CA2107231A1

CA2107231A1 - Method and apparatus for in vivo heart valve decalcification

Info

Publication number: CA2107231A1
Application number: CA002107231A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Leonid Shturman
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Shturman Cardiology Systems Inc
Priority date: 1991-04-04
Filing date: 1992-03-30
Publication date: 1992-10-05
Also published as: EP0578731A1; JPH06505416A; AU652902B2; WO1992017118A1; AU1677392A; EP0578731A4; US5295958A; US5443446A

Abstract

A method and apparatus for in vivo removal of calcified deposits from an aortic valve. The apparatus includes an anchoring balloon catheter (24) fixatable across the aortic valve, a tool (40) for removing the deposits (15), and attachment means (60) for securing the tool (40) with respect to the anchoring balloon (24) and the aortic valve. The method involves advancing an anchoring balloon catheter (24) through the aorta (10) and positioning it across the aortic valve, inflating the anchoring balloon (24) to fixate it with respect to the aorta (10) and aortic valve, and operating a deposit removal tool (40) secured to the anchoring balloon (24) to remove the deposits (15).

Description

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METHOD ANI:~ APPARATUS FOR IN VIVO
_ HEART VALVE DI~ ,C IrI c~rl ON

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a method and apparatus for removing, in vivo, calcified deposits from heart valves.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Calcific a~rtic stenosis (i.e., the buildup of calcified deposits on the superior surface of the aortic heart valve) accounts for a large percentage of aortic stenosis cases. This condition is characterized by the buildup of calcified nodules on the upper or superior surface of the aortic valve leaflets. These nodules decrease the flexibility of the leaflets, thereby limiting ~heir mobility and capacity to fully open to permit adequate blood flow.
Absent anatomic correction, advanced aortic stenosis carries a poor prognosis.
Three techniques have been employed to correc~
aortic stenosis: valve replacement, intraoperative decalcifica~ion (debridement) of the heart valve, and balloon valvuloplasty.
Valve replacement during open heart surgery is aurrently standard therapy for symptomatic aortic stenosi~. Ten year survival rates for isolated aortic valve replacement are gen*rally very good, even in elderly patients. However, this technique requires WO92/17118 PCTlUS92/02599 ~ 3~ 2 - ~

that the patient be healthy enough to undergo open heart surgery. The operative mortality for this procedure, particularly among the elderly, is also significant--variously reported at between a~out 5 and 12%. In addition, a patient receiving a replacement valve typically must take anticoagulation drugs for the rest of his or her life--not all patients are capable of doing this. Moreover, some patients have an aortic root that is not large enough to easily accommodate conventional replacement valves. Thus, there are a signif icant number of patients for whom valve replacement is either impossible, impractical, or undesirable.
Intraoperative mechanical debridemen~
Sdecalcification) of the aortic valve to treat aortic stenosis was successfully used for many years prior to the advent of mechanical replacement valves. In this technique, the aorta is entered surgically (as in a valve replacement procedure) but rather than replace the valve the surgeon manually removes the calcified deposits, using suitable surgical tools. The debridement techniques, although for some time completely forsaken in favor of valve replacement procedures, has enjoyed some rec~nt revival, particularly for patients having a small aortic root and/or contraindications for anticoagulation therapy.
In addition to mechanical tools, recently ultrasonic debridement has also been demonstrated to be effective to remove calcific deposits. Nevertheless, these techniques still require the patient to be healthy enough ~o survive and recuperate from thoracic surgery, and involve all of the costs and risks attendant with such surgery.
The third technique for correcting ortic stenosis involves percutaneous balloon aortic " . . ~.
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W~92~17118 21 a!'l2~ PCr/lJS92/02599 _ 3 _ valvuloplas~y (BAV). In this procedure, an inflatable balloon ~atheter is advanced to thQ aortic valve and inflated to compress and fracture the calcified ~odules in an attempt to increase leaflet mobility.
Although this procedure eliminates many o~ the risks and disadvantages attendant with the preceding two techni~ues, res~enosis is very common within one year, limiting the technique's usefulness to temporarily mitigating symptoms for those patients who are poor surgical candidates or refuse surgery.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention provides a method and apparatus for in vivo removal of calcified deposits from an aortic valve. The apparatus includes an anchoring balloon catheter fixatable across the aortic valve, a tool for removing the deposits, and attachment means for securing the tool with respect to the anchoring balloon and the aortic valve.
The attachment means preferably includes means for positioning the deposit removal tool with respect to the anchoring balloon. In one embodiment the distal end of a guiding catheter is secured to the anchoring balloon, and positioning of the tool is accomplis~ed by selectively moving the distal end of the guiding catheter about the anchoring balloon and by moving the tool around within the guiding catheter.
One embodiment for securing the guiding catheter with respect to the anchoring balloon while allowing selective movement of the guiding catheter employs a circumferential band having first and second ends respectively attached to the anchoring balloon, with the distal end of the suiding catheter attached to an intermediate portion of the band. Positioning balloons are interposed between the circ~mferential band and the anchoring balloon. The positioning : . . . .
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balloons work in concert, so that as one halloon is inflated, the other is deflated, thereby changing the relative position of the intermediate portion o the band and the associated distal end of the guiding catheter. Thus, when a first of the balloons is being inflated ~with the second balloon being simultaneously deflated), the distal end of the guiding catheter will move clockwise about the anchoring balloon, and when the second balloon is being inflated (with the first balloon being simultaneously deflated), the distal end of the guiding cath~ter will move counterclockwise about the anchoring balloon.
The deposit removal tool may be positioned within the guiding catheter by providing a coaxial positioning catheter within the guiding catheter. The positioning catheter preferably includes an off-center lumen in which the elongated shaft of the removal tool is closely received. Thus, by rotating the positioning catheter within the guiding catheter, the position of the removal tool can be selectively controlled.
The removal tool may comprise any effective device, including any one of a variety of rotatable cutting, scraping or abrading devices, an ultrasonic vibrations generator or a wire capable of conveying ultrasonic vibrations and being connected to an ultrasonic vibrations generator, an optical fiber connected to a laser outside of the body, a pair o~
electrodes connected to a high voltage source outside of the body, or any other suitable device.
In a modified embodiment of the invention, the anchoring balloon catheter utilized in the invention comprises an inflatable tube that has a proximal, generally straight portion, and a distal, helically coiled portion. The turns of the helical coil may be .

., W092/17118 2~ 0 ~ 23 l PCT/US92/025g9 r - ' ~ 5 spaced from one another slightly, or successive turns may abut one another. Means may also be provided for securing the turns of the coil to one another, such as by providing an outer or inner skin to which the turns adhere.
The method of the invention involves removing, in vivo, deposits from an aortic valve's super~or surace. The method comprises the steps of advancing an anchoring balloon catheter through ~he aorta and positioning it across the aortic valve, inflating the anchoring balloon to fixate it with respect to the aorta and aortic valve, and then operating a deposit removal tool secured to the anchoring balloon to remo~e the dPposits.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a perspective view in partial cross-section of the apparatus of the invention fixated in the aortic valve of a heart;
Figure ~ is a perspective view in partial cross-section similax to Figure 1 with one of the valve leaflets removed for clarity and with the guiding catheter shown in a moved position;
Figure 3 is a cross-section of Figure 1 taken along line 3-3 thereof;
Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view similar to Figure 3 shown in a moved position:
Figure 5 is another cross-sectional view similar to Figure 3 showing a second moved position;
Figure 6 is a cross-sectional broken-away view of a modified embodimPnt of the invention;
Figure 7 is a cross-sectional view of Figure 6 taken along line 7-7 thereof;
Figure 8 is a cross-sectional view of Figure 6 taken along line 8-8 thereof;
Figure 9 is a somewhat schematic representation , W092/1711~ PCT/US92/0~599 6 ~

of another embodiment of the apparatus of the invention in the process of being introduced into a patient;
Fisure 3A is a cross-sectional view of Figure 9, taken along line 9A-9A thereof;
Figure 10 is a view similar to Figure 9 after the guiding catheter has been introduced into the otherwise flaccid sheath:
Figures lOA and l~B are cross-sectional views of Figure 10, taken respectively across lines lOA-lOA and lOB-lOB thereof;
Figure 11 is a view similar to Figure 9 after the tool has been introduced into the guiding catheter;
Figures llA, llB and llC are cross-sectional views of Figure 11, taken respectively across lines llA-llA, llB-llB and llC-llC thereof;
Figure 12 is a view similar to Figure 9 after the positioning catheter has been introduced into the guiding catheter over the tool shaft;
Figure 12A is a cross-sectional view of Figure 12, taken across line 12A-12A thereof;
Figure 13 is a perspective view of another modified embodiment of the invention;
Figure 13A is a cross-sectional view, partially broken away, of Figure 13 taken along line 13A-13A
thereof;
Figure 13B is a cross-sectional view similar to Figure 13A shown in a moved position;
Figure 14 is a cross-sectional view similar to Figure 13B showing a modified embodiment of the invention;
Figure 15 is a modified embodiment of the invention;
Figure 15A is a cross-sectional view of Figure 15, taken along line 15A-15A thereof;

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2 ~r~3~PCT~US 92JO2599 .. -- 7 --Figure 16 is yet another rnodified embodiment of the invention;
Figure 16A is a view of the other side of the -embodiment shown in Fi~ure 16;
Figure 17 is a perspective view of yet another embodiment of the invention;
Figure 18 is a parspective, partially broken-away view of a yet one more embodiment of the invention, ' Figure 19 is a schematic illustration of a cardiopulmonary support/bypass system utilized in conjunction with the decalcification apparatus of the invention;
Figure 20 shows a modified arrangement o~ the cardiopulmonary support system of Figure l9;
Figure 21 shows a modified arrangement of the cardiopulmonary support system of Figure 19;
Figure 22 shows a modified arrangement of the cardiopulmonary support system of Figure 19;
Figure 23 shows a modified arrangement of the cardiopulmonary support system o Figure l9;
Figure 24 is a cross-sectional view o an anchoring balloon of the invention;
Figure 25 is a cross-sectional view of a modified embodiment of the anchoring balloon of ~he inventior~;
Figure 26 i5 a cross-sectional view of another modified embodim~nt of an anchoring balloon of the invention;
Figure 26A is a cross-sectional view of Figure 26, t ken along line 26A-26A thereof;
Figure 27A is a perspec~ive, broken-away view in partial cross-section showing yet another embodiment of the apparatus of the inventioni Figure 27B shows the d~al ends of the various proximal SUBSTIT~I~E SHEET

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wos2/17lls ~ PCT/US92/02599 catheters utilized in the embodiment of Figure 27A;
Fi~ure 28 shows a modified version of the embodiment of Figure 27A;
Figure 29 shows the embodiment of Figure 27A

inserted into position prior to inflation of the anchoring halloon;

Figure 30 shows an alternate ernbodiment, partially broken away, similar to Figure 29;
Fi~ure 31 shows another modifi~d embodiment of the invention;
Figures 32A and 32B show yet another modified embodiment of the invention; and Figures 33-35 show alternate deposit removal tools usable with the apparatus of the invention.
BEST MODE FOR ~A~RYING OUT THE INVENTION
Figure 1 shows in perspective, partial cross sectional view an anchoring balloon catheter 24 o~ the invention secured in the aorta 10, with its distal portion 25 inserted past the leaflets 12 of the aortic valve. In Figure 2, a portion of the valve leaflets 12 in the foreground has been omitted to reveal better the position and shape of the distal portion 25 of the anchoring balloon catheter 24 and the deposits 15 on the superior surface 13 of the leaflets. In this view, it can ~e seen that the distal portion 25 of the anchoring balloon is preferably of a larger diameter, having a shoulder 26 that contacts the inferior surface of the valve leaflets 12 to accurately and securely position the anchoring balloon 24, with respect to the valve leaflets 12, pro~iding support to the leaflets to stabilize their positions and to outline the inferior surface of the leaflets 12 in contact with the balloon inflated with radiographic contrast solution. The anchoring ~alloon catheter 24 also includes a cen~ral WO92/17118 21~ 7 2 ~ ~ PCT/US92/02599 .. . _ g _ catheter 21 having preferably at least a pair of lumens, one 22 for pas~age of the anchoring balloon catheter 24 over a guide wire (not shown) and/or injection or withdrawal of fluids therethrough, and a s~cond 23 for inflation of the balloon 24.
Attachment means is provided to secure a deposit removal tool 40 to the inflatable anchoring balloon catheter 24. The attachment means may comprise a variety of configurations. A preferred embodiment is depicted in Figures 1-5. In this embodiment, the attachment means includes m~ans for selectiv~ly positioning the deposit removal tool 40 with respect to the anchoring balloon 24 so ~hat the physician can guide the tool 40 carefully to the calcification deposit 15 which is to be removed. Again, the preferred embodiment illustrated in Figures 1-5 shows a preferred mechanism for achieving this selective control.
In this preferred embodiment, a circumferential band 60 having first and second ends 62 and 64, respectively, is attached to the anchoring balloon 24. The circumferential band 60 also includes an intermediate portion 66, which is attached to a guiding catheter 42. The de~osit removal tool 40 in turn is disposed within the guiding catheter 42.
As mentioned above, preferably means is provided ~or selectively moving the guiding catheter 42 about the periphery of the anchoring balloon 24. In this preferred embodiment, a pair of positioning balloons 70 and 76 are disposed between the circumferential band 60 and the anchoring balloon 24, each located adjacent the ends 62 and 64 of the circumferential band 60. As illustrated in Figures 3-5, the guiding catheter 42 can be moved about the periphery of the anchoring balloon 24 by selectively inflating and : . .. ~ . ~ . .......... . .

,:: . : , , ~: - . -WO92/17118 PCT/US92/0~9 deflating the positioning balloons 70 and 76.
In Fiyure 3I both of the positioning balloons 70 and 76 are partially inflated, and the guiding catheter 42 is in a generally central position, In Figure 4, one of the positioning ballvons 70 has been fully inflated and the other positioning balloon 76 deflated, causing the guiding catheter 42 to have moved to its most clockwise location. In Figure 5, the first positioning balloon 70 is fully deflated, and the second positioning balloon 76 is fully inflated, causing the circumferential band 60 to pull the guiding catheter 42 to its most counterclockwise position. Thus, by selectively inflating and deflating the positioning balloons 70 and 76, the guiding catheter 42 can be moved through a range of positions about the anchoring balloon 24. The size of the positioning balloons and the diameter of the anchoring balloon will dictatP what total range of motion is possible. Preferably, the range of motion should be at least about 120, allowing ~he deposit removal tool 40 to fully service one of the three leaflets 12 of the aortic valve without repositioning the anchoring balloon 24. To remove deposits from the other leaflets 12, the anchoring balloon ~4 can be partially deflated and then rotated to a new position corresponding to one of the other leaflets l2.
Figures 3-8 depict a secondary positioning means that allows some control over the radial position of the deposit removal tool 40. In this embodiment, a positioning cathe~er 46 is disposed within the guiding catheter 42. The positioning catheter 46 includes an off-center lumen 49 in which the shaft 41 of the deposit removal tool 40 is carried. By rotating the positioning catheter 46 with respect to the guiding ca~heter 42, the deposit removal tool 40 can be ~ ! . ; . ~ `
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adjusted radially inwardly and outwardly with respect to the anchoring balloon 24. Some limited control over the circumferential position of the to~l 40 is also provided.
Figures 6-8 illustrate a particularly preferred em~odiment in which the positioning catheter 46 includes indexing slots 47 at its distal end. ~he guiding catheter 42 in turn carries a tab 43 extending radially inwardly (the tab 43 may, e.g., extend radially inwardly from a metal ring 45 carried by the guiding catheter ~2). As the positioning ca~heter 46 is advanced through the guiding ca~heter 42 to its most distal position, the tab 43 of guiding catheter 42 will engage a corresponding slot 47 in the positioning catheter 46. This prevents rotational movement of the positioning catheter 46 with respect to the guiding catheter as the tool is being utilized. Where it is desired to change the rotational position of the positioning catheter 46, it can be withdrawn slightly, rotated, and then again advanced to engage the tab 43 in the desired slot 47 corresponding to the desired position.
Figures 9-12 illustrate another modification of the invention which includes a collapsable sheath 44, and illustrate its use in the process of introducing the device of the invention into the patient. In Figure 9, the aorta lO is shown schematically dividing into the left and right iliac arteries ll. The anchoring balloon catheter 24 with its catheter 21 has been inserted into the iliac artery ll, and advanced through the aorta to ~he aortic valve, where the anchoring balloon 24 is inflated. In this em~odiment, a flaccid sheath 44 is connected directly to the circumferential band 60. This flaccid sheath allows final assembly of the entire unit inside the .

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WO92/17118 PCT/U~92/02599 body--i.e., the anchoring balloon with the flaccid sheath 44, the circumferential band 60 and the positioning balloons 70 and 76 (all deflated and furled about the catheter 21 of the anchoring balloon 24) can first be inserted into the aorta lO via the iliac artery ll. The guiding catheter, positioning catheter and deposi~ removal tool can then be inserted, aftèr the anchoring balloon catheter is in position. The flaccid nature of this sheath 44 therefore allows t~e deflated anchoring balloon 24 with attachment means to be furled into a relatively small diameter unit for insertion through the narrower iliac artery ll into the wider aorta lO. Once the anchoring balloon 24 has entered the aorta lO (and, preferably, reached its position in the aortic valve3, the anchoring balloon 24 can be inflated and the rest of the unit assembled by inserting the guiding catheter 42 through the sheath 44 to its position adjacent the anchoring balloon 24, followed by the deposit removal tool and the positioning catheter. To ease insertion of the guiding catheter into the sheath 44, the sbeath can be of a larger diameter proximally, narrowing at its most distal portion to a diameter that closely receives t~e guiding catheter therein.
In Figure 9, the guiding catheter 4~ has been advanced only slightly into the sheath 44. In Figure 10, the guiding catheter 42 is fully advanced, and the deposit removal tool 40 is about to be introduced.
Note that Figures lOA and lOB illustrate the cross-~ectional configuration of the device, and show catheter l9 with four lumens--one each 71 and 77 for inflating and deflating the positioning balloons 70 and 76, one 23 for inflating the anchoring balloon itself, and one 22 for passing through a guide wire or injecting or withdrawing fluids such as contrast or ,, ' ! ~ ' ~. ' ' ~ , ' '. ' : '.` ' . ' ' WO 92/17118 2 :~ 0 7 2 3 :~ PCr/US92/02599 -- 13 ~

blood. The catheter 19 is formed from catheter 21 of the anchoring balloon catheter 24 and catheters 72 and 78 of the positioning balloons 70 and 76, respectively.
In Figure 11 the deposit removal tool 40 has been fully advanced through ~hs guiding catheter 42 and the positioning catheter 46 is about to be advanced over the shaft 41 of the deposit removal tool 40. Figure llA depicts the tool's shaft ~1 closely received in the off-center lumen 49 of the positioning catheter 46. Figure 12 shows the positioning catheter 46 fully advanced through the guiding catheter 42. A
"Y" connector 52 may be provided on the proximal end of the positioning catheter 46 to allow fluid to be injected or withdrawn through the main lumen 50 of the positioning catheter 46, while the elongated shaft 41 of the tool 40 exits through a sealing fitting 51. In most applications, the main lumen ~0 will be utilized to withdraw fluid from the area immediately adjacent the deposit removal tool, thereby removing any particles or debris cut away by the tool. This lumen 50 may also be used, however, for injecting fluids, such as contrast solutions used in radiographic imaging.
Figures 13-14 depict an alternate embodiment for providing attachment means to secure the tool 40 with respect to the anchoring balloon 24 and for permitting selected positionin~ of the deposit removal tool 40 with respec~ to the anchoring balloon 24. In this embodiment, a set of circumferential straps is provided. In the embodiment illustrated, a set of upper and lower circumferential straps 85 is attached with a first end 86 secured to th~ anchoring balloon 24 and a second end 87 attached to the guiding catheter 42. A middle strap 90 similarly has a first , .
' .

O92~17118 ~ ~ PCT/US92/02599 v end 9l attached to th~ anchoring balloon ~4 and a second end 92 attached to the guiding catheter ~2.
The middle strap 90 is wound about the anchoring balloon 24 in a direction opposite that o the upper and lower straps 85. The guiding catheter 42 may then be rotated to move it circumferentially about the anchoring balloon 24. Referring to Figures 13A 13B, as ~he guiding catheter is rotated clockwise, the middle strap 90 will wind up on the guiding catheter 42, while the upper and lower straps 85 will unwind from the guiding catheter 42; as ~his occurs, the guiding catheter ~2 will move clockwise about the anchoring balloon 24 from the position illustrated in Figure 13A to the position illustrated in Figure 13B.
Figure 14 shows a slightly modified arrangement of this embodiment where the straps 85 and 90 are somewhat longer, permitting movement of the guiding catheter ~2 substantially entirely around the anchoring balloon 24.
Figures 15 and 15A show another simplified embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment guiding catheter 42 is attached directly to the wall of the anchoring balloon 24. Positioning of the tool is accomplished merely by rotating the anchoring balloon 24 itself with respect to the aortic valve, and by rotating the positioning catheter 4~ within the guiding catheter 42.
Figures l6-l6A show yet another embodiment for controllably positioning the guiding catheter with respect to the anchoring balloon (Figure 16A showing the back side of Figure 16). In this e~bodiment a pair of cords 57 can be manipulated to move the guiding ca~heter 42 about the periphery of the anchoring balloon 24. Each cord 57 is attached at its distal end 57a to a pulley strip 59 that in turn is -''~ . -WO92/17118 2 .~ O ~ 2 31 PCT/US92/02599 attached to the anchoring balloon (Figure 16A). The cord is then threaded through a series of pulleys on a pair of pulley rings 58 carried by the guiding catheter 42 and pulleys on the fixed pulley strip 59, By pulling on one of the cords 57 while releasing the other the guiding catheter will be pulled around the anchoring balloon in one d~rection; by pulling on the other cord, the guiding catheter will be pulled around in the other direction.
In practice, the decalcification procedure of the inYention proceeds as follows. Access to the aorta lO is obtained, typically through percutaneous or cut-down entry into the femoral artery with a guide wire. The guide wire is advanced through the ~emoral and iliac arteries and the aorta ~o the aortic valve and then across the aortic ~alve into the left ventricle (L.V.). A deflated anchoring balloon catheter 24 is then advanced over the guide wir~ to a position across the aortic valve with the distal tip of the balloon in the left ventricle (L.V.). The anchoring balloon 24 is then inflated and slightly retracted to engage the shoulder 26 of the anchoring balloon 24 against the inferior surface of the calcified valve leaflets 12. (Depending on the situation and the type of anchoring balloon catheter utilized, cardiopulmonary support/bypass may be necessary once the balloon is inflated, and this can be accomplished as described below.) When utilizing the embodiment having the collapsable guiding catheter sheath 44 attached to the anchoring balloon 24, the guiding catheter 42 may then advan~ed through the sheath 44 to proper position adjacent the anchoring balloon 24. The deposit removal tool 40, together with the positioning catheter 46, may then be advanced through the guiding . :-- , ~ -, , . , - -.' ` ::,; '~ ;

WV92/1711X ~.~ PCT/US92/0~5~9 ~ t3 - 16 - f;~!
.
catheter 42 to their proper positions. One or both of the positioning balloons 70, 76, may then be inflated to circum~erentially locate the guiding catheter 42 and, hence, the deposit removal tool 40 as desired.
The positioning catheter may also be rotated to further position the removal tool 40. The tool 40 in turn may also be slightly advanced or withdrawn as necessary. Operation of the removal ~ool 40 can then be commPnced, with blood and dislodged calcification deposits being sucked up through the main lumen 50 of the positioning catheter 46, ~hen deposits from a particular leaflet 12 have been removed, the anchoring balloon 24 can be deflated partially and rotated to position the removal tool 40 adjacent one of the other leaflets 12. When the-calcification deposits have been removed, the entire device may be removed essentially by reversing the process of inserting the devlce .
During the procedure, conventional radiographic imaging techniques may be utilized to allow the physician to view ~he relative loca~ions of the anchoring balloon 24, deposit removal tool 40, and the calcified deposits which are to be removed from the aortic valve leaflets. Preferably, the components of the anchoring balloon and removal tool and associated catheters are either radio-opaque or marked with radio-opaque markers so that they will be visible by conventional radiographic imaging techniques.
Visualization of the anchoring balloon and positioning balloons and the inferior surface of the leaflets in contact with the anchoring balloon 24 is further facilitated by using radiographic contrast solution for inflation of the balloons 24, 70 and 76. Contrast may also be injected either through the lumen 22 of the anchoring balloon 24, or through the main lumen 50 - ~... .

WO92/1711~ 2 ~ ~ 7 2 3 :~ PCT/US92/0~599 l..~7 of the positioning catheter 46.
In addition, known ultrasound imaging techniques may also be utilized. ~. Bom and J. Roelandt have ~dited a reference book entitled "Intravascular Ultrasound," (Kluwer Academic Publishers 1989~, containing a variety of articles detailing technlques, developments, and clinical perspectives on intravascular ultrasound procedures. Figure 17 illustrates one possible embodiment utilizing a phased array ultrasound ~ransducer 29 (containing many small acoustic elements 128) mounted on the catheter 21 of the anchoring balloon 24. This transducer 29 will generate a cross-sectional ~iew of the aortic valve and the location of the calcified deposits to be removed. The details of such ul~rasound techniques for intravascular imaging are well-known, as described in the above-mentioned text. Ultrasound preferably is used in conjunction with and not to the exclusion of conventional radiographic imaging~
Figure 18 shows another embodiment of the invention where an ultrasound catheter 132 is positioned inside one of the lumens of the catheter 21 of the anchoring balloon 24, preferably the lumen 22.
The ultrasound catheter 132 shown in Figure l~
operates an a principle different from the one shown in Figure 17. Instead of a phased array transducer, the ultrasound catheter l32 includes an echo tr~nsducer 133 and a mirror 31 rotated by a flexible shaft 30. This embodiment is advantageous in that it allows ~he ultrasound catheter 132 to be advanced or retracted in the lumen 22 of the anchoring balloon 24 to provide a cross-sectional image at the desired more distal or more proximal position. As these types of ultrasound catheters and procedures are described in grea~er detail in the Bom 'reference identified above, ;

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O92/17118 PCT/US92/02~99 l8 -further description is not necessary here.
During performance of the decalcificationprocedure, it is desirable to provide cardiopulmonary support/bypass for the patient, as an anchoring balloon 24 of the type depicted in Figure 1 subs~antially occludes the aortic valve. Figures 19-23 depict several variations for providing such support.
Figure lg depicts in schematic form a first variation. Blood is ejected/withdrawn from the left ventricle through the central lumen 22 of the anchoring balloon catheter 24 and delivered to a first pump 106. That pump 106 in turn delivers the blood through a filter 107 to a heat exchanger 108 and then through percutaneous catheter lll back to the iliac artery ll and the.aorta lO. Blood and calcification deposit debris loosened by the removal tool 40 are aspirated into the main lumen 50 of the positioning catheter containing the tool shaft by a second pump llO. Debris is filtered out by a second filter lO9, after which the blood is sent through the heat exchanger 108 and the return catheter lll back to the aorta lO.
To assure adequate extracorporeal circulation an additional blood withdrawal catheter 113 is percutaneously introduced into the iliac vein 120.
Blood withdrawn through this catheter l13 should be oxygenated be~ore being returned to the body. This may be accomplished by a conventional oxygenator 105 which in turn passes the blood through pump 106 to filter 107, and heat exchanger 108, whereupon the ~lood may be returned to the aorta lO through the return catheter lll.
In order to maintain blood flow through the heart sufficient to significantly reduce the risk of . . . .

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cardiac asystole, particularly in light of the relativel~ small si7.e of the central lumen 22 of the an~horing balloon catheter 24, a ~upplemental catheter 1~2 may be advanced percutaneously ~hrough the vena cava 100 to the left ventricle tL.V.) by way of the right atrium (R.A.) and the left atrium (L.A.), as shown in Figure 20. To achieve this positioning of the catheter 112, the ~akheter must pass through the thin septum be~ween ~he right atrium (R.A.) and left atrium ~L.A~ uch as is commonly done in mitral balloon valvuloplasty (see, e.g., T. Bashore, "Invasive Cardiology Principles and Techniques" ( B . C .
Decker Inc.) at pp. 147ff). This catheter 112 may be of substantial diameter in comparison to the central lumen 22 of the anchoring balloon catheter 24. Blood ejected/withdrawn through this catheter 112 passes from pump 106 through filter 107 to heat exchanger 108 and then through the return catheter 111 back to the aorta 10. Catheters 112 and 113 may be arranged in a double lumen catheter, which may be a side by side double lumen, a coaxial double lumen, or even a single lumen catheter that has holes in a wall thereof in an intermediate portion, defining the distal "end" of the vein access catheter 113.
The foregoing blood paths through the lumen 22 of the anchoring catheter 24 and through cathe~er 112 usually will allow sufficient cardiac output to prevent cardiac asystole.
Figure 21 depicts an alternate arrangement for external blood flow. In this configuration, the blood withdrawn from the left ven~ricle of the heart (through the larger catheter 112 and through the central lumen 22 of the anchoring balloon catheter 24) is passed directly to the oxygena~or 105 before being returned (via pump 106, filter 107 and heat exchanger .. . ~ - . -, . ~ . .. -.
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lO8) to the aorta l0 through return catheter lll. In yet another configuration shown in Figure 22, all of the blood withdrawn from the heart is f irst passed through pu~p llO and the second filter los before being sent to the oxygenator 105.
In yet a further embodiment shown in Figure 23, an additional pump ll4 is provided upstream from the oxygenatox but separate from the second pump ll0, thereby permit~ing separate control of the blood withdrawn by the main lumen 50 of the ca~heter containing the deposit removal tool. Other equivalent arrangements may also be utilized. The arrangements depicted in Figures 19-23 demonstrate, however, ~hat cardiac function and coronary circulation can be maintained even while the decalcification procedure is being performed. Rapid cardiac pacing at about 180-200 beats per minute also may be employed to lower cardiac output, particularly when the trans-septal approach to the left ventricle (L.V.) is not used.
Figures 24-26A depict possible configurations for the anchoring balloon of the invention. Figure 24 shows in cro~s section the anchoring balloon depicted in Figure 1 and many of the other figures. The balloon includes a distal portion 25 that is of a larger diameter than the rest of the balloon, thereby providing a shoulder 26 for engaging and supporting the inferior surface of the valve leaflets 12--the balloon is inserted past the leaflets 12 and then inflated as it is withdrawn to allow the shoulder 26 to s~at against the inferior surface of the valve leaflets 12.
In Figure 25 the anchoring b~lloon 24 includes an enhancsd shoulder 26 formed by constructing a distal chamber 27 which is in fluid communica~ion with the main chamber 28. The e~hanced shoulder 2$

W092/171~8 ~ '' 2 i 0 7 2 3 ~ PC~/US92/n2599 provides an even more secure engagement against the inferior surface of the valve leaflets 12. Figure 26 shows a modified version of the balloon of Fiyure 25 wherein the main chamber is merged wi~h ~he distal chamber, but ~he enhanced shoulder 26 is preserved.
Figure 26A shows a cross~section of the anchoring balloon catheter 24 with the catheter 21 having two lumens, the lumen 22 through which a guide wire may be advanced or withdrawn and through which fluid may be withdrawn or injected, and the lumen 23 which communicates with the interior of the balloon to inflate and deflate it. Any of the embodiments of Figures 24-26A can be modified so that the shoulder portion is manufactured from a thin layer of stretchable material (such as silicone) and the remaining portion of the balloon from a substantially non-stretchable material (or a stretchable material that is reinforced so that it will not stretch beyond a certain point). With this construction, the balloon can be controllably inflated so that the thin, ~tr~tchable shoulder portion 26, which engages and supports the leaflets 12 of the aortic valve, will conform very closely to the shape of the leaflet, giving close, uniform support to the leaflet.
Figures ~7A-3a depict an alternate embodiment of the invention that may partially or entirely eliminate the need for the cardiopulmonary support/bypass system depicted in Figures 19-~3. In this embodiment, the anchoring balloon 24'consists of an inflatable tube 32 coiled into a helical configuration and held in this helical configuration by an inner sheath or skin 33, defining a large bore lumen 34. Th~ helical anchoring balloon 24' allows its large bore lumen 34 to present a substantially open passageway distally and proximally, allowing blood to continue flowing through ,, .
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~r~ 2 r~ 1993 21072t31 P~T~US 9~ J 02599 ~he balloon even when it is inflated and hol.ding the valve leaflets 12 in position for the decalcification procedure. If desired, a rotating screw-type pump 3s may be secured in the proximal portion of the balloon to maintain circulation through the aorta 10 while the procedure is being performed. Such screw-type pumps are well known, such as the HEMOPUMP~ brand pump available through Johnson ~ Johnson. (Figure 28 shows that multiple screw pumps may be used in parallel to increase the volume of blood pumped. Figure 28 also shows that one o~ the screw pumps--e.g., the proximal one--~ay be used to pump blood from the main lumen 50 of the positioning catheter through the filter 124 at the proximal end of such screw pump.) A catheter 39 (Figure 27A) is disposed in the central portion of the distal end of the helical anchoring balloon 24'. The catheter 39 is carrying the phased array ultrasound transducers 29, described previously. The ultrasound catheter 39 desirably exits the large bore lumen 34 through the skin 33 intermediate of the position of the screw pump 35 and the distal end of the helical anchoring balloon 24'.
To allow assembly of the catheter into the helical anchoring balloon 24' after insertion of the balloon into the patien~, a flaccid sheath ~ may bo attached to the s~in 33 a~ the point of entry of the catheter into th~ large bore lume~ 34. Thus, the deflated, furled balloon may be first inserted; once in position, it can be inflated, and the catheter 39 can then be inserted ~hrough the flaccid sheath 139 to its position as shown in Figure 27A. A guide wire 136 may also b~ advanced via the flaccid sheath 139 or via the lumen of the catheter 39 as necessary.
Figure 27B shows the proximal end of the various catheters and lumens attached to the configuration in SlJB~lTu~E SHE~T

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j;-; 210723~ 2P~T~ ~S 92 ~ 02 5 9 9 Figure 27A, including the catheter 39 (containing leads for the ultrasound transducer 29), the drive shaft- ~ or the screw pum~ 35, a syringe ~or similar --c~nnected to the proximal end of tube 32inflation device) 80 ~ ~æ~ or l~flatlng the anchoring balloon, inflation devices 73 and 79, respectively, for the first and second positioning balloons, a blood pump 110 for withdrawing blood through the main lumen 50 of the positioning catheter 46, a blood filter 109 and a return catheter 111 to return filtered blood back to an artery (usually the aorta).
Figure 29 depicts the configura~ion of the device shown in Figure 27A and B immediately aft~r it has been advanced over the guide wire 136, but prior to being inflated/unfurled. In Figure 29, the h~lical anchoring balloon 24' ls in a deflated, furled configuration ~the view shows in partial cross-section the layers o helical tubes 32 furled upon one another). A release string 55 may be provided to maintain the distal e~d of the device in a furled configuration; when the string is withdrawn, it releases the balloon to be inflated. Figure 30 shows a modified embodiment where a release strap 56 is adhesivel~ attached to the distal portion of the furled helical anchoring balloon 24' (rather than the s~ring 55) to k~ep it in furled configuration. When the strap is withdrawn, it similarly releases the balloon to be in1ated.
Figure 31 depicts yet another embodiment of ~he invention that facilitates blood flow through the helical anchoring balloon cathe~er 24' while the procsdure is being performed. A series of check valve flaps 81, covering orifices 82 in.the s~in 33 of the anchoring balloon, is provided proximally of th~
aortic valve to permit blood to flow outwardly through SuBS~l~UTE SHEET

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such orifices 82 into the aorta during systole.
During dias~ole, the valve flaps 81 close, similarly to the function of the aortic valve itself, to prevent reflux of the blood into the left ventricl~. ~Check valves of this type would also be usable with the anchoring balloon cath~ter 24 of Figure l.) Figures 32A and 32B show alternate embodiments wherein the helical anchoring balloon 24' in i~s proximal portion includes a preferably trileaflet valve 83 similar in shape and function to the na~ural aortic valve.
Although most o the fiyures depict the deposit removal tool as being a conven~ional rotatable burr or similar cutting or abrasive device, any other suitable tool may also be employed. Figures 33-35 depict three other possibilities. In Figure 33, a laser 140 (preferably loca~ed external ~o the patient) is connected to a fiber-optic strand 141 which has a distal ~nd positionable adjacent the calcified deposits to be removed. In Figure 34, an ultrasonic vibration generator 14~ (e.g., of the type that generates vibrations in the range of 20,000 Hz) is ~onnected to a wire 145 having a distal tip positionable adjacent the calcified deposits, the wire 145 being capable conveying ultrasonic vibrations. In Figure 35 a high voltage source 147 is connected to a pair of electrically conductive wires 148 ha~ing distal tips positionable adjacent the calcified deposits for generating an arc to destroy the deposits. Tools of other suitable configurations may similarly be utilized.
The components of the anchoring balloon catheter 24 of the invention may be manufactured ~rom any suitable materials, in~luding ~onventional piastics, silicones, etc. that are biocompatible and possess the desired fl~xibility/rigid1ty properties, as the ca~e . . .. .. .. ..

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may be, to perform the desired unctio~s. Such materials are well known, being utilized commonly in current balloon catheters and other intravascular devices. The helical balloon of the invention may be manufactured by any suitable techniques, such as by winding tube 32 into a coiled configuration (as by winding it upon a mandrel) and then securing the turns by either applying an outer skin ~or an inner skin, if desir2d). Such a skin may be formed by applying a thin layer of adhesive, by securing a thin layer of flexible plastic, or by any other suitable means.
While a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described, it should be understood that various changes, adaptations and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.

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Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. Apparatus for in vivo removal of deposits from a superior surface of a leaflet of an aortic heart valve, comprising:
an anchoring balloon catheter fixatable across the aortic valve, the anchoring balloon catheter including an anchoring balloon having an outer surface positionable against an inferior surface of the valve leaflet;
a deposit removal tool; and attachment means for securing the tool with respect to the outer surface of the anchoring balloon and the aortic valve leaflet and for positioning the deposit removal tool over and adjacent to the superior surface of the leaflet when the balloon is positioned against the inferior surface of the leaflet, permitting use of the tool to remove tissue from the superior surface of the leaflet.
2. The apparatus of claim l wherein the attachment means includes positioning means for adjustably positioning the deposit removal tool with respect to the anchoring balloon.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a guiding catheter through which the deposit removal tool may be advanced toward the aortic valve, the guiding catheter including a distal end portion secured to the anchoring balloon catheter by the attachment means.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the attachment means comprises a corcumferential band having first and second ends respectively attached to the anchoring balloon, and an intermediate portion operatively connected to the guiding catheter.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the attachment means further includes positioning balloon means for selectively moving the guiding catheter about the anchoring balloon in response to inflation and deflation of the positioning balloon means.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the positioning balloon means comprises two positioning balloons interposed between the circumferential band and the anchoring balloon.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein each positioning balloon is located adjacent an end of the circumferential band.

8. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the positioning balloon means includes two positioning balloons and means for selectively inflating and deflating the positioning balloons whereby the guiding catheter will move clockwise about the anchoring balloon when one of the positioning balloons is inflated, and the guiding catheter will move counterclockwise about the anchoring balloon when theother positioning balloon is inflated.
8. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the positioning means includes means for selectively inflating and deflating the positioning balloons whereby the guiding catheter will move clockwise about the anchoring balloon when one of thepositioning balloons is inflated, and the guiding catheter will move counterclockwise about the anchoring balloon when the other positioning balloon is inflated.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the means for inflating and deflating the positioning balloons are operable syncronously so that when one ofthe balloons is being deflated the other is being inflated.
10. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the deposit removal tool includes an elongated shaft.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 further comprising a positioning catheter carried within the guiding catheter, the positioning catheter being rotatable with respect to the guiding catheter and including an off-center lumen in which the shaft of the deposit removal tool is closely received, whereby rotation of the positioning catheter allows selective positioning of the deposit removal tool.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the deposit removal tool includes a distal tip portion, an elongated shaft portion extending proximally from the tip, and a catheter disposed about the shaft portion, the catheter having a distal end adjacent the distal tip portion through which dislodged deposits and blood may be aspirated.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 further comprising means for filtering and returning the aspirated blood to the patient.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the deposit removal tool comprises a rotatable cutting device.

15. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the deposit removal tool comprises a rotatable abrading device.
16. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the deposit removal tool comprises an ultrasonic vibrations generator and a wire capable of conveying such ultrasonic vibrations connected to the generator and having a distal end locatable adjacent the aortic valve.
17. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the deposit removal tool comprises a high voltage power source and a pair of electrical discharge electrodes positionable adjacent the aortic valve.
18. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the deposit removal tool comprises a laser and an optical fiber connected to the laser.
19. The apparatus of claim 4 including a collapsable guiding catheter insertion sleeve having a distal end portion attached to the intermediate portion of the circumferential band.
20. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein the collapsable insertion sleeve is wider proximally than it is in its distal end portion, so that it receives the guiding catheter closely only in the distal end portion, allowing easy insertion and withdrawal of the guiding catheter through the insertion sleeve.
21. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the attachment means comprises first and second straps, each having a first end attached to the anchoring balloon and a second end attached to the guiding catheter, the straps being attached so that as the guiding catheter is rotated with respect to the anchoring balloon one of the straps will wind up on the guiding catheter and the other will unwind off the guiding catheter, causing the guiding catheter to move about the periphery of the anchoring balloon.
22. The apparatus of claim 21 wherein the first strap comprises two such straps straddling the second strap.
23. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the anchoring balloon catheter includes an inflatable balloon having proximal and distal portions, the distal portion of the balloon being inflatable to a diameter larger than the proximal portion.

24. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein the valve is of the type having multiple leaflets with superior and inferior surfaces, the distal and proximal portions of the balloon defining a shoulder that is engagable with the inferior surface of the valve leaflets to support the leaflets as deposits are removed from the superior surface thereof.
25. The apparatus of claim 24 wherein the proximal portion of the balloon is generally elongated and cylindrical in shape and having an outer surface, the shoulder being formed by attaching a secondary distal balloon portion to the outer surface of the proximal balloon portion.
26. The apparatus of claim 24 wherein the balloon has a longitudinal axis, the shoulder portion of the balloon being made of a stretchable material so that it can conform to the inferior surface of the leaflet, other portions of the balloon being constructed to be substantially non-stretchable in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.
27. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the anchoring balloon catheter comprises an inflatable helically coiled tube and securing means far securing windings of the helically coiled tube with respect to one another in a desired configuration.
28. The apparatus of claim 27 wherein the securing means comprises a flexible skin attached to the turns of the coil.
29. The apparatus of claim 1 further including a cardiopulmonary bypass system comprising a vein access catheter insertable into a vein to allow removal of blood therefrom, oxygenator means for oxygenating such blood, an artery access catheter insertable into an artery, and pump means for returning the blood through the artery access catheter to the artery.
30. The apparatus of claim 29 wherein the anchoring balloon catheter includes a catheter having proximal and distal ends and a lumen, the lumen beingopen at the distal end of the catheter, the proximal end of the catheter lumen being operatively connected to the pump means so that when the anchoring balloon catheter is fixated across the aortic valve blood may be removed through such lumen and returned to the artery.

31. The apparatus of claim 29 wherein the cardiopulmonary bypass system includes a filter and a heat exchanger through which the blood passes before it is returned to the artery.
32. The apparatus of claim 29 further including a left ventricle access catheter insertable through the iliac vein, vena cava, through the right atrium and left atrium to the left ventricle, the left ventricle access catheter being operatively connectable to the pump means to allow blood flow from the left ventricle and its return to the artery.
33. The apparatus of claim 32 wherein the vein access catheter and the left ventricle access catheter are arranged in one catheter.
34. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein the vein access catheter and the left ventricle access catheter are arranged in a single lumen catheter having orifices in a wall thereof to define a distal end of the vein access catheter.
35. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein the vein access catheter and the left ventricle access catheter are arranged in a double lumen catheter.
36. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein the vein access catheter and the left ventricle access catheter are arranged in a co-axial double lumen catheter.37. The apparatus of claim 1 further including ultrasound transducing means disposed within the anchoring balloon for imaging the aortic valve, the location of the deposit removal tool, and the location of the deposits to be removed.
38. The apparatus of claim 37 wherein the ultrasound transducing means comprises a phased array transducer comprised of an array of individual acousticelements.
39. The apparatus of claim 37 wherein the ultrasound transducing means comprises an echo transducer and a rotatable mirror element positionable in the anchoring balloon catheter.
40. The apparatus of claim 37 wherein the anchoring balloon catheter includes a catheter lumen, the ultrasound transducing means being carried by a catheter positionable within the lumen of the anchoring balloon catheter and being movable distally and proximally within the lumen.

41. The apparatus of claim 37 wherein the anchoring balloon catheter includes a central catheter, the ultrasound transducing means being carried by the central catheter.
42. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the positioning means includes a pair of cords attached distally to the anchoring balloon, and pulleys mounted onthe guiding catheter and the anchoring balloon, the cords being threaded throughthe pulleys so that pulling on a first of the cords and releasing the second cord will cause the guiding catheter to move clockwise about the anchoring balloon and, pulling the second cord and releasing the first cord will cause the guiding catheter to move counterclockwise about the anchoring balloon.
43. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the anchoring balloon catheter includes a catheter having a distal end and a lumen, the lumen being open at thedistal end of the catheter, and has a check valve opening into the aorta.
44. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the anchoring balloon comprises an inflatable helically coiled tube defining a distally open lumen.
45. The apparatus of claim 44 wherein the helically coiled tube includes a thin skin thereon to hold windings of the helically coiled tube in position with respect to one another.
46. The apparatus of claim 45 wherein the anchoring balloon includes check valve means for permitting blood to flow through the lumen out of the heart's left ventricle and substantially preventing blood from flowing through such lumen back into the left ventricle.
47. The apparatus of claim 46 wherein the check valve means is disposed on the skin of the helically coiled tube.
48. The apparatus of claim 46 wherein the check valve means comprises a leaflet-type valve disposed across the lumen of the anchoring balloon.
49. The apparatus of claim 48 wherein the leaflet-type valve is disposed across the lumen at the proximal end of the anchoring balloon.
50. The apparatus of claim 44 further comprising a screw-type pump means disposed in the lumen for pumping blood across the aortic valve.
51. The apparatus of claim 50 wherein the screw-type pump means comprises two or more screw-type pumps operating in parallel, each having an intake drawing blood distally from the lumen and an outlet discharging the bloodproximally into the aorta.
52. The apparatus of claim 50 further comprising a second screw-type pump means for withdrawing blood from adjacent the deposit removal tool, and for filtering such blood and returning it to the aorta.
53. The apparatus of claim 52 wherein the second screw-type pump means includes catheter means defining a blood flow path that is operatively isolated from the open lumen of the anchoring balloon and the first screw-type pump means, the catheter means including a distal end located adjacent the deposit removal tool and a proximal portion connected to an inlet of the second screw-type pump means, the second screw-type pump means further including an outlet to the aorta.
54. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the attachment means securing the tool to the anchoring balloon prevents any substantial movement of the guiding catheter with respect to the anchoring balloon catheter, the tool being positionable with respect to the aortic valve by rotating the anchoring balloon catheter.
55. Apparatus for in vivo removal of deposits from an aortic valve, comprising:
an anchoring balloon catheter including an anchoring balloon fixatable across the aortic valve;
a deposit removal tool having an elongated shaft;
a guiding catheter through which the tool may be advanced toward the aortic valve, the guiding catheter including a distal end portion;
a circumferential band having first and second ends respectively attached to the anchoring balloon, and an intermediate portion operatively connected to the guiding catheter;
a pair of positioning balloons interposed between the circumferential band and the anchoring balloon for selectively moving the guiding catheter about the anchoring balloon in response to inflation and deflation of the positioning balloons;
means for selectively inflating and deflating the positioning balloons whereby the guiding catheter will move clockwise about the anchoring balloon when one of the positioning balloons is inflated, and the guiding catheter will move counterclockwise about the anchoring balloon when the other positioning balloon is inflated; and a positioning catheter carried within the guiding catheter, the positioning catheter being rotatable with respect to the guiding catheter and including an off-center lumen in which the shaft of the deposit removal tool is closely received, whereby rotation of the positioning catheter allows selective positioning of thedeposit removal tool.
56 A method of removing deposits from an aortic valve's superior surface, comprising;
advancing an anchoring balloon through the aorta and positioning it across the aortic valve;
inflating the anchoring balloon to fixate it with respect to the aorta and aortic valve; and operating a deposit removal tool secured to the anchoring balloon to remove the deposits.
57. The method of claim 56 including the step of advancing the deposit removal tool through the aorta after the anchoring balloon has been inflated.
58. The method of claim 57 wherein the step of advancing the deposit removal tool comprises advancing the tool through a catheter that has its distal end secured with respect to the anchoring balloon.
59. The method of claim 56 wherein the step of advancing the anchoring balloon includes the step of simultaneously advancing the deposit removal tool and the anchoring balloon through the aorta.
60. The method of claim 56 including the steps of withdrawing blood through a lumen of the anchoring balloon catheter, utilizing a pump if necessary, oxygenating such blood if necessary, and then returning such blood to an artery. 61. The method of claim 56 further comprising withdrawing blood adjacent the deposit removal tool.
62. The method of claim 61 further comprising filtering such blood and returning it to an artery.
63. The method of claim 56 further comprising the steps of advancing a blood removal catheter through the vena cava to the right atrium and through the atrial septum to the left atrium and into the left ventricle, and then removing blood from the left ventricle through such catheter and returning such blood to an artery while the anchoring balloon is positioned across the aortic valve.
64. The method of claim 56 further comprising the steps of providing cardiopulmonary bypass support by inserting a vein access catheter into an artery, withdrawing blood through the vein access catheter, oxygenating the blood and returning it to the artery through the artery access catheter.
65. The method of claim 56 further comprising the step of imaging the area adjacent the anchoring balloon.
66. The method of claim 65 wherein the imaging step comprises radiographic imaging.
67. The method of claim 65 wherein the imaging step includes imaging with ultrasound utilizing an ultrasound transducer carried by the anchoring balloon.
68. A method of removing deposits from the aortic valve of a heart, comprising;
advancing a deflated, furled anchoring balloon through the aorta and positioning it across the aortic valve, the anchoring balloon including a collapsable guiding catheter sheath;
inflating the anchoring balloon to fixate it with respect to the aorta and aortic valve; and advancing a guiding catheter and a deposit removal tool through the guiding catheter sheath after the anchoring balloon has been inflated; and operating the deposit removal tool secured to the anchoring balloon to remove the deposits.
69. The method of claim 68 further comprising withdrawing blood from the left ventricle of the heart through a catheter, and returning such blood to the aorta.
70. Apparatus for in vivo removal of deposits from an aortic heart valve, comprising:

an anchoring balloon catheter fixatable across the aortic valve, the anchoring balloon catheter including an anchoring balloon having an outer surface and a catheter extending proximally from the balloon;
a deposit removal tool; and attachment means for securing the tool with respect to the anchoring balloon and the aortic valve, the attachment means including positioning means for adjustably positioning the deposit removal tool along a range of rotational positions about at least a portion of the outer surface of the anchoring balloon.