CA2091641A1

CA2091641A1 - Spun matrix materials containing oleaginous materials in edible protein compositions

Info

Publication number: CA2091641A1
Application number: CA002091641A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Richard C. Fuisz
Original assignee: Fuisz Technologies Ltd
Current assignee: Biovail Technologies Ltd
Priority date: 1992-03-16
Filing date: 1993-03-15
Publication date: 1993-09-17
Also published as: PL171622B1; EP0722670A1; US5236734A; PL298078A1; AU665235B2; DE69312990D1; EP0561734A1; ATE156662T1; JPH0686644A; DE69312990T2; AU3523393A; EP0561734B1

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Proteinaceous products such as hamburgers or soy-based materials are formed containing an oleaginous matrix which is formed by subjecting the oleaginous substance with a carrier material such as sucrose or water-soluble cellulosic materials to flash-flow processing. Methods of preparing such products are also disclosed.

Description

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BACXGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S.
Patent No. 5,G96,492, which, in turn, is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent No. 4,855,326 which, in turn, is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application Serial No.
040,371, now abandoned. The disclosures of the '326 and '492 patents are incorporated herein by referPnce.

The present invention relates to new saccharide-based matrices aontaining oleaginous materials which can be used in food products. The invention also relates to methods of making and using the oleaginous matrix.

As an outgrowth of experimentation with a varied catalog of substances, it has been disaovered that processing a substance under flash-flow conditions with sugar can alter the medium in which a particular substance can either dissolve or become dispersed, the latter while forming a colloid or colloidal-like dispersion. Whether or not the dispersions to be described herein represent true ` colloidal dispersions or only pseudo-colloidal dispersions, has yet to be determined. What is evident is that when the sugar products,~ described herein are subjected to flash-flow conditions and then are added to water, the products disperse autogenously throughout the water ~and remain dispersed. In most instances,~ onè ~observes~ a general 25 `~ ~ cloudiness associated~with~ a colloidal~suspension. But this is not always the case.~ Several;other~novel phenomena ~:
have been observed also.

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In United States Patent No. 5,011,532, oleaginous substances, such as vegetable oil, mineral oil, baby oil, margarine, lanolin, cocoa butter and the like are disclosed as characteristically lacking affinity for water. The '532 patent explains how this characteristic is altered by mixing the oleaginous substance with sugar and subjecting the mixture to a type of flash-flow processing in a cotton candy spinniny machine or the equivalent. As so modified, the products disperse in water forming a colloidal or pseudo-colloidal dispersion. Such modification enabled such widely disparate procedures as: (a) incorporating shortening oil in a cake mix containing flour but no egg to which water is added to produce a batter; and (b) producing a confection or medicated lozenge by dehydrating the dispersion and allowing the melted residue to solidify.
The disclosure of the '532 patent is incorporated herein by reference.

Other disclosures dealing with substances processed with one or more sugars under flash-flow conditions will be found in United States Patent Nos. 4,873,085; 4,997,856;
5,028,632 and 5,034,421.

While significant advancements have been achieved for enhancing the dispersibility of oleaginous materials in liquids, artisans have long sought to improve the dispersibility of oleaginous materials in foods to enhance gustatory qualities. For example; meat alternatives such as meat by-products and edible protein compositions have enjoyed only limited success in spite of their lower costs.
Consumers have, for the most part, shunned such products due to their lack of taste and dry texture. If these shortcomings could be overcome, more appealing food products would result.

-3- 2~9~
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide oleaginous materials in a format which would enhance edible compositions.

Other and further objects of the present invention will become apparent in the following description and its scope will be pointed out with the appended claims.

The present invention includes an oleaginous-containing matrix formed by flash-flow processing of an oleaginous substance with a carrier material.~ Flash-flow processing can be accomplished in different ways. Flash heat and flash shear are two such processes which can be ; used. The oleaginous substances included therein are edible oils such as vegetable oils including soybean, corn, canola and the like. Alternatively, meat fats, hydrogenated vegetable oils, tallows, lards or fish oils are selected.
The oleaginous substances make up from about 2 to about 40%
by weight of the matrix, with amounts of from about 10 to ;~ about 30 being preferred and amounts of from about 15 to about 22% being most preferred.

The carrier materials included in the matrix are saccharides such as sucrose or maltodextrins and/or water-soluble cellulosic materials such as methyl or ethyl cellulose. In further aspects of the invention, the matrix 25 ~ includes one or more adjunct materials such as natural or artificial flavors, spices and/or hydrogels such as ~xanthan gum or alginates to enhance the matrix and/or products to which the matrlx~is included.~

The oleaginous-containing matrix can be included with a variety of food products. For example, animal meats such as ground beef or hamburger, meat by-productsl seafoods and ~4~ æ~s~4~
proteinaceous products such as 50y or vegetable-based meat alternatives.

The present invention further includes a process for preparing food products. An oleaginous matrix such as that described above is combined with a proteinaceous material to provide the product. The method described herein may be used to provide hamburger products, turkey or seafood-based products, soy-based or vegetable-based products in the form of patties, steaks, fillets or as part of other protein-containing food products.

As a result of the present invention, various edible protein co~positions are provided which have enhanced taste and mouthfeel due to the inclusion of the oleaginous matrix. In one particularl~ interesting aspect, a portion of a meat product's fat content is replaced with a matrix aontaining a much lower amount of fat without a detectable loss of flavor or mouthfeel. In certain products, up to 50% of the usual fat content can be replaced without compromising gustatory qualities.

DETAILED DESCRIP~ION OF THE INVEN~ION

The present invention concerns formation of an oleaginous-bearing matrix formed by flash-flow processing of oleaginous substances with carrier materials. The matrix is included in various food products.

Flash-flow processing can be accomplished several ways. FIash heat and flash shear are two such processes which can be used. In the flash heat process, the feedstock material is heated sufficiently to create an internal flow condition which permits part of the feedstock to move at a subparticle level with respect to the rest of the mass and exit openings provided in the perimeter of the spinning head. The centrifugal force created in the -5~
spinning head flings the flowing feedstock material outwardly from the head so that it reforms with a changed structure. The force required to separate and discharge f'lowable feedstock is the only centrifugal force which results from the spinning head. The flash heat process is one process for producing an amorphous matrix.

A preferred flash heat process used to form the matrix involves spinning feedstock in a "cotton candy" fabricating type machine. The spinning machine used to achieve a flash heat process can be a cotton candy type machine, such as the Econo-Floss Model 3017 manufactured by Gold Metal Products Company of Cincinnati, Ohio. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that any apparatus or physical process which provides similar forces and temperature gradient conditions can also be used. For simplicity in disclosing and describing this invention, the terms "flash heat~' will be understood to mean a process which includes subjecting a feedstock to the combination of temperature, therma]. gradients, flow, flow rates, and mechanical forces of the type produced in a cotton candy machine. The apparatus is operated at the temperature and speed which permit flash-flow of the feedstock without significant deterioration of the material undergoing processing.

The matrix obtained in a flash heat process is in the ~orm of a floss, fiber, particle, flake, spicule or any other generally non-descript amorphous aggregate.
Disclosures which relate to spinning substances with one or more sugars are found in commonly-assiyned U.S. Patent Nos.

4,855,325, 4,873,085, 5,034j421, 4,997,856, 5,028,632, 5~034,421 and 5,096,492. These disclosures describe processing feedstock material by subjecting it to high speed spinning on a spinniny head in which the substance is , -6- 2~
also subjected to heating against a heating element. The content of these disclosures is incorporated herein by reference.

In the flash shear process, a shearform matrix is formed by raising the temperature of the feedstock ~aterial which includes a non-solubilized carrier to a point where the carrier such as a saccharide-based material undergoes internal flow upon application of a fluid shear force. The feedstock is advanced and ejected while in internal flow condition, and subjected to disruptive fluid shear forces to form multiple parts or masses which have morphology different from that of the original feedstock.

The multiple masses are cooled substantially immediately after contact with the fluid shear force and are permitted to continue in a free-flow condition until solidified.

The feedstock material which can be used in a flash shear proaess includes but is not limited to a carrier such as a saccharide-based material.

It is important that the feedstock selected for a ~lash shear process have the ability to be processed without reliance on dissolution. In the case of a saccharide based material, the feedstock is primarily a solid material which is subjected to the flash shear process.

The flash shear process can be carried out in an apparatus which has means~for increasing the temperature of a non-solubilized feedst~ock and means for simultaneously ~; ~ advancing it for ejection. ;A multiple heat zone twin screw 30 ~ extruder can be usèd for increasing the temperature and advancing feedstock.~ The second element of the apparatus is a means for ejecting the;feedstock in a condition for ~7~ 2 ~ 3 ~
shearing it to provide the shearform matrix. The means for ejecting is in fluid communication with the means for increasing the temperature and is arranged at the point to receive the feedstock while it is in internal flow condition. The means for ejecting the feedstock is preferably a nozzle which provides high pressure ejection of the feedstock material. For a description of various apparati which can be used to produce the inventive delivery systems, see co-pending U.S. Serial No. 965,804 filed October 23, 1992 entitled "Process for Making Shearform Matrix", which is herein incorporated by reference.

The oleaginous substance is present in amounts of from about 2 to about 40% by weight of the matrix. Amounts of from about 10 to about 30% by weight of the matrix are preferred, while amounts of from about 15 to about 22% are most preferred.

In one aspect of the present invention, the oleaginous substance is a food-acceptable/edible oil. Such substances are selected from vegetable oils which include, but are not limited to, soybean oil, canola oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, mixtures thereo~ and the like. In this aspect, the oils are preferably low in saturated fats.

In a further aspect, the matrix may be formed by including a fat such as an edible~ animal fat or fatty material. For example, beef, pork, lamb or similar animal fats or mixtures thereof may be used. Similarly, fat-c~ontaining matsrials such as beef tallow, sheep tallow, ~ butter or lards, hydrogenated animal and/or vegetable oils may be included in the matrix. Moreover, ~ish or crustacean-based oils or oleaginous materials are also useful. Combinations of the above-described oleaginous materials are also contemplated.
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The carriers included in the matrix are preferably saccharide-based and/or water-soluble cellulosic materials or mixtures thereof. A non-limiting list of suitable saccharide carriers include sucrose, lactose, fructose, dextrose, sorbitol, manitol, maltose, synthetically-derived saccharide materials such as polydextrose, and the like and mixtures thereof. Alternative saccharide materials such as maltodextrins and/or corn syrup solids are also useful.
Suitable water-soluble cellulosic materials include methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxymethyl or ethylcellulose, alkali metal salts of carboxymethyl-celluloses and the like and mi~tures thereof.
.
The oleaginous material and saccharide carrier matrix materials can also be processed with additional component(s). Such additional component(s) are primarily food related and do not detract from the appearance or utility of the matrix. The nature and amount of additional components used with the matrix materials will vary the properties of khe final matrix such as by affecting taste, color, shape and/or size of the matrix.

Thus, in one aspect of the invention, ingestible food and/or food ingredient materials can be combined with the matrix materials prior to melt-spinning. For example, a broad range of natural and artificial flavor compositions and mixtures thereof are suitable. The flavors can be spices such as onion, garlic, salt, pepper and so forth.
Also contemplated are natural and/or artificial meat flavors, smoke flavors and the like. Furthermore, ingredients such as food sauce materials, condiments, gravy mixes, nutritional supplements, low-calorie food materials, food conditioning agents, dehydrated vegetable and/or animal fluids, vitamins and/or minerals, preservatives, emulsifiers and the like and mixtures thereof may be added.
In shGrt, it is contemplated that any suitable food ingredient may be included in the matrix of the present 9- 2 ~
invention. Those skilled in the art will realize that the above list is merely illustrative and not intended to exclude ingredients known to be within the scope of edible ingredients. The amount and combination of edible ingredients will depend upon the particular ingredients selected and the preference of the artisan.

In a further embodiment, the matrix may be formed by including a hydrogel with the matrix materials. Examples of suitable hydrogels include materials such as xanthan gum, guar gum, carrageenan gum, gum tragacanth, alginates such as sodium alginate, gum karaya, locust bean gum, gum acacia and mixtures thereof. The hydrogels function as binding agents and help to retain moisture in the food product. The hydrogel can be present in amounts of from about 0.2 to about 4% by weight of the matrix, with amounts of from about 0.8 to about 2.5% being preferred and amounts oE from about 1.2 to about 2.2% by weight being most preferred.

The oleaginous matrix is especially well-suited for proteinaceous-based food products and preferably products containing at least 60% edible protein. Such products include meat products, ish, crustacean-based and/or protein-based compositions such as soy or vegetable products. ~he carrier portion of the matrix is rapidly soluble even when in contact with the minimal amount of moisture present in leaner cuts of meat. In this regard, the juices which are present in the meat and released during cooking dissolve the carrier, allowing the uniform colloidal distribution of the oleaginous materials and optionally present materials but having a distinct tendency to keep the oils in the product. The matrix will be present in the product in amounts of from about 0.5 to about 10% by weight of the final products, with amounts of from about 1 to about 7% being preferred, and amounts of from about 3 to about 6% being most preferred.

2 ~

The oleaginous-containing matrix can be combined with a wide variety of meats such as beef, pork, lamb, chicken, turkey, horsemeat, and the like and mixtures thereof to provide a wide array of enhanced products. In addition, the matrix may be combined with protein materials such as soy or vegetable-based products. Examples of such products include soy, soy burger additives or vegetable by-products.
It is contemplated that the inventive matrix can be combined with most food products to provide enhanced flavor including those products containing flours and starches.

In a further aspect of the invention, the matrix can be used to enhance the flavor and texture characteristics of seafoods and seafood-like products such as reconstituted or imitation fish products or crustacean products. Flash-~low formed matrix compositions containing oils, such as ~ish oils, when added to inexpensive fish meat, such as pollack, provide taste characteristics associated with the more expensive grades of fish, i.e. such as crab legs. In addition, flash-flow formed matrix products containing butter, butter fiavors and spices can be efficiently incorporated in fish products to provide enhanced value products.

The oleaginous based matrix can also be used to ~ enhance the taste of meats as a colloidal dispersion. In this aspect of the invention, a sufficient quantity~of the oleaginous matrix flakes, floss or spicules are dispersed in a liquid such as water and/or a meat broth to form a dispersion. The dispersion is then injected or otherwise introduced into meats to enhance~its taste, texture and value. A non-limiting list of suitable meats included in this ~mbodiment include poultry such as turkey, chicken or capon; pork such as hams or roasts; beef such as roast beef or steaks.~ The oleaginous dispersions are also useful for inclusion in ground and/or processed meats.

It is also contemplated that the matrix ean be included in most processed meat products, especially those whieh normally include a substantial level of fat in order to obtain a desired taste characteristic For example, hot dogs, sausages, bratwursts, beef jerky, pet foods and the like may be prepared to include the matrix.

It has been surprisingly found that exceptionally tasty meat products can be prepared by exchanging a portion of the fat typically present in a meat or protein-based product with a fat-containing matrix. In this aspeet, the aecustomed flavor and lubriciousness is achieved with a significantly reduced fat loading. For example, a typieal beef hamburger produet can be prepared by mixing or extruding ground beef and 20-30% fat. A matrix formed by ~5 flash-flow and containing a mixture of 20% animal fat and 80% earrier can be eombined with the ground beef and provides most of the same organoleptie qualities but with substantially less fat in the overall product.

An additional advantageous property of the present invention is the unexpeeted ability of the matrix to extend the shelf-life of the food produets it is eontained in.
While applicant is not bound by theory, it appears that the use of flash-flow formed matrix saccharides such as polydextrose, suerose, maltodextrins, etc. have an antioxidant and bacterieidal effect on edible proteins when ineorporated therein. The extended shelf-like is apparent in ground chicken, ground turkey and ground beef. The effeet is espeeially advantageous when the meat has low salt levels.

The earrier, oleaginous material and optionally present aneillary materials such as flavorant(s) or hydrogels can be combined to form a matrix in the following manner:

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All ancillary materials, if included, are uniformly mixed; the oleaginous materials including any meat fat, tallow or the like is thereafter combined, preferably as a liquid with the ancillary materials mixture; the carrier is added to the above ingredients and thoroughly mixed;
finally, the ingredients are subjected to a flash heat process in a melt-spinning-type machine such as that described herein to produce a matrix in the form of a floss, chip, spicule or the like depending on the particular ingredients included. The exact shape of the matrix is not considered a limiting aspect of the invention.

The matrix is then combined with protein-based materials such as meat or soy-based products or seafoods alony with other and/or additional ancillary edible ingredients such as spices, preservatives, colorants, dyes and so forth, if desired. Finally, the food product can be cooked, packaged or stored. The matrix and protein-aontaining material are preferably combined prior to cooking in any manner which will assure that the matrix is suf f iciently distributed throughout the product. Upon heating the novel edible products, the matrix releases the oleaginous material and any matrix-containing ingredients uniformly throughout the product. The release of the materials from the matrix also assures that the texture and moisture level characteristics achieved mimic those of the type the consumer is accustomed to.

The edible products containing the matrix can also include ancillary materials such as colorants, preservatives, dyes and the like~.~ Such materials may be included in addition to~or in lieu of those ancillary materials included in the matrix. Suitable auxiliary agents may be selected from any of the~numerous food-acceptable materials known to those with ordinary skill in the art and may be incIuded in~ amounts also known to the :: :

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artisan. Any such auxiliary agents may be either admixed with the protein material separately or formed with the matrix ingredients by a flash-flow process.

EXAMPLES

The following examples serve to provide further appreciation of the invention but are not meant in any way to restrict the effective scope of the invention.

MATRIX IN GROUND BEEE' Inqredients Wei~ht %

Sucrose 80 Canola Oil 20 In this example the matrix was prepared by uniformly mixing the sucrose with canola oil. The mixture was spun at 3600 r.p.m. at 200C to produce floss. The floss was mixed with ground beef in accordance with the following table. Beef hamburger compositions set forth in tha following table were pressed in a 4-inch square hamburger press to form patties. The patties were fried on an electric skillet set at 350F for 3 minutes on each side, surface dried on a paper towel and analyzed. A three inch diameter center plug was pressed in a two-stage potato press to extract liquids to determin liquid or juiciness content.

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The samples containing floss and corresponding reduced amount of hamburger had higher weights of juice. Also, the ratio of liquids to solids in such samples is higher than hamburger with 20% beef fat. The hamburgers containing floss were thicker after frying than the fried hamburgers without floss. The appearance, texture and mouthfeel of the low fat hamburgers prepared with the floss were judged to be better than the control low fat hamburger and virtually identical to that of the high fat hamburgers.
EX~IPI.E 2 NATRIX IN GROUND BE3~F

Inqredients Weiqht Polydextrose 80 Canola Oil 20 In this example, the matrix was prepared by uniformly mixing the polydextrose with canola oil. The mixture was spun at 3600 r.p.m. at 140C to produce large dry flakes.
The flakes were mixed with ground beef in accordance with the following table. Beef hamburger compositions set forth in the following table were pressed in a 4-inch square hamburger press to form patties. The patties were fried on an electric skillet set at 350F for three minutes on each side, surface dried on a paper towel and analyzed. A three inch diameter center plug was pressed in a two~stage potato press to extract liquids to determine liquid or ~uiciness content.

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The samples containing flakes and corresponding reduced amount of hamburger had higher weights of juice.
Also, the ratio oE liquids to solids in both matrix-containing samples was higher than even the hamburger containing 20~ beef fat. The hamburgers containing flakes were also thicker after frying than the fried hamburgers without flakes. The appearance, texture and mouthfeel of the low fat hamburgers prepared with flakes was better than either of the non-floss containing hamburgers.
~EXAMPLE 3 MATRIX IN SOY BURGERS

Inqredients Weiqht %

A. Floss Sucrose 80 Canola Oil ~0 B. Flakes Polydextrose 80 Canol~ oi 1 20 In this example, the matrices were prepared by uni~ormly mixing the sucrose with canola oil for the floss matrix A and polydextrose with canola oil for the flake matrix B. The A mixture was spun at 3600 r.p.m. at 200C
to produce floss, and the B mixture was spun 3600 r.p.m. at 140C to produce flakes. ~ The floss and flakes were separately mixed with soyburger available from Organic Processing Corporation of Xenia, Ohio in accordance with the ~ollowing table. Soyburger compositions set ~orth in the following table were pressed in a 4-inch square hamburger press to form patties. The patties were fried in an electric skillet set at 350F for four minutes on each side, and analyzed. The burger was pressed in a two-stage potato press to extract liquids to determine liquid or juiciness content.

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The samples containing floss or flakes and corresponding reduced amount of soyburger had higher weights of juice. Also, the ratio of liquids to solids in the inventive samples is higher than soyburger control.
The juices which were extracted from the floss or flake containing soyburgers was a pleasant tasting oily liquid whereas the little juice obtained from the control was waterlike and had a bitter taste.

EX~MP~E 4 MATRIX IN GROUND TURREY

Ingredients in Flake Weiqht %

A.
Sucrose 80 Canola Oil 20 B. Pol~dextrose Flakes Polydextrose 80 Canola Oil 20 C Maltodextrin Flakes .

Maltodextrin (Hubinger-Dri-Sweet) 80 Canola Oil 20 In this example the matrix was prepared by uniformly mixing: (a) the sucrose and canola oil for Part A; (b) the polydextrose with canola oil for Part B; and (c) the maltodextrin with canola oil for Part C. Each of the B and C mixtures, were spun at 3600 r.p.m. at 140C and produced large dry flakes~ The A mixture was spun at 3600 r.p.m.
and 200C to produce floss. Each of the flakes and floss were individually mixed with ground turkey (93% lean) in ; accordance with the following table.

- 2 ~

Turkeyburger compositions set forth in the following table were pressed in a 4-inch square hamburger press to form patties. The patties were fried in an electric skillet at 350F for six minutes on each side and analyzed.
The samples were pressed in a two-stage potato press to extract liquids to determine liquid or juiciness content.

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-22- 2~91~1 The samples containing flakes and floss and corresponding reduced amount of hamburger had higher weights of juice. Also, a ratio of liquids to solids in such samples is higher than the turkeyburger control. The turkeyburyers containing flakes were thicker after frying than the fried turkeyburgers without flakes. Finally, the appearance, texture and mouthfeel of the turkeyburgers with the ~lakes was much better than the control. The turkey burgers with flakes had a smooth firm texture and the control had a dry, coarse, granular texture.

The burgers with flakes had approximately the same pressed weight as the control even though less turkeyburger was used to make the patty. It appears that the addition of water to the patty mixture is not necessary with turkeyburger since better results are obtained when the flakes and floss are added directly to the turkeyburger composition without additional water.

The example was repeated using beef flavored canola oil obtained from Bunge Foods and was used in place of the oil in matrix C. The canola/maltodextrin mixture was spun at 3600 r.p.m. at 140C. The turkeyburger prepared with this matrix exhibited enhanced juiciness over the control and a beef flavor was present.

EX~MPLE 5 2 5 PROTEIN PRODUCT 13NE~ANCEMENT ~TRIX

Inqredient Weiaht Maltodextrin D.E. 36 50 - 92 Oleaginous Component 8 - 36 2~1641 In this example, the saturated fat component of a protein product has been significantly reduced by the use of a maltodextrin-based flash-flow formed matrix. The matrix is formed by combining a low amount of oleaginous material, such as animal fat, or replacement such as canola oil, etc., at a percentage such that it is significantly reduced when compared to the oleaginous content of a fat-bearing protein product. The material is processed by subjecting it to flash-flow conditions such as that described herein to ~orm a flake-like particulate material.
The matrix is recovered from the process and can then be introduced into a protein product such as hamburger, a soy patty, seafood or other protein material. The recovered particulate admixes more efficiently with meat and other protein media than does the oleaginous material alone.

The result is a significantly reduced saturated ~at product which emulates the texture mouthfeel and taste of a high fat content protein product. As a result of this unique combination, meat and protein-based products can be processed to siynificantly reduce the fat content yet to preserve the organoleptic qualities.

HAMBURGER FLAVORANT MATRIX

Inqredients Weight %
Maltodextrin D.E. 36 78.0 Canola Oil 20.0 Spices-including salt, beef flavor, pepper, garlic and onion 2.0 100. 0 .. . .. . ..

2 ~

- In this example, a ~lavorant-containing matrix was prepared which is suitable for enhancing the flavor o~
hamburger. First, the spices were uniformly mixed and thereafter combined with the oil. The maltodextrins were added to the oil-spice mixture until a uniform mixture was obtained. The uniform mixture was processed at a low setting yielding a spicy, beef-flavored flake.

While the best overall taste, texture and mouthfeel is obtained when the flakes or floss are used in fresh meat, the largest relative difference between the control and ground meat containing flakes or floss has been observed in frozen ground meats. In particular, the flakes or floss are added to ground meat held at substantially the freezing point, e.g. below 5C and then the mixture is promptly frozen and preferably flash frozen to lower than 5C. When the frozen patties prepared in this manner are flame ~roiled, fried or microwaved, the patties containing floss or flakes of type used in Examples 1-6, have more retained liquids as compared to pressed solids and have improved taste, texture and mouthfeel.

In those embodiments where water is added to the above mixture to make frozen patties, it is preferably added as shaved or finely crushed ice.
.
While there have been described what are presently believed to be the preferred embodiments of the invention, those skilled in the art will realize that changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention, and it is intended to claim ~all such changes and modifications as fall within the true scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A proteinaceous-based food product, comprising a matrix formed by subjecting to flash-flow processing a mixture of an oleaginous substance with a carrier material.

2. The food product of Claim 1, wherein said oleaginous substance is selected from one or more vegetable oils.

3. The food product of Claim 1, wherein said oleaginous material is selected from the group consisting of animal fats, tallows, lards, fish oils, crustacean oils and mixtures thereof.

4. The food product of Claim 1, wherein said oleaginous material is selected from one or more vegetable oils, animal fats, tallow, lards, fish oils, crustacean oils and mixtures thereof.

5. The food product of Claim 4, wherein said oleaginous substance is present in an amount of from about 2 to about 40% by weight of said matrix.

6. The food product of Claim 5, wherein said oleaginous substance is present in an amount of from about 10 to about 30% by weight of said matrix.

7. The food product of Claim 6, wherein said oleaginous substance is present in an amount of from about 15 to about 22% by weight of said matrix.

8. The food product of Claim 1, wherein said carrier is selected from the group consisting of saccharides, water-soluble cellulosic materials and mixtures thereof.

9. The food product of Claim 8, wherein said saccharide is selected from the group consisting of sucrose, lactose, fructose, dextrose, sorbitol, manitol, fluctose, maltose, polydextrose and mixtures thereof.

10. The food product of Claim 8, wherein said cellulosic material is selected from the group consisting of methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxy-methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, alkali-metal salts of carboxymethylcellulose and mixtures thereof.

11. The food product of Claim 1, wherein the proteinaceous-based food product is selected from the group consisting of animal meats, soy-based products, vegetable-based products, fish products, crustacean products and mixtures thereof.

12. The food product of Claim 1, further comprising a flavorant selected from the group consisting of natural flavors, artificial flavors and mixtures thereof.

13. The food product of Claim 1, wherein said matrix is formed by subjecting a member of the group consisting of flavorants and hydrogels to flash-flow processing with said oleaginous substance and said carrier.

14. The food product of Claim 13, wherein said hydrogel is selected from the group consisting of xanthan gum, guar gum, carrageenan gum, gum tragacanth, sodium alginate, gum kayara, locust bean gum, gum acacia, and mixtures thereof.

15. The food product of Claim 14, wherein said hydrogel is present in an amount of from about 0.2 to about 4% by weight of said matrix.

16. The food product of Claim 15, wherein said hydrogel is present in an amount of from about 0.8 to about 2.5% by weight of said matrix.

17. The food product of Claim 16, wherein said hydrogel is present in an amount of from about 1.2 to about 2.2% by weight of said matrix.

18. The food product of Claim 1, wherein said matrix is present in an amount of from about 0.5 to about 10% by weight of said product.

19. The food product of Claim 18, wherein said matrix is present in an amount of from about 1.0 to about 7% by weight of said product.

20. The food product of Claim 19, wherein said matrix is present in an amount of from about 3.0 to about 6% by weight of said product.

21. The food product of Claim 1, wherein said matrix is formed under conditions of flash heat or flash shear.

22. A method of preparing a proteinaceous-based food product comprising combining a matrix formed by subjecting to flash flow processing a mixture of an oleaginous substance and a carrier material with a proteinaceous material to provide said proteinaceous-based food product.

23. The method of Claim 22, wherein said matrix is formed under conditions of flash heat or flash shear.

24. The method of Claim 22, wherein said oleaginous material is selected from the group consisting of vegetable oils, animal fats, tallows, lards, fish oils, crustacean oils and mixtures thereof.

25. The method of Claim 22, wherein said oleaginous material is selected from one or more vegetable oils.

26. The method of Claim 22, wherein said oleaginous material is selected from one or more vegetable oils, animal fats, tallow, lards, fish oils, crustacean oils and mixtures thereof.

27. The method of Claim 26, wherein said oleaginous substance is present in an amount of from about 2 to about 40% by weight of said matrix.

28. The method of Claim 27, wherein said oleaginous substance is present in an amount of from about 10 to about 30% by weight of said matrix.

29. The method of Claim 28, wherein said oleaginous substance is present in an amount of from about 15 to about 22% by weight of said matrix.

30. The method of Claim 22, wherein said carrier material is selected from the group consisting of saccharides and water-soluble cellulosic materials and mixtures thereof.

31. The method of Claim 30, wherein said saccharide is selected from the group consisting of sucrose, lactose, fructose, dextrose, sorbitol, mannitol, maltose, polydextrose and mixtures thereof.

32. The method of Claim 30, wherein said cellulosic material is selected from the group consisting of methyl-cellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxy-ethylcellulose, alkali-metal salts of carboxymethyl-cellulose and mixtures thereof.

33. The method of Claim 22, wherein said proteinaceous-based food product is a member of the group consisting of animal meats, soy-based products, vegetable-based products, fish products, crustacean products and mixtures thereof.

34. The method of Claim 22, further comprising a flavorant selected from the group consisting of natural flavors, artificial flavors and mixtures thereof.

35. The method of Claim 34, wherein said matrix is formed by subjecting to flash-flow processing a member of the group consisting of flavorants and hydrogels with said oleaginous substance and said carrier material.

36. The method of Claim 35, wherein said hydrogel is selected from the group consisting of xanthan gum, guar gum, carrageenan gum, gum tragacanth, sodium alginate, gum kayara, locust bean gum, gum acacia, and mixtures thereof.

37. The method of Claim 22, wherein said matrix is present in an amount of from about 0.5 to about 10% by weight of said product.

38. The method of Claim 37, wherein said matrix is present in an amount of from about 1.0 to about 7% by weight of said product.

39. The method of Claim 38, wherein said matrix is present in an amount of from about 3.0 to about 6.0% by weight of said product.

40. A method of preparing a reduced-fat meat product, comprising exchanging a portion of the fat in a meat with a matrix formed by subjecting to flash-flow processing an oleaginous material with a carrier material.

41. The method of Claim 40, wherein said oleaginous material is selected from the group consisting of one or more vegetable oils, animal fats, tallows, lards, fish oils, crustacean oils and mixtures thereof.

42. The method of Claim 41, wherein said vegetable oils are selected from the group consisting of soybean oil, canola oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, olive oil and mixtures thereof.

43. A reduced-fat meat product, comprising a matrix formed by subjecting to flash-flow processing an oleaginous material with a carrier material, said matrix replacing a portion of the fat found in said meat product.

44. A method of preparing a food product, comprising mixing a matrix formed by subjecting to flash-flow processing a mixture of an oleaginous substance and a saccharide carrier with a ground meat material maintained at a temperature of above freezing but below 5°C and then promptly freezing such mixed composition.

45. The method according to Claim 44, wherein the mixed composition is flash frozen to a temperature lower than -5°C.

46. The method according to Claim 44 wherein shaved or crushed ice is added to the composition prior to freezing the composition.

47. The product made by the process of Claim 44.