CA2099830A1 - Auto-flushing drainage filter system - Google Patents
Auto-flushing drainage filter systemInfo
- Publication number
- CA2099830A1 CA2099830A1 CA002099830A CA2099830A CA2099830A1 CA 2099830 A1 CA2099830 A1 CA 2099830A1 CA 002099830 A CA002099830 A CA 002099830A CA 2099830 A CA2099830 A CA 2099830A CA 2099830 A1 CA2099830 A1 CA 2099830A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- water
- fishpond
- drum filter
- water pump
- filter
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009313 farming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K63/00—Receptacles for live fish, e.g. aquaria; Terraria
- A01K63/04—Arrangements for treating water specially adapted to receptacles for live fish
- A01K63/045—Filters for aquaria
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D35/00—Filtering devices having features not specifically covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D33/00, or for applications not specifically covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D33/00; Auxiliary devices for filtration; Filter housing constructions
- B01D35/10—Brush filters ; Rotary brush filters
Abstract
AUTO-FLUSHING DRAINAGE FILTER SYSTEM
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
An auto-flushing drainage filter system including a drum filter fastened to the lowest bottom of a fishpond, cylindrical brushes fastened inside the drum filter to remove debris and impurities from the water passing through, a first water pump to pump water from the fishpond through a clean water recycling pipe via the drum filter for circulation and filtration, a second water pump to pump a sudden rush of water from the fishpond into a drain pipe through the drum filter for carrying debris and impurities away from the drum filter.
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
An auto-flushing drainage filter system including a drum filter fastened to the lowest bottom of a fishpond, cylindrical brushes fastened inside the drum filter to remove debris and impurities from the water passing through, a first water pump to pump water from the fishpond through a clean water recycling pipe via the drum filter for circulation and filtration, a second water pump to pump a sudden rush of water from the fishpond into a drain pipe through the drum filter for carrying debris and impurities away from the drum filter.
Description
209~30 ~
AUTO-FLUSHING DRAINAGE FILTER SYSTEM
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a drainage filter system for a fishpond and more particularly to an auto-flushing drainage filter system fastened to a fishpond at the bottom to automatically circulate the water through a drum filter and also to automatically flush the drum filter at a predetermined frequency.
~ ` :
In farming fishes in fishponds, the fishponds must be regularly cleaned so that the optimum natural conditions for fishes can be maintained. However, it is neither easy nor economic to completely change the water of a fishpond. In order to keep a fishpond clean at less cost, a drain filter is commonly used. If a drain Eilter is used, the filter materials (such as charcoals, pebbles, sands, palm coirs, etc.,) of the drain filter should be replaced regularly. Forgetting to replace the filter materials will deteriorate the performance of the drain filter and shorten its service ' ':: -life.
IJI view of the aforementioned problems, the inverltor has addressed the objective of maintaining 2 0 9 ~ 8 ~
a clean water for a fishpond by circulating the water through a drum filter, without the necessity of manually ~ -cleaning the drum filter and tha fishpond. As a ;
result of intensive study and design work, based on many years of professional experlence, the inventor has created the present invention. ~
The in~ention comprises a drum filter ~ -fastened to a fishpond at its lowest point, a first water pump to pump water from the fishpond through the .
drum filter and a clean water recycling pipe and then into the fishpond again for circulation and filtering, a second water pump to pump a sudden rush of water from the fishpond into a drain pipe through the drum filter for carrying debris and in~purities away from the drum filter. A timer may be used to control the operation of the first water pump and the second water pump automatically. I'herefore, the present invention achieves various advantages as outlined hereinafter. ~ ~
A. It automatically circulates the water through the ~ ;
drum filter, and also automatically flushes the drum filter to make it clean.
B. It is not necessary to clean the drum filter manually.
C. It keeps the fishpond in -the optimum natural :, ` -~099~
conditions for the fishes.
D. It keeps the fishpond nice and clean.
E. It prevents the quality of the water from being deteriorated.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a drainage filter system constructed according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is an installed view of the drainage Eilter system of Fig. 1, showing the first water pump operated; and Fig. 3 is similar to Fig. 2 but showing the second water pump operated.
Referring to Figs. 1 and 2, a drainage filter system in accordance with the present invention is generally comprised of a drum filter 1, a flow guide 2, cylindrical brushes 3, a clean wa-ter recycling pipe 4, a first water pump 5, a drain pipe 6, and a second water pump 7. The flow guide 2 is fastened to the drum filter 1 at the top by adjust,ing tie screws 12, and spaced above the top opening 11 of the drum filter 1 by a gap 13. The pitch of the gap 13 can be adjusted by turning the adjusting tie screws 12 inwards or ou-twards.
2 ~ 9 9 ~ ~ O
By means OL changing the pitch of the gap 12, the flow rate of water from the fishpond A into the drum filter 1 is regulated. The cylindrical brushes 3 are suspended from the flow guide ~ and vertically arranged inside the drum filter 1 around one end of the clean water recycling pipe 4. The clean water recycling pipe 4 has one end inserted through a hole (not shown) on the bottom of the drum filter, and an opposite end disposed above the fishpond A. The first water pump 5 is fastened to the clean water recycling pipe 4 at a suitable location, and contr.olled to pump water from the fishpond A into the clean water recycling pipe 4 for recycling. The second water pump 7 is fastened to the drain pipe 6 at a suitable location. The drain pipe 6 is connected to the drum filter 1 at the bottom for draining the water from the fishpond A.
When in use, the drain filter system is installed in the fishpond A at a suita~le location.
Preferably, the fishpond A has a bottom surface curved inwards so that the drain filter system can be fastened to the fishpond A at the lowest location, and water can be guided from the fishpond A into -the drum filter 1.
The first water pump 5 is a low horsepower motor. When the first water pump 5 is started, water is drawn from ~ ~ 7 ~
the fishpond A into the drum filter 1 through the yap. - j As water is being drawn from the fishpond A into the drum filter 1 debris and impurities (fish feeds, excreta, organisms, etc.) are strained off by the cylindrical brushes 3 and then settled to the bottom.
The sedimen-t B of the debris and impurities is then .. ~.:
drawn out of the drum filter 1 through the drain pipe 6 .
by means of the operation of the second water pump 7.
The organisms that are adhered to the cylindrical brushes 3 will gather bacteria, which will decompose nitrogenous organisms or ammonia-contailled organisms and cause them to be oxidized into inorganic substances for settling to the drain pipe 6. After having been :~ j filtrated through the cylindrical brushes 3, clean water is guided through the clean water recycling pipe 4 into the fishpond A again (see Fig. 2). The second water pump 7 produces a relatively higher horsepower, therefore a vacuum will be produced in the drum filter 1 as the second water pump 7 is started. As the second . water pump 7 is turned on, water is continuously drawn from the fishpond A into the drum filter 1 at a higher flow rate to flush the cylindrical brushes 3 and carry all debris and impurities into the drain pipe 6 (see Fig. 3) According to experimen-tation, if the fishpond ~` 2~9~8~ :
A contains 10 metric tons of water, and the capacity of the first water pump 5 is lOOW (about lJ7 horsepower), the water can be well filtrated and circulated through the clean water recycling pipe 4 by continuously operating the first water pump 5 through one day (24 hours). The capacity of the second water pump 7 is preferably set at 10 times over the first water pun~p 5, namely, the capacity of the second water pump 7 is set at lOOOW (about 1.5 horsepower) if the capacity of the first water pump 5 is lOOW. A timer may be connected to the second water pump 7 to control its operation once a day at a time duration of 8 -to 10 seconds. The volumetric ratio between the drum filter 1 and the fishpond A is preferably designed at . ~
1:10. The height (pressure difference) of the drum filter 1 should be not less than one meter so that the drop in elevation ensures a satisfactory straining effect. ~ `~
AUTO-FLUSHING DRAINAGE FILTER SYSTEM
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a drainage filter system for a fishpond and more particularly to an auto-flushing drainage filter system fastened to a fishpond at the bottom to automatically circulate the water through a drum filter and also to automatically flush the drum filter at a predetermined frequency.
~ ` :
In farming fishes in fishponds, the fishponds must be regularly cleaned so that the optimum natural conditions for fishes can be maintained. However, it is neither easy nor economic to completely change the water of a fishpond. In order to keep a fishpond clean at less cost, a drain filter is commonly used. If a drain Eilter is used, the filter materials (such as charcoals, pebbles, sands, palm coirs, etc.,) of the drain filter should be replaced regularly. Forgetting to replace the filter materials will deteriorate the performance of the drain filter and shorten its service ' ':: -life.
IJI view of the aforementioned problems, the inverltor has addressed the objective of maintaining 2 0 9 ~ 8 ~
a clean water for a fishpond by circulating the water through a drum filter, without the necessity of manually ~ -cleaning the drum filter and tha fishpond. As a ;
result of intensive study and design work, based on many years of professional experlence, the inventor has created the present invention. ~
The in~ention comprises a drum filter ~ -fastened to a fishpond at its lowest point, a first water pump to pump water from the fishpond through the .
drum filter and a clean water recycling pipe and then into the fishpond again for circulation and filtering, a second water pump to pump a sudden rush of water from the fishpond into a drain pipe through the drum filter for carrying debris and in~purities away from the drum filter. A timer may be used to control the operation of the first water pump and the second water pump automatically. I'herefore, the present invention achieves various advantages as outlined hereinafter. ~ ~
A. It automatically circulates the water through the ~ ;
drum filter, and also automatically flushes the drum filter to make it clean.
B. It is not necessary to clean the drum filter manually.
C. It keeps the fishpond in -the optimum natural :, ` -~099~
conditions for the fishes.
D. It keeps the fishpond nice and clean.
E. It prevents the quality of the water from being deteriorated.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a drainage filter system constructed according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is an installed view of the drainage Eilter system of Fig. 1, showing the first water pump operated; and Fig. 3 is similar to Fig. 2 but showing the second water pump operated.
Referring to Figs. 1 and 2, a drainage filter system in accordance with the present invention is generally comprised of a drum filter 1, a flow guide 2, cylindrical brushes 3, a clean wa-ter recycling pipe 4, a first water pump 5, a drain pipe 6, and a second water pump 7. The flow guide 2 is fastened to the drum filter 1 at the top by adjust,ing tie screws 12, and spaced above the top opening 11 of the drum filter 1 by a gap 13. The pitch of the gap 13 can be adjusted by turning the adjusting tie screws 12 inwards or ou-twards.
2 ~ 9 9 ~ ~ O
By means OL changing the pitch of the gap 12, the flow rate of water from the fishpond A into the drum filter 1 is regulated. The cylindrical brushes 3 are suspended from the flow guide ~ and vertically arranged inside the drum filter 1 around one end of the clean water recycling pipe 4. The clean water recycling pipe 4 has one end inserted through a hole (not shown) on the bottom of the drum filter, and an opposite end disposed above the fishpond A. The first water pump 5 is fastened to the clean water recycling pipe 4 at a suitable location, and contr.olled to pump water from the fishpond A into the clean water recycling pipe 4 for recycling. The second water pump 7 is fastened to the drain pipe 6 at a suitable location. The drain pipe 6 is connected to the drum filter 1 at the bottom for draining the water from the fishpond A.
When in use, the drain filter system is installed in the fishpond A at a suita~le location.
Preferably, the fishpond A has a bottom surface curved inwards so that the drain filter system can be fastened to the fishpond A at the lowest location, and water can be guided from the fishpond A into -the drum filter 1.
The first water pump 5 is a low horsepower motor. When the first water pump 5 is started, water is drawn from ~ ~ 7 ~
the fishpond A into the drum filter 1 through the yap. - j As water is being drawn from the fishpond A into the drum filter 1 debris and impurities (fish feeds, excreta, organisms, etc.) are strained off by the cylindrical brushes 3 and then settled to the bottom.
The sedimen-t B of the debris and impurities is then .. ~.:
drawn out of the drum filter 1 through the drain pipe 6 .
by means of the operation of the second water pump 7.
The organisms that are adhered to the cylindrical brushes 3 will gather bacteria, which will decompose nitrogenous organisms or ammonia-contailled organisms and cause them to be oxidized into inorganic substances for settling to the drain pipe 6. After having been :~ j filtrated through the cylindrical brushes 3, clean water is guided through the clean water recycling pipe 4 into the fishpond A again (see Fig. 2). The second water pump 7 produces a relatively higher horsepower, therefore a vacuum will be produced in the drum filter 1 as the second water pump 7 is started. As the second . water pump 7 is turned on, water is continuously drawn from the fishpond A into the drum filter 1 at a higher flow rate to flush the cylindrical brushes 3 and carry all debris and impurities into the drain pipe 6 (see Fig. 3) According to experimen-tation, if the fishpond ~` 2~9~8~ :
A contains 10 metric tons of water, and the capacity of the first water pump 5 is lOOW (about lJ7 horsepower), the water can be well filtrated and circulated through the clean water recycling pipe 4 by continuously operating the first water pump 5 through one day (24 hours). The capacity of the second water pump 7 is preferably set at 10 times over the first water pun~p 5, namely, the capacity of the second water pump 7 is set at lOOOW (about 1.5 horsepower) if the capacity of the first water pump 5 is lOOW. A timer may be connected to the second water pump 7 to control its operation once a day at a time duration of 8 -to 10 seconds. The volumetric ratio between the drum filter 1 and the fishpond A is preferably designed at . ~
1:10. The height (pressure difference) of the drum filter 1 should be not less than one meter so that the drop in elevation ensures a satisfactory straining effect. ~ `~
Claims
1. Auto-flushing drainage filter system comprising:
a drum filter having a top opening connected to a fishpond at the lowest bottom thereof;
a flow guide fastened to said drum filter by adjusting tie screws and spaced above the top opening of said drum filter;
cylindrical brushes suspended from said flow guide and vertically arranged within said drum filter around a circle;
a clean water recycling pipe having one end disposed within said cylindrical brushes and an opposite end extended out of said drum filter and turned to the outside above said fishpond for circulation of water through said fishpond;
a first water pump connected to said clean water recycling pipe;
a drain pipe connected to said drum filter for drawing water away from said fishpond; and a second water pump connected to said drain pipe, said second water pump producing a higher horsepower than said first water pump;
whereby turning on said first water pump causes a circulation of water through said fishpond, said drum filter and said clean water recycling pipe for permitting debris and impurities to be removed from the water and settled to said drain pipe; turning on said second water pump causes a sudden rush of water to be induced from said fishpond to said drain pipe through said drum filter and said cylindrical brushes to carry debris and impurities away from said fishpond.
a drum filter having a top opening connected to a fishpond at the lowest bottom thereof;
a flow guide fastened to said drum filter by adjusting tie screws and spaced above the top opening of said drum filter;
cylindrical brushes suspended from said flow guide and vertically arranged within said drum filter around a circle;
a clean water recycling pipe having one end disposed within said cylindrical brushes and an opposite end extended out of said drum filter and turned to the outside above said fishpond for circulation of water through said fishpond;
a first water pump connected to said clean water recycling pipe;
a drain pipe connected to said drum filter for drawing water away from said fishpond; and a second water pump connected to said drain pipe, said second water pump producing a higher horsepower than said first water pump;
whereby turning on said first water pump causes a circulation of water through said fishpond, said drum filter and said clean water recycling pipe for permitting debris and impurities to be removed from the water and settled to said drain pipe; turning on said second water pump causes a sudden rush of water to be induced from said fishpond to said drain pipe through said drum filter and said cylindrical brushes to carry debris and impurities away from said fishpond.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/079,037 US5290437A (en) | 1993-06-21 | 1993-06-21 | Auto-flushing drainage filter system |
| CA002099830A CA2099830A1 (en) | 1993-06-21 | 1993-07-05 | Auto-flushing drainage filter system |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/079,037 US5290437A (en) | 1993-06-21 | 1993-06-21 | Auto-flushing drainage filter system |
| CA002099830A CA2099830A1 (en) | 1993-06-21 | 1993-07-05 | Auto-flushing drainage filter system |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2099830A1 true CA2099830A1 (en) | 1995-01-06 |
Family
ID=25676346
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002099830A Abandoned CA2099830A1 (en) | 1993-06-21 | 1993-07-05 | Auto-flushing drainage filter system |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5290437A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2099830A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (32)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA2118783C (en) * | 1994-03-10 | 2000-02-29 | J. Wayne Vantoever | Water treatment system particularly for use in aquaculture |
| US5520028A (en) * | 1994-11-16 | 1996-05-28 | Kim; Eric | Self cleaning activated carbon filter system for dry cleaning machine |
| US5640930A (en) * | 1995-08-17 | 1997-06-24 | Kirby; Michael J. | Automatic cleaning aquarium |
| US6041738A (en) * | 1997-06-20 | 2000-03-28 | Fun Fishing Llc. | Fish pond methods and systems |
| US6065430A (en) * | 1997-10-10 | 2000-05-23 | Sheriff; Richard L. | Fish culturing system |
| GB9901587D0 (en) * | 1998-02-16 | 1999-03-17 | J H Freeman Ltd | A filter for filtering water for a pump for a pond |
| DE19942188B4 (en) * | 1999-09-03 | 2007-10-18 | Oase Gmbh | System filter for pond water or the like |
| DE10060022B4 (en) * | 2000-12-01 | 2005-07-14 | Brüggert, Hannelore | filter system |
| EP1361913A1 (en) * | 2001-01-18 | 2003-11-19 | Nicholas Jackson | Water filter |
| US6666168B2 (en) * | 2002-05-08 | 2003-12-23 | Karl H. Stutz | Waterfall aquarium cleansing system |
| US6659043B1 (en) | 2002-05-31 | 2003-12-09 | Gerard P. Huska | Aquarium water circulation system |
| DK174817B1 (en) * | 2002-07-12 | 2003-12-01 | Km Fish Machinery | Process for emptying a container and using the method |
| US20050048889A1 (en) * | 2003-06-06 | 2005-03-03 | Barron David L. | Container for scaling fish |
| US20090283053A1 (en) * | 2005-10-04 | 2009-11-19 | Torgerson Kevin L | Hoof Bath System |
| US20080196674A1 (en) * | 2005-10-04 | 2008-08-21 | Westfaliasurge, Inc. | Foot bath kit |
| US7661393B2 (en) * | 2005-10-04 | 2010-02-16 | Gea Farm Technologies, Inc. | Hoof bath system |
| CN101330881B (en) * | 2005-12-14 | 2010-10-27 | 韦斯伐利亚瑟基股份有限公司 | Hoof bath system |
| US8006646B2 (en) * | 2006-10-12 | 2011-08-30 | Andrew Grad | Self cleaning aquarium system |
| CL2010001455A1 (en) * | 2010-12-17 | 2011-02-18 | Rey Luis Oscar Beth | Ecological container system of great flexibility for the controlled management of environmental and other contaminating residues that are generated in cages for raising fish or other aquatic species, includes a flexible container, a means of extracting solids, a solid treatment unit, among other; method |
| CN102144602B (en) * | 2011-03-30 | 2012-11-14 | 张家港市杨舍东城君之旺水族馆 | Internal filter type ornamental fish bowl |
| CN102124985B (en) * | 2011-03-30 | 2012-09-19 | 张家港市杨舍东城君之旺水族馆 | Upper filtering-type fish tank |
| CN102144605B (en) * | 2011-03-30 | 2013-04-24 | 张家港市杨舍东城君之旺水族馆 | Water sewage separator |
| CN102524154B (en) * | 2012-01-29 | 2013-07-10 | 常君斌 | Water and dirt separated backflushing blowdown sight-enjoying fish tank |
| US9392775B2 (en) | 2014-05-28 | 2016-07-19 | Richard L. Sheriff | Fish culturing system |
| CN104957068B (en) * | 2015-07-12 | 2018-01-23 | 綦光玮 | A kind of application method for the pond food place drainage that can be recoiled |
| CN107396874B (en) * | 2017-08-18 | 2021-01-05 | 重庆市正品农业发展有限公司 | A breeding device for fry |
| US11234681B2 (en) * | 2018-02-16 | 2022-02-01 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Fish tank effluent sampling system |
| CN110130260A (en) * | 2019-06-14 | 2019-08-16 | 阿克苏浩瀚工程咨询有限公司 | A kind of construction site de-watering apparatus preventing blocking |
| CN110235848B (en) * | 2019-07-30 | 2022-01-18 | 浙江高创盟知识产权咨询有限公司 | Purification device for fish tank and use method thereof |
| CN110432207B (en) * | 2019-09-06 | 2021-07-30 | 南京溧水高新产业股权投资有限公司 | Outdoor aquarium based on solar energy |
| CN110711424B (en) * | 2019-10-31 | 2021-06-15 | 含山县环峰夏桥特种水产养殖有限公司 | Circulating filtration equipment for fish and shrimp aquaculture pond |
| CN112655635A (en) * | 2020-12-16 | 2021-04-16 | 李佳乐 | Self-purification type aquaculture device based on water circulation |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4177758A (en) * | 1978-01-30 | 1979-12-11 | Elie David K | Rearing apparatus for fish fry |
| US4414919A (en) * | 1981-10-27 | 1983-11-15 | Hess W John | Flowdown rearing pond |
| GB2200822B (en) * | 1987-02-11 | 1991-01-30 | Ragnar Vadseth | Farming enclosures |
-
1993
- 1993-06-21 US US08/079,037 patent/US5290437A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-07-05 CA CA002099830A patent/CA2099830A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US5290437A (en) | 1994-03-01 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Dead |