this is that the particle density can rise in those regions. The ratio of the cross-sectional area of the discharge opening 373 to that of the flow transfer pipe 37 substantially corresponds to the ratio between the total open area of the grid, to the total area thereof. That means that the flow speed within a flow transfer pipe substantially corresponds to the gas speed Vt in a region above the grid.
Since, as stated, the particle density in the entry region 371 is slightly greater than in the other regions of the fluidised bed, a larger amount of particles passes into the entry regions 371 and thus the flow transfer pipes 37, than is the case for the other openings 363 and 364 in the grid. Although the gas flow through the discharge opening 373 in each case is sufficient to displace particles out of a flow transfer pipe 37, the energy which is required for that purpose and which can be detected as a pressure difference is increased. The result of this is that a part of the gas is deflected in the manner of a by-pass from the entry opening 373 to adjacent openings 363, 364 of a grid. That procedure is irreversible and continues until the gas flow within a flow transfer pipe 37 falls below a value which is necessary to fluidise the particles. In that case the fluidised bed which is formcd within a flow transfer pipe 37 collapses, which results in an interruption in the flow of gas into the flow transfer pipe 37. The particles then pass through the discharge opening 373 at a delivery rate which is proportional to the area of the discharge opening 373. As particles can pass out of the flow transfer pipe 37 by way of a discharge opening 373 more quickly than on the other hand particles can pass into the flow transfer pipe 37 by way of the entry opening 371, the particles which have collected within the flow transfer pipe 37 pass towards the exterior. Gas can now in turn flow into the flow transfer pipe 37, which results in fluidisation of the particles which 23 ;~7~ 3 have remained therein and the particles which freshly pass into the flow transfer pipe 37, more specifically until that proce~ure is again reversed. For efficient operation it is advantageous for the length h in millimetres of the flow transfer pipe 37, by which the pipe 37 projects downwardly out of the grid, to be equal to or greater than the quotient between the maximum pressure drop of the gas in millimetres of water column, which is acceptable for the grid, and the density of the particles in relation to surface area, in g/cm2. The diameter of the discharge opening 373 is advantageously greater than 60 times the diameter of the particles. That prevents a mechanical bridge frcm being able to be formed. In order to provide for the formation of a uniform fluidised bed and uniform feed for the flow transfer pipes 37, even when using grids of large diameter, it is advantageous for a plurality of flow transfer pipes 37 to be disposed at substantially the same spacing. The total cr~ss-sectional area of all discharge openings 373, for the advantageous production of fluidised beds, should exceed 4 t ffl s the area which would be required solely on the basis of the particle flow.
Particles can move from the fluidised bed formed in the combustion chamber 3 through the flow transfer pipe 7 into the upper region of the reactor 1. The vertical arrangement of the flow transfer pipe 7 and the combustion chamber 3 above the reactor 1 means that the movenent of the particles through the flow transfer pipe 7 is assisted by their weight. A corresponding point applies in regard to the moNement of the particles through the heater 5 and the preheater 13. As shown in Figure 2, the flow transfer pipe 7 is preferably arranged in a central region of the combustion chamber 3. Instead of that arrangement or if necessary in addition thereto however it is also possible for a flow transfer pipe 7' to be arranaed in an edae region of the combustion chamber 3, as is also shown in Figure 2 in broken lines. The structure and mode of operation of the flow transfer pipe 7' are 24 Z~7~~

substantially the same as those of the flow transfer pipe 7 and the description relating to the flow transfer pipe 7 therefore correspondingly applies to the flow transfer pipe 7'. The centrally disposed flow transfer pipe 7 has an inlet opening 42 of a funnel-like configuration, which is arranged in the region of the fuel nozzles 25, more specifically at a small spacing above same. In the case of a laterAlly disposed flow transfer pipe 7', a region 42' of the inlet opening is enlarged in a funnel-like configuration.
Provided in the bottom of the combustion chamber are recessed regions 44, 44' which are in part enlarged upwardly in a funnel-like configuration and in which, besides ash which is produced in the combustion ch~mber, there can accumulate agglomerated particles which cling to each other for example due to a sintering effect or particles which are contaminated with ash. Adjoining the recessed regions 44, 44' are drainpipes 45, 45' which are only incompletely illustrated and which can be closed in a manner not shown in the drawing. Particles which have accumulated in the recessed regions 44, 44' can be removed from the particle circuit by way of the drainpipes 45, 45'. That ensures that the particle circuit and the formation of fluidised beds within that circuit is not adversely affected by agglomerated particles or ash-contaminated particles. Otherwise particles of that kind could for example result in the grids or the flow transfer pipe 7 being at least partially blocked.
The flow transfer pipe 7 extends substantially in a vertical direction and its end which has an outlet opening 46 projects into the upper region of the reactor 1. Associated with the outlet opening 46 as a distributor device for the particles, and adjacent thereto at a spacing therefrom, is an orifice plate 47 with an opening 47', the diameter of which is smaller than that of the outlet opening 46.
Associated with the side of the plate 47, which is remote frcm t~e outlet opening 46, there is also a distributor plate 48 which acts as a baffle plate.

.

2~q30~

A control nozzle 49 is associated with a region of the flow transfer pipe 7, which is adjacent to the outlet opening 46. The control nozzle 49 is formed by openings which are distributed around the periphery of the flow transfer pipe. The openings communicate with a control gas conduit 51 by way of a ring passage 50.
In a corresponding fashion, an orifice plate 47", a distributor plate 48', a control nozzle 49' and a ring passage 50' may be associated with the flow transfer pipe 7'.
Control gas which is supplied upon requirement by way of the control gas conduit 51 flows by way of the control nozzle 49 into the end region of the flow transfer pipe 7 which is adjacent to the inlet opening 46, and there prcduces an injector effect, by virtue of which the throughput speed of particles in the flow transfer pipe 7 is increased. By a variation in the throughput speed of the p æ ticles which pass through the flow transfer pipe 7 into the reactor 1, it is easily possible to influence the supply of heat to the reactor 1, and thus the operating procedure being perfonmed. The control gas used may ~ be an inert gas such as for example nitrogen.
,~ Particles passing through the flow transfer pipe 7 from the combustion chamber 3 into the reactor 1, after issuing by way of the outlet opening 46, are firstly partly deflected by the orifice plate 47. A main ccmponent passes through the opening 47' to the distributor plate 48. The remaining component is alre~dy deflected in the region - between the outlet opening 46 and the orifice plate 47. Due to thatdeflection of a small co~ponent of the particles supplied and the impingement of the main component on the distributor plate 48, the particles are substantially uniformly distributed in the upper region of -the reactor 1. That provides a necessary condition for effective heat exchange within the reactor 1.
The throughput of particles through the flow transfer pipe 7 is also such that the particles in the flow transfer pipe 7 foLm an ` ~ -- - -26 20730~ ~

effective seal relative to the product gas which is generated in the reactor 1. That effectively prevents product gas from passing through into the combustion chamber 3, without the need for the provision and control of shut-off members, for example a double-acting valve. The sealing action which is produced by the flow of particles through the flow transfer pipe 7 occurs even when an increased pressure obtains in the reactor 1, in comparison with the combustion chamber 3. An increased pressure of that kind is advantageous for safety reasons for it is thus possible to ensure that air or combustion gas cannot pass into the reactor 1 either from the air preheater 13 which is connected to the reactor 1 by way of a return conduit 15 for particles, or from the combustion chamber 3.
As shown in Figure 3, the feed chamber 11 which is arranged beneath the side of the reactor 1 which is remote from the flow transfer pipe 7 is subdivided by a porous partition 52 into a lower chamber 53 and an upper chamber 55. The porous partition 52 may be formed by a steel plate 57 provided with a plurality of through openings, and a wire mesh layer 59 which is disposed thereon. The lower chamber 53 has a connection 61 for the supply of a gas as a conveyor or fluidisation gas. That gas may be for example an inert gas however it is also advantageously possible for a gasification agent which is used for the gasification effect to be fed to the lower chamber 53 as the conveyor gas, with the exception of blast furnace gas. The upper chamber 55 is fed with gasification substance, possibly together with a conveyor gas, by way of a connection 63 in a manner which is not illustrated herein. The gasification substance is picked up in the manner of a fluidised bed in the upper chamber 55 by the gas flowing out of the lower chamber 53 by way of the porous partition 51.
In a comparable fashion, liquid gasification substances and/or gases to be reformed can be fed directly to the reactor 1 by way of a suitable arrangement.

2~7~0~a3 Gasification substances which are picked up in the upper chamebr 55 in the manner of a fluidised bed are passed to the lower region of the reactor 1 by way of a plurality of feed pipes 9. So that the reactor 1 is supplied by way of the feed pipes 9 with gasification substances which are substantially uniformly distributed in the conveyor gas, the ends of the feed pipes 9 which project into the upper chamber 55 are each closed by an end closure portion 65 while a lateral inlet opening 67 is formed on a tubular connection which extends transversely relative to the longitudinal direction of the feed pipe 9.
Associated with the outlet openings 69 of the feed pipes 9, at the reactor end, are covers 71 which are disposed at a spacing from the outlet openings 69 and which prevent particles from being able to pass by way of the outlet opening 69 into the feed pipes 9 and thus into the f~P~ chamber 1l.
Starting from a region which is disposed outside the feed chamber 11 to a region adjacent to the outlet openings 69, associated with one or more of the feed pipes 9 are outer pipes 73 which enclose the feed pipes 9 and which at their lower ends are each closed off relative to the associated feed pipe 9 and which each have an inlet connection 75 which extends transversely to the longitudinal direction of the outer pipe 73 and also the feed pipe 9. By way of the inlet connections 75, gasification agents such as for example water, steam or C02-bearing gases or gases to be reformed can be passed to the reactor 1 by way of the intermediate space formed between the feed pipe 9 and the associated outer pipe 73.
Gasification agents and gasification substances or gases to be reformed, which are passed to the lower region of the reactor 1 in that way, flow within the reactor 1 in the direction of the upper region thereof where, as described, particles heated in the heater 5 and the combustion chamber 3 are supplied by way of the flow transfer pipe 7.

2~ 3 Those particles which are distributed by the orifice plate 47 and the distributor plate 48 in the upper region of the reactor 1 pass in counter-flow relationship to the gases supplied to the reactor 1 into the lower region, which has an inclined wall 77, of the reactor 1. The lowest location thereof forms a collecting region 79 for the particles.
The cooled particles which accumulate at the bottom of the reactor 1 pass into the collecting region 79, possibly after slipping down along the inclined wall 17; connected to the collecting region 79 is the return conduit 15 by way of which the particles are fed to the air preheater 13.
The particles which are passed in counter-flow relationship to the gas fed to the reactor 1, and also the product gas generated within the reactor 1, are picked up in the gas in the manner of a fluidised bed. The resulting intimate mixing of the particles with the gas means that the heat exchange effect between the particles and the gas takes place with a high level of efficiency. The product gas which, as described, is prevented fron passing into the combustion chamber 3 by the particles in the flow transfer pipe 7 leaves the upper region of the reactor through a product gas conduit 81 which issues from the upper region of the reactor 1.
The good heat exchange effect within the reactor 1 ensures that the fine-grain solid or liquid gasification substances supplied and,'or gas to be reforned can react together with the gasification agent in order to produce prcduct gas in accordance with one of the following reactions:
C + 2 2 oo C + H20 = ~0 + H2 CH4 + H2O = CO + 3H2 CH4 + oO2 = 2CO + 2H2 CO + H20 = oO2 + H2 The fact that solid gasification substances are already well mixed in the feed chamber 11 with a conveyor gas which possibly 29 2Q7;;~ 3 corresponds to the gasification agent and in that fashion pass into the reactor 1 by way of the feed pipes 9, permits good contact with the particles and thus provides for an effective heat exchange effect. That gives short reaction times for the chemical reactions which take place within the reactor 1. The reaction times are dependent on the grain size of thegasification substance and for example for the gasification of coal of a grain size of about 200 Mesh (corresponding to 74 um), the reaction times are between about 0.1 and 0.2 second. The chemical reactions stop at a lower tenperature of between about 800C and 900C;
the excess heat which is contained at those temperatures in the particles which accumulate in the collecting region 79 is passed to the air preheater 13 by way of the return conduit 15. ~owever it may also be used in a modified closed circuit for the particles, for example for generating steam, for preheating air for a blast furnace or for drying for example biomaterial which is to be burnt in the combustion chamber 3.
In order to precipitate the sulphur component when using a gasification substance which contains a high sulphur content, it is addition lly possible to introduce into the reactor 1, in a manner which is not shcwn herein, fine-grain lime which binds the sulphur component, forming slag. The slag may be discharged for example by and with the particles out of the reactor 1 and, before the particles are returned to the conveyor conduit 43, the slag comFonents such as any ~i~charged ash components may be separated off, for example by sieving.
In accordance with the invention it is also possible for an ash component which is produced in the combustion chamber, possibly together with ash-contaminated particles, to be discharged from the combustion chamber 3 by way of the drainpipes 44, 44'. That ensures a trouble-free operating procedure, even when using fuels with a more substantial ash comFonent. In that connection, within the particle 2~73~)~ 3 circuit, the main proportion of the particles is passed into the reactor 1 by way of the flow transfer pipe 7, as described above. For the purposes of ash removal, with same a small proportion of the particles passes into the recessed regions 44, 44', outside the particle circuit. That proportion may be removed by wa~ of the drainpipes 44, 44'. After those particles have been separated from the ash or agglomerated or damaged particles have been separated off, they can be returned to the particle circuit in a manner not shcwn herein.
The process according to the invention has been carried out with the following parameters, for the gasification of fine-grain solid gasification substances. The weight data and the volume data are related to a volume of the product gas generated of 1 Nm3. Accordingly the weight of the pæticles flowing within the circuit is 7.5 kg. The particles are fed to the heater 5 by way of the distributor 41 at a temperature of about 200C. Fuel is fed to the cambustion chamber 3 by way of the fuel nozzles 25 at a pressure of 0.65 mWc and a temperature of 25C; in that situation an amount of heat including air preheating of 3.0 Mcal 1S supplied. me air which is supplied by way of the combustion air nozzles 26 has been preheated to a temperature of 700C
in the air preheater 13 and is supplied under a pressure of 0.65 mWc.
The particles which are heated in the heater 5 and the cambustion chamber 3 leave the combustion chamber 3 by way of the flow transfer pipe 7 at a temperature of about 1250C.
By way of the feed chamber 11, the reactor 1 is supplied with a gasification substance of a specific gravity of 0.31 kg, at a temperature of 30C and under a pressure of 8.5 mWc. Gasification agent of a specific gravity of 0.34 kg and at a temperature of 140C is supplied under the same pressure. The product gas generated in the reactor with a specific volume of 1.0 Nm3 leaves the reactor 1 at a temperature of 1200C and a pressure of 7.5 m~c. The particles which ~7~ 3 are conveyed from the reactor 1 into the air preheater 13 by way of the return conduit 15 are at a tem~erature of about 800C. Air which is passed to the air preheater 13 has a specific volume of 6.5 Nm3, a temperature of about 50C and a pressure of 0.95rnWc. me air which is preheated in the preheater 13 leaves it at a temperature of about 700C
and a pressure of 0.75 mWc in order to be fed to the combustion air nozzles 26 by way of the combustion air conduit 31. In that situation the particles are cooled in the air preheater 13 to a temperature of about 200C and from there they are conveyed back into the heater 5 by way of the conveyor conduit 43 and the distributor 41.
In the above-described operating procedure saturated steam is used as the gasification agent. In regard to the consumption of fuel, only the amount of heat is specified as, as described above, various fuels may be used. A CO and H2 proportion of about 95% by volume can be achieved for the product gas which is generated under those conditions.

Claims

1. A process for gasifying liquid and/or fine-grain solid gasification substances and/or for reforming a gas, adding a gasification agent, in a reactor (1) - to which the process heat is supplied by heat carrier particles, - which are heated within a substantially closed circuit in a heater (5) by combustion gases produced in a combustion chamber (3) and - which are passed through the reactor (1) in counter-flow relationship to the gasification substance or the gas to be reformed and the gasification agent and - which are then returned to the heater (5) for renewed heating, characterised in that - the particles and the combustion gas form a fluidised bed above at least one grid (34, 34a, 34b, 34c, 34d, 34e) arranged in the heater (5), - the particles flow out of the heater (5) into the adjoining combustion chamber (3) in which they form a fluidised bed with the combustion gas, - the particles pass by way of a flow transfer pipe (7, 7') out of the combustion chamber (3) into an upper region of the reactor (1), wherein the throughput through the flow transfer pipe (7, 7') forms a seal which prevents a throughflow of product gas generated in the reactor (1), and - the particles form one or more fluidised beds in the reactor (1) with the gasification substance and/or the gas to be reformed.

2. A process as set forth in claim 1 characterised in that the throughput of particles can be altered by an adjustment to the delivery amount of a pneumatic conveyor (40) and can be adjusted by way of the flow transfer pipe (7, 7') in the reactor (1) and by the flow transfer pipe (53) in the air preheater (13).

3. A process as set forth in claim 1 or claim 2 characterised in that solid gasification substances are conveyed into a feed chamber (11) in which they are picked up by a conveyor gas and are fed together with same to the reactor (1) by way of at least one feed pipe (9).

4. A process as set forth in one of claims 1 through 3 characterised in that successively disposed fluidised beds are formed in the reactor (1) above the reactor bottom which is adjacent the feed chamber (11) and/or one or more grids.

5. A process as set forth in one of claims 1 through 4 characterised in that the particles are conveyed through an air preheater (13) before being transported back into the heater (5), in order to preheat combustion air for the combustion chamber (3).

6. A process as set forth in one of claims 1 through 5 characterised in that agglomerated and/or ash-contaminated particles or ash can be removed from the combustion chamber (3) by way of a closable drainpipe (45, 45').

7. A process as set forth in one of claims 1 through 6 characterised in that a control gas can be fed by way of control nozzles (49) to a portion adjacent an outlet opening (46) of the flow transfer pipe (7, 7') in order by means of an injection effect to increase the throughput speed through the flow transfer pipe (7, 7').

8. A process as set forth in one of claims 1 through 7 characterised in that the solid gasification substance used can be fine-grain pit coal, brown coal or lignite, peat, charcoal or biomaterial and/or the liquid gasification substance used can be heavy or light hydrocarbons and alcohols and the gasification agent used can be any H2O and any CO2-bearing substances such as for example steam, CO2-bearing waste gases such as blast furnace gas or the like.

9. A process as set forth in one of claims 1 through 8 characterised in that gaseous hydrocarbons such as for example natural gas can be used as the gas to be reformed.

10. A process as set forth in one of claims 1 through 9 characterised in that the combustion gases reach a temperature of between about 1350°C and 1500°C in the combustion chamber (3).

11. A process as set forth in one of claims 1 through 10 characterised in that steam is fed directly to the reactor (1) as the gasification agent.

12. A process as set forth in one of claims 1 through 11 characterised in that an increased pressure is formed in the reactor (I) relative to the heater (5) or the air preheater (13).

13. A process as set forth in one of claims 1 through 12 characterised by using particles of a substantially spherical shape with a diameter in a range of between about 0.5 mm and 3 mm.

14. A process as set forth in one of claims 1 through 13 characterised by using particles of an oxide, for example aluminium oxide.

15. A process as set forth in one of claims 1 through 14 characterised in that water can be directly fed to the reactor (1) as the gasification agent.

16. A process as set forth in one of claims 1 through 15 characterised in that by setting a suitable fluidisation speed in the reactor (1) and/or the heater (5) and/or the air preheater (13), a self-cleaning action in respect of the vigorously moving particles is applied to the particles themselves and to the surface of grids and internal surfaces of the respective vessels.

17. A process as set forth in one of claims 1 through 16 characterised in that particle transport from one of the grids (34a, 34b, 34c, 34d, 34e) to a respective adjacent grid at a lower level is effected by way of at least one flow transfer pipe (37) of predeterminable diameter and predeterminable height.

18. Apparatus for carrying out the process as set forth in one of claims 1 through 17 comprising a heater (5), a combustion chamber (3), a reactor (1) and a return conduit (43) which leads to the heater, for the particles, characterised in that - the heater (5), the combustion chamber (3) and the reactor (1) are each arranged substantially in a vertical direction.
- the heater (5) is arranged above the combustion chamber (3) directly adjoining same and has at least one grid (34a, 34b, 34c, 34d, 34e) and in its upper region a distributor (41) for the particles, - fuel nozzles (25) distributed over the periphery are arranged in the lower region of the combustion chamber (3) and combustion air nozzles (26) distributed over the periphery are arranged beneath the fuel nozzles, - the inlet opening (42) of the flow transfer pipe is arranged in the region of the fuel nozzles (26), and - a distributor device for distributing the particles is associated, adjacent and at a spacing, with the outlet opening (46), which is arranged in the upper region of the reactor (1), of the flow transfer pipe (7, 7').

19. Apparatus as set forth in claim 18 characterised in that the distributor device has an orifice plate (47) which is arranged adjacent the outlet opening (46) of the flow transfer pipe (7, 7') and/or a distributor plate (48) which can be acted upon by way of the outlet opening (46) or the orifice plate (47).

20. Apparatus as set forth in claim 18 or claim 19 characterized in that at least one control nozzle (49) connected to a control gas conduit (51) is associated with a region of the flow transfer pipe (7, 7'), which is adjacent to the outlet opening (46).

21. Apparatus as set forth in one of claims 18 through 20 charac-terized in that associated with the reactor (1) is a feed chamber (11) which is connected thereto by way of at least one feed conduit (9) and which has a lower chamber (53) with a connecting conduit (61) for a conveyor gas and an upper chamber (55) which is arranged above the lower chamber (53) and which is separated therefrom by a porous partition (51), the upper chamber having a connecting conduit (63) for gasification sub-stance.

22. Apparatus as set forth in claim 21 characterized by a feedpipe (9) with an end closure (65) at the end which extends into the upper chamber (55) of the feed chamber (11) and a lateral inlet opening (67) and/or a cover means (71) arranged at a spacing from the outlet opening (69) at the reactor side.

23. Apparatus as set forth in claim 21 or claim 22 characterized in that at least one feed conduit for gasification agent is formed by an outer pipe (37) which encases a feed pipe (9).

24. Apparatus as set forth in one of claims 18 through 23 characterised by a substantially vertically disposed air preheater (13) for preheating combustion air for the combustion chamber (13), the upper region of the air preheater being connected to the lower region of the reactor (1) by way of a return conduit (15) and its lower region being connected to the conveyor conduit (43).

25. Apparatus as set forth in one of claims 18 through 24 characterised in that the combustion chamber bottom has at least one recessed region (44, 44') into which opens a closable drainpipe (45, 45').

26. Apparatus as set forth in one of claims 18 through 25 characterised in that the reactor (1) has one or more grids.

27. Apparatus as set forth in one of claims 18 through 26 characterised in that one or more grids (34a, 34b, 34c, 34d) of the heater (5) and/or the reactor (1) is formed from substantially hexagonal ceramic elements, each of which comprises a support element (35, 35', 35", 35"') and a plate-like cover element (36', 36") which lies thereon.

28. High temperature heat exchanger for a heat exchange between solid particles and a fluidizing gas in a fluidized bed, comprising a vessel hawing one grid (34a) or several grids (34a, 34b, 34c, 34d) spaced apart and in superimposed relationship to each other, said grid having through holes for supplying said gas, characterized in that said grid is formed from substantially hexagonal ceramic elements, each of which comprising a support element (35, 35', 35'', 35''') and a plate-like cover element (36', 36'') which lies thereon.

29. Heat exchanger as set forth in claim 28 characterized in that the support elements (35 through 35''') are alternately provided at adjacent sides with substantially horizontally extending holding projections (352) and holding recesses (353) for co-operating with holding recesses (353) and holding projections (352) respectively on adjacent support elements (35 through 35''').

30. Heat exchanger as set forth in claim 28 or claim 30 characterized in that, to construct a grid (34a through 34d) which is of a vaulted shape at its underside, starting from centrally arranged support elements (35) of small height, support elements (35', 35'', 35''') of heights which increase in a stepwise fashion are arranged in a radially outward direction.

31. Heat exchanger as seth forth in one of claims 28 through 30 characterised in that the support elements (35, 35', 35'', 35''') are prestressed by springs (358) which are fixed on the vessel side.

32. Heat exchanger as set forth in one of claims 28 through 31 characterised in that the support elements (35, 35', 35'', 35''') have a throughbore (351).

33. Heat exchanger as set forth in one of claims 28 through 32 characterized in that cover elements (36', 36'') have side edges (361, 362) which alternately extend inclinedly at different angles of inclination, for the cover elements to be supported against each other.

34. Heat exchanger as set forth in one of claims 28 through 33 charac-terized in that the cover elements (36'') have a number of uniformly distributed through openings (361, 364).

35. Heat exchanger as set forth in one of claims 28 through 34 characterised in that cover elements (36'') have a flow transfer pipe (37) of predeterminable diameter and predeterminable height for particle transport, the flow transfer pipe being passed through a central through opening (363 ).

36. High temperature heat exchanger for a heat exchange between solid particles and a fluidizing gas in a fluidized bed, comprising a vessel having one grid (34a) or several grids (34a, 34b, 34c, 34d) spaced apart and in superimposed relationship to each other, said grid having through holes for supplying said gas, characterized in that said grid is provided with at least one flow transfer pipe (37) of predeterminable diameter and predeterminable height for particle transport, the flow tranfer pipe being passed through a through opening (363) of the grid (34a, 34b, 34c, 34d).

37. Heat exchanger as set forth in claim 35 or 36, characterized in that the flow transfer pipe (37) has an intake region (371) of larger diameter, which is disposed above a cover element (36'') of said grid and/or that the end of the flow transfer pipe (37), which is remote from the intake region (371), has an end wall (372) with a central discharche opening (373).