CA2086030C - Enhancement of paper dry strength by anionic and cationic guar combination - Google Patents
Enhancement of paper dry strength by anionic and cationic guar combinationInfo
- Publication number
- CA2086030C CA2086030C CA002086030A CA2086030A CA2086030C CA 2086030 C CA2086030 C CA 2086030C CA 002086030 A CA002086030 A CA 002086030A CA 2086030 A CA2086030 A CA 2086030A CA 2086030 C CA2086030 C CA 2086030C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- cationic
- guar
- resin
- anionic
- wet strength
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
- D21H21/14—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties characterised by function or properties in or on the paper
- D21H21/18—Reinforcing agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/02—Polyamines
- C08G73/028—Polyamidoamines
- C08G73/0293—Quaternisation of polyamidoamines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L5/00—Compositions of polysaccharides or of their derivatives not provided for in groups C08L1/00 or C08L3/00
- C08L5/14—Hemicellulose; Derivatives thereof
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
- D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
- D21H17/21—Macromolecular organic compounds of natural origin; Derivatives thereof
- D21H17/24—Polysaccharides
- D21H17/31—Gums
- D21H17/32—Guar or other polygalactomannan gum
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
- D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
- D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D21H17/34—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D21H17/37—Polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof, e.g. polyacrylates
- D21H17/375—Poly(meth)acrylamide
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
- D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
- D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D21H17/34—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D21H17/41—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing ionic groups
- D21H17/44—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing ionic groups cationic
- D21H17/45—Nitrogen-containing groups
- D21H17/455—Nitrogen-containing groups comprising tertiary amine or being at least partially quaternised
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
- D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
- D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D21H17/46—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D21H17/54—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing nitrogen
- D21H17/55—Polyamides; Polyaminoamides; Polyester-amides
Abstract
A process for making paper to enhance the dry strength of the paper produced without substantially reducing its softness comprising adding to a bleached pulp furnish, separately or together, (1) an anionic polymer selected from the group consisting of carboxymethyl guar, carboxymethyl bean gum, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl guar, and a carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar, with (2) a cationic polymer selected from the group consisting of a cationic guar, a cationic acrylamide copolymer, a cationic bean gum, a cationic amine-epichlorohydrin wet strength resin, and both a cationic wet strength resin and at least one of the other said cationic polymers, a composition for adding to a paper-making pulp slurry comprising the said polymers, a method for making the said composition, and a paper product containing the said composition, are disclosed.
Description
2 Q~.i?30 ENHANCEMENT OF PAPER DRY STRENGTH
BY ANIONIC AND CATIONIC GUAR COMBINATION
This invention relates to a process for making paper to enhance the dry strength of the paper produced wilhoul reduçing its softness, that comprises adding to a pulp furnish a combination of cationic and anionic polymers.
One of the major problems that tissue and towel manufacturers face is the lln~ pt~le reduction of dry strength in paper products such as tissue and toweling in which a high degree of softness as well as dry strength is e~nt;~l, resulting from the use of an increasing percentage of recycled or secondary pulp, che~"itl,~,."omPc~nical pulp (CTMP) (CTMP) and groundwood, and the consequent red~lction in average fiber length. Softness is 10 a very illl~ltant pf~ / in paper used for making high quality tissues and toweling, and procedure m~ific~tions or additives that achieve a co"~ -~ting increase in paper strength normally decrease paper softness or incre~s~ stiffnP-ss. There is thel~fole a need for an effective additive that will enh~nc~ paper strength without adversely affecting the softness of the paper.
The tissue and towel m~m~f~c~)rers get the softness of their products evaluated by the per~p~ion of a human panel. RPCallS~e it is a very subjective test, correlation of any single laboratory test evaluation with pefcep~ion test results may sometimPs be difficult. However extensive fese~ ih efforts by workers in this area have shown that the results of a bending stiffnP,ss test by itself or in combination with tensile stiffnpss data correlate very reasonably 20 with human p~r~eption evaluation. European published Patent No. 0 362 770 A2 (Application No. 89118245.3) ~ ose~ a lllib~luf~ of cationic and anionic polymers as a strengthening additive for papel...aking proce~s~,~, esso,n~i~lly for unbleached pulps containing black liquor. The ll~ lu~ comprises a water-soluble, linear, cationic polymer having a reduced spe~ific viscosity greater than 2dl/g and a charge density of 0.2 to 4 meq/g, and a 25 water-soluble, anionic polymer having a charge density of less than 5 meq/g that is reactabl~
in the presence of water with cationic polymer to form a polyelectrolyte complex.
Combinations of cationic guar (for example, guar "derivatized" with glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride) and cationic acrylamide copolymers, with anionic polymers in addition to those already contained in the black liquor (including sodium -2 20~6~
carboxymethyl guar) are disclosed. The ~l~fe~lèd anionic polymer content is constit~lted by those polymers naturaUy present in unbleached pulps made by either chemical or mech~ni~l pulping.
U.S. Patent 3,058,873 discloses a combination of polyamide-epichlorohydrin resins 5 with cellulose ethers or cationic ~ches for improving paper wet strength, spe~ific~lly the use of CMC CT, a crude t~hni-~l grade of carboxymethyl c~lh-lQse (CMC), and a polyamide-epichlorohydrin resin to improve wet strength in paper.
Published J~nese patent application JP 53106803 A, for which no count~,art exists, discloses paper production having improved wet strength and l,~nspa,l ncy by forming 10 sheet from cPIII-losic m~teri~l, carboxyalkyl cellulose and polyamide-epichlorohydrin resin, drying and treating with acid. Spe~ific~lly, the method comprises (1) p~el~aling a sheet from a mixture of (a) cellulosic m~teri~l and (b) partiaUy substituted carboxy-(loweralkyl)-ceUulose of which the degrees of substitution (D.S.) is 0.10-0.50, foUowed by coating the resulting sheet with (c) polyamide-epichlorohydrin resin (or pn,l)a..ng a sheet from a 15 mixture of (a) + (b) + (c), (2) drying the sheet, and (3) treating the dried sheet with a diluted acid solution. The partially lower-alkyl carboxylated ceUulose (~rpically CMC of D.S. 0.10-0.50) is firmly fixed on the cellulosic pulp when the polyamide-epichlorohydrin resin is present.
U.S Patent 4,925,530 discloses a process in which aqueous dispersions of 20 pape.~l,aking fibers and fiUer are s~p~dtêly treated with an anionic or a c~t~ ic polymer, and then the other of the fiUer or the fiber is treated with a polymer of the OppOSite charge.
The susp~n~ion~ are then mixed to form a papeinlaking stock from which a loaded paper is conventionaUy made. Anionic gums and cationic polyacrylamide are included among the respective treating polymers. Sinclair et al.'s paper products always contain chalk or clay as 25 the filler, which are part of the furnish system and of course, drasticaUy reduce paper strength. The p.~sence of fiUer reduces the strength of the paper, and the ~ ose of the process is to increase the amount of filler that can be incG.~ ted into the system without seriously decreasing strength, and also to prevent loss of filler in the paper making process.
It would be desirable to provide a process for making paper from a bl~ç~ed pulp 30 furnish that uses a combination of cationic and anionic polymers to enh~nc~ the dry strength of the paper more efficiently than the known processes.
BY ANIONIC AND CATIONIC GUAR COMBINATION
This invention relates to a process for making paper to enhance the dry strength of the paper produced wilhoul reduçing its softness, that comprises adding to a pulp furnish a combination of cationic and anionic polymers.
One of the major problems that tissue and towel manufacturers face is the lln~ pt~le reduction of dry strength in paper products such as tissue and toweling in which a high degree of softness as well as dry strength is e~nt;~l, resulting from the use of an increasing percentage of recycled or secondary pulp, che~"itl,~,."omPc~nical pulp (CTMP) (CTMP) and groundwood, and the consequent red~lction in average fiber length. Softness is 10 a very illl~ltant pf~ / in paper used for making high quality tissues and toweling, and procedure m~ific~tions or additives that achieve a co"~ -~ting increase in paper strength normally decrease paper softness or incre~s~ stiffnP-ss. There is thel~fole a need for an effective additive that will enh~nc~ paper strength without adversely affecting the softness of the paper.
The tissue and towel m~m~f~c~)rers get the softness of their products evaluated by the per~p~ion of a human panel. RPCallS~e it is a very subjective test, correlation of any single laboratory test evaluation with pefcep~ion test results may sometimPs be difficult. However extensive fese~ ih efforts by workers in this area have shown that the results of a bending stiffnP,ss test by itself or in combination with tensile stiffnpss data correlate very reasonably 20 with human p~r~eption evaluation. European published Patent No. 0 362 770 A2 (Application No. 89118245.3) ~ ose~ a lllib~luf~ of cationic and anionic polymers as a strengthening additive for papel...aking proce~s~,~, esso,n~i~lly for unbleached pulps containing black liquor. The ll~ lu~ comprises a water-soluble, linear, cationic polymer having a reduced spe~ific viscosity greater than 2dl/g and a charge density of 0.2 to 4 meq/g, and a 25 water-soluble, anionic polymer having a charge density of less than 5 meq/g that is reactabl~
in the presence of water with cationic polymer to form a polyelectrolyte complex.
Combinations of cationic guar (for example, guar "derivatized" with glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride) and cationic acrylamide copolymers, with anionic polymers in addition to those already contained in the black liquor (including sodium -2 20~6~
carboxymethyl guar) are disclosed. The ~l~fe~lèd anionic polymer content is constit~lted by those polymers naturaUy present in unbleached pulps made by either chemical or mech~ni~l pulping.
U.S. Patent 3,058,873 discloses a combination of polyamide-epichlorohydrin resins 5 with cellulose ethers or cationic ~ches for improving paper wet strength, spe~ific~lly the use of CMC CT, a crude t~hni-~l grade of carboxymethyl c~lh-lQse (CMC), and a polyamide-epichlorohydrin resin to improve wet strength in paper.
Published J~nese patent application JP 53106803 A, for which no count~,art exists, discloses paper production having improved wet strength and l,~nspa,l ncy by forming 10 sheet from cPIII-losic m~teri~l, carboxyalkyl cellulose and polyamide-epichlorohydrin resin, drying and treating with acid. Spe~ific~lly, the method comprises (1) p~el~aling a sheet from a mixture of (a) cellulosic m~teri~l and (b) partiaUy substituted carboxy-(loweralkyl)-ceUulose of which the degrees of substitution (D.S.) is 0.10-0.50, foUowed by coating the resulting sheet with (c) polyamide-epichlorohydrin resin (or pn,l)a..ng a sheet from a 15 mixture of (a) + (b) + (c), (2) drying the sheet, and (3) treating the dried sheet with a diluted acid solution. The partially lower-alkyl carboxylated ceUulose (~rpically CMC of D.S. 0.10-0.50) is firmly fixed on the cellulosic pulp when the polyamide-epichlorohydrin resin is present.
U.S Patent 4,925,530 discloses a process in which aqueous dispersions of 20 pape.~l,aking fibers and fiUer are s~p~dtêly treated with an anionic or a c~t~ ic polymer, and then the other of the fiUer or the fiber is treated with a polymer of the OppOSite charge.
The susp~n~ion~ are then mixed to form a papeinlaking stock from which a loaded paper is conventionaUy made. Anionic gums and cationic polyacrylamide are included among the respective treating polymers. Sinclair et al.'s paper products always contain chalk or clay as 25 the filler, which are part of the furnish system and of course, drasticaUy reduce paper strength. The p.~sence of fiUer reduces the strength of the paper, and the ~ ose of the process is to increase the amount of filler that can be incG.~ ted into the system without seriously decreasing strength, and also to prevent loss of filler in the paper making process.
It would be desirable to provide a process for making paper from a bl~ç~ed pulp 30 furnish that uses a combination of cationic and anionic polymers to enh~nc~ the dry strength of the paper more efficiently than the known processes.
3 ~ 2~8~3 ~
According to the invention, a process for making paper to enhance the dry strength of the paper produced without reducing its softness comprises adding to a bl~l~ pulp furnish, separately or together, (1) an anionic polymer sel~ted from the group consicting of carboxymethyl guar, carboxymethyl bean gum, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl guar (such as S the carboxymethyl guar available under the name Galaxy*707D from Aqualon and the name Jaguar*8707 from Hi-Tek), and a carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar (such as the carboxymethyl guar available under the name Jaguar 8600 from Hi-Tek), and (2) a cationic polymer selected from the group concicting of a cationic guar, a c~tionic acrylamide copolymer, a cationic bean gum, and a cationic wet strength resin that is a polymeric amine-10 epichlorohydrin resin, such as polyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resin, a polyalkylenepolyamine-epichlorohydrin (PAPAE) resin, or an amine polymer-epichlorohydrin resin (APE) resin, preferably the reaction product of a dibasic acid, more preferable adipic acid, with a polyalkylenepolyamine, more preferably a polyethylenepolyamine, in which arnine polymer-epichlorohydrin resin amine groups have 15 been alkylated and cros~link~J with epichlorohydrin to produce a polyamide-epichlorohydrin resin that has ~7P-i~inium or epoxide fllnction~lity.
A polyamide-epichlorohydrin resin may more specifically be described as a poly(aminoamide)-epichlorohydrin resin, and is sometimes called a polyamide-polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin. If the ca~ionic additive is a wet strength resin the benefits of the 20 invention are achieved and the wet strength of the paper is additionally ir,cleased.
In a ble~h~ pulp furnish, the combination of additives according to the invention is cignific~ntly more effective as a dry-strength additive than the same amounts of each of the cationic guar or the anionic guar, while m~in~ining substantially the same degree of softness (as measured by bending stiffn.oc.c) as found in paper lacking a conventional dry-strength 25 additive. A combination of an anionic guar and a cationic acrylamide copolymer is similarly more effective than the acrylamide copolymer alone as a dry strength additive at the same level of addition. These advantages are only achieved if bleached pulp is used in the process according to the invention.
Preferably, the wet strength resin is added to the anionic/c~tionic guar combination 30 according to the invention. A combination of an anionic guar, a cationic guar (or acrylamide copolymer) and the wet strength resin is more effective than a combination of a cationic guar (or acrylamide copolymer) and the wet strength resin, all the o~her conditions being the * Denotes Trade Mark a ~-~ ",. . .
~ - 2~3~0 same. It is at least as effective as a combination of an anionic guar and the wet strength resin.
When clear solutions of the individual c~,-,l)oneht~ of the mixtures according to the invention are added together, aggf~at~s of fine colloidal particles (which are usually called S coacervates), appa,~.,tly bound togcll,er by some physical or chernic~1 force, are formed.
This combination provides dry strength enh~c~ nt for paper that is higher than the strength enh~nc~ nt provided by the same amount of either the c~tionic guar or the anionic guar, demonstrating a synergistic effect from the agg~c~,at~s of fine colloidal particles that is subst~nti~lly identir~1 to the results obtained by adding the same anionic and cationic lO compounds individually to the pulp system. The cationic additive may also be a wet strength resin, when added with the anionic compound either individually to the pulp system or as coacervates. In either case, the presence of the anionic co.ll~md very cignific~ntly enh~nc~s the effiçiency of a wet strength resin, and the use of the coacervates has the advantage of convçni~-nce.
The invention also comprises a co.. l~c;L;~ln for modifying a paper pulp slurry to çnh~nre the dry strength of the paper produced without s~lbs~nt;~lly reducing its softness comprising (l) an anionic polymeric co~ponenl s~ct~ from the group of polymers concicting of c~l~..~ ,L~Iyl guar, carboxymethyl bean gum, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl guar, and a carboxymethyl hydf~y~ p~l guar, and (2) a c~tir~nic polymeric co",ponent 20 sPlect~d from the group of polymers concicting of a c~ niç guar, a c~tionic acrylamide copolymer, a cationic bean gum, a c~tionic wet $L.~n~L l resin, and both a c~tionic wet strength resin and at least one of the other of said cationic polymers, the wet strength resin being an amine polymer-epichlorohydrin resin sP1ect~ from the group consisting of a polyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resin, a polyalkylenepoly~,.ine epichlorohydrin (PAPAE) 25 resin, and an amine polymer-epichlorohydrin (APE) resin, in which amine groups have been alkylated with epichlorohydrin to produce a pol~ ine epichlorohydrin resin that has .oti~inium or epoxide functionality.
Preferably in the said co--")o~i~ion, the anionic polymeric co,.lponent is a carboxymethyl guar and the cationic polymeric compol e. t is a cationic guar and a cationic 30 wet strength resin that is produced by reacting a saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acid con~inin~ three to ten carbon atoms with a polyalkylenepolyamine, conL~ining from two to four ethylene groups, two primary amine groups, and one to three secondary amine groups F~ 2 0 8 6 0 3 0 (such as diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine and tetraethylenepent~minP), to form a poly(Amino~mide) having secondary amine groups that are alkylated with epichloro-hydrin to form a PAE resin. Most preferably, the wet strength resin is Kymene 557H
(available from Hercules Incorporated), in which adipic acid is reacted with diethylenetri~minP to form a poly(aminoamide) that is alkylated and cros~linkPcl with epichlorohydrin to form a PAE resin. The invention also comprises a paper product cont~ining the said composition according to the invention, and a process for making the composition comprising adding a mixture of the anionic guar and the cationic guar, preferably as an aqueous suspension, to a paper pulp slurry and then adding the wet strength resin later to form the composition in the slurry.
Moreover, the invention also comprises a composition comprising: (1) an anionic polymeric component selected from the group of polymers consisting of carboxymethyl guar, carboxymethyl bean gum, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl guar, anda carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar; and (2) a cationic polymeric component selected from the group of polymers con~i~ting of cationic wet strength resin and cationic wet strength resin combined with an additional cationic polymer selected from the group con~i~ting of a cationic guar, a cationic acrylamide copolymer, and a cationic bean gum, the cationic wet strength resin being an amine polymer-epichlorohydrin resin selected from the group consisting of a polyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resin, apolyalkylene polyamine-epichlorohydrin (PAPAE) resin, and an amine polymer-epichlorohydrin (APE) resin, in which amine groups have been alkylated with epichlorohydrin to produce a polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin that has azetidinium or epoxide functionality.
Under the normal wet end conditions of pap~-making, the combination of additives according to the invention enhances paper strength through ionic bonds. That enhancement is an important feature for towelling, toilet tissue, or any otherl fine paper in which softness and dry strength or a combination of dry and wet strength, without co-llp.olllising softness, are value prop~llies.
~ 2086~3 ~
-5(a)-A cationic guar molecule with no anionic guar will have all its ionic groups available bond with the cellulose-fiber ionic groups of opposite charge. Thus, acationic guar by itself is expected to offer a higher number of ionic bonds. When an anionic and a cationic guar are mixed together either in the presence of pulp or by themselves, an interaction takes place between them and this results in a lower number of ionic sites in the combination to bond with cellulose fibers. (A similar effect occurs when a wet strength resin, such as Kymene 557H, is in the additive system). Hence, the higher effectiveness of a combination as a dry strength is unexpected, particularly since it is not present if used with unbleached pulp cont~ining black liquor.
According to the results obtained with various guar additives, this synergistic effect of an anionic and a cationic guar additive is independent of the chain-length of the compound as well as molecular weight as measured by solution viscosity. It is also independent of the charge density of the additives. However, the degree of effectiveness of the combinations depends on the molecular weight. There is evidence that the relatively higher molecular weight guars produce relatively higher paper strength.
Guar is a natural copolymer consisting of galactose and mannose, usually in the ratio of 1 to 2, in a linear chain of B-d-mamopyransyl with ~-D-galactopyranosyl units as side ~. .
2Q~60~0 br~nches An anionic guar is obtained by reacting a natural guar with caustic andsutsDg~lertly with l~onochloloac~. The res-llt~-lt product is a carbo~ymethyl guar (CMG). Simil~rly, carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar (CMHPG) is pl~p~ by reacting natural guar with caustic and s~3e~uc~tly with ..~o~hlo~ t~e and propylene o~ide.
5 E~camples of CMG are Gal~y 707D, (Aqualon), Jaguar 8707 (Hi-Tek) and those of CMHPG
are WG-18 (Aqualon), Jaguar 8600 (Hi-Tek). Carbo~ymethyl hydro~yethyl guars are other e~ I les of anionic guar additives.
A c~iQr ic guar is obt~inab~ by reacting natu~l guar with caustic and ~.-bse~luently with quaternary ~mmonil--n chloride, and is available from Dow as Dow Quart 188; such a 10 cationic guar is available under the name Gendrive 162.
The slluclule of natural guar gum is as follows:
"o~o~ ~
o e~
C~ C~
~~O ~~o ~ "~oO ,,"~o~
0~ ~ ~ ~. "
Polyacrylamide is plep~od by polymerization of acrylamide with N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide. A c~tiQnic polyacrylamide is usually pl~ xl by making reacting 30 polyacrylamide with acryloxytrimethyl ammonium chloride (ATMAC), methylacryloxytrimethyl ammonium chloride (MTMAC) or diallyldimethyl ~mmonium 2~6~33 The plt;f~lled wet strength resins are produced by reacting a saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acid cont~ining three to ten carbon atoms, preferable adipic acid, with a polyalkylenepolyamine, con~ining from two to four ethylene groups, two primary amine groups, and one to three s~on~ry amine groups, such as diethylenetriamine, 5 triethylenetetramine and tetraethylenP.pent~minP" to form a poly(aminoamide) having secondary amine groups that are alkylated with epichlorohydrin to form tertiary aminochlorohydrin groups. These groups self-alkylate to form hydroxy~7etidinium groups which are considered responsible for wet strength in paper. They are cationic in character.
If tertiary amines are present in the aminopolyamide or polyamine backl~nes, quaternary 10 epoxide groups are plud~lc~ The actual procedure for synthe~i7ing these wet strength resins differ from product to product, but the objective to generate aminopolyamide-epichlorohydrin filnction~lity remains the same.
KymeneD wet strength resins are most pl~fe.led. Some examples of wet strength resins available from Hercules Incol~ldted are Kymene 557H, Kymene 450, and Kymene 15 2064 (an APE resin based on methyldiallylamine mono.,.~ that is polymerized to an amine polymer precursor), as well as low absorbable organic halide (AOX) versions such as Kymene 557LX. Most pl~ f~led is Kymene 557H, in which adipic acid is reacted with diethylPnetri~mine (DETA) to form a poly(~..ino~..ide) that is alkylated and cros~linkPd with epichlorohydrin to form a PAE resin, narnely, adipic acid-DETA poly(~mins~mide) 20 epichlorohydrin.
The spe~ific ~mount and the type of the additives will depend on, arnong other things, the type of pulp char~t~-ri~tics. The ratios of the anionic and the cationic additives may range from 1/20 to 10/1, p~f~bly from 2/1 to 1/2, and most preferably about 1/1. The combination according to the invention is effective when added to the pulp stock in the 25 amount of 0.05 to 5 percent, depen-1ing on the type of pulp. The preferable level of addition is 0.1 to 2% based on the dry weight of pulp.
Since the additive combinations of the invention consist of two or more co..,ponents, they can be added to the furnish in different ways that may affect the rate of production in the plant and the plopel~ies of the final product. The usual procedure is to add these 30 additives individually in the wet end system in a predetermined sequence to achieve what experiment shows to be the most desirable product. Preferably, however, these additives are - 8~Q~6~3~
introduced into the wet end system by combining the anionic and c~tionie additives beforehand and adding the resllltin~ coacervates.
In the following e~mples, h~n~cheets were pr~paled from pulp which was refined in a Valley beater to 500 +5 cc C~n~ n Standard Fl~ness. The 22.50% consict~p-ncy pulp 5 slurry was diluted to 266% solids with normal tap water in a propo.lioner where the combination of additives according to the invention were added to the pulp while stirring.
An aliquot of this pulp slurry was further diluted to about 0.023% consict~pncy in a Deckle box for molding h~n~chP~tc Both refining and papcll,laking were made at pH 7.5 to 8Ø
Thus, the pape.mdking process consists of three main steps. They are (a) formation of an 10 aqueous slurry of cP-lllllose fibers, (b) addition of dry strength additives and (c) formation of sheet and drying to a desired moisture content (preferably 3 to 6 percent).
The step (b) may be carried out by adding the anionic collli)on~t to the pulp first, followed by the c~tionic co,nponent, and the wet strength resin if used. Blends of anionic and cationic col"~n~,l~ may also be added to the pulp directly in the pape.,llaking system.
15 Whether individually or blended togetller, the additives are mixed into the wet end of the paper m~hine, preferably under shear.
Tensile strength, modulus, and elongation were measured in an Instron, according to a standard plOCedUfe" Tappi 494, as a guide. Drying was to a moisture content of 3 to 6 percent. By the same testing procedure, the tensile energy per unit volume that the fibers 20 have ~simil~t~ up to the point of rupture was also detellnined. This is refe.l~ to as tensile energy absorption (TEA). The results of bending stiffness plesented here have been measured in a Handle O'Meter (Thwing-Albert Instrument Co.).
The sarne testing procedure measures the combined effect of sheet stiffnp-sc~ surface friction, and thi~n~c$ that affect the subjective percep~ion of sorlness of paper products.
25 (Holger Hollmark, TAPPI Journal, p 97, February 1983; Handbook of Physical and Mechanical Testin~ of Paper and P~rboard, Ed. Richard E. Mark, Ch. 11, p 511, 1983).
This Example is a laboldtoly evaluation of strength pf~p~.Lies and bending stiffness 30 on h~n-lch~tc prepa~ed with 70/30 Northern Softwood/CTMP furnish. The results are shown in Table 1. The anionic additives were first added to the pulp followed by the cationic additive. The control used in this case is a h~nrlshe~t pfepart~d with the same pulp ~ 2~s~o ~~ 9 -with no additive. Galaxy 707D is a carboxymethyl guar (DS 0.08), and Gendrive*162 is a quaternary ammonium chloride treated guar (DS 0.075). Jaguar 8600, available commercially as Hi-Tek, and WG-18, are hydroxypropylcarboxymethyl guars. Guar AQU-3129 and High DS cationic guar (404-48-3) are available from Aqualon, a Hercules Incorporated unit. WC-S 100 and Hercofloc*1129 sodium acrylate-acryl~mide~opolymer and sodium polyacrylate homopolymer, le~)ecli~rely. Reten~ 200 is a polyamide-epichlorohydrin polymeric material used as a retention. The "Jaguar" products are available from High-Tek Co.
* Denotes Trade Mark T~BL-; 1 r - ~ - cment, % Control Bending Anionic Cationic S ''-Additive Percent Additive Percent Tensile % of Strength TEA F~ ga~inn Control None - Gendrive 162 1.0 6.S
Galaxy 707D 0.5 Reten~ 200 0.4 8.3 - - -Galaxy 7071) guar 0.5 Ge ' ~_ 162 0.5 33.9 - - 94 None - Jaguar CP-13 1.00 6.6 13.9 10.0 - , ~, Jaguar 8600 0.5 Jaguar CP-13 0.50 16.0 23.9 13.0 106 None - High MW Cationic Guar (008340 3) 1.00 4.0 12.7 3.1 104 O
K0341A 2 (WG-18)0.5 0083-40-3 0.5 12.0 23.1 13.0 105 None - Percol 743 1.00 2.5 3.5 2.8 101 WC-I00 0.5 Percol 743 0.50 14.0 6.9 22.0 113 Hercofloc 1129 0.5 Reten 157 0.50 15.4 3.2 8.9 101 None - 404-48-3 1.0 3.7 AQU-D3129 0.5 404-48-3 0.5 14.3 Jaguar 8707 0.5 Jaguar CP-13 0.5 21.3 48.0 19.4 2~8~3~
Results on laboratory evaluation of strength pr()pe.lies, tensile stiffn~ss and bending stiffness on handsh~t~ pr~pal~d as in Example 1 are pr~scnted in Table 2. Pulp system employed in Set No. 1 is 50/50 recycled/northern softwood bleached kraft pulp. In Set No.
5 2, the pulp is 100 percent bleached kraft. The process to prepare the guars is similar to what has been explained in Example 1, except that the anionic guar was a carboxymethyl guar (available from Aqualon under the desi~n~tion AQU-D3129) having a DS of 0.15 and the cationic guar (available from Aqualon under the desipn~tion 404-48-3) was a ~ a~y-modified guar having a DS of 0.10.
~.nhqncern.qnt, % of Cont~ol Anionic Cationic Tensile Tensile Ren-ling None Guar % Guar % Strength TEA Elonga- Stiffness Stiffness tion % of % of Control control AQU-D3129 0.5404-48-3 0.5 21.5 37.7713.3 108 95 2 AQU-D3129 0.5404-48-3 0.5 15.2 31.2216.1 99 99 c~
~6~3~
Laboratory evaluation results of strength ?lope-lies and bending stiffness on h~nd~he~t~ prepared with 70\30 northern softwood/CTMP (Nos. 1 and 2) and recycled pulps (Nos.3 to 5) are shown in Table 3. The anionic additive is added to the pulp prior to adding 5 the cationic additive. The guar additives Galaxy 707D and Gendrive 162 are the same as those used in Example 1. Kymene~ 557H is the reaction product of an-polyamide and epichlorohydrin conventionally used as a wet strength resin in paper and available from Hercules Incol~ldted. KN9-56CMG is a carboxymethyl guar. The coll-bindtions showminim~l adverse effects on paper softness caused by the presence of the wet s~engl}l agent, 10 as indicated by the stiffness data.
TAEII~ ~ 3 r-L~ rnent~ X of Control No Anionic Cationic p~n~1in~
AdditivePercent AdditivePercent Stiffness Kymene 557H Dry % of Percent TensileElongation TEA Contro1 None - None - 1.0 10.8 10.0 - 95 2 KN9-56CMG 0.15 Gendrive 1620.15 0.75 18.3 13.9 108 3 None - None - 1.0 11.9 22.2 20.6 -4 None - Gendrive 1620.5 0.5 19.6 25.9 34.4 S Galal~y 707D0.25 Gendrive 1620.25 0.5 34.5 33.2 77.6 104 o 3 ~
Results of the evaluation of strength on handsh~t~ pfepaled with unbl~cl-ed kraft cont~ining about 2 percent black liquor are shown in Table 4. The results show that a combination of an anionic and a cationic guar additive is not more effective than the cationic 5 guar additive alone when added at the same total level. The guar additives, Galaxy 707D
and Gendrive 162, are the same as used in Example 1.
F.nh~nr,ement, % of Control Anionic Cationic Tensile Additive Percent Additive Percent Strength TEAElongation ,-Galaxy 707D 0.50 Gendrive 162 0.5 14.2 21.1 12.5 None - Gendrive 162 1.0 16.9 25.3 12.5 ~~
o o~
o c~
- 17- 2~8~03 COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE S
Results of strength pl~,pelLies evaluation on h~n~sh~t~ pr~par~d with partially unbl~he~ kraft incorporated externally with 0.9% black liquor are presented in Table 5.
The results show that a combination of an anionic and a cationic guar, when added to this S unb1e~ch~ kraft-black liquor system, is in fact less effective than the cationic guar alone at the same total addition level. The guar additives are the same as those used in Example 1.
Tensile Anionic Cationic Strength TEA Elongation Additive Percent Additive Percent (PSI) (ft.lb/ft2) (%) Control - - - 5877 5.29 2.2 Galaxy 707D 0.5 Gendrive 162 0.5 7644 7.58 2.6 None - Gendrive 162 1.0 8684 10.62 3.0 .
~a ~ 208~03 0 Example 6 This series of tests eY~mines the strength propellies and bending stiffness of paper prepared in a small-scale pilot plant version of a conventional paper m~c1lin~ located at K~l~m~7oo, Michigan and referred to herein as the Ldbo~dtoly Former. The pulps used in S the numbered tests were: Nos. 1 and 2, 50/50 NSW/NHW kraft; Nos. 3, 4, 7 and 8, 70/30 long fiber/sawdust; and Nos. 1 and 2, 70/30 virgin fiber/broke. In each case, a combination of an anionic and a cationic additive (guar or acrylamide copolymer) was incorporated in the pulp followed by the same amount of wet strength resin Kymene*557H. The anionic components used were all carboxymethyl guars. Among the c~tiollic additives, Percol*743 is 10 a polyacrylamide copolymer, the rest are guars. These results, recorded after 2 weeks natural curing and presented in Table 6, reple3ent the enh~cem~n~s of propellies over what are obtained with 1 percent Kymene 557H alone. They dernons~rate the fact that these combinations of an anionic and a ç~tiol~ic component provide synergistic effects on wet strength as well as dry strength of paper. These effects are signific~ntly greater when one of 15 the components is a conventional wet strength resin, such as Kymene 557H.
* Denotes Trade Mark TAELE
r ~- - t em~n~ over Control Con~inin~
1 % Kymene 557H RPntlin~
No Anionic Cationic Kymene Total Stiffness Additive Additive 557H Additive Dry Wet % of 1%
% % % Level TensileFlnn~a~ion TEATensileKcymenle WG-18 0.30 Percol 7430.20 0.50 1.00 20.3 19.5 42.517.8 99 2 Galaxy 707D0.30 Gendrive 162 0.20 0.50 1.00 18.0 24.245.3 10.7 96 O
3 0087-08-2 0.30 Gendrive 162 0.20 0.50 1.00 26.2 28.262.2 31.9 109 4 0087-08-2 0.30 Percol 7430.20 0.50 1.00 26.3 32.2 63.140.5 99 0087-08-2 0.30 Percol 7430.20 0.50 1.00 20.5 26.8 57.117.5 99 O
According to the invention, a process for making paper to enhance the dry strength of the paper produced without reducing its softness comprises adding to a bl~l~ pulp furnish, separately or together, (1) an anionic polymer sel~ted from the group consicting of carboxymethyl guar, carboxymethyl bean gum, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl guar (such as S the carboxymethyl guar available under the name Galaxy*707D from Aqualon and the name Jaguar*8707 from Hi-Tek), and a carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar (such as the carboxymethyl guar available under the name Jaguar 8600 from Hi-Tek), and (2) a cationic polymer selected from the group concicting of a cationic guar, a c~tionic acrylamide copolymer, a cationic bean gum, and a cationic wet strength resin that is a polymeric amine-10 epichlorohydrin resin, such as polyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resin, a polyalkylenepolyamine-epichlorohydrin (PAPAE) resin, or an amine polymer-epichlorohydrin resin (APE) resin, preferably the reaction product of a dibasic acid, more preferable adipic acid, with a polyalkylenepolyamine, more preferably a polyethylenepolyamine, in which arnine polymer-epichlorohydrin resin amine groups have 15 been alkylated and cros~link~J with epichlorohydrin to produce a polyamide-epichlorohydrin resin that has ~7P-i~inium or epoxide fllnction~lity.
A polyamide-epichlorohydrin resin may more specifically be described as a poly(aminoamide)-epichlorohydrin resin, and is sometimes called a polyamide-polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin. If the ca~ionic additive is a wet strength resin the benefits of the 20 invention are achieved and the wet strength of the paper is additionally ir,cleased.
In a ble~h~ pulp furnish, the combination of additives according to the invention is cignific~ntly more effective as a dry-strength additive than the same amounts of each of the cationic guar or the anionic guar, while m~in~ining substantially the same degree of softness (as measured by bending stiffn.oc.c) as found in paper lacking a conventional dry-strength 25 additive. A combination of an anionic guar and a cationic acrylamide copolymer is similarly more effective than the acrylamide copolymer alone as a dry strength additive at the same level of addition. These advantages are only achieved if bleached pulp is used in the process according to the invention.
Preferably, the wet strength resin is added to the anionic/c~tionic guar combination 30 according to the invention. A combination of an anionic guar, a cationic guar (or acrylamide copolymer) and the wet strength resin is more effective than a combination of a cationic guar (or acrylamide copolymer) and the wet strength resin, all the o~her conditions being the * Denotes Trade Mark a ~-~ ",. . .
~ - 2~3~0 same. It is at least as effective as a combination of an anionic guar and the wet strength resin.
When clear solutions of the individual c~,-,l)oneht~ of the mixtures according to the invention are added together, aggf~at~s of fine colloidal particles (which are usually called S coacervates), appa,~.,tly bound togcll,er by some physical or chernic~1 force, are formed.
This combination provides dry strength enh~c~ nt for paper that is higher than the strength enh~nc~ nt provided by the same amount of either the c~tionic guar or the anionic guar, demonstrating a synergistic effect from the agg~c~,at~s of fine colloidal particles that is subst~nti~lly identir~1 to the results obtained by adding the same anionic and cationic lO compounds individually to the pulp system. The cationic additive may also be a wet strength resin, when added with the anionic compound either individually to the pulp system or as coacervates. In either case, the presence of the anionic co.ll~md very cignific~ntly enh~nc~s the effiçiency of a wet strength resin, and the use of the coacervates has the advantage of convçni~-nce.
The invention also comprises a co.. l~c;L;~ln for modifying a paper pulp slurry to çnh~nre the dry strength of the paper produced without s~lbs~nt;~lly reducing its softness comprising (l) an anionic polymeric co~ponenl s~ct~ from the group of polymers concicting of c~l~..~ ,L~Iyl guar, carboxymethyl bean gum, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl guar, and a carboxymethyl hydf~y~ p~l guar, and (2) a c~tir~nic polymeric co",ponent 20 sPlect~d from the group of polymers concicting of a c~ niç guar, a c~tionic acrylamide copolymer, a cationic bean gum, a c~tionic wet $L.~n~L l resin, and both a c~tionic wet strength resin and at least one of the other of said cationic polymers, the wet strength resin being an amine polymer-epichlorohydrin resin sP1ect~ from the group consisting of a polyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resin, a polyalkylenepoly~,.ine epichlorohydrin (PAPAE) 25 resin, and an amine polymer-epichlorohydrin (APE) resin, in which amine groups have been alkylated with epichlorohydrin to produce a pol~ ine epichlorohydrin resin that has .oti~inium or epoxide functionality.
Preferably in the said co--")o~i~ion, the anionic polymeric co,.lponent is a carboxymethyl guar and the cationic polymeric compol e. t is a cationic guar and a cationic 30 wet strength resin that is produced by reacting a saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acid con~inin~ three to ten carbon atoms with a polyalkylenepolyamine, conL~ining from two to four ethylene groups, two primary amine groups, and one to three secondary amine groups F~ 2 0 8 6 0 3 0 (such as diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine and tetraethylenepent~minP), to form a poly(Amino~mide) having secondary amine groups that are alkylated with epichloro-hydrin to form a PAE resin. Most preferably, the wet strength resin is Kymene 557H
(available from Hercules Incorporated), in which adipic acid is reacted with diethylenetri~minP to form a poly(aminoamide) that is alkylated and cros~linkPcl with epichlorohydrin to form a PAE resin. The invention also comprises a paper product cont~ining the said composition according to the invention, and a process for making the composition comprising adding a mixture of the anionic guar and the cationic guar, preferably as an aqueous suspension, to a paper pulp slurry and then adding the wet strength resin later to form the composition in the slurry.
Moreover, the invention also comprises a composition comprising: (1) an anionic polymeric component selected from the group of polymers consisting of carboxymethyl guar, carboxymethyl bean gum, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl guar, anda carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar; and (2) a cationic polymeric component selected from the group of polymers con~i~ting of cationic wet strength resin and cationic wet strength resin combined with an additional cationic polymer selected from the group con~i~ting of a cationic guar, a cationic acrylamide copolymer, and a cationic bean gum, the cationic wet strength resin being an amine polymer-epichlorohydrin resin selected from the group consisting of a polyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resin, apolyalkylene polyamine-epichlorohydrin (PAPAE) resin, and an amine polymer-epichlorohydrin (APE) resin, in which amine groups have been alkylated with epichlorohydrin to produce a polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin that has azetidinium or epoxide functionality.
Under the normal wet end conditions of pap~-making, the combination of additives according to the invention enhances paper strength through ionic bonds. That enhancement is an important feature for towelling, toilet tissue, or any otherl fine paper in which softness and dry strength or a combination of dry and wet strength, without co-llp.olllising softness, are value prop~llies.
~ 2086~3 ~
-5(a)-A cationic guar molecule with no anionic guar will have all its ionic groups available bond with the cellulose-fiber ionic groups of opposite charge. Thus, acationic guar by itself is expected to offer a higher number of ionic bonds. When an anionic and a cationic guar are mixed together either in the presence of pulp or by themselves, an interaction takes place between them and this results in a lower number of ionic sites in the combination to bond with cellulose fibers. (A similar effect occurs when a wet strength resin, such as Kymene 557H, is in the additive system). Hence, the higher effectiveness of a combination as a dry strength is unexpected, particularly since it is not present if used with unbleached pulp cont~ining black liquor.
According to the results obtained with various guar additives, this synergistic effect of an anionic and a cationic guar additive is independent of the chain-length of the compound as well as molecular weight as measured by solution viscosity. It is also independent of the charge density of the additives. However, the degree of effectiveness of the combinations depends on the molecular weight. There is evidence that the relatively higher molecular weight guars produce relatively higher paper strength.
Guar is a natural copolymer consisting of galactose and mannose, usually in the ratio of 1 to 2, in a linear chain of B-d-mamopyransyl with ~-D-galactopyranosyl units as side ~. .
2Q~60~0 br~nches An anionic guar is obtained by reacting a natural guar with caustic andsutsDg~lertly with l~onochloloac~. The res-llt~-lt product is a carbo~ymethyl guar (CMG). Simil~rly, carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar (CMHPG) is pl~p~ by reacting natural guar with caustic and s~3e~uc~tly with ..~o~hlo~ t~e and propylene o~ide.
5 E~camples of CMG are Gal~y 707D, (Aqualon), Jaguar 8707 (Hi-Tek) and those of CMHPG
are WG-18 (Aqualon), Jaguar 8600 (Hi-Tek). Carbo~ymethyl hydro~yethyl guars are other e~ I les of anionic guar additives.
A c~iQr ic guar is obt~inab~ by reacting natu~l guar with caustic and ~.-bse~luently with quaternary ~mmonil--n chloride, and is available from Dow as Dow Quart 188; such a 10 cationic guar is available under the name Gendrive 162.
The slluclule of natural guar gum is as follows:
"o~o~ ~
o e~
C~ C~
~~O ~~o ~ "~oO ,,"~o~
0~ ~ ~ ~. "
Polyacrylamide is plep~od by polymerization of acrylamide with N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide. A c~tiQnic polyacrylamide is usually pl~ xl by making reacting 30 polyacrylamide with acryloxytrimethyl ammonium chloride (ATMAC), methylacryloxytrimethyl ammonium chloride (MTMAC) or diallyldimethyl ~mmonium 2~6~33 The plt;f~lled wet strength resins are produced by reacting a saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acid cont~ining three to ten carbon atoms, preferable adipic acid, with a polyalkylenepolyamine, con~ining from two to four ethylene groups, two primary amine groups, and one to three s~on~ry amine groups, such as diethylenetriamine, 5 triethylenetetramine and tetraethylenP.pent~minP" to form a poly(aminoamide) having secondary amine groups that are alkylated with epichlorohydrin to form tertiary aminochlorohydrin groups. These groups self-alkylate to form hydroxy~7etidinium groups which are considered responsible for wet strength in paper. They are cationic in character.
If tertiary amines are present in the aminopolyamide or polyamine backl~nes, quaternary 10 epoxide groups are plud~lc~ The actual procedure for synthe~i7ing these wet strength resins differ from product to product, but the objective to generate aminopolyamide-epichlorohydrin filnction~lity remains the same.
KymeneD wet strength resins are most pl~fe.led. Some examples of wet strength resins available from Hercules Incol~ldted are Kymene 557H, Kymene 450, and Kymene 15 2064 (an APE resin based on methyldiallylamine mono.,.~ that is polymerized to an amine polymer precursor), as well as low absorbable organic halide (AOX) versions such as Kymene 557LX. Most pl~ f~led is Kymene 557H, in which adipic acid is reacted with diethylPnetri~mine (DETA) to form a poly(~..ino~..ide) that is alkylated and cros~linkPd with epichlorohydrin to form a PAE resin, narnely, adipic acid-DETA poly(~mins~mide) 20 epichlorohydrin.
The spe~ific ~mount and the type of the additives will depend on, arnong other things, the type of pulp char~t~-ri~tics. The ratios of the anionic and the cationic additives may range from 1/20 to 10/1, p~f~bly from 2/1 to 1/2, and most preferably about 1/1. The combination according to the invention is effective when added to the pulp stock in the 25 amount of 0.05 to 5 percent, depen-1ing on the type of pulp. The preferable level of addition is 0.1 to 2% based on the dry weight of pulp.
Since the additive combinations of the invention consist of two or more co..,ponents, they can be added to the furnish in different ways that may affect the rate of production in the plant and the plopel~ies of the final product. The usual procedure is to add these 30 additives individually in the wet end system in a predetermined sequence to achieve what experiment shows to be the most desirable product. Preferably, however, these additives are - 8~Q~6~3~
introduced into the wet end system by combining the anionic and c~tionie additives beforehand and adding the resllltin~ coacervates.
In the following e~mples, h~n~cheets were pr~paled from pulp which was refined in a Valley beater to 500 +5 cc C~n~ n Standard Fl~ness. The 22.50% consict~p-ncy pulp 5 slurry was diluted to 266% solids with normal tap water in a propo.lioner where the combination of additives according to the invention were added to the pulp while stirring.
An aliquot of this pulp slurry was further diluted to about 0.023% consict~pncy in a Deckle box for molding h~n~chP~tc Both refining and papcll,laking were made at pH 7.5 to 8Ø
Thus, the pape.mdking process consists of three main steps. They are (a) formation of an 10 aqueous slurry of cP-lllllose fibers, (b) addition of dry strength additives and (c) formation of sheet and drying to a desired moisture content (preferably 3 to 6 percent).
The step (b) may be carried out by adding the anionic collli)on~t to the pulp first, followed by the c~tionic co,nponent, and the wet strength resin if used. Blends of anionic and cationic col"~n~,l~ may also be added to the pulp directly in the pape.,llaking system.
15 Whether individually or blended togetller, the additives are mixed into the wet end of the paper m~hine, preferably under shear.
Tensile strength, modulus, and elongation were measured in an Instron, according to a standard plOCedUfe" Tappi 494, as a guide. Drying was to a moisture content of 3 to 6 percent. By the same testing procedure, the tensile energy per unit volume that the fibers 20 have ~simil~t~ up to the point of rupture was also detellnined. This is refe.l~ to as tensile energy absorption (TEA). The results of bending stiffness plesented here have been measured in a Handle O'Meter (Thwing-Albert Instrument Co.).
The sarne testing procedure measures the combined effect of sheet stiffnp-sc~ surface friction, and thi~n~c$ that affect the subjective percep~ion of sorlness of paper products.
25 (Holger Hollmark, TAPPI Journal, p 97, February 1983; Handbook of Physical and Mechanical Testin~ of Paper and P~rboard, Ed. Richard E. Mark, Ch. 11, p 511, 1983).
This Example is a laboldtoly evaluation of strength pf~p~.Lies and bending stiffness 30 on h~n-lch~tc prepa~ed with 70/30 Northern Softwood/CTMP furnish. The results are shown in Table 1. The anionic additives were first added to the pulp followed by the cationic additive. The control used in this case is a h~nrlshe~t pfepart~d with the same pulp ~ 2~s~o ~~ 9 -with no additive. Galaxy 707D is a carboxymethyl guar (DS 0.08), and Gendrive*162 is a quaternary ammonium chloride treated guar (DS 0.075). Jaguar 8600, available commercially as Hi-Tek, and WG-18, are hydroxypropylcarboxymethyl guars. Guar AQU-3129 and High DS cationic guar (404-48-3) are available from Aqualon, a Hercules Incorporated unit. WC-S 100 and Hercofloc*1129 sodium acrylate-acryl~mide~opolymer and sodium polyacrylate homopolymer, le~)ecli~rely. Reten~ 200 is a polyamide-epichlorohydrin polymeric material used as a retention. The "Jaguar" products are available from High-Tek Co.
* Denotes Trade Mark T~BL-; 1 r - ~ - cment, % Control Bending Anionic Cationic S ''-Additive Percent Additive Percent Tensile % of Strength TEA F~ ga~inn Control None - Gendrive 162 1.0 6.S
Galaxy 707D 0.5 Reten~ 200 0.4 8.3 - - -Galaxy 7071) guar 0.5 Ge ' ~_ 162 0.5 33.9 - - 94 None - Jaguar CP-13 1.00 6.6 13.9 10.0 - , ~, Jaguar 8600 0.5 Jaguar CP-13 0.50 16.0 23.9 13.0 106 None - High MW Cationic Guar (008340 3) 1.00 4.0 12.7 3.1 104 O
K0341A 2 (WG-18)0.5 0083-40-3 0.5 12.0 23.1 13.0 105 None - Percol 743 1.00 2.5 3.5 2.8 101 WC-I00 0.5 Percol 743 0.50 14.0 6.9 22.0 113 Hercofloc 1129 0.5 Reten 157 0.50 15.4 3.2 8.9 101 None - 404-48-3 1.0 3.7 AQU-D3129 0.5 404-48-3 0.5 14.3 Jaguar 8707 0.5 Jaguar CP-13 0.5 21.3 48.0 19.4 2~8~3~
Results on laboratory evaluation of strength pr()pe.lies, tensile stiffn~ss and bending stiffness on handsh~t~ pr~pal~d as in Example 1 are pr~scnted in Table 2. Pulp system employed in Set No. 1 is 50/50 recycled/northern softwood bleached kraft pulp. In Set No.
5 2, the pulp is 100 percent bleached kraft. The process to prepare the guars is similar to what has been explained in Example 1, except that the anionic guar was a carboxymethyl guar (available from Aqualon under the desi~n~tion AQU-D3129) having a DS of 0.15 and the cationic guar (available from Aqualon under the desipn~tion 404-48-3) was a ~ a~y-modified guar having a DS of 0.10.
~.nhqncern.qnt, % of Cont~ol Anionic Cationic Tensile Tensile Ren-ling None Guar % Guar % Strength TEA Elonga- Stiffness Stiffness tion % of % of Control control AQU-D3129 0.5404-48-3 0.5 21.5 37.7713.3 108 95 2 AQU-D3129 0.5404-48-3 0.5 15.2 31.2216.1 99 99 c~
~6~3~
Laboratory evaluation results of strength ?lope-lies and bending stiffness on h~nd~he~t~ prepared with 70\30 northern softwood/CTMP (Nos. 1 and 2) and recycled pulps (Nos.3 to 5) are shown in Table 3. The anionic additive is added to the pulp prior to adding 5 the cationic additive. The guar additives Galaxy 707D and Gendrive 162 are the same as those used in Example 1. Kymene~ 557H is the reaction product of an-polyamide and epichlorohydrin conventionally used as a wet strength resin in paper and available from Hercules Incol~ldted. KN9-56CMG is a carboxymethyl guar. The coll-bindtions showminim~l adverse effects on paper softness caused by the presence of the wet s~engl}l agent, 10 as indicated by the stiffness data.
TAEII~ ~ 3 r-L~ rnent~ X of Control No Anionic Cationic p~n~1in~
AdditivePercent AdditivePercent Stiffness Kymene 557H Dry % of Percent TensileElongation TEA Contro1 None - None - 1.0 10.8 10.0 - 95 2 KN9-56CMG 0.15 Gendrive 1620.15 0.75 18.3 13.9 108 3 None - None - 1.0 11.9 22.2 20.6 -4 None - Gendrive 1620.5 0.5 19.6 25.9 34.4 S Galal~y 707D0.25 Gendrive 1620.25 0.5 34.5 33.2 77.6 104 o 3 ~
Results of the evaluation of strength on handsh~t~ pfepaled with unbl~cl-ed kraft cont~ining about 2 percent black liquor are shown in Table 4. The results show that a combination of an anionic and a cationic guar additive is not more effective than the cationic 5 guar additive alone when added at the same total level. The guar additives, Galaxy 707D
and Gendrive 162, are the same as used in Example 1.
F.nh~nr,ement, % of Control Anionic Cationic Tensile Additive Percent Additive Percent Strength TEAElongation ,-Galaxy 707D 0.50 Gendrive 162 0.5 14.2 21.1 12.5 None - Gendrive 162 1.0 16.9 25.3 12.5 ~~
o o~
o c~
- 17- 2~8~03 COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE S
Results of strength pl~,pelLies evaluation on h~n~sh~t~ pr~par~d with partially unbl~he~ kraft incorporated externally with 0.9% black liquor are presented in Table 5.
The results show that a combination of an anionic and a cationic guar, when added to this S unb1e~ch~ kraft-black liquor system, is in fact less effective than the cationic guar alone at the same total addition level. The guar additives are the same as those used in Example 1.
Tensile Anionic Cationic Strength TEA Elongation Additive Percent Additive Percent (PSI) (ft.lb/ft2) (%) Control - - - 5877 5.29 2.2 Galaxy 707D 0.5 Gendrive 162 0.5 7644 7.58 2.6 None - Gendrive 162 1.0 8684 10.62 3.0 .
~a ~ 208~03 0 Example 6 This series of tests eY~mines the strength propellies and bending stiffness of paper prepared in a small-scale pilot plant version of a conventional paper m~c1lin~ located at K~l~m~7oo, Michigan and referred to herein as the Ldbo~dtoly Former. The pulps used in S the numbered tests were: Nos. 1 and 2, 50/50 NSW/NHW kraft; Nos. 3, 4, 7 and 8, 70/30 long fiber/sawdust; and Nos. 1 and 2, 70/30 virgin fiber/broke. In each case, a combination of an anionic and a cationic additive (guar or acrylamide copolymer) was incorporated in the pulp followed by the same amount of wet strength resin Kymene*557H. The anionic components used were all carboxymethyl guars. Among the c~tiollic additives, Percol*743 is 10 a polyacrylamide copolymer, the rest are guars. These results, recorded after 2 weeks natural curing and presented in Table 6, reple3ent the enh~cem~n~s of propellies over what are obtained with 1 percent Kymene 557H alone. They dernons~rate the fact that these combinations of an anionic and a ç~tiol~ic component provide synergistic effects on wet strength as well as dry strength of paper. These effects are signific~ntly greater when one of 15 the components is a conventional wet strength resin, such as Kymene 557H.
* Denotes Trade Mark TAELE
r ~- - t em~n~ over Control Con~inin~
1 % Kymene 557H RPntlin~
No Anionic Cationic Kymene Total Stiffness Additive Additive 557H Additive Dry Wet % of 1%
% % % Level TensileFlnn~a~ion TEATensileKcymenle WG-18 0.30 Percol 7430.20 0.50 1.00 20.3 19.5 42.517.8 99 2 Galaxy 707D0.30 Gendrive 162 0.20 0.50 1.00 18.0 24.245.3 10.7 96 O
3 0087-08-2 0.30 Gendrive 162 0.20 0.50 1.00 26.2 28.262.2 31.9 109 4 0087-08-2 0.30 Percol 7430.20 0.50 1.00 26.3 32.2 63.140.5 99 0087-08-2 0.30 Percol 7430.20 0.50 1.00 20.5 26.8 57.117.5 99 O
6 WG-18 0.30 0083-40-3 0.20 0.50 1.00 15.4 18.5 36.811.3 107 c::~
7 D-3129 0.30 Percol 7430.20 0.50 1.00 25.0 22.0 52.036.8 104 8 WG-18 0.30 0083-40-3 0.20 0.50 1.00 19.3 27.3 62.029.2 98 -21- 2~603~
Example 7 This series of tests eY~mines the ~ ,nglh pr~lies and bending stiffnecs on handsheets prepared in the Laboratory Former. The pulps used in the numbered tests were:
Nos. 1 to 6, 55/30/15 northern softwood/CTMP/recycled pulp, and No. 7, 50/50 northern 5 softwood/hardwood furnish. The results in No 8 were produced from h~ndcheets using 70/30 northern softwood/CTMP pulp. All the cationic additives were modified polyacrylamides. Percol 743 is a copolymer of acrylamide and 10 mole % MTMAC
(Methylacryloxytrimethyl ~mmonil)m chloride), Reten 157 contains 10 mole % ATMAC(acryloxytrimethyl ammonium chloride) and Hercofloc 1154 contains 6 mole 9Z~ DADMAC
10 (dialcryloxydimethyl ammonium chloride). All the anionic additives are guar products available from Aqualon. The results are recorded in Table 7.
TABL~i ?: POLY~~RYL~ CPi})I~YME~ - GU~R COMBINAl~C~NS
Enl~ -x~ ~ lt % of Control Anionic ('~~i~nin P.~n~ e No AdditivePercent Additive Percent Stiffness Tensile % of t Strengthpl~ nea~ir n TEAControl None - Percol 743 1.00 6.4 15.0 22.6 2 K0341 A2 WG-18)0.50 Percol 743 0.50 17.8 12.9 36.3 3 None - Reten 157 1.0 5.3 11.7 14.6 -f~) 4 AQU-D3129 0.50 Reten 157 0.5 12.7 19.5 35.3 -None - Hercofloc 1154 1.0 11.7 10.021.1 -6 AQU-D3129 0.50 Hercofloc 1154 0.50 16.9 22.844.2 7 AQU-D3129 0.50 Percol 743 0.50 37.5 45.5 101 106 8 Galaxy 707D 0.50 Hercofloc 1154 0.50 16.3 8.026.4 92 - 23 ~ 6 ~ 3 0 Example 8 This series of tests ~x~mines the strength pr~pe.lies and bending stiffn~ss of paper prepared in the ~ m~7oo Labol~loly Former with 70/30 northern softwood/CTMP furnish.
The anionic co~ onent was added first followed by the cationic co.,.pon~nt and the wet 5 strength resin (Kymene 557H) was added last. The results, recorded in Table 8, show that the combination of a wet strength resin and an anionic and a c~tionic guar, and even the combination of a an anionic guar and a wet strength resin enh~nces not only the dry strength but also the wet strength very ~ignific~ntly over the coll~ n~ pr~lLies obtained by the same amount of the wet strength resin alone. The bending stiffness of the paper samples is 10 not adversely affected by the presence of these additive combinations. The additives AQU-D3129, Galaxy 707D and 0.1 DSCMG are.anionic carboxymethyl guars. 404-48-3, 404-48-1 and Gendrive 162 are Aqualon cationic guars of which the first two are developmental.
The respective controls used were made with the same furnish, but with no additive.
C ~ o ~ ~ ~ , X o~ ~
C -- ~o X o~ ~, X ~ ~,, 3 E~
~ o ~ o ~ o ~ o X ~ o~
r ~ ~ ~
a~ c ~ ~. ~. ~ o~ x ~ ~ C ~ I -- ~ ~o oo .~
8 ~~ g ~ ~~ ~~ 8 g 8 .,~, 8 8 8 ~~ 8 8 ~, . ... ... .
~:~,~ ~,_ _~_ _ _ _ _ o o o o o :: a.~ _ O O O g g g ~ a o Q
:ae I . I -- ~ -- ~ O
O O o O --0 ~
Z Z Z ~~: ~ O O O
-25- 2Q~6~3~1 Example 9 This series of tests exarnines the strength prope~lies and bending stiffne~s of h~ndehe~ts plcpa~d from the following pulps: Nos. 1 to 4, 50/50 softwood/hardwood kraft (SWK/HWK); (Nos. 5 and 6), 70/30 northern softwood kraft/CTMP (NSK/CTMP). AQU-5 D3129 and Galaxy 707D are anionic carbo~y~lle~hyl guars previously refe.l~d to, and Gendrive 162 is a cationic guar previously lefe.lad to, while 404-48-3 is a developmental c~tionic guar. The results, which are recorded in Table 9, show that the paper propelLies obtained by adding to the pulp coacervates forrned by p~."i~ing the anionic and cationic col.lponents are about the same as those obtained by adding the additives individually to the 10 pulp. They were significantly more convenient to use.
203~3~
C ~ ~ O
- C o ~i o ~ --~ ~ ~ o X
g E~
'~~ ~ o ~ ~ o o.~ ~ C ~ X ~ ~ ~o X ~t CL B ~ ~ Q
' ~ ~ CL C~ ~ .~
~ ", ~ e ~ E ~ E ,~
~, o o U~ ~
~ O O -- -- O O
O O _ _ O O
a~ , s s a a a a ~a ~
Z _ ~ ~, ~ ~ ~
- 27 - 2 ~ 3 0 Example 10 Dry strength propellies and bending stiffness of paper p~pa,od in the K~l~m~7~o Laboratory Former (KLF) with 55/30/15 NSK/CTMP/secondary furnish are presented in Table 10. The data recorded in K-17803 and K-17822 r~pl~sent enh~ncem~nt of dry strength 5 propellies over what was obtained with the control with no additive. The anionic additive employed are CMG (AQU-D3129, Galaxy 707D) and CMHPG (WG-18) while the cationic components are cationic guars (Jaguar CP-13-HiTek, and 0083-40-3) and acrylarnide copolymer (Percol 743). The results show that in most cases, at the same level of addition, dry strength with a combination of an anionic and a cationic guar (or a cationic10 polyacrylamide) is signific~ntly higher than what is o~tained with a combination of an anionic guar and the wet strength resin Kymene 557H, with less adverse effect of paper softness, as indicated by the bending stiffness results.
T~LE 0 Kymene Total ~nh~-m~.. e.. ~, % of Control R~.n~
Anionic C~ioni~ 557H Additive Stiffness AdditivePercent AdditivePercent Percent Level % Tensile TEA~n~a~ % of Control AQU-D3129 0.50 Jaguar CP-130.50 None 1.00 43.3 76.929.0 87 WG-18 0.50 Percol 7430.50 None 1.00 32.9 63.227.8 89 WG-18 0.50 0083~3 0.50 None 1.00 26.9 . 47.019.5 108 AQU-D3129 0.50 None - 0.50 1.00 23.5 54.223.9 112 WG-18 0.50 None - 0.50 1.00 9.3 28.018.0 110 o Gala~cy 707D0.50 None - 0.50 1.00 25.7 57.023.9 118 C~
c~
2 0 ~
Example 1 1 Dry strength p~ope,~ies and bending stiffnes~ of paper l"~epared in the KLF using 70/30 NSK/CTMP furnish are recorded in Table 11. The data demonstrated enh~nc~ment of dry strength plopelLies over what was obtained with the control containing no additive. The S anionic additives are CMG and cationic components are either cationic guar or Kymene 557H, a wet strength resin. The results show that in most cases, at the same level of addition, a combination of an anionic and a cationic guar provides signifir~ntly higher dry strength than what is obtained with the combination of an anionic guar and Kymene, with less adverse effect on paper softness.
Kymene Total F-'ur-en~n~, % of ControlRenr~in~
Anionic C'~~ ni~ 557H Additive Stiffness AdditivePercent AdditivePercentPercent Level % Tensile TEAFi~l"a~i- % of AQU-D3129 0.50 404-48-1 0.50 None 1.00 34.8 53.725.7 95 AQU-D3129 0.60 404-48-3 0.40 None 1.00 25.6 45.921.0 92 AQU-D3129 0.50 404-48-3 0.50 None 1.00 25.9 96.651.2 96 AQU-D3129 0.50 None - 0.50 1.00 18.4 26.7 9.8 110 Galal~y 707D0.50 None - 1.0 1.50 26.5 51.522.8 116 ~a 0.1 DS CMG 1.0 None - 1.0 2.00 22.5 30.9 9.2 - ~
-31- 2Q860~0 COMPARATIV~. EXAMPLE 12 Strength~ plop~llies and bending ~l;rr~ess of paper pl~arcd at the ~ mq7Oo Laboratory Former with 70/30 NSW/CTMP are pl~se.-ted in Table 12. The results demonstrate çnh~nr~nlent of dry strength plup~ilies over what was obtadined with the control 5 with no additive while the wet strength tensile is the enh~nceme~t over what was obtained with 0.5% Kymene alone. To demonsl-dte the advantages achieved by the combinations of anionic and cationic co.,-ponents acco~ing to the invention over the prior art combinations described in US Patent 3,058,873, the anionic additives used according to the invention were CMG and CMHPG, while CMC-6CTL is a technical grade carboxymethyl cellulose such as 10 that ~lisclos~l in the Patent. Gendrive 162 is a cationic guar and Reten- 157 is an acrylamide copolymer. A sharp drop in dry strength acco..~p~i~ by an increase in bending stiffness was noted when the carboxymethyl cellulose was used.
TABLE~ 12 Run Anionic PcrccntC~tionic Pcrccnt ICymcnc r ~ t, % of Codrol Wcl Strenglh 8cnding Stiffncss No. Additive Additivc SS7H r ~ . % of Conlrol ~ PcrccntTcnsilcTEA r~ % 0.5 Kymene Gala~y 707D 0.30Gcndrive 162 0.20 0.50 31.0 102 33.6 24.5 2Gala~cy 707D O.S0 None 0.50 27.6 68 30.6 27.0 - w 3WG-18 0.20Rcsen 1570.30 O.S0 30.8 76 -- -- 96 4WG-18 0.50None -- 0.50 22.4 60 37.3 2S.7 94 ~
5~CMC 6CTL 0.50Nonc -- 0.50 13.5 21 13.1 12.0 99 0 Sec US P~lcnt 3,058,873 described above. o 2~8~3~1~
TESTS OF ADDITIVES FOR EXAMPLES
Results of viscosity and relative specific viscosity (RSV) for 0.259ta aqueous solutions of the guar additives are shown in Table 13. The results indic~te the range of relative molecular weights of typical additives employed in the examples. Since these data do not 5 lead to the absolute molecular weights of the additives, no comparison can be made with similar data for materials of dirr~r~i t molecular shapes. Charge den~ities of typical additives employed in the examples are shown in Table 14.
T:A DT l~: f ~
Additives Viscosity (CP) RSV (dl/g) Guar Gendrive 162 31.1 121.5 Guar Galaxy 707D 9.0 32.4 Guar Jaguar CP-13 66.5 223.8 Charge Densiq Viscosity (cp) Product (meq/g) 2% Solution AQU-D3129 -1.34 2,300 404-48-3 0.86 4,200 Jaguar 8707 -0.012 12,000 25 Jaguar LP-13 0.23 23,000
Example 7 This series of tests eY~mines the ~ ,nglh pr~lies and bending stiffnecs on handsheets prepared in the Laboratory Former. The pulps used in the numbered tests were:
Nos. 1 to 6, 55/30/15 northern softwood/CTMP/recycled pulp, and No. 7, 50/50 northern 5 softwood/hardwood furnish. The results in No 8 were produced from h~ndcheets using 70/30 northern softwood/CTMP pulp. All the cationic additives were modified polyacrylamides. Percol 743 is a copolymer of acrylamide and 10 mole % MTMAC
(Methylacryloxytrimethyl ~mmonil)m chloride), Reten 157 contains 10 mole % ATMAC(acryloxytrimethyl ammonium chloride) and Hercofloc 1154 contains 6 mole 9Z~ DADMAC
10 (dialcryloxydimethyl ammonium chloride). All the anionic additives are guar products available from Aqualon. The results are recorded in Table 7.
TABL~i ?: POLY~~RYL~ CPi})I~YME~ - GU~R COMBINAl~C~NS
Enl~ -x~ ~ lt % of Control Anionic ('~~i~nin P.~n~ e No AdditivePercent Additive Percent Stiffness Tensile % of t Strengthpl~ nea~ir n TEAControl None - Percol 743 1.00 6.4 15.0 22.6 2 K0341 A2 WG-18)0.50 Percol 743 0.50 17.8 12.9 36.3 3 None - Reten 157 1.0 5.3 11.7 14.6 -f~) 4 AQU-D3129 0.50 Reten 157 0.5 12.7 19.5 35.3 -None - Hercofloc 1154 1.0 11.7 10.021.1 -6 AQU-D3129 0.50 Hercofloc 1154 0.50 16.9 22.844.2 7 AQU-D3129 0.50 Percol 743 0.50 37.5 45.5 101 106 8 Galaxy 707D 0.50 Hercofloc 1154 0.50 16.3 8.026.4 92 - 23 ~ 6 ~ 3 0 Example 8 This series of tests ~x~mines the strength pr~pe.lies and bending stiffn~ss of paper prepared in the ~ m~7oo Labol~loly Former with 70/30 northern softwood/CTMP furnish.
The anionic co~ onent was added first followed by the cationic co.,.pon~nt and the wet 5 strength resin (Kymene 557H) was added last. The results, recorded in Table 8, show that the combination of a wet strength resin and an anionic and a c~tionic guar, and even the combination of a an anionic guar and a wet strength resin enh~nces not only the dry strength but also the wet strength very ~ignific~ntly over the coll~ n~ pr~lLies obtained by the same amount of the wet strength resin alone. The bending stiffness of the paper samples is 10 not adversely affected by the presence of these additive combinations. The additives AQU-D3129, Galaxy 707D and 0.1 DSCMG are.anionic carboxymethyl guars. 404-48-3, 404-48-1 and Gendrive 162 are Aqualon cationic guars of which the first two are developmental.
The respective controls used were made with the same furnish, but with no additive.
C ~ o ~ ~ ~ , X o~ ~
C -- ~o X o~ ~, X ~ ~,, 3 E~
~ o ~ o ~ o ~ o X ~ o~
r ~ ~ ~
a~ c ~ ~. ~. ~ o~ x ~ ~ C ~ I -- ~ ~o oo .~
8 ~~ g ~ ~~ ~~ 8 g 8 .,~, 8 8 8 ~~ 8 8 ~, . ... ... .
~:~,~ ~,_ _~_ _ _ _ _ o o o o o :: a.~ _ O O O g g g ~ a o Q
:ae I . I -- ~ -- ~ O
O O o O --0 ~
Z Z Z ~~: ~ O O O
-25- 2Q~6~3~1 Example 9 This series of tests exarnines the strength prope~lies and bending stiffne~s of h~ndehe~ts plcpa~d from the following pulps: Nos. 1 to 4, 50/50 softwood/hardwood kraft (SWK/HWK); (Nos. 5 and 6), 70/30 northern softwood kraft/CTMP (NSK/CTMP). AQU-5 D3129 and Galaxy 707D are anionic carbo~y~lle~hyl guars previously refe.l~d to, and Gendrive 162 is a cationic guar previously lefe.lad to, while 404-48-3 is a developmental c~tionic guar. The results, which are recorded in Table 9, show that the paper propelLies obtained by adding to the pulp coacervates forrned by p~."i~ing the anionic and cationic col.lponents are about the same as those obtained by adding the additives individually to the 10 pulp. They were significantly more convenient to use.
203~3~
C ~ ~ O
- C o ~i o ~ --~ ~ ~ o X
g E~
'~~ ~ o ~ ~ o o.~ ~ C ~ X ~ ~ ~o X ~t CL B ~ ~ Q
' ~ ~ CL C~ ~ .~
~ ", ~ e ~ E ~ E ,~
~, o o U~ ~
~ O O -- -- O O
O O _ _ O O
a~ , s s a a a a ~a ~
Z _ ~ ~, ~ ~ ~
- 27 - 2 ~ 3 0 Example 10 Dry strength propellies and bending stiffness of paper p~pa,od in the K~l~m~7~o Laboratory Former (KLF) with 55/30/15 NSK/CTMP/secondary furnish are presented in Table 10. The data recorded in K-17803 and K-17822 r~pl~sent enh~ncem~nt of dry strength 5 propellies over what was obtained with the control with no additive. The anionic additive employed are CMG (AQU-D3129, Galaxy 707D) and CMHPG (WG-18) while the cationic components are cationic guars (Jaguar CP-13-HiTek, and 0083-40-3) and acrylarnide copolymer (Percol 743). The results show that in most cases, at the same level of addition, dry strength with a combination of an anionic and a cationic guar (or a cationic10 polyacrylamide) is signific~ntly higher than what is o~tained with a combination of an anionic guar and the wet strength resin Kymene 557H, with less adverse effect of paper softness, as indicated by the bending stiffness results.
T~LE 0 Kymene Total ~nh~-m~.. e.. ~, % of Control R~.n~
Anionic C~ioni~ 557H Additive Stiffness AdditivePercent AdditivePercent Percent Level % Tensile TEA~n~a~ % of Control AQU-D3129 0.50 Jaguar CP-130.50 None 1.00 43.3 76.929.0 87 WG-18 0.50 Percol 7430.50 None 1.00 32.9 63.227.8 89 WG-18 0.50 0083~3 0.50 None 1.00 26.9 . 47.019.5 108 AQU-D3129 0.50 None - 0.50 1.00 23.5 54.223.9 112 WG-18 0.50 None - 0.50 1.00 9.3 28.018.0 110 o Gala~cy 707D0.50 None - 0.50 1.00 25.7 57.023.9 118 C~
c~
2 0 ~
Example 1 1 Dry strength p~ope,~ies and bending stiffnes~ of paper l"~epared in the KLF using 70/30 NSK/CTMP furnish are recorded in Table 11. The data demonstrated enh~nc~ment of dry strength plopelLies over what was obtained with the control containing no additive. The S anionic additives are CMG and cationic components are either cationic guar or Kymene 557H, a wet strength resin. The results show that in most cases, at the same level of addition, a combination of an anionic and a cationic guar provides signifir~ntly higher dry strength than what is obtained with the combination of an anionic guar and Kymene, with less adverse effect on paper softness.
Kymene Total F-'ur-en~n~, % of ControlRenr~in~
Anionic C'~~ ni~ 557H Additive Stiffness AdditivePercent AdditivePercentPercent Level % Tensile TEAFi~l"a~i- % of AQU-D3129 0.50 404-48-1 0.50 None 1.00 34.8 53.725.7 95 AQU-D3129 0.60 404-48-3 0.40 None 1.00 25.6 45.921.0 92 AQU-D3129 0.50 404-48-3 0.50 None 1.00 25.9 96.651.2 96 AQU-D3129 0.50 None - 0.50 1.00 18.4 26.7 9.8 110 Galal~y 707D0.50 None - 1.0 1.50 26.5 51.522.8 116 ~a 0.1 DS CMG 1.0 None - 1.0 2.00 22.5 30.9 9.2 - ~
-31- 2Q860~0 COMPARATIV~. EXAMPLE 12 Strength~ plop~llies and bending ~l;rr~ess of paper pl~arcd at the ~ mq7Oo Laboratory Former with 70/30 NSW/CTMP are pl~se.-ted in Table 12. The results demonstrate çnh~nr~nlent of dry strength plup~ilies over what was obtadined with the control 5 with no additive while the wet strength tensile is the enh~nceme~t over what was obtained with 0.5% Kymene alone. To demonsl-dte the advantages achieved by the combinations of anionic and cationic co.,-ponents acco~ing to the invention over the prior art combinations described in US Patent 3,058,873, the anionic additives used according to the invention were CMG and CMHPG, while CMC-6CTL is a technical grade carboxymethyl cellulose such as 10 that ~lisclos~l in the Patent. Gendrive 162 is a cationic guar and Reten- 157 is an acrylamide copolymer. A sharp drop in dry strength acco..~p~i~ by an increase in bending stiffness was noted when the carboxymethyl cellulose was used.
TABLE~ 12 Run Anionic PcrccntC~tionic Pcrccnt ICymcnc r ~ t, % of Codrol Wcl Strenglh 8cnding Stiffncss No. Additive Additivc SS7H r ~ . % of Conlrol ~ PcrccntTcnsilcTEA r~ % 0.5 Kymene Gala~y 707D 0.30Gcndrive 162 0.20 0.50 31.0 102 33.6 24.5 2Gala~cy 707D O.S0 None 0.50 27.6 68 30.6 27.0 - w 3WG-18 0.20Rcsen 1570.30 O.S0 30.8 76 -- -- 96 4WG-18 0.50None -- 0.50 22.4 60 37.3 2S.7 94 ~
5~CMC 6CTL 0.50Nonc -- 0.50 13.5 21 13.1 12.0 99 0 Sec US P~lcnt 3,058,873 described above. o 2~8~3~1~
TESTS OF ADDITIVES FOR EXAMPLES
Results of viscosity and relative specific viscosity (RSV) for 0.259ta aqueous solutions of the guar additives are shown in Table 13. The results indic~te the range of relative molecular weights of typical additives employed in the examples. Since these data do not 5 lead to the absolute molecular weights of the additives, no comparison can be made with similar data for materials of dirr~r~i t molecular shapes. Charge den~ities of typical additives employed in the examples are shown in Table 14.
T:A DT l~: f ~
Additives Viscosity (CP) RSV (dl/g) Guar Gendrive 162 31.1 121.5 Guar Galaxy 707D 9.0 32.4 Guar Jaguar CP-13 66.5 223.8 Charge Densiq Viscosity (cp) Product (meq/g) 2% Solution AQU-D3129 -1.34 2,300 404-48-3 0.86 4,200 Jaguar 8707 -0.012 12,000 25 Jaguar LP-13 0.23 23,000
Claims (38)
1. A process for making paper to enhance the dry strength of the paper produced without substantially reducing its softness, that comprises adding to a bleached pulp furnish, separately or together, a combination of cationic and anionic polymers, is characterized in that (1) the anionic polymer is an anionic polymeric component selected from the group of polymers consisting of carboxymethyl guar, carboxymethyl bean gum, carboxymethylhydroxyethyl guar, and a carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar, and (2) the cationic polymer is selected from the group consisting of a cationic guar, a cationic acrylamide copolymer, a cationic bean gum, and both a cationic wet strength resin and at least one of the other of said cationic polymers, the cationic wet strength resin being a polymeric amine-epichlorohydrin resin selected from the group consisting of a polyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resin, a polyalkylenepolyamine-epichlorohydrin (PAPAE) resin, and an amine polymer-epichlorohydrin (APE) resin, in which amine groups have been alkylated with epichlorohydrin to produce a polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin that has azetidinium or epoxide functionality.
2. A process for making paper as claimed in claim 1, further characterized in that the anionic component is an anionic guar.
3. A process for making paper as claimed in claim 1, further characterized in that the cationic component is a cationic guar.
4. A process for making paper as claimed in claim 1, further characterized in that the cationic component is a cationic acrylamide copolymer.
5. A process for making paper as claimed in claim 1, further characterized in that the cationic component comprises a wet strength resin.
6. A process for making paper as claimed in claim 5, further characterized in that the cationic component also contains a cationic guar, a cationic acrylamide copolymer, or a cationic bean gum.
7. A process for making paper as claimed in claim 6, further characterized in that the wet strength resin is produced by reacting a saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing three to ten carbon atoms with a polyalkylenepolyamine, containing from two to four ethylene groups, two primary amine groups, and one to three secondary amine groups to form a poly(aminoamide) having secondary amine groups that are alkylated with epichlorohydrin to form a PAE resin.
8. A process for making paper as claimed in claim 7, further characterized in that the polyalkylenepolyamine is selected from the group consisting of diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine and tetraethylenepentamine.
9. A process for making paper as claimed in claim 8, further characterized in that the dicarboxylic acid is adipic acid.
10. A process for making paper as claimed in claim 8, further characterized in that the polyalkylenepolyamine is a polyethylenepolyamine in which adipic acid is reacted with diethylenetriamine to form a poly(aminoamide) that is alkylated and crosslinked with epichlorohydrin to form a PAE resin.
11. A process for making paper as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10, further characterized in that the anionic guar is obtained by reacting a natural guar with caustic and subsequently with monochloroacetate.
12. A process for making paper as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10, further characterized in that the cationic guar is obtained by reacting a natural guar with caustic and subsequently with quaternary ammonium chloride.
13. A process for making paper as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10, further characterized in that the anionic component and the cationic component are added together or separately to the pulp stock in the wet end of the paper machine, in a total amount of 0.05 to 5 percent based on the dry weight of the pulp.
14. A process for making paper as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10, further characterized in that the anionic and cationic components are anionic and cationic guars and are added in a total amount of 0.1 to 2%, based on the dry weight of the pulp.
15. A process for making paper as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10, further characterized in that the ratio of the anionic component to the cationic component is from 1/20 to 10/1, and they are added in a total amount of 0.05 to 5%, based on the dry weight of the pulp.
16. A process for making paper as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10, further characterized in that the ratio of the anionic component to the cationic component is 1/1, and they are added in a total amount of 0.05 to 5%, based on the dry weight of the pulp.
17. A process for making paper as claimed in claim 1, further characterized in that an anionic guar and a cationic guar are mixed together and the mixture is added together with a wet strength resin.
18. A process for making paper as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10 or claim 17, further characterized in that the anionic guar and the cationic guar are added together and the wet strength resin is added later.
19. A composition for modifying a paper pulp slurry to enhance the dry strength of the paper produced without substantially reducing its softness comprising (1) an anionic polymeric component selected from the group of polymers consisting of carboxymethyl guar, carboxymethyl bean gum, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl guar, and a carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar, and (2) a cationic polymeric component selected from the group of polymers consisting of a cationic guar, a cationic acrylamide copolymer, a cationic bean gum, a cationic wet strength resin, and both a cationic wet strength resin and at least one of the other of said cationic polymers, the wet strength resin being an amine polymer-epichlorohydrin resin selected from the group consisting of a polyamide-epichlorohydrin ( PAE) resin, a polyalkylenepolyamine-epichlorohydrin ( PAPAE) resin, and an amine polymer-epichlorohydrin ( APE) resin, in which amine groups have been alkylated with epichlorohydrin to produce a polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin that has azetidinium or epoxide functionality.
20. A composition for modifying a paper-making pulp slurry to enhance the dry strength of the paper produced without substantially reducing its softness as claimed in claim 19 further characterized in that the anionic polymeric component is a carboxymethyl guar and the cationic polymeric component is a cationic guar and a cationic wet strength resin.
21. A composition for adding to a paper-making pulp slurry as claimed in claim 20, further characterized in that the polyalkylenepolyamine is diethylenetriamine (DETA).
22. A composition comprising:
(1) an anionic polymeric component selected from the group of polymers consisting of carboxymethyl guar, carboxymethyl bean gum, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl guar, and a carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar; and (2) a cationic polymeric component selected from the group of polymers consisting of cationic wet strength resin and cationic wet strength resin combined with an additional cationic polymer selected from the group consisting of a cationic guar, a cationic acrylamide copolymer, and a cationic bean gum, the cationic wet strength resin being an amine polymer-epichlorohydrin resin selected from the group consisting of a polyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resin, a polyalkylene polyamine-epichlorohydrin (PAPAE) resin, and an amine polymer-epichlorohydrin (APE) resin, in which amine groups have been alkylated with epichlorohydrin to produce a polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin that has azetidinium or epoxide functionality.
(1) an anionic polymeric component selected from the group of polymers consisting of carboxymethyl guar, carboxymethyl bean gum, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl guar, and a carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar; and (2) a cationic polymeric component selected from the group of polymers consisting of cationic wet strength resin and cationic wet strength resin combined with an additional cationic polymer selected from the group consisting of a cationic guar, a cationic acrylamide copolymer, and a cationic bean gum, the cationic wet strength resin being an amine polymer-epichlorohydrin resin selected from the group consisting of a polyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resin, a polyalkylene polyamine-epichlorohydrin (PAPAE) resin, and an amine polymer-epichlorohydrin (APE) resin, in which amine groups have been alkylated with epichlorohydrin to produce a polyamine-epichlorohydrin resin that has azetidinium or epoxide functionality.
23. The composition of claim 22, wherein the anionic polymeric component is a carboxymethyl guar.
24. The composition of claim 22, wherein the additional cationic polymer is a cationic guar.
25. The composition of claim 22, wherein the wet strength resin is a PAE resin obtained by reacting a saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing three to ten carbon atoms with a polyalkylenepolyamine, containing from two to four ethylene groups, two primary amine groups, and one to three secondary amine groups to form a poly(aminoamide) having secondary amine groups that is reacted with epichlorohydrin.
26. The composition of claim 22, wherein the ratio of anionic and cationic ingredients to from about 1:20 to about 10:1.
27. The composition of claim 23, wherein the additional cationic polymer is a cationic guar, the wet strength resin is a PAE resin obtained by reacting a saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing three to ten carbon atoms with a polyalkylenepolyamine, containing from two to four ethylene groups, two primary amine groups, and one to three secondary amine groups, to form a poly(aminoamide) having secondary amine groups that is reacted with epichlorohydrin and the ratio of anionic to cationic ingredients is from about 1:20 to about 10:1.
28. The composition of claim 27, wherein the wet strength resin is a PAE resin obtained by reacting adipic acid with diethylenetriamine to form a poly(aminoamide) that is reacted with epichlorohydrin.
29. The composition of claim 28, wherein the ratio of anionic to cationic ingredients is from about 2:1 to about 1:2.
30. A paper product containing the composition of claim 22.
31. A paper product containing the composition of claim 27.
32. A paper product containing the composition of claim 29.
33. A process to improve the dry and wet strength of paper comprising forming an aqueous slurry of cellulose fibers, premixing the anionic and cationic polymeric components of claim 22, adding the mixture to the aqueous slurry, adding a further amount of the cationic wet strength resin of claim 22 to the aqueous slurry and sheeting and drying the fibers to form the desired cellulosic web having improved dry and wet strength.
34. A process to improve the dry and wet strength of paper comprising forming an aqueous slurry of cellulose fibers, premixing the anionic and cationic polymeric components of claim 22, adding the mixture to the aqueous slurry, and sheeting and drying the fibers to form the desired cellulosic web having improved dry and wet strength.
35. A process to improve the dry and wet strength of paper comprising forming an aqueous slurry of cellulose fibers, premixing the anionic polymeric component and the cationic wet strength resin of claim 22, adding the mixture to the aqueous slurry, adding a further amount of the cationic wet strength resin of claim 22 to the aqueous slurry and sheeting and drying the fibers to form the desired cellulosic web having improved dry and wet strength.
36. A process to improve the dry and wet strength of paper comprising forming an aqueous slurry of cellulose fibers, adding to the aqueous slurry in any sequence the anionic polymeric component and the cationic polymeric component of claim 22 and sheeting and drying the fibers to form the desired cellulosic web having improved dry and wet strength.
37. The process of claim 36, wherein the anionic polymeric component is added first to the aqueous slurry.
38. A process to improve the dry and wet strength of paper comprising forming an aqueous slurry of cellulose fibers, premixing the anionic polymeric component and the cationic wet strength resin of claim 22, adding the mixture to the aqueous slurry, and sheeting and drying the fibers to form the desired cellulosic web having improved dry and wet strength.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US812,534 | 1991-12-23 | ||
| US07/812,534 US5338407A (en) | 1991-12-23 | 1991-12-23 | Enhancement of paper dry strength by anionic and cationic guar combination |
| US07/929,554 US5318669A (en) | 1991-12-23 | 1992-08-14 | Enhancement of paper dry strength by anionic and cationic polymer combination |
| US929,554 | 1992-08-14 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2086030A1 CA2086030A1 (en) | 1993-06-24 |
| CA2086030C true CA2086030C (en) | 1997-09-30 |
Family
ID=27123624
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002086030A Expired - Fee Related CA2086030C (en) | 1991-12-23 | 1992-12-22 | Enhancement of paper dry strength by anionic and cationic guar combination |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US5318669A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0548960B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP3163188B2 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE163699T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU659902B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9205156A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2086030C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69224604T2 (en) |
| MX (2) | MX9207537A (en) |
| TW (1) | TW207561B (en) |
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-
1992
- 1992-08-14 US US07/929,554 patent/US5318669A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-12-22 CA CA002086030A patent/CA2086030C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-12-23 BR BR9205156A patent/BR9205156A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1992-12-23 AT AT92121915T patent/ATE163699T1/en active
- 1992-12-23 EP EP92121915A patent/EP0548960B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-12-23 DE DE69224604T patent/DE69224604T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-12-23 MX MX9207537A patent/MX9207537A/en unknown
- 1992-12-24 TW TW081110343A patent/TW207561B/zh active
- 1992-12-24 JP JP36194592A patent/JP3163188B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1993
- 1993-01-06 AU AU31072/93A patent/AU659902B2/en not_active Ceased
-
1994
- 1994-02-28 US US08/202,417 patent/US5502091A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1996
- 1996-03-26 MX MXPA96001117A patent/MXPA96001117A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0548960B1 (en) | 1998-03-04 |
| BR9205156A (en) | 1993-06-29 |
| MX9207537A (en) | 1993-06-01 |
| ATE163699T1 (en) | 1998-03-15 |
| JPH0610296A (en) | 1994-01-18 |
| DE69224604D1 (en) | 1998-04-09 |
| DE69224604T2 (en) | 1998-06-18 |
| TW207561B (en) | 1993-06-11 |
| EP0548960A1 (en) | 1993-06-30 |
| MXPA96001117A (en) | 2004-08-19 |
| AU659902B2 (en) | 1995-06-01 |
| JP3163188B2 (en) | 2001-05-08 |
| CA2086030A1 (en) | 1993-06-24 |
| AU3107293A (en) | 1993-06-24 |
| US5318669A (en) | 1994-06-07 |
| US5502091A (en) | 1996-03-26 |
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| EEER | Examination request | ||
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