CA2106827C - Pharmaceutical compositions containing cyclosporins - Google Patents
Pharmaceutical compositions containing cyclosporins Download PDFInfo
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- CA2106827C CA2106827C CA002106827A CA2106827A CA2106827C CA 2106827 C CA2106827 C CA 2106827C CA 002106827 A CA002106827 A CA 002106827A CA 2106827 A CA2106827 A CA 2106827A CA 2106827 C CA2106827 C CA 2106827C
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
- A61K9/4841—Filling excipients; Inactive ingredients
- A61K9/4858—Organic compounds
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/12—Cyclic peptides, e.g. bacitracins; Polymyxins; Gramicidins S, C; Tyrocidins A, B or C
- A61K38/13—Cyclosporins
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
- A61K9/107—Emulsions ; Emulsion preconcentrates; Micelles
- A61K9/1075—Microemulsions or submicron emulsions; Preconcentrates or solids thereof; Micelles, e.g. made of phospholipids or block copolymers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
- A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
- A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
Abstract
A pharmaceutical composition in the form of an emulsion preconcentrate for oral administration and containing a cyclosporin. The pharmaceutical composition has a carrier medium for the cyclosporin that contains a hydrophilic organic solvent; a mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glyceride or a transesterified and polyethoxylated vegetable oil;
and a polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-fatty acid ester surfactant. The pharmaceutical composition provides high bioavailability and low inter- and intra-subject variability.
and a polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-fatty acid ester surfactant. The pharmaceutical composition provides high bioavailability and low inter- and intra-subject variability.
Description
PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSTTIONS CONTAINING CYCLOSPORINS
This invention relates to galenic formulations which contain one or more members selected from the cyclosporin class.
Cyclosporins comprise a class of structurally distinct, cyclic, poly-N-methylated undecapeptides, generally possessing immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and/or anti-parasitic activity, each to a greater or lesser degree. The first of the cyclosporins tv be identified was the fungal metabolite Cyclosporin A, or Ciclosporin, and its structure is given in The Merck Index, 11th Edition; Merck & Co., Inc.;
Rahway, New Jersey, USA ( 1989) under listing 2759. Large numbers of other cyclosporins are also known and examples are disclosed in UK patent application No 2 222 770 A.
Cyclosporins are generally very insoluble in aqueous media. Consequently, severe difficulties have arisen in developing stable pharmaceutically acceptable formulations which allow delivery of the drug in sufficiently high concentrations to permit convenient use and which allow efficient and consistent absorption of the drug by the body. Problems also arise with regard to drug bioavailability and variability in patient dose response.
Cyclosporins also have side effects at higher doses and therefore their concentration in the blood must be kept within certain therapeutic ranges. It is therefore desirable for the bioavailability of the cyclosporin drug to be as predictable and constant as possible.
In order to meet these and related difficulties, UK patent application 2 222 770, discloses galenic formulations comprising a cyclosporin and which take the form of a microemulsion or microemulsion pre-concentrate. These formulations comprise a hydrophilic phase, a lipophilic phase and a surfactant. The following components for the hydrophilic phase are proposed:
Transcutol, Glycofurol and 1,2-propylene glycol. Medium chain fatty acid triglycerides are disclosed as being suitable for the Iipophilic phase. Reaction products of natural or hydrogenated vegetable oils and ethylene glycol are given as surfactants.
UK patent application 2 228 198 proposes an alternative means for meeting difficulties in relation to cyclosporin administration. Specifically it discloses oil based formulations in which the oily component comprises a combination of tri-glyceride and (i) glycerol partial esters or (ii) 1,2-propylene glycol complete or partial esters or (iii) sorbitol complete or partial esters. The products known and commercially available under the trade mark MAISINE are proposed as suitable tri- and partial glyceride components.
The disclosed compositions additionally comprise a surfactant component, for example Cremophor RH40. These may be preferably free of any hydrophilic components such as ethanol.
It has now surprisingly been found that simple, stable cyclosporin formulations that have improved bioavailability characteristics, reduced variability in inter-and infra-subject bioavailability parameters, are obtainable.
Accordingly this invention provides a pharmaceutical composition in the form of an emulsion preconcentrate and comprising a cyclosporin in a carrier medium, the carrier medium comprising: 1) a hydrophilic organic solvent, 2) (a) a mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glyceride or (b) a transesterified and polyethoxylated vegetable oil, and 3) a polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-fatty acid ester surfactant.
The pharmaceutical compositions are simple, stable, and provide surprisingly high bioavailabilities. For example, in clinical trials in which healthy volunteers each received three times 200 mg cyclosporin A in soft gelatin capsules under fasted and fed conditions, the pharmaceutical compositions resulted in at least a I50% increase in bioavailability as compared to the Cyclosporin market form which is disclosed in US patent 4388307. Also, in the same trials, the relative bioavailability under fasted and fed conditions differed by less than 5%. This indicates very low inter-subject variability. Moreover infra-subject variability is reduced more than two fold. Hence the pharmaceutical compositions have very surprising properties which offer great advantages over the Cyclosporin market form.
The pharmaceutical composition is an emulsion preconcentrate; that is it has the characteristics of a stable emulsion preconcentrate system and spontaneously forms an emulsion in an aqueous medium, for example, in water or in the gastric juices after oral application. The emulsion formed is opaque, thermodynamically stable and contains dispersed droplets of a size greater than about 100 nm, more usually greater than about 200 nm. The pharmaceutical compositions are preferably emulsion preconcentrates of the type providing o/w (oil-in-water) emulsions.
The term "pharmaceutical composition" as used in this specification means compositions of which the individual components or ingredients are themselves -3- Case 100-7930 pharmaceutically acceptahle. For example, where oral administration is foreseen, the components are suitable or acceptable for oral application.
The cyclosporin may be my cyclosporin having pharmaceutical utility as, for example, an immunosuppressive agent, an anti-parasitic agent or an agent for the reversal of mufti-drug resistance. In particular the cyclosporin may be Cyclosporin A
(also known as and referred to as Ciclosporin).,, and Cyclosporin G.
Suitably the phamaaceutica~l composition comprises from about 1 or 2 to 30%, preferably from 5 to 25% (more preferably from 7.5 to 15%, for example about 10%) by weight of cyclosporin based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
The hydrophilic organic solvent preferably comprises pharmaceutically acceptable, hydrophilic organic solvents whiclh are suitable for oral administration.
Examples are Transcutol, Glycofurol, ethyl acetate, propylene glycol and lower alkanols, or mixtures thereof. Preferred solvents are 1,2-propylene glycol and mixtures of 1,2-propylene glycol and ethanol. If the component (2) is a mixed mono-, di- and tri-glyceride, 1,2-propylene glycol and mixtures of 1,:?-propylc;ne glycol and ethanol are particularly preferred.
Suitably the hydrophilic organic solvent is present in an amount of from 1.0 to 50%
(preferably from 5 to 40~~, more preferably from 10 to 35%, and even more preferably from about 15 to about 30%) by vveight based on the total weight of the carrier medium.
When the hydrophilic organic solvent comprises a mixture of 1,2-propylene glycol and ethanol, the co-component, that is the ethanol, is suitably present in an amount of up to about 20% (preferably up to about 15%, more preferably from about 5 to 15%
and even more preferably 5 to 10%) by weight based in the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. Thus the co-component is suitably present in an amount of from about 25 to 85% by weight based on 'the total weight of the organic solvent (for example 1,2-propylene glycol plus ethanol). Morc; preferably the co-component is present in an amount of from 50% to 85%, for example from 70 to 80% based on the total weight of the hydrophilic organic solvent.
If component (2) comprises mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides, the mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides preferably comprise a mixture of Cla-ao fatty acid mono-, di- and tri-glycerides. C,6-18 fatty acid mono-, di- and triglycerides are especially preferred. The fatty acid component of the mixed mono-, di- and tri-glycerides may comprise both saturated and unsaturated fatty acid residues. Preferably however the mixed glycerides are -4- Case 100-7930 predominantly comprised of unsaturated fatty acid residues, in particular Ct8 unsaturated fatty acid residues such as linolenic, linoleic and oleic acid residues.
Suitably the mixed glycerides comprise at least 60%., preferably at least 75%, more preferably 85% or more by weight C,g unsaturated fatty acid mono-, di- and tri-glycerides. Suitably the mixed glycerides comprise less than 20%, for example about 15% or 10% by weight, saturated fatty acid mono-, di- and. tri-glycerides (for example palmitic and stearic acid mono-, di-and tri-glycerides).
The mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides are preferably predominantly comprised of mono- and di-glycerides. For example they comprise at least 50%, more preferably at least 70% (for example 7 5%, 80°,0, or 85% by weight) mono- and di-glycerides, based on the total weight of comp~~nent (2)(a).
The mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides suitably comprise from about 25 to about 50% (preferably from about 30 to about 40%, and more preferably about 35 to 40%) monoglycerides, based on the tota weight of component (2)(a).
The mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides suitably comprise from about 30 to about 60% (preferably from ablaut 40 to about 55%, and more preferably about 45 to 50%) di-glycerides, based on the total weight of component (2)(a).
The mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides suitably comprise at least 5%
(preferably from about 7.5 to about 20%, and more preferably 9 to 15%) by weight of triglycerides, based on the total weight of component (2)(a).
The mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides may be prepared by admixing individual mono-, di- or tri-glycerides in appropriate relative proportion. Conveniently however the mixed glycerides comprise transesterification products of vegetable oils, for example almond oil, ground nut oil, olive oil, peach oil, palm oil, soybean oil, corn oil, sunflower oil or safflower oil, with glycerol. Preferably the vegetable oil is corn oil.
Also mixtures of the oils may be transesterified with glycerol.
The transesterification products are generally obtained by heating the selected vegetable oil with glycerol to effect trans-esterification or glycerolysis.
This may be carried out at high temperature in the presence of an appropriate catalyst, under an inert atmosphere and with continuous agitation. In addition to the mono-, di- and tri-glyceride components, the transeste:rification products also generally comprise minor amounts of free glycerol. However the amount of free glycerol in the mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides is preferably less than 10%, more preferably less than 5%, most preferably about 1 to 2%
by weight, based on the total weight of component (2)(a).
Preferably some of the glycerol is first removed (for example by distillation) to give a "substantially glycerol free batch", when soft gelatine capsules are to be made.
Trans-esterification products of corn oil and glycerol provide particularly suitable mixed mono-, dl-, and tri-glycerides. An example of a suitable mixed glyceride product is the trans-esterification product commercially available under the trade mark MAISINE.
This product is comprised predominantly of Iinoleic and oleic acid mono-, dl-and tri-glycerides together with minor amounts of palmitic and stearic acid mono-, dl- and tri-glycerides (corn oil itself being comprised of about 56% by weight linoleic acid, 30%
oleic acid, about 10% palmitic and about 3% stearic acid constituents). The physical characteristics of MAISINE [available from the company Etablissements Gattefosse, of 36, Chemin de Genas, P.O.Box 603, 69804 Saint-Priest, Cedex (France)] are: up to 10%
(typically 3.9 to 4.9% or, in "substantially glycerol free" batches, about 0.2%) free glycerol; about 35% (typically 30 to 40% or, in "substantially glycerol free"
batches, about 32 to 36%, for example about 36%) mono-glycerides; about 50% (or, in "substantially glycerol free" batches about 46 to 48%) di-glycerides; about 10% (or, in "substantially glycerol free" batches, about I2 to IS%) tri-glycerides; and about 1% free oleic acid.
Further physical characteristics for MAISINE are: an acid value of maximum about 2, an iodine no. of about 85 to 105, a saponification no. of about 150 to 175 (Fiedler "Lexikon tier Hilfsstoffe", 3rd revised and expanded edition (1989) Vol. 2, p.768). The fatty acid content for MAISINE is typically: about I1% palmitic acid; about 2.5% stearic acid; about 29% oleic acid; about 56% linoleic acid; and 1.5% other acids.
It is especially preferred that the mixed mono-, dl-, and tri-glycerides are clear and remain clear fox more than 20 days upon storage at temperatures of 20°C
to 25°C. Also, a sample of the mixed mono-, dl-, and tri-glycerides, which has been kept in a refrigerator at about between 2 and 8°C for 24 hours and then held at room temperature for 1 hour, should be clear.
Preferably the mono-, dl-, tri-glycerides have a low saturated fatty acid content.
Mixed mono-, dl-, tri-glycerides meeting these requirements may be obtained from commercially available products by separation techniques as known in the art (for example freezing procedures coupled with separation techniques such as centrifugation) to remove -6- Case 100-7930 the saturated fatty acid components and enhance the unsaturated fatty acid component content. Typically the total saturated fatty acid component content will be less than 15%, (for example <10%, or <:5%) by weight based on the total weight of the component (2)(a).
A reduction of the content of saturated fatty acid component in the mono-glyceride fraction may be observed after being subjected to the separation technique. A suitable process is described in WO 93/09211.
Hence the mixed mono-, chi-, tri-glycerides preferably contain lesser quantities of saturated fatty acids (e.g. palmitic: and stearic acids) and relatively greater quantities of unsaturated fatty acids (e.g. oleic and linoleic acids) than the starting material.
A suitable example of a mixed mono-, di-, tri-glyceride product containing lesser quantities of saturated faay acids contains : 32 to 36% mono-glycerides, 45 to 55%
di-glycerides and 12 to 20% tri-glycerides, by weight based on the total weight of the lipophilic phase. Further characteristics include the following:
Fatty acid content Methyl linoleate 53 to (as determined as the methyl 63%, ester by Methyl oleate 24 to 34%, chromatography) Methyl linolenate 0 to 3%
Methyl arachate 0 to 3%, Methyl palmitate 6 to 12%, Methyl stearate 1 to 3%
Relative Density 0.94 to 0.96 Hydroxyl Value 140 to 210 Iodine Value 110 to 20 Peroxide Value <4.0 Free Glycerol . < 1.0 Saponification no about 150 to 185 Acid value max. about 2 Mixed mono-, di-~, tri-glyc:erides complying with these characteristics are referred _' to in this specification as "refned glycerol-transesterified corn oils". The "refined glycerol-transesterified corn oils" have the advantage of remaining stable for a long time.
If components (2) comprises a transesterified and polyethoxylated vegetable oil, it preferably comprises transesterification products which are formed by transesterifying a vegetable oil triglyceride with a polyethylene glycol. Preferred transesterified and polyethoxylated vegetable oils are obtainable by transesterification of triglycerides from kernel oil, almond oil, ground nut oil, olive oil, soybean oil, maize oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil and/or palm oil, with one molar equivalent of a polyethylene glycol that has a molar weight between 200 and 800. These transesterified and polyethoxylated vegetable oils are available from GATTEFOSSE, Saint-Priest Cedex, France, under the trade mark LABRAFIL (Fiedler loc cit, Vol. 2, page 707). A preferred transesterif ed and polyethoxylated vegetable oil is LABRAFIL 2125 CS (oleic acid linoleic acid glyceride from maize oil) having an acid number of 2, a saponification number of 155 to 175 and an iodine number of 90 to 110. Another example is LABRAFIL M 1944 CS (obtained from kernel oil and having an acid number of about 2, a saponification number of 145 to 175 and an iodine number of 60 to 90). LABRAFIL M 2130 CS (which is a transesterification product of a Cl2.~s glyceride and polyethylene glycol and which has a melting point of about 35 to 40°C, an acid number of less than about 2, a saponification number of 185 to 200 and an iodine number of less than about 3) may also be used. The preferred transesterified ethoxylated vegetable oil is LABR.AFIL M 2125 CS.
The transesterification products are generally obtained by heating the selected vegetable oil with polyethylene glycol to effect transester~cation. This is done at high temperature in the presence of an appropriate catalyst under an inert atmosphere with continuous agitation. This process is described in US patent 3288824.
The transesterified and polyethoxylated vegetable oil may also comprise esters of saturated or unsaturated C12.~ fatty acids with glycerol or propylene glycol, for example glycerol monooleate. Products of this type are known and commercially available.
Suitably component (2) is present in the pharmaceutical compositions in an amount of from 5 to 65%, preferably from 15 to 45%, more preferably from 20 to 40%, and even more preferably from about 25 to about 40%, based on the total weight of the carrier medium.
The polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-fatty acid ester surfactant preferably has an HLB
of at -g-least 10. Examples of suitable polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-fatty acid ester surfactants are mono- and tri-lauryl, palmityl, stearyl and oleyl esters such as those known and commercially available under the trade mark TWEEN (Fiedler, loc.cit. p.1300-1304).
Examples include the TWEEN
20 (polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitanmonolaurate], 21 [polyoxyethylene(4)sorbitanmonolaurate], 40 [polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitanmonopalmitate], 60 [polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitanmonostearate], 65 [polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitantristearate], 80 [polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitanmonooleate], 85 [polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitantrioleate].
Especially preferred TWEEN 20 and TWEEN 80.
Suitably the polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-fatty acid ester is present in the pharmaceutical compositions in an amount of from 25 to 75°k (preferably from 30 to 60%, more preferably from about 30 or 40%) based on the total weight of the carrier medium.
The pharmaceutical composition may further include (4) water, in which case the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a stable emulsion.
The pharmaceutical composition may also include further additives or ingredients, for example antioxidants (such as ascorbyl palmitate, butyl hydroxy anisole (BHA), butyl hydroxy toluene (BHT) and tocopherols) and/or preserving agents. These additives or ingredients may comprise about 0.05 to 1% by weight of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. The pharmaceutical composition may also include sweetening or flavoring agents in an amount of up to about 2.5 or 5% by weight based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. Preferably the antioxidant is a-tocopherol (vitamin E).
The pharmaceutical composition has been found to exhibit especially advantageous properties when administered orally in terms of both the consistency and high level of bioavailability achieved as indicated in standard bioavailability tests and clinical trials.
Hence the pharmaceutical composition provides an improved oral administration form for cyclosporins (e.g. Ciclosporin) as it exhibits absence of significant food interaction, which has been observed with the commercially available oral form of Ciclosporin, especially with fat, rich food. Moreover, inter-subject and'intra-subject variability of pharmacokinetic ~1Q~8~~1 -9- Case 100-7930 parameters are significantly lower than with the commercially available oral form of Ciclosporin. Thus the pharmacokinetic parameters (for example absorption and blood levels), become surprisingly more; predictable and this reduces problems which have occurred previously with erratic aibsorption of Ciclosporin.
Additionally the pharmaceutical composition exhibits improved bioavailability in patients having malabsorption, fo:r example liver transplantation patients or pediatric patients. Further the pharmaceutical composition is compatible with tenside materials, for example bile salts, present in the gastro-intestinal tract. That is, the pharmaceutical composition is fully dispersible in aqueous systems comprising such natural tensides and is thus capable of providing emulsion systems in situ which are stable and do not exhibit precipitation of the active ingredient or other disruption of fine particulate structure. The function of the pharmaceutical composition upon oral administration remains substantially independent of and/or unimpaired. by the relative presence or absence of bile salts at any particular time or for any given individual.
The pharmaceutical composirion is preferably compounded into unit dosage form, for example by filling it into orally administrable capsule shells (for example soft or hard gelatine capsule shells) but, if desired, may be in drink solution form. Where the pharmaceutical composition is in unit dosage form, each unit dosage suitably contains between 10 and 200 mg ~~yclosporin, more suitably between 10 and 150 mg, for example 15, 20, 25, 50 or 100 mg cyclosporin. Such unit dosage forms are suitable for administration lx, 2x, 3x and up to Sx daily (for example, depending on the particular purpose of therapy, the phase of therapy, etc.).
The utility of the pharmaceutical composirion can be observed in standard clinical tests in, for example, known indications of cyclosporins at dosages giving equivalent blood levels of cyclosporins; for examplle using dosages in the range of 25 mg to 1000 mg of cyclosporin per day for a 75 kilol,~ram adult and in standard animal models.
The increased bioavailability of the active ingredient provided by the compositions can be observed in standard animal tests and in clinical trials, for example as set out in Examples 4 and 5.
The optimal dosal;e of cyc:losporin to be administered to a particular patient must be considered carefully by the treating physician as individual response to and metabolism of the cyclosporin may vary. It rnay be advisable to monitor the blood serum levels of the cyclosporin by radioimmunoassay, monoclonal antibody assay, or other appropriate -10- Case 100-7930 conventional means. Dosages of the cyclosporin will generally range from 25 mg to 1000 mg per day for a 75 kilogram adult, preferably 50 mg to 500 mg. Satisfactory results are obtained by administering capsules containing 50 mg or 100 mg cyclosporin in amounts to make up a dose as needed.
In another aspect the invention also provides a process for the production of a pharmaceutical composition as defined above, which process comprises admixing a cyclosporin; an organic solvent; a mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glyceride or a transesterified and polyethoxylated vegf;table oil.; and a polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-fatty acid ester. If required, the obtained pharmaceutical composition may be compounded into unit dosage form.
In a more particular embodiment, the components are admixed such that an emulsion preconcentrate and, when required, combining the obtained pharmaceutical composition with sufficient water or sufficient of an aqueous solvent medium such that an emulsion is obtained.
The following ex~unples are illustrative of the pharmaceutical composition, in unit dosage form, suitable for use, for example in the prevenrion of transplant rejection or for the treatment of autoimm.une disease, on administration of from 1 to 5 unit dosages/day.
The examples are described with particular reference to Ciclosporin and [0-(2-hydroxyethyl)-(D)-;ier]8-Ciclosporin (referred to as Compound Z in this specification). However equivalent pharmaceutical compositions may be obtained employing any other cycl.osporin.
Example 1 Preparation o1~ "refined glycerol-transesterified corn oil".
Substantially-glycerol free., glycerol-transesterified corn oil (if necessary after heating to give a clear mixture) is. slowly cooled to a temperature of +20°C and kept at this temperature for one night. The corn oil is centrifuged at an acceleration of 12 000 G and at a flow rate of 103 kg/l in a continuous flow centrifuge to give a liquid phase (62 kg/h) and a sediment-containin;; phase (41 kg/h). The liquid phase is slowly cooled to +8°C and kept at this temperature for one night. The liquid phase is then centrifuged at an acceleration of 12 000 G and at a flow rate of 112 kg/h to give a liquid phase (76.2 kg/h) and a sediment-containing phase (35.8 kg/h). The liquid phase is "refined -11- Case 100-7930 glycerol-transesterified corn oil". Alternatively an improved product may be obtained by effecting the centrifugation in three steps, e.g. at +20°C, +10°C and +5°C.
The process is characterised by a slight percentage reduction in the mono-glyceride component in the refined glycerol transesterified corn oil as compared to the starting material (e.g. 35.6% compared to 38.3%).
A typical analytical com~~arison between the sediment and clear solution is as follows:
Compound Sediment ( % ) Clear Solution ( %
) Mono palmitate 19.1 3.4 Mono linoleate + 23.4 27.0 Mono oleate Mono stearate 5.7 <2 Dilinoleate + 3.5.4 44.7 Dioleate Other di-glycerides 7..7 10.4 Tri-glycerides 8..7 12.5 In a variant of this refinin;; procedure, similar "refined glycerol-transesterified corn oil" compositions may be obtained by heating the starting material to +80°C for one hour under nitrogen. Then the. heated :material is cooled down to +16°C, while agitated slightly, using a 1°C difference between temperature of the material and temperature of the cooling fluid. The cooled material is maintained at +16°C for about 12 hours, while agitated slightly, and then cooled down to about +8°C. Precipitate is then removed by means of a band filter under vacuum.
In a further variant, similar "refined glycerol-transesterified corn oil"
compositions may be obtained by heating the starting material to +75°C under nitrogen and then cooling it down to +8°C within a period of 5 to 6 hours.
In yet a further variant, similar "refined glycerol-transesterified corn oil"
compositions may be obtained by heating the starting material to +80°C
for 1 hour and then ~~.0~~~'~
-12- Case 100-7930 cooling it down to +8°C using a stepwise cooling procedure. T'he cooling procedure comprises: cooling to +25°C in 1 hour, maintaining at +25°C for 8 hours, cooling to +20°C
in 0.5 hours, maintaining at +20°C for 1 hour, cooling to +15°C
in 0.5 hours, maintaining at +15°C for 1 hour, cooling to +1CI°C in 0.5 hours, maintaining at +10°C for 1 hour, cooling to +8°C in 0.5 hours, staying at 8°C for 2 hours, and filtering the batch through a 0.5 um mesh filter under a pressL~re of 0.5 bars.
A typical refined product obtained from these procedures contains the following:
Components Glycerides:
1 mono 3 3.3 C) di 52.1 tri 14.b Fatty acids:
palmitic acid (C 16) 7.8 stearic acid (C18) 1.7 oleic acid (C 18:1 ) 31.6 linoleic acid (C18:2) 57.7 Glycerol content < 1 %
Example 2:
Preparation of oral unit d~~sage forms COMPONENT Ex 2(a) Ex 2(b) Ex 2(c) Ex 2(d) Ex 2(e) /mg /mg /mg /mg /mg Ciclosporin 50 100 50 50 100 1,2-propylene 37 38 80 19 160 glycol ethanol 75 135 50 67.5 100 LABRAFIL 2125 - 344. 40 172 80 CS
I
TWEEN 80 225 383 280 191.5 560 Total per capsule500 1000 500 500 1000 The cyclosporin is dissolved in the 1,2-propylene glycol and ethanol with stirring at room temperature. MAISINE or LABRAFIL 2125 CS and TWEEN 80 are added to the obtained solution again with stirring. The obtained mixture is filled into hard or soft gelatine capsules. The hard gelatin capsules may be sealed, for example using the Quali-Seal technique.
Instead of filling the mixture in the indicated amount into unit dosage forms (i.e.
hard gelatine capsules or soft gelatine capsules), a storage mixture may be prepared by combining the indicated components in the indicated ratios. Such storage mixtures may serve for exactly administering the required dosage to a patient, being in need of dosage other than simple multiples of the unit dosage form.
Examine 3:
Preparation of oran unit dosage forms for Compound Z
COMPONENT Ex 3(a) Ex 3(b) Ex 3(c) /mg /mg /mg Compound Z 50 50 50 1,2-propylene glycol 100 112.5 115 TWEEN 80 175 247.5 345 Total per capsule 500 S00 625 The cyclosporin is dissolved in the 1,2-propylene glycol with stirring at room temperature. The MAISINE or LABRAFIL 2125 CS and Tween 80 are added to the obtained solution again with stirring. The obtained mixture is filled into hard or soft gelatine capsules. The hard gelatin capsules may be sealed, for example using the Quali-Seal technique.
Instead of filling the mixture in the indicated amount into unit dosage forms (i.e.
hard gelatine capsules or soft gelatine capsules), a storage mixture may be prepared by combining the indicated components in the indicated ratios. Such storage mixtures may serve for exactly administering the required dosage to a patient, being in need of dosage other than simple multiples of the unit dosage form.
Example 4: Bioavailability in do-gs The biopharmaceutical properties are tested using the pharmaceutical composition in the form of unit dosage, gelatine capsules containing Ciclosporin or Compound Z. The pharmaceutical compositions are tested by orally administering the forms to 8 male beagle dogs in a cross-over design. The pharmacokinetic profile of Ciclosporin or Compound Z is determined in whole blood over 24 hours. The areas under the curve of the blood concentration versus time curves (AUC), C~ and Tmu are determined.
_...
-15- Case 100-7930 Forms: A dose 50 mg Cic;losporin/dog using the forms of examples 2(a), 2(c), 2(d), 3(a), 3(b), 3(c).
Drug administration:
8 male beagle dogs weighing around 12 kg are used. Twenty hours before the drug administration, food is withdrawn but the animals are allowed free access to water until the beginning of the experiment. The dosage forms are administered by gavage to the animals, early in the morning (approx. 8.0C1 am), and are followed by 20 ml NaCI
0.9°lo solution.
Three hours after the adtr.~inistration, the animals are again allowed free access to water and food. A one week wash-out period is necessary between 2 administrations to the same animal.
Blood sampling Blood samples of 2 ml (or 5 ml for the blank sample) are taken from the vena cephalica (forearm) with ~~ sterile needle (diameter about 1.2 mm) and collected into 5 ml plastic tubes containing EDTA at -15 min, 30 min, 1 hour, 1.5 hours, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours after the oral administration of the drug.
The blood samples are stored at albout -18°C until drug assay. The blood samples are analyzed by radioimmunoassays (IRIA). The median blood concentrations of Ciclosporin or Compound Z in dogs are plotted. The areas under the blood drug concentration versus time curves (AUC) are calculaoed using the trapezoidal rule. An analysis of variance (CV) is performed and the mean AUCs, Cm~ and T~,~ are compared statistically by the Tukey test.
The results obtained are shown in the following table.
-16- Case 100-7930 CompositionAUC 0_z4 n C~,~ Tm Mean CV Mean CV Mean CV
[ng.h/m:i] [% [ng/ml] [%] [h] [%]
]
Ex 2(a) 4220 13 814 15 0.9 26 Ex 3(a) 9857 25 1545 14 1.3 61 Ex 2(c) 3459 23 806 15 0.8 36 Ex 2(d) 4065 21 884 31 0.9 40 Ex 3(b) 8767 29 1146 23 1.3 30 Ex 3(c) 11558 23 1729 18 1.1 21 The behaviour and hody weight of the animals are monitored during the study.
No body weight loss or abnormal behaviour can be detected. The compositions have a therapeutically effective bioavailability.
Example 5 Clinical Trial The pharmaceutical properties of the pharmaceutical composition in humans are compared to those of Cici~,osporin market forni in a human trial. The pharmaceutical compositions are tested b:y orally ,administering the forms to 18 healthy volunteers in a cross-over design, under wasted and fed conditions. The pharmacokinetic profile of Ciclosporin is determined in whole blood over 24 hours using a specific monoclonal antibody. The areas under the curve of the blood concentration versus time curves (AUC), Cm~ and Tm~ are determined.
Three times 200 mg. of Ciclosporin, in a form corresponding to the form of example 2a, is administered orally under fasted and fed conditions. For comparison, three times 200 mg of Ciclosporin, in the form of the Ciclosporin market form, is administered orally under fasted conditions. :Blood samples of 2 ml (or 5 ml for the blank sample) are taken with a sterile needle and collected into ~ ml plastic tubes containing EDTA at -15 min, 30 2~~,~~2~
-17- Case 100-7930 min, 1 hour, 1.5 hours, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours after the oral administrati~~n of the; drug. The blood samples are stored at about -18°C until drug assay. The blood samples arf; analyzed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) using a specific monoclonal antibody. The; median blood concentrations of Ciclosporin are plotted. The areas under the blood drug concentration versus time curves (AUC) are calculated using the trapezoidal rule. An analysis of variance (CV) is performed and the mean AUCs, Cm~
and T~"~ are compared statistically by the Tukey test. The results obtained are shown in the following table.
CompositionAUC o_z,, n Ca~aX Tm Mean CV Mean CV Mean CV
[ng.h/ml] [%] [ng/ml] [%] [h] [%]
Ex 2a 4013 16 964 20 1.5 24 (fasted) Ex 2a (fed)4066 18 918 33 1.7 37 Market 2958 35 637 41 2.3 52 (fasted) Also the relative bioavailabillities are:
Example 2a (fasted): 151 Example 2a (fed): 159 Market form (fasted): 100 The results indicate that infra-subject variability in blood concentration is reduced more than two fold with the formulation of example 2a. Also the effect of food intake on bioavailability is small. Further, the ratio Cm~/AUC (which gives an indication of rate of absorption) is up to 30% higher with the formulation of example 1. Moveover, the extent of absorption is up to twice greater, although on average 1.5 times, with the formulation of example 1. Consequently the pha~rrnaceutical compositions have much better
This invention relates to galenic formulations which contain one or more members selected from the cyclosporin class.
Cyclosporins comprise a class of structurally distinct, cyclic, poly-N-methylated undecapeptides, generally possessing immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and/or anti-parasitic activity, each to a greater or lesser degree. The first of the cyclosporins tv be identified was the fungal metabolite Cyclosporin A, or Ciclosporin, and its structure is given in The Merck Index, 11th Edition; Merck & Co., Inc.;
Rahway, New Jersey, USA ( 1989) under listing 2759. Large numbers of other cyclosporins are also known and examples are disclosed in UK patent application No 2 222 770 A.
Cyclosporins are generally very insoluble in aqueous media. Consequently, severe difficulties have arisen in developing stable pharmaceutically acceptable formulations which allow delivery of the drug in sufficiently high concentrations to permit convenient use and which allow efficient and consistent absorption of the drug by the body. Problems also arise with regard to drug bioavailability and variability in patient dose response.
Cyclosporins also have side effects at higher doses and therefore their concentration in the blood must be kept within certain therapeutic ranges. It is therefore desirable for the bioavailability of the cyclosporin drug to be as predictable and constant as possible.
In order to meet these and related difficulties, UK patent application 2 222 770, discloses galenic formulations comprising a cyclosporin and which take the form of a microemulsion or microemulsion pre-concentrate. These formulations comprise a hydrophilic phase, a lipophilic phase and a surfactant. The following components for the hydrophilic phase are proposed:
Transcutol, Glycofurol and 1,2-propylene glycol. Medium chain fatty acid triglycerides are disclosed as being suitable for the Iipophilic phase. Reaction products of natural or hydrogenated vegetable oils and ethylene glycol are given as surfactants.
UK patent application 2 228 198 proposes an alternative means for meeting difficulties in relation to cyclosporin administration. Specifically it discloses oil based formulations in which the oily component comprises a combination of tri-glyceride and (i) glycerol partial esters or (ii) 1,2-propylene glycol complete or partial esters or (iii) sorbitol complete or partial esters. The products known and commercially available under the trade mark MAISINE are proposed as suitable tri- and partial glyceride components.
The disclosed compositions additionally comprise a surfactant component, for example Cremophor RH40. These may be preferably free of any hydrophilic components such as ethanol.
It has now surprisingly been found that simple, stable cyclosporin formulations that have improved bioavailability characteristics, reduced variability in inter-and infra-subject bioavailability parameters, are obtainable.
Accordingly this invention provides a pharmaceutical composition in the form of an emulsion preconcentrate and comprising a cyclosporin in a carrier medium, the carrier medium comprising: 1) a hydrophilic organic solvent, 2) (a) a mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glyceride or (b) a transesterified and polyethoxylated vegetable oil, and 3) a polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-fatty acid ester surfactant.
The pharmaceutical compositions are simple, stable, and provide surprisingly high bioavailabilities. For example, in clinical trials in which healthy volunteers each received three times 200 mg cyclosporin A in soft gelatin capsules under fasted and fed conditions, the pharmaceutical compositions resulted in at least a I50% increase in bioavailability as compared to the Cyclosporin market form which is disclosed in US patent 4388307. Also, in the same trials, the relative bioavailability under fasted and fed conditions differed by less than 5%. This indicates very low inter-subject variability. Moreover infra-subject variability is reduced more than two fold. Hence the pharmaceutical compositions have very surprising properties which offer great advantages over the Cyclosporin market form.
The pharmaceutical composition is an emulsion preconcentrate; that is it has the characteristics of a stable emulsion preconcentrate system and spontaneously forms an emulsion in an aqueous medium, for example, in water or in the gastric juices after oral application. The emulsion formed is opaque, thermodynamically stable and contains dispersed droplets of a size greater than about 100 nm, more usually greater than about 200 nm. The pharmaceutical compositions are preferably emulsion preconcentrates of the type providing o/w (oil-in-water) emulsions.
The term "pharmaceutical composition" as used in this specification means compositions of which the individual components or ingredients are themselves -3- Case 100-7930 pharmaceutically acceptahle. For example, where oral administration is foreseen, the components are suitable or acceptable for oral application.
The cyclosporin may be my cyclosporin having pharmaceutical utility as, for example, an immunosuppressive agent, an anti-parasitic agent or an agent for the reversal of mufti-drug resistance. In particular the cyclosporin may be Cyclosporin A
(also known as and referred to as Ciclosporin).,, and Cyclosporin G.
Suitably the phamaaceutica~l composition comprises from about 1 or 2 to 30%, preferably from 5 to 25% (more preferably from 7.5 to 15%, for example about 10%) by weight of cyclosporin based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
The hydrophilic organic solvent preferably comprises pharmaceutically acceptable, hydrophilic organic solvents whiclh are suitable for oral administration.
Examples are Transcutol, Glycofurol, ethyl acetate, propylene glycol and lower alkanols, or mixtures thereof. Preferred solvents are 1,2-propylene glycol and mixtures of 1,2-propylene glycol and ethanol. If the component (2) is a mixed mono-, di- and tri-glyceride, 1,2-propylene glycol and mixtures of 1,:?-propylc;ne glycol and ethanol are particularly preferred.
Suitably the hydrophilic organic solvent is present in an amount of from 1.0 to 50%
(preferably from 5 to 40~~, more preferably from 10 to 35%, and even more preferably from about 15 to about 30%) by vveight based on the total weight of the carrier medium.
When the hydrophilic organic solvent comprises a mixture of 1,2-propylene glycol and ethanol, the co-component, that is the ethanol, is suitably present in an amount of up to about 20% (preferably up to about 15%, more preferably from about 5 to 15%
and even more preferably 5 to 10%) by weight based in the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. Thus the co-component is suitably present in an amount of from about 25 to 85% by weight based on 'the total weight of the organic solvent (for example 1,2-propylene glycol plus ethanol). Morc; preferably the co-component is present in an amount of from 50% to 85%, for example from 70 to 80% based on the total weight of the hydrophilic organic solvent.
If component (2) comprises mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides, the mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides preferably comprise a mixture of Cla-ao fatty acid mono-, di- and tri-glycerides. C,6-18 fatty acid mono-, di- and triglycerides are especially preferred. The fatty acid component of the mixed mono-, di- and tri-glycerides may comprise both saturated and unsaturated fatty acid residues. Preferably however the mixed glycerides are -4- Case 100-7930 predominantly comprised of unsaturated fatty acid residues, in particular Ct8 unsaturated fatty acid residues such as linolenic, linoleic and oleic acid residues.
Suitably the mixed glycerides comprise at least 60%., preferably at least 75%, more preferably 85% or more by weight C,g unsaturated fatty acid mono-, di- and tri-glycerides. Suitably the mixed glycerides comprise less than 20%, for example about 15% or 10% by weight, saturated fatty acid mono-, di- and. tri-glycerides (for example palmitic and stearic acid mono-, di-and tri-glycerides).
The mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides are preferably predominantly comprised of mono- and di-glycerides. For example they comprise at least 50%, more preferably at least 70% (for example 7 5%, 80°,0, or 85% by weight) mono- and di-glycerides, based on the total weight of comp~~nent (2)(a).
The mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides suitably comprise from about 25 to about 50% (preferably from about 30 to about 40%, and more preferably about 35 to 40%) monoglycerides, based on the tota weight of component (2)(a).
The mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides suitably comprise from about 30 to about 60% (preferably from ablaut 40 to about 55%, and more preferably about 45 to 50%) di-glycerides, based on the total weight of component (2)(a).
The mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides suitably comprise at least 5%
(preferably from about 7.5 to about 20%, and more preferably 9 to 15%) by weight of triglycerides, based on the total weight of component (2)(a).
The mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides may be prepared by admixing individual mono-, di- or tri-glycerides in appropriate relative proportion. Conveniently however the mixed glycerides comprise transesterification products of vegetable oils, for example almond oil, ground nut oil, olive oil, peach oil, palm oil, soybean oil, corn oil, sunflower oil or safflower oil, with glycerol. Preferably the vegetable oil is corn oil.
Also mixtures of the oils may be transesterified with glycerol.
The transesterification products are generally obtained by heating the selected vegetable oil with glycerol to effect trans-esterification or glycerolysis.
This may be carried out at high temperature in the presence of an appropriate catalyst, under an inert atmosphere and with continuous agitation. In addition to the mono-, di- and tri-glyceride components, the transeste:rification products also generally comprise minor amounts of free glycerol. However the amount of free glycerol in the mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides is preferably less than 10%, more preferably less than 5%, most preferably about 1 to 2%
by weight, based on the total weight of component (2)(a).
Preferably some of the glycerol is first removed (for example by distillation) to give a "substantially glycerol free batch", when soft gelatine capsules are to be made.
Trans-esterification products of corn oil and glycerol provide particularly suitable mixed mono-, dl-, and tri-glycerides. An example of a suitable mixed glyceride product is the trans-esterification product commercially available under the trade mark MAISINE.
This product is comprised predominantly of Iinoleic and oleic acid mono-, dl-and tri-glycerides together with minor amounts of palmitic and stearic acid mono-, dl- and tri-glycerides (corn oil itself being comprised of about 56% by weight linoleic acid, 30%
oleic acid, about 10% palmitic and about 3% stearic acid constituents). The physical characteristics of MAISINE [available from the company Etablissements Gattefosse, of 36, Chemin de Genas, P.O.Box 603, 69804 Saint-Priest, Cedex (France)] are: up to 10%
(typically 3.9 to 4.9% or, in "substantially glycerol free" batches, about 0.2%) free glycerol; about 35% (typically 30 to 40% or, in "substantially glycerol free"
batches, about 32 to 36%, for example about 36%) mono-glycerides; about 50% (or, in "substantially glycerol free" batches about 46 to 48%) di-glycerides; about 10% (or, in "substantially glycerol free" batches, about I2 to IS%) tri-glycerides; and about 1% free oleic acid.
Further physical characteristics for MAISINE are: an acid value of maximum about 2, an iodine no. of about 85 to 105, a saponification no. of about 150 to 175 (Fiedler "Lexikon tier Hilfsstoffe", 3rd revised and expanded edition (1989) Vol. 2, p.768). The fatty acid content for MAISINE is typically: about I1% palmitic acid; about 2.5% stearic acid; about 29% oleic acid; about 56% linoleic acid; and 1.5% other acids.
It is especially preferred that the mixed mono-, dl-, and tri-glycerides are clear and remain clear fox more than 20 days upon storage at temperatures of 20°C
to 25°C. Also, a sample of the mixed mono-, dl-, and tri-glycerides, which has been kept in a refrigerator at about between 2 and 8°C for 24 hours and then held at room temperature for 1 hour, should be clear.
Preferably the mono-, dl-, tri-glycerides have a low saturated fatty acid content.
Mixed mono-, dl-, tri-glycerides meeting these requirements may be obtained from commercially available products by separation techniques as known in the art (for example freezing procedures coupled with separation techniques such as centrifugation) to remove -6- Case 100-7930 the saturated fatty acid components and enhance the unsaturated fatty acid component content. Typically the total saturated fatty acid component content will be less than 15%, (for example <10%, or <:5%) by weight based on the total weight of the component (2)(a).
A reduction of the content of saturated fatty acid component in the mono-glyceride fraction may be observed after being subjected to the separation technique. A suitable process is described in WO 93/09211.
Hence the mixed mono-, chi-, tri-glycerides preferably contain lesser quantities of saturated fatty acids (e.g. palmitic: and stearic acids) and relatively greater quantities of unsaturated fatty acids (e.g. oleic and linoleic acids) than the starting material.
A suitable example of a mixed mono-, di-, tri-glyceride product containing lesser quantities of saturated faay acids contains : 32 to 36% mono-glycerides, 45 to 55%
di-glycerides and 12 to 20% tri-glycerides, by weight based on the total weight of the lipophilic phase. Further characteristics include the following:
Fatty acid content Methyl linoleate 53 to (as determined as the methyl 63%, ester by Methyl oleate 24 to 34%, chromatography) Methyl linolenate 0 to 3%
Methyl arachate 0 to 3%, Methyl palmitate 6 to 12%, Methyl stearate 1 to 3%
Relative Density 0.94 to 0.96 Hydroxyl Value 140 to 210 Iodine Value 110 to 20 Peroxide Value <4.0 Free Glycerol . < 1.0 Saponification no about 150 to 185 Acid value max. about 2 Mixed mono-, di-~, tri-glyc:erides complying with these characteristics are referred _' to in this specification as "refned glycerol-transesterified corn oils". The "refined glycerol-transesterified corn oils" have the advantage of remaining stable for a long time.
If components (2) comprises a transesterified and polyethoxylated vegetable oil, it preferably comprises transesterification products which are formed by transesterifying a vegetable oil triglyceride with a polyethylene glycol. Preferred transesterified and polyethoxylated vegetable oils are obtainable by transesterification of triglycerides from kernel oil, almond oil, ground nut oil, olive oil, soybean oil, maize oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil and/or palm oil, with one molar equivalent of a polyethylene glycol that has a molar weight between 200 and 800. These transesterified and polyethoxylated vegetable oils are available from GATTEFOSSE, Saint-Priest Cedex, France, under the trade mark LABRAFIL (Fiedler loc cit, Vol. 2, page 707). A preferred transesterif ed and polyethoxylated vegetable oil is LABRAFIL 2125 CS (oleic acid linoleic acid glyceride from maize oil) having an acid number of 2, a saponification number of 155 to 175 and an iodine number of 90 to 110. Another example is LABRAFIL M 1944 CS (obtained from kernel oil and having an acid number of about 2, a saponification number of 145 to 175 and an iodine number of 60 to 90). LABRAFIL M 2130 CS (which is a transesterification product of a Cl2.~s glyceride and polyethylene glycol and which has a melting point of about 35 to 40°C, an acid number of less than about 2, a saponification number of 185 to 200 and an iodine number of less than about 3) may also be used. The preferred transesterified ethoxylated vegetable oil is LABR.AFIL M 2125 CS.
The transesterification products are generally obtained by heating the selected vegetable oil with polyethylene glycol to effect transester~cation. This is done at high temperature in the presence of an appropriate catalyst under an inert atmosphere with continuous agitation. This process is described in US patent 3288824.
The transesterified and polyethoxylated vegetable oil may also comprise esters of saturated or unsaturated C12.~ fatty acids with glycerol or propylene glycol, for example glycerol monooleate. Products of this type are known and commercially available.
Suitably component (2) is present in the pharmaceutical compositions in an amount of from 5 to 65%, preferably from 15 to 45%, more preferably from 20 to 40%, and even more preferably from about 25 to about 40%, based on the total weight of the carrier medium.
The polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-fatty acid ester surfactant preferably has an HLB
of at -g-least 10. Examples of suitable polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-fatty acid ester surfactants are mono- and tri-lauryl, palmityl, stearyl and oleyl esters such as those known and commercially available under the trade mark TWEEN (Fiedler, loc.cit. p.1300-1304).
Examples include the TWEEN
20 (polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitanmonolaurate], 21 [polyoxyethylene(4)sorbitanmonolaurate], 40 [polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitanmonopalmitate], 60 [polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitanmonostearate], 65 [polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitantristearate], 80 [polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitanmonooleate], 85 [polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitantrioleate].
Especially preferred TWEEN 20 and TWEEN 80.
Suitably the polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-fatty acid ester is present in the pharmaceutical compositions in an amount of from 25 to 75°k (preferably from 30 to 60%, more preferably from about 30 or 40%) based on the total weight of the carrier medium.
The pharmaceutical composition may further include (4) water, in which case the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a stable emulsion.
The pharmaceutical composition may also include further additives or ingredients, for example antioxidants (such as ascorbyl palmitate, butyl hydroxy anisole (BHA), butyl hydroxy toluene (BHT) and tocopherols) and/or preserving agents. These additives or ingredients may comprise about 0.05 to 1% by weight of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. The pharmaceutical composition may also include sweetening or flavoring agents in an amount of up to about 2.5 or 5% by weight based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. Preferably the antioxidant is a-tocopherol (vitamin E).
The pharmaceutical composition has been found to exhibit especially advantageous properties when administered orally in terms of both the consistency and high level of bioavailability achieved as indicated in standard bioavailability tests and clinical trials.
Hence the pharmaceutical composition provides an improved oral administration form for cyclosporins (e.g. Ciclosporin) as it exhibits absence of significant food interaction, which has been observed with the commercially available oral form of Ciclosporin, especially with fat, rich food. Moreover, inter-subject and'intra-subject variability of pharmacokinetic ~1Q~8~~1 -9- Case 100-7930 parameters are significantly lower than with the commercially available oral form of Ciclosporin. Thus the pharmacokinetic parameters (for example absorption and blood levels), become surprisingly more; predictable and this reduces problems which have occurred previously with erratic aibsorption of Ciclosporin.
Additionally the pharmaceutical composition exhibits improved bioavailability in patients having malabsorption, fo:r example liver transplantation patients or pediatric patients. Further the pharmaceutical composition is compatible with tenside materials, for example bile salts, present in the gastro-intestinal tract. That is, the pharmaceutical composition is fully dispersible in aqueous systems comprising such natural tensides and is thus capable of providing emulsion systems in situ which are stable and do not exhibit precipitation of the active ingredient or other disruption of fine particulate structure. The function of the pharmaceutical composition upon oral administration remains substantially independent of and/or unimpaired. by the relative presence or absence of bile salts at any particular time or for any given individual.
The pharmaceutical composirion is preferably compounded into unit dosage form, for example by filling it into orally administrable capsule shells (for example soft or hard gelatine capsule shells) but, if desired, may be in drink solution form. Where the pharmaceutical composition is in unit dosage form, each unit dosage suitably contains between 10 and 200 mg ~~yclosporin, more suitably between 10 and 150 mg, for example 15, 20, 25, 50 or 100 mg cyclosporin. Such unit dosage forms are suitable for administration lx, 2x, 3x and up to Sx daily (for example, depending on the particular purpose of therapy, the phase of therapy, etc.).
The utility of the pharmaceutical composirion can be observed in standard clinical tests in, for example, known indications of cyclosporins at dosages giving equivalent blood levels of cyclosporins; for examplle using dosages in the range of 25 mg to 1000 mg of cyclosporin per day for a 75 kilol,~ram adult and in standard animal models.
The increased bioavailability of the active ingredient provided by the compositions can be observed in standard animal tests and in clinical trials, for example as set out in Examples 4 and 5.
The optimal dosal;e of cyc:losporin to be administered to a particular patient must be considered carefully by the treating physician as individual response to and metabolism of the cyclosporin may vary. It rnay be advisable to monitor the blood serum levels of the cyclosporin by radioimmunoassay, monoclonal antibody assay, or other appropriate -10- Case 100-7930 conventional means. Dosages of the cyclosporin will generally range from 25 mg to 1000 mg per day for a 75 kilogram adult, preferably 50 mg to 500 mg. Satisfactory results are obtained by administering capsules containing 50 mg or 100 mg cyclosporin in amounts to make up a dose as needed.
In another aspect the invention also provides a process for the production of a pharmaceutical composition as defined above, which process comprises admixing a cyclosporin; an organic solvent; a mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glyceride or a transesterified and polyethoxylated vegf;table oil.; and a polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-fatty acid ester. If required, the obtained pharmaceutical composition may be compounded into unit dosage form.
In a more particular embodiment, the components are admixed such that an emulsion preconcentrate and, when required, combining the obtained pharmaceutical composition with sufficient water or sufficient of an aqueous solvent medium such that an emulsion is obtained.
The following ex~unples are illustrative of the pharmaceutical composition, in unit dosage form, suitable for use, for example in the prevenrion of transplant rejection or for the treatment of autoimm.une disease, on administration of from 1 to 5 unit dosages/day.
The examples are described with particular reference to Ciclosporin and [0-(2-hydroxyethyl)-(D)-;ier]8-Ciclosporin (referred to as Compound Z in this specification). However equivalent pharmaceutical compositions may be obtained employing any other cycl.osporin.
Example 1 Preparation o1~ "refined glycerol-transesterified corn oil".
Substantially-glycerol free., glycerol-transesterified corn oil (if necessary after heating to give a clear mixture) is. slowly cooled to a temperature of +20°C and kept at this temperature for one night. The corn oil is centrifuged at an acceleration of 12 000 G and at a flow rate of 103 kg/l in a continuous flow centrifuge to give a liquid phase (62 kg/h) and a sediment-containin;; phase (41 kg/h). The liquid phase is slowly cooled to +8°C and kept at this temperature for one night. The liquid phase is then centrifuged at an acceleration of 12 000 G and at a flow rate of 112 kg/h to give a liquid phase (76.2 kg/h) and a sediment-containing phase (35.8 kg/h). The liquid phase is "refined -11- Case 100-7930 glycerol-transesterified corn oil". Alternatively an improved product may be obtained by effecting the centrifugation in three steps, e.g. at +20°C, +10°C and +5°C.
The process is characterised by a slight percentage reduction in the mono-glyceride component in the refined glycerol transesterified corn oil as compared to the starting material (e.g. 35.6% compared to 38.3%).
A typical analytical com~~arison between the sediment and clear solution is as follows:
Compound Sediment ( % ) Clear Solution ( %
) Mono palmitate 19.1 3.4 Mono linoleate + 23.4 27.0 Mono oleate Mono stearate 5.7 <2 Dilinoleate + 3.5.4 44.7 Dioleate Other di-glycerides 7..7 10.4 Tri-glycerides 8..7 12.5 In a variant of this refinin;; procedure, similar "refined glycerol-transesterified corn oil" compositions may be obtained by heating the starting material to +80°C for one hour under nitrogen. Then the. heated :material is cooled down to +16°C, while agitated slightly, using a 1°C difference between temperature of the material and temperature of the cooling fluid. The cooled material is maintained at +16°C for about 12 hours, while agitated slightly, and then cooled down to about +8°C. Precipitate is then removed by means of a band filter under vacuum.
In a further variant, similar "refined glycerol-transesterified corn oil"
compositions may be obtained by heating the starting material to +75°C under nitrogen and then cooling it down to +8°C within a period of 5 to 6 hours.
In yet a further variant, similar "refined glycerol-transesterified corn oil"
compositions may be obtained by heating the starting material to +80°C
for 1 hour and then ~~.0~~~'~
-12- Case 100-7930 cooling it down to +8°C using a stepwise cooling procedure. T'he cooling procedure comprises: cooling to +25°C in 1 hour, maintaining at +25°C for 8 hours, cooling to +20°C
in 0.5 hours, maintaining at +20°C for 1 hour, cooling to +15°C
in 0.5 hours, maintaining at +15°C for 1 hour, cooling to +1CI°C in 0.5 hours, maintaining at +10°C for 1 hour, cooling to +8°C in 0.5 hours, staying at 8°C for 2 hours, and filtering the batch through a 0.5 um mesh filter under a pressL~re of 0.5 bars.
A typical refined product obtained from these procedures contains the following:
Components Glycerides:
1 mono 3 3.3 C) di 52.1 tri 14.b Fatty acids:
palmitic acid (C 16) 7.8 stearic acid (C18) 1.7 oleic acid (C 18:1 ) 31.6 linoleic acid (C18:2) 57.7 Glycerol content < 1 %
Example 2:
Preparation of oral unit d~~sage forms COMPONENT Ex 2(a) Ex 2(b) Ex 2(c) Ex 2(d) Ex 2(e) /mg /mg /mg /mg /mg Ciclosporin 50 100 50 50 100 1,2-propylene 37 38 80 19 160 glycol ethanol 75 135 50 67.5 100 LABRAFIL 2125 - 344. 40 172 80 CS
I
TWEEN 80 225 383 280 191.5 560 Total per capsule500 1000 500 500 1000 The cyclosporin is dissolved in the 1,2-propylene glycol and ethanol with stirring at room temperature. MAISINE or LABRAFIL 2125 CS and TWEEN 80 are added to the obtained solution again with stirring. The obtained mixture is filled into hard or soft gelatine capsules. The hard gelatin capsules may be sealed, for example using the Quali-Seal technique.
Instead of filling the mixture in the indicated amount into unit dosage forms (i.e.
hard gelatine capsules or soft gelatine capsules), a storage mixture may be prepared by combining the indicated components in the indicated ratios. Such storage mixtures may serve for exactly administering the required dosage to a patient, being in need of dosage other than simple multiples of the unit dosage form.
Examine 3:
Preparation of oran unit dosage forms for Compound Z
COMPONENT Ex 3(a) Ex 3(b) Ex 3(c) /mg /mg /mg Compound Z 50 50 50 1,2-propylene glycol 100 112.5 115 TWEEN 80 175 247.5 345 Total per capsule 500 S00 625 The cyclosporin is dissolved in the 1,2-propylene glycol with stirring at room temperature. The MAISINE or LABRAFIL 2125 CS and Tween 80 are added to the obtained solution again with stirring. The obtained mixture is filled into hard or soft gelatine capsules. The hard gelatin capsules may be sealed, for example using the Quali-Seal technique.
Instead of filling the mixture in the indicated amount into unit dosage forms (i.e.
hard gelatine capsules or soft gelatine capsules), a storage mixture may be prepared by combining the indicated components in the indicated ratios. Such storage mixtures may serve for exactly administering the required dosage to a patient, being in need of dosage other than simple multiples of the unit dosage form.
Example 4: Bioavailability in do-gs The biopharmaceutical properties are tested using the pharmaceutical composition in the form of unit dosage, gelatine capsules containing Ciclosporin or Compound Z. The pharmaceutical compositions are tested by orally administering the forms to 8 male beagle dogs in a cross-over design. The pharmacokinetic profile of Ciclosporin or Compound Z is determined in whole blood over 24 hours. The areas under the curve of the blood concentration versus time curves (AUC), C~ and Tmu are determined.
_...
-15- Case 100-7930 Forms: A dose 50 mg Cic;losporin/dog using the forms of examples 2(a), 2(c), 2(d), 3(a), 3(b), 3(c).
Drug administration:
8 male beagle dogs weighing around 12 kg are used. Twenty hours before the drug administration, food is withdrawn but the animals are allowed free access to water until the beginning of the experiment. The dosage forms are administered by gavage to the animals, early in the morning (approx. 8.0C1 am), and are followed by 20 ml NaCI
0.9°lo solution.
Three hours after the adtr.~inistration, the animals are again allowed free access to water and food. A one week wash-out period is necessary between 2 administrations to the same animal.
Blood sampling Blood samples of 2 ml (or 5 ml for the blank sample) are taken from the vena cephalica (forearm) with ~~ sterile needle (diameter about 1.2 mm) and collected into 5 ml plastic tubes containing EDTA at -15 min, 30 min, 1 hour, 1.5 hours, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours after the oral administration of the drug.
The blood samples are stored at albout -18°C until drug assay. The blood samples are analyzed by radioimmunoassays (IRIA). The median blood concentrations of Ciclosporin or Compound Z in dogs are plotted. The areas under the blood drug concentration versus time curves (AUC) are calculaoed using the trapezoidal rule. An analysis of variance (CV) is performed and the mean AUCs, Cm~ and T~,~ are compared statistically by the Tukey test.
The results obtained are shown in the following table.
-16- Case 100-7930 CompositionAUC 0_z4 n C~,~ Tm Mean CV Mean CV Mean CV
[ng.h/m:i] [% [ng/ml] [%] [h] [%]
]
Ex 2(a) 4220 13 814 15 0.9 26 Ex 3(a) 9857 25 1545 14 1.3 61 Ex 2(c) 3459 23 806 15 0.8 36 Ex 2(d) 4065 21 884 31 0.9 40 Ex 3(b) 8767 29 1146 23 1.3 30 Ex 3(c) 11558 23 1729 18 1.1 21 The behaviour and hody weight of the animals are monitored during the study.
No body weight loss or abnormal behaviour can be detected. The compositions have a therapeutically effective bioavailability.
Example 5 Clinical Trial The pharmaceutical properties of the pharmaceutical composition in humans are compared to those of Cici~,osporin market forni in a human trial. The pharmaceutical compositions are tested b:y orally ,administering the forms to 18 healthy volunteers in a cross-over design, under wasted and fed conditions. The pharmacokinetic profile of Ciclosporin is determined in whole blood over 24 hours using a specific monoclonal antibody. The areas under the curve of the blood concentration versus time curves (AUC), Cm~ and Tm~ are determined.
Three times 200 mg. of Ciclosporin, in a form corresponding to the form of example 2a, is administered orally under fasted and fed conditions. For comparison, three times 200 mg of Ciclosporin, in the form of the Ciclosporin market form, is administered orally under fasted conditions. :Blood samples of 2 ml (or 5 ml for the blank sample) are taken with a sterile needle and collected into ~ ml plastic tubes containing EDTA at -15 min, 30 2~~,~~2~
-17- Case 100-7930 min, 1 hour, 1.5 hours, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours after the oral administrati~~n of the; drug. The blood samples are stored at about -18°C until drug assay. The blood samples arf; analyzed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) using a specific monoclonal antibody. The; median blood concentrations of Ciclosporin are plotted. The areas under the blood drug concentration versus time curves (AUC) are calculated using the trapezoidal rule. An analysis of variance (CV) is performed and the mean AUCs, Cm~
and T~"~ are compared statistically by the Tukey test. The results obtained are shown in the following table.
CompositionAUC o_z,, n Ca~aX Tm Mean CV Mean CV Mean CV
[ng.h/ml] [%] [ng/ml] [%] [h] [%]
Ex 2a 4013 16 964 20 1.5 24 (fasted) Ex 2a (fed)4066 18 918 33 1.7 37 Market 2958 35 637 41 2.3 52 (fasted) Also the relative bioavailabillities are:
Example 2a (fasted): 151 Example 2a (fed): 159 Market form (fasted): 100 The results indicate that infra-subject variability in blood concentration is reduced more than two fold with the formulation of example 2a. Also the effect of food intake on bioavailability is small. Further, the ratio Cm~/AUC (which gives an indication of rate of absorption) is up to 30% higher with the formulation of example 1. Moveover, the extent of absorption is up to twice greater, although on average 1.5 times, with the formulation of example 1. Consequently the pha~rrnaceutical compositions have much better
Claims (10)
1. A pharmaceutical composition in the form of an emulsion preconcentrate and comprising a cyclosporin in a carrier medium, the carrier medium comprising:
1) a hydrophilic organic solvent, 2) (a) a mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glyceride or (b) a transesterified and polyethoxylated vegetable oil, and 3) a polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-fatty acid ester surfactant.
1) a hydrophilic organic solvent, 2) (a) a mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glyceride or (b) a transesterified and polyethoxylated vegetable oil, and 3) a polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-fatty acid ester surfactant.
2. A composition according to claim 1 in which the hydrophilic organic solvent comprises a mixture of 1,2-propylene glycol and ethanol; the ethanol comprising 25 to 85% by weight of the organic solvent.
3. A composition according to claim 1 or claim 2 in which component (2) is a mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glyceride comprising a trans-esterification product of a vegetable oil;
the mixed mono-, di- and tri-glycerides comprising at least 60% by weight C18 unsaturated fatty acid mono-, di- and tri-glycerides and less than 20% by weight, saturated fatty acid mono-, di- and tri-glycerides.
the mixed mono-, di- and tri-glycerides comprising at least 60% by weight C18 unsaturated fatty acid mono-, di- and tri-glycerides and less than 20% by weight, saturated fatty acid mono-, di- and tri-glycerides.
4. A composition according to claim 3 in which the mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides comprise from about 30 to about 40% by weight monoglycerides, from about 40 to about 55% by weight di-glycerides, from about 7.5 to about 20% by weight of triglycerides, and less than about 10% by weight free glycerol, based on the total weight of component (2)(a).
5. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4 in which component (3) is a polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitanmonooleate.
6. A pharmaceutical composition in the form of an emulsion preconcentrate and comprising from about 7.5 to about 15% by weight of a cyclosporin in a carrier medium, the carrier medium comprising: 1) about 15 to about 30% by weight of the carrier medium of a mixture of 1,2-propylene glycol and ethanol, 2) about 20 to 35% by weight of the carrier medium of a mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glyceride comprising about 0.2%
free glycerol; about 32 to 36% mono-glycerides; about 46 to 48% di-glycerides;
about 12 to 15% tri-glycerides; and about 1% free oleic acid, based on the weight of component (2), and 3) from about 30 to about 60% by weight of the carrier medium of a polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-fatty acid ester surfactant.
free glycerol; about 32 to 36% mono-glycerides; about 46 to 48% di-glycerides;
about 12 to 15% tri-glycerides; and about 1% free oleic acid, based on the weight of component (2), and 3) from about 30 to about 60% by weight of the carrier medium of a polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-fatty acid ester surfactant.
7. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6 in unit dosage form.
8. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7 further comprising an aqueous phase to form an emulsion .
9. A process for the production of a pharmaceutical composition as defined in claim 1, which process comprises admixing a cyclosporin; an organic solvent; a mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glyceride or a transesterified and polyethoxylated vegetable oil; and a polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-fatty acid ester.
10. The use of a mixture comprising: 1) a hydrophilic organic solvent, 2) (a) a mixed mono-, di-, and tri-glyceride or (b) a transesterified and polyethoxylated vegetable oil, and 3) a polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-fatty acid ester surfactant as a carrier medium for a cyclosporin in a pharmaceutically acceptable emulsion preconcentrate.
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB929220245A GB9220245D0 (en) | 1992-09-25 | 1992-09-25 | Organic compounds |
| GB929220246A GB9220246D0 (en) | 1992-09-25 | 1992-09-25 | Organic compounds |
| GB9220246.4 | 1992-09-25 | ||
| GB929220247A GB9220247D0 (en) | 1992-09-25 | 1992-09-25 | Organic compounds |
| GB9220245.6 | 1992-09-25 | ||
| GB9220247.2 | 1992-09-25 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2106827A1 CA2106827A1 (en) | 1994-03-26 |
| CA2106827C true CA2106827C (en) | 2007-04-24 |
Family
ID=27266380
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002106827A Expired - Fee Related CA2106827C (en) | 1992-09-25 | 1993-09-23 | Pharmaceutical compositions containing cyclosporins |
Country Status (13)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US6420355B2 (en) |
| EP (2) | EP1142568A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2828387B2 (en) |
| AT (1) | AT407703B (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2106827C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE4332436B4 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK0589843T3 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2168271T3 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2696094B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2270842B (en) |
| HK (1) | HK1005306A1 (en) |
| PT (1) | PT589843E (en) |
| SG (1) | SG65581A1 (en) |
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-
1993
- 1993-09-21 PT PT93810664T patent/PT589843E/en unknown
- 1993-09-21 EP EP01109837A patent/EP1142568A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1993-09-21 ES ES93810664T patent/ES2168271T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-09-21 EP EP93810664A patent/EP0589843B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-09-21 DK DK93810664T patent/DK0589843T3/en active
- 1993-09-22 FR FR9311377A patent/FR2696094B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-09-22 SG SG1996007472A patent/SG65581A1/en unknown
- 1993-09-22 GB GB9319516A patent/GB2270842B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-09-23 AT AT0192293A patent/AT407703B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-09-23 CA CA002106827A patent/CA2106827C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-09-23 DE DE4332436A patent/DE4332436B4/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-09-24 JP JP5237805A patent/JP2828387B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-05-21 HK HK98104412A patent/HK1005306A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2001
- 2001-04-05 US US09/826,719 patent/US6420355B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-04-12 US US10/122,756 patent/US20020165134A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| HK1005306A1 (en) | 1998-12-31 |
| DE4332436A1 (en) | 1994-03-31 |
| JPH06199683A (en) | 1994-07-19 |
| DE4332436B4 (en) | 2007-04-26 |
| US6420355B2 (en) | 2002-07-16 |
| EP1142568A1 (en) | 2001-10-10 |
| AT407703B (en) | 2001-05-25 |
| DK0589843T3 (en) | 2002-04-02 |
| GB2270842B (en) | 1997-04-02 |
| ATA192293A (en) | 2000-10-15 |
| ES2168271T3 (en) | 2002-06-16 |
| GB2270842A (en) | 1994-03-30 |
| EP0589843B1 (en) | 2001-11-28 |
| FR2696094A1 (en) | 1994-04-01 |
| PT589843E (en) | 2002-04-29 |
| SG65581A1 (en) | 1999-06-22 |
| EP0589843A1 (en) | 1994-03-30 |
| US20020165134A1 (en) | 2002-11-07 |
| GB9319516D0 (en) | 1993-11-10 |
| FR2696094B1 (en) | 1995-08-18 |
| US20020016292A1 (en) | 2002-02-07 |
| JP2828387B2 (en) | 1998-11-25 |
| CA2106827A1 (en) | 1994-03-26 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed |