CA2116676A1 - Method for delivering nucleic acids into cells - Google Patents
Method for delivering nucleic acids into cellsInfo
- Publication number
- CA2116676A1 CA2116676A1 CA002116676A CA2116676A CA2116676A1 CA 2116676 A1 CA2116676 A1 CA 2116676A1 CA 002116676 A CA002116676 A CA 002116676A CA 2116676 A CA2116676 A CA 2116676A CA 2116676 A1 CA2116676 A1 CA 2116676A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- group
- cholesteryl
- lipid
- beta
- cationic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/64—General methods for preparing the vector, for introducing it into the cell or for selecting the vector-containing host
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
- A61K47/54—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic compound
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
- A61K47/54—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic compound
- A61K47/554—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic compound the modifying agent being a steroid plant sterol, glycyrrhetic acid, enoxolone or bile acid
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
- A61K9/127—Liposomes
- A61K9/1271—Non-conventional liposomes, e.g. PEGylated liposomes, liposomes coated with polymers
- A61K9/1272—Non-conventional liposomes, e.g. PEGylated liposomes, liposomes coated with polymers with substantial amounts of non-phosphatidyl, i.e. non-acylglycerophosphate, surfactants as bilayer-forming substances, e.g. cationic lipids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07J—STEROIDS
- C07J41/00—Normal steroids containing one or more nitrogen atoms not belonging to a hetero ring
- C07J41/0033—Normal steroids containing one or more nitrogen atoms not belonging to a hetero ring not covered by C07J41/0005
- C07J41/0055—Normal steroids containing one or more nitrogen atoms not belonging to a hetero ring not covered by C07J41/0005 the 17-beta position being substituted by an uninterrupted chain of at least three carbon atoms which may or may not be branched, e.g. cholane or cholestane derivatives, optionally cyclised, e.g. 17-beta-phenyl or 17-beta-furyl derivatives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07J—STEROIDS
- C07J9/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of more than two carbon atoms, e.g. cholane, cholestane, coprostane
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/87—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation
- C12N15/88—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation using microencapsulation, e.g. using amphiphile liposome vesicle
Abstract
A method for facilitating the transfer of nucleic acids into cells comprising preparing a mixed lipid dispersion of a cationic lipid with a co-lipid in a suitable carrier solvent. The lipid has a structure which includes a lipophilic group derived from cholesterol, a linker bond, a spacer arm including from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms in a branched or unbranched linear alkyl chain, and a cationic amino group selected from the group consisting of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary amino groups. The method further comprises adding the nucleic acids to the dispersion to form a complex. The cells are then treated with the complex.
There is also disclosed a novel cationic amphiphile useful for this purpose.
There is also disclosed a novel cationic amphiphile useful for this purpose.
Description
2 PCT/USg2/07290 hilG'~7(i METHOD FOR DELIVERING NUCLEIC ACIDS INTO CELLS
The present invention relates to methods for facilitating the transfer of nucleic acids into cells and to a novel cationic amphiphile useful for this purpose.
Some but not all cationic amphiphiles are known to facilitate the transfer of DNA into cells, i.e., transfection. Although the mechanism of this activity is not yet clear, it probably involves the binding of the DNA/lipid complex with the cell surface via the excess positive charges on the complex. Cell surface bound complex is probably internalized and the DNA is released into the cytoplasm of the cell from an endocytic compartment. How the released DNA moves into the nucleus is ~ot known.
A cationic amphiphile contains the following four important structural elements:
lipophilic - Linker - Spacer - Amino group bond arm group The amino group is positively charged at neutral pH. It may be a primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary ammonium group. The spacer arm is usually a hydrophilic, 2 to 15-atom moiety which connects the amino group to the lipophilic group via the linker bond. The linker bond is either an ether, ester, amide or other hydrolyzable bond.
The lipophilic group is a hydrophobic moiety which allows the insertion of the cationic amphiphile into the membranes of the cell or liposome. It serves as an 21i~ 76 2 anchor for the cationic ammonium group to attach to the surface of a cell or liposome.
N-[l-(2,3-dioleoxyloxy) propyl]-N,N,N-trimethyl ammoni~m chloride (DOTMA) is the first cationic amphiphile exhibiting the activity of transfection. Its lipophilic group is a double-chain, Cl8:l aliphatic group. It contains a quaternary ammonium group connected to the lipophilic group via a 3-carbon spacer arm with two ether linker bonds. Although the molecule is effective in transfection, it is not biodegradable and is rather toxic to cells.
Another series of cationic amphiphilès used in transfection is the quaternary ammonium detergents. Either single chain (such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) or double chain (such as dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide) detergents exhibit activity to transfect animal cells. The amino group in these amphiphiles is quaternary and is connected to the lipophilic group without the spacer ar~ or linker bonds. Another single-chain detergent, stearylamine, contains a primary amino group connected to a single Cl8:0 chain without a spacer arm or linker bond.
This group ~f amphiphiles is also toxic to the cells.
Two other groups of cationic amphiphiles for transfection have been reported. The first group contains two Cl8:l chains as the lipophilic group. Both groups contain a quaternary ammonium group, but the spacer arm structure varies. In one case, the trimethylammonium group is directly connected to the two Cl8:l chains via a 3-carbon spacer arm and ester bond. The amphiphile, l,2-WO93/05162 211 ~ S 7 G PCT/US92/07290 dioleoxy-3-(trimethylammonio)propane, (DOTAP) is a close analog of DOTMA. In other cases, such as 1,2-dioleoyl-3-(4'-trimethylammonio) butanoyl-sn-glycerol, DOBT, or cholesteryl (4'-trimethylammonio) butanoate, ChOTB, the trimethylammonium group is connected via a butanoyl spacer arm to either the double-chain (for DOTB) or cholesteryl (for ChOTB) group. Other amphiphiles, i.e., l,2-dioleoyl-3-succinyl-sn-glycerol choline ester (DOSC) and cholesteryl hemisuccinate choline ester, ChOSC, contain a choline moiety as the quaternary ammonium group which is connected to the double-chain (for DOSC) or cholesteryl (for ChOSC) group via a succinyl spacer arm. The transfection activities of these amphiphiles are generally weak.
Yet another class of amphiphiles, called "lipopolyamine" has alæo been reported. The ammonium group is L-5-carboxyspermine which contains 2 primary and 2 secondary ammonium groups. Two examples of this lipopolyamine are dioctadecylamidologlycylspermine, DbGS, and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamidospermine, DPPES.
The cationic group is connected to two different double-chain, Cl6:0 lipophilic group via an amidoglycyl (for DOGS) or phosphorylethanolamine (for DPPES) spacer arm. These compounds are especially efficient in transfecting the primary endocrine cells without cellular toxicity.
A lipopolylysine reagent for transfection has also been reported. The reagent contains a polylysine moiety as the ammonium group which is connected to a phospholipid (N-glutarylphosphatidylethanolamine).
Therefore, the spacer arm is the side chain of lysine and W093fO5162 PCT/US92/07290 7..11~iGr~i the head group of the phospholipid. The lipophilic group is a double-chain, C18:1 group connecting to the spacer arm via two ester bonds. Although the reagents is efficient in transfection and non-toxic to cells, the activity requires scraping the treated cells. This is clearly not a convenient step and cannot be done for in vivo experiments.
An ideal transfection reagent should exhibit a high level of transfection activity without scraping or any other mechanical or physical manipulations of the cells or tissues. The reagent should be non-toxic or minimally toxic at the effective doses. It should also be biodegradable to avoid any long-term adverse side-effects on the treated cells.
Many reagents which fulfill these criteria contain a linker bond that is hydrolyzable in the cell.
For example, DOBT and DOSC, both contain ester linker bonds, can be metabolized and catabolized into other lipid species in the treated cells. However, cationic amphiphiles containing ester linker bonds are not stable when stored in an aqueous solution. This is probably due to a base-catalyzed hydrolysis reaction madiated by the amino group of the amphiphile.
Another key factor on the cellular toxicity of the cationic amphiphiles is their inhibitory effects on the activity of protein kinase C (PKC). PKC is a key enzyme which plays a crucial role in cellular signal transduction.
Cationic amphiphiles inhibit PKC activity by mimicking the endogenous inhibitor, sphingosine. PKC activity is also important for the cellular endocytosis pathway which is WO93/05162 PCT/U~92/072~
2 11 ~ G 7 G
likely to be involved in the action of the cationic amphiphiles to facilitate the entry of ~NA into cells.
Recently it has been reported that a PKC a~tivator, phorbolmyristateacetate, can stimulate the transfection efficiency of DNA mediated by the calcium phosphate precipitates.
The present inventors have therefore synthesized a series of novel cationic amphiphiles and screened their activities to inhibit PKC. Several amphiphiles which exhibit weak inhibitory activities towards PKC are particularly suitable for transfections. In addition, there has been prepared cationic reagents with a carbamoyl linker bond in order to overcome the problem of instability in solution. The stability of the bond in aqueous solution is much greater than that of the ester bond, yet it is hydrolyzable in the cell.
In brief, the present invention provides a method for facilitating the transfer of nucleic acids into cells.
The method comprises preparing a mixed lipid dispersion of a cationic lipid with a co-lipid in a suitable carrier solvent, such as distilled water or normal saline solution.
The cationic lipid has a structure which includes a lipophilic group derived from cholesterol, a linker bond, a spacer arm including from about l to about 20 carbon atoms in a branched or unbranched linear alkyl chain, and a cationic amino group. The amino group is selected from the group consisting of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary amino groups. The method further comprises W093/05162 PCT/US92/072~
~11(;~76 adding the nucleic acids to the dispersion to form a complex. The cells are then treated with the complex.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the dispersion has particles with an average diameter of about 150nm. The cationic lipid is preferentially selected from the group consisting of cholesteryl-3~-carboxyl-amidoethylenetrimethylammonium iodide, l-dimethylamino-3-trimethylammonio-DL-2-propyl-cholesteryl carboxylate iodide, cholesteryl-3~-carboxyamidoethyleneamine, cholesteryl-3~-oxysuccinamidoethylenetrimethylammonium iodide, l-dimethylamino-3-trimethylammonio-DL-2-propyl-cholesteryl-3~-oxysuccinate iodide, 2-[(2-trimethlyammonio)-ethylmethylamino] ethyl-cholesteryl-3~-oxysuccinate iodide, 3~[N-(N', N'-dimethylaminoethane)-carbamoyl~cholesterol, and 3~-~N-(polyethyleneimine~-carbamoyl]cholesterol. In a preferred embodiment, the co-lipid is a neutral or acidic phospholipid which may be preferentially selected from the group consisting 'of phosphatidyl choline and phosphaticlyl ethanolamine.
In addition, the present invention also provides a substantially non-toxic,substantially non-hydrolyzable cationic lipid for facilitating the transfer of nucleic acids into cells. The lipid comprises a lipophilic group derived from cholesterol, a linker bond, a spacer arm including from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms in a branched or unbranched linear alkyl chain, and a cationic amino group. The amino group is selected from the group comprising primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary amino groups.
WO 93/05162 2 1 1 ~ ~ 7 G Pcr/US92/07290 The cationic lipid is preferably selected from the group consisting of cholesteryl-3~-carboxyamidoethylenetrimethylammonium iodide, l-dimethylamino-3 -trimethylammonio-DL-2-propyl -cholesteryl carboxylate iodide, cholesteryl-3~-carboxyamidoethyleneamine, cholesteryl-3,~-oxysuccinamidoethylenetrimethylammonium iodide, l-dimethylamino-3 -trimethylammonio-DL-2 -propyl-cholesteryl-3~-oxysuccinate iodide, 2 - t ( 2-trimethyl-ammonio) ethylmethylamino] ethyl-~holesteryl-3~-oxysuccinate iodide, 3,B ~ N- ( N ', N ' dimethyl aminoethane ) -carbamoyl ] -cholesterol, and 3,~ [N- (polyethyleneimine) -carbamoyl ] cholesterol .
The present invention may be better understood by reference to the following Examples when considering in conjunction with the drawings in which: `
FIGUR~ 1 is the synthetic scheme for cholesteryl carboxylate analogues;
FIGURE 2 is the synthetic scheme f or cholesteryl hemisuccinate analogues;
FIGURE 3 is the synthetic scheme for cholesteryl formate analogues;
FIGURE 4 is a graph of the effect of different co-lipids on the transfection activity of a cationic lipid dispersion in L929 cells;
FIGURE 5 is a graph of the effect of the ratio of co-lipid to a cationic lipid of the present invention on the transfection activity in L929 cells;
WO93/0~162 PCT/US92/07290 2 ~ 1 G ~7 (;
FIGURE 6 is a graph of the effect of lipid dose on the transfection activity in L929 cells;
FIGURE 7 is a graph of the effect of DNA dose on the tr~nsfection activity of the lipid dispersion in L929 cells;
FIGURE 8 is a representation of a gel showing complex formation of DNA with the cationic lipid dispersion: and FIGURE 9 is a graph of the transfection efficiency and toxicity of a cationic lipid of the. present invention.
In order to facilitate a further understanding of the present invention, the fo~lowing Examples are given primarily for the purposes of illustrating certain more specific details thereof.
MatexiLals:
Cholesterol (99 ~ ~ grade), cholesterol hemisuccinate, 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole, were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO. Magnesium powder-50 mesh (99 + ~), thionyl bromide ~97%), 1,3--propane sulfone (99%), iodomethane (99%), trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (98%), M,M-dimethylaniline (99~), N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (95%), 1,3-bis-dimethylamino-2-p r o p a n o l ( 9 7 % ) , 2 - ( ~ 2 -(dimethylamino)ethyl~methylamino)ethanol (98%), were obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, WI.
Cholesteryl chloroformate (95%), and polyethyleneimine were obtained from Fluka. Methanol, dichloromethane, and WO93/05162 2 1 1 6 ~ 7 ~ PCT/USg2/072gO
acetonitrile were HPLC grade solvents. All other chemicals and solvents, unless specified were reagent grade.
A synthetic scheme for cholesteryl carboxylate analogues is shown in FIGURE 1.
EXAMPLE I
Cholestervl Bromide (I):
Cholesterol, (25 g, 64.6 mmol) was dissolved in mL of dimethylaniline (78.9 mmol) and 5 mL of chloroform. While stirring on ice; small quantities of thionyl bromide (~ mL, 77.6 mmol) dissolved in 20 mL of cold chloroform was added slowly over a period of 15 minutes. After the addition of thionly bromide was comple~e, the mixture was stirred for an additional 2 hours at room temperature. The resulting solution was poured into 200 mL of ice cold 95% ethanol and left on ice for 2 hour until crystallization was complete. The product was filtered and washed with 25 mL of ice cold 95% ethanol.
A small amount of product was recovered from the filt~ate with the addition of 75 mL distilled water followed by refrigeration. Finally, the product was recrystallized from 120 mL of acetone gi~ing 21.8 g of cholesteryl bromide (yield, 75%) with a melting point of 93-9S%C (lit 97-98-C).
The identity of the product was confirmed with mass spectrometry (EI) which showed an intense peak with an m/z of 448, corresponding to the molecular ion (~ ) of cholesteryl bromide. Also, the bromide molecular weig~t pattern characteristic of the two different isotopes of bromine (79Br:81Br,1:1) was observed.
r u ~ ~
EXAMPLE II
Cholest-5-ene-3~-Carboxylic Acid ~
The synthesis of cholesteryl-3~-carboxylate was performed using a Grignard reaction. All glassware was oven dried at 110C overnight. In a 500 mL three-neck flask set up for reflux, a solution of methyl magnesium iodide was freshly prepared by treating 9 g of oven dried (llOC) magnesium powder in 100 mL anhydrous diethyl ether with 10 mL of methyl iodide. After the vigorous reaction subsided, cholesteryl bromide (25 9, 56 mmol) dissolved in 100 mL of anhydrous diethyl ether was slowly added to the methyl magnesium iodide solution over a three hour period.
The solution was refluxed for 36 hours with enough heat required to bring the diethyl ether to a boil. Subsequent to cooling, the Grignard reagent was added to finely ground solid carbon dioxide, and after 1 hour, the complex was hydrolyzed by treatment with ice cold 1 M sulfuric acid.
After the steroid was extracted with diethyl ether (3 x'250 mL), the ethereal layer was washed with 10 mM sodium thiosulfate (3 x 50 mL) to remove a persistent orange color. After removing the water layer, the ether layer was washed with distilled water and filtered to remove an insoluble residue. The ether layer was subsequently dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and rotary e~aporated to give a white-yellow oily suspension. Tituration with pentane yielded 8~6 g of cholesteryl-3~-carboxylate (yield, 37%) as a fine powder with a melting point of 212-215-C (lit 218-220 C). Mass spectrometry (EI) showed an m/z of 414 of the molecular ion (M~). The product was characterized by W093/05162 2 1 ~ G 6 7 6 PCT/USg2/07290 2proton NMR. The product was lyophilized overnight to give an anhydrous starting material for acylation reactions.
EXAMPT~ III
Cholestervl-3~-CarboxYamidoe~h~lenedimethvlamine (III~:
The acylation of cholesteryl carboxylate was carried out under a dry argon or nitrogen atmosphere in oven dried glassware. Cholesterol carboxylate (2 g, 4.8 mmol) was suspended in S mL of dichloromethane (HPLC grade under 4 A molecule sieves). A 1.5 molar excess of 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI, 1~2 g) dissolved in 15 mL
dichloromethane was added to the cholesteryl carboxylate suspension is small volumes with intermittent shaking.
When the reaction subsided, the solution was stirred overnight. N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (5 mL, 43.2 mmol) was subsequently added and the resulting solution was stirred for 36 hours at room temperature. Dichloromethane was removed by rotary evaporation, after which the rea~tion was quenched with a small volume of distilled water. 'The acylated steroid was extracted with diethylether (4 x 50 mL). Subsequently, the pooled ether fractions were back extractPd with distilled water (3 x 50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and rotary evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was then triturated with pentane and the product collected on a sintered glass funnel. A voluminous powder ~1.7 g, 73% yield) was obtained and found to be pure by TLC (Rf=0.72) using chloroform:methanol:water (65:25:4,v/v/v) as the developing solvent. The product gave a melting point of 167-169-C.
Mass spectrometry (FAB~) showed an intense peak at an m/z 2~i6(;7~
of 485 which corresponds to the protonated molecular ion (M+H)~. The product was characterized by proton NMR.
EXAMPLE IV
Cholestervl--3~-Carboxvamidoethvlenetrimethvlammonium Iodide (IV):
The quaternization of Compound III was performed using methyl iodide and potassium bicarbonate. Briefly, 1 g (2.1 mmol) of compound III was dissolved in 40 mL of methanol in the presence of 2 g (20 mmol) of potassium bicarbonate and 2 mL (32.1 mmol) of methyl iodide. The reaction was stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. The solvent was subsequently removed under vacuum and the remaining bicarbona~e was neutralized with 1 M HCl until the solution gave a pH reading of 7. Water was removed by lyophilization and the product was extracted from inorganic salt impurities using a small volume of ice cold methanol.
After evaporating the solvent, the product was recrystallized from absolute ethanol and was fur~her purified on a reverse phase column using an acetonitrile/0.1% trifluoroa~etic acid gradient (100~ to 85% acetonitrile in 60 minutes). The powder was shown to be pure with TLC (RfzO.10) using chloroform:methanol:water (65:25:4 v/v/v~ as the developing solvent. It was shown to melt with decomposition at about 190-C, and had a molecular ion with an m/z of 500 (~ ) according to mass spectrometry (FAB+). The product was characterized by proton NMR.
WO93/05162 2 1 1 6 S 7 ~ PCT/US92/07290 EXAMPLE v 1.3-Bis-DimethylaminQ-2-Pro~Yl-choleste~yl-3~-çarboxylate (V):
Acylation was performed using CDI activated cholesteryl-3~-carboxylate analogous to the method described for compound III, except that 2,3-bis-dimethylamino-2-propanol (8 mL, 47.6 mmol) was the nucleophile. After the addition of the nucleophile, the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 72 hours. The dichloromethane was removed and the remainin~ oily residue was dissolved in chloroform. Impurities precipitated with a large volume of petroleum ether (bp, 35-60 C). The filtrate was rotary evaporated to dryness, re-dissolved in pentane, and filtered once again. After drying, the pentane soluble material was dried and re-dissolved in a small volume of diethyl ether and added to a large volume of hot diethyl ether:acetonitrile (30:70, v/v). The product crystallized at -20~C after allowing some of'the ether to evaporate. Mass spectroscopy (FAB+) gave an m/z of 543 for the protonated molecular ion (M+H)+'. The product was characterized by proton NMR.
EXAMPLE VI
l-Dimethylamlno-3-Trimethvlamm.onio-DL,-2-Propyl Cholesteryl Carboxvlate Iodide Salt fVI):
The methoidide of compound y was prepared by gently refluxing coumpound V (0.5 g, 0.9 mmol) and methyl iodide (2 mL, 32.l mmol) in 20 mL of ethanol for one hour.
After cooling, the precipitate (0.5 g, yield 79%) was recrystallized twice from absolute methanol. The product 211~S7G
melted with decomposition at about ~32 C and ran as a single spot on a TLC plate (Rf=0.22) using chloroform:methanol:water (65:25:4, v/v/v) as the developing solvent. The product had a molecular ion with an m/z of 557 (~ ) with FAB~ mass spectroscopy, consistent with the alkylation of one of the possible two tertiary amine sites. The product was characterized by proton NMR.
EXAMPLE VII
Cholester~1-3~-Carboxyamidoethyleneamine (VII~:
To a solution of ethylenediamine ~S.ll g, 85 mmol) in 20 mL dichloromethane, a solution of CDI activated cholesteryl carboxylate (O.7 g, 1.7 mmol) in 5 mL of dich~oromethane was added dropwise over a 1.5 hour period.
When the addition of the activated sterol was complete, the reaction was stirred for 48 hours under nitrogen. After removing the solvent under reduced pressure, the residue was dissolved in chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v) and extracted against water (3 x 50 mL). The chloroform p~ase was subsequently dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, the solvent removed and the residue purified by preparative TLC
using chloroform:methanol:water (65:25:4l v/v/v) as the developing solvent. The band at about Rf = 0.3 was collected, extracted with chloroform:methanol (1:1, v/v) and dried under reduced pressure. The product (0.65 g, yield, 81%) ran as a single spot (Rf = 0.33) and melted with decomposition at about 194'C. Mass spectrometry (FAB~) gave an m/z of 457 for the protonated molecular ion (M+H)~. The product was characterized by proton NMR.
WO93/0~162 2 1 1 6 6 7 6 PCT/US92/07290 A scheme describing the various steps for producing cholesterol hemisuccinate analogues is depicted in FIGURE 2.
EXAMPLE VIII
Cholestervl-3~-Oxysuccinamidoethyle~edimethYlamine VIII:
The synthesis of compound VIII first required the acyl imidazolide of cholesteryl hemisuccinate which was prepared by reacting cholesterol hemisuccinate with N,N-ca~bonyldiimidazole (CDI) as described for the synthesis of compound III. Briefly, to cholesterol hemisuccinate (2 g, 4.1 mmol) suspended in 5 mL of dichloromethane was added 1.5 equivalents of CDI (1 g~ dissolved in 15 mL of dichloromethane. The solution was stirred overnight after which N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (5 mL, 43.2 mmol) was added. Dichloromethane was subsequently removed by rotary evaporation, distilled water was added and the acylated sterol was extracted with diethyl ether (4 x 50 mL).
Subsequently, the ether fractions were washed ~ith distilled water (3 x 50 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium culfate. The ether was removed by rotary evaporation. The product was washed with 200 mL of pentane, and minor impurities were removed using preparative silica gel TLC.
After developing with chloroform:methanol:water (65:25:4), v/v/v) the band present at about an Rf = 0.80 was collected and extracted with chloroform/methanol ~2:1 v~v). The residue was purified further using chloroform:ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v) as the second developing solvent. The band at about Rf = 0.2 was extracted with chloroform/methanol (2:1 v/v). The lyophilized product ran as a single spot on TLC
o ~ ~ r r with an Rf of o.75 using chloroform:methanol:water (65:25:4, v/v/v) as the developing solvent and had a melting point of 11g-111 C. Mass spectrometry (FAB+) showed an m/z of 557 which would correspond to the protonated molecular ion (M+H)~. The product was characterized by proton NMR.
EXAMPLE IX
Cholesteryl-3*-Oxvsuccinamidoethylenetrimethvlammonium ~odide (IX):
The quaternization of compound VIII was carried out with methyl iodide in absolute ethanol as described earlier for the synthesie of compound VI. Allowing the solution to cool to room temperature afforded 0.5 g (80%
yield) of the quaternary ammonium salt. Subsequently, the product was recrystallized from absolute ethanol giving a fine white powder which melted ~ith decomposition at about 196-C. The product ran as a single spot on a TLC plate (R
= 0.43) using chloroform:methanol:water (65:25:4) as 'the developing solvent. Mass spectrometry (FA+) indicated a molecular ion with an m/z of 572 (M~ ). The product was characterized by proton NN.
EXAMPLE X
1.3~B,i-Dimethylamino-2-Propyl-CholesterYl-3p~-oxysuccinate (X):
Acylation was performed using CDI activated cholesteryl hemisuccinate according to the procedure described earlier for compound V. After the addition of 1,3-bi-dimethylamino-2-propanol (7 mL, 41.6 mmol), the mixture was stirred for 72 hours, after which the solvent WO93~05162 2 1 1 6 ~ 7 6 PCT/US92/07290 was removed under vacuum. The product, extracted from the residue with diethyl ether (3 x 75 mL), gave an oil following removal of the ether. The addition of pentane precipitated additional impurities; after rotary evaporation, the resulting oil could not be successfully crystallized using a variety of solvents or by lyophilization. Mass spectrometry (FA+) indicated a protonated molecular ion with an m/z of 616 (M+H)~. the product was characterized by proton NM.
EXAMPLE XI
l-Dimethylamino-3-Trimethylammonio-DL-2-PropYl-CholesterYl-3B-Oxvsuccinate Iodide Sal~ (XI:
Methylation of compound X was performed using the method described pre~iously (Example VI). After l hour, the solution was cooled and the methiodide recrystallized twice from absolute methanol to give needle shaped crystals which melted with decomposition at about 222 C. The product ran as a single spot on a TLC plate (R = 0~17) using chloroform:methanol:water (65:25:4, v/v~v) as the developing solvent. Mass spectrometry tFA+) indicated a molecular ion with an m/z of S29 (M~) consistent with the methylation of l of a possible 2 tertiary amine sites. The product was characterized by proton NM.
EXAMPLE XII
2-~ r 2-~dimeth~lam m o)ethyl1methylamino~ethyl-CholesterYl-3B-OxYsuccinate (XII):
The synthesis of compound XII was analogous to the method described for the acylation of compound VIII
except that 2-~2-dimethylamino)ethyl]-methylamino)ethanol 211~r)7G 1~
(7 mL, 42.o mmol) was the amino alcohol used as the nucleophile. After extraction with diethylether, the product was lyophilized dry and further purified by preparative TLC using chloroform:methanol:water (65:2S:4, v/v/v). After the band present at R = 0.80 was collected and extracted with chloroform:methanol, (2:1, v/v), the residue was purified further using chloroform:ethyl acetate (1:1; v/v) as the second TLC developing solvent. The band which was present at about R = 0.2 was collected and the silica was extracted with chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v).
The product, which ran as a single spot on a TLC plate (R
s 0.72) using chloroform:methanol:water (65:2s:4 v/v/v) as the developing solvent gave a melting point of 50-52'C.
Mass spectrometry (FA+) showed a protonated molecular ion with an m/z of 615 (M~H)~. The product was characterized by proton NMR.
~XANPLE~
2- ~ r 2-TrimethYlammoniolet~vlmçthylamino)ethyl-Cholester~l-3~-Oxvsuccinate Iodine Salt lXIII~:
The acylation of compound ~II (O.5 g, 0.8 mmol) was carried out under reflux conditions with methyl iodide in absolute ethanol as described in Example VI. The precipitate was recrystallized twice from absolute methanol and stained as a single spot on a TLC plate (~ = 0.22) using chloroform:methanol:water (65:25:4; v/v/v) as the developing solvent. The crystals melted with decomposition at about 172'C. Mass spectrometry ~FA~) gave an m/z of 629 for the molecular ion (~') consistent with the methylation WO93/0516~ PCT/US92/07290 2~1~S76 of only one the possible two tertiary amine sites. The product was characterized by proton NM.
The scheme for the synthesis of cholesteryl formate analogues is shown in FIGURE 3.
EXAMPLE XIV
3~rN-(N'.N'-dimethylaminQethane)-carbamoyllcholesterol (XIV):
Compound XIV was synthesized by mixing a solution of cholesteryl chloroformate (0.5 mmol) in chloroform with a solution of N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (9.1 mmol) in chloroform in a dry ice-ethanol bath. The solvent and the unreacted amine were removed in vacuo. Compound XIV was purified by two successive recrystallizations in ethanol.
(Yield, 65%) TLC (chloroform;methanol=65:35) showed a single spot (R = 0.37) when developed with iodine. The product was characterized by proton NM.
EXAMPLE XV
3~ r~- (~olyethYlenei~ine)-~arbamovllcholesterol XV): ' Synthesis of compound XV was similar to that of compound XIV. Cholesterol chloroformate (O.1 mmol) and polyet~yleneimine 600 (6 g) were mixed in chloroform in a dry ice-ethanol bath. After the volatile material of the reaction mixture was removed in vacuo, the solid crude product was dialyzQd against 4L distilled water for 3 days (during which the water was changed several times).
Finally, the product was lyophilized to dryness, giving an estimated yield of 81%. Compound XIV ran as a single spot on TLC (chloroform:methanol=65:35).
WO93/05162 PCT/US9~/07290 211~76 EXAMPLE XVI
PreDaration of cationic li~id dis~ersions:
cationic cholesterol derivatives were mixed with a phospholipid in chloroform solution at different molar ratios. The solvent was removed by evaporation under a stream of N2 gas and desiccated in vacuo for at least 30 minutes. The dry lipid film was hydrated in 20 mM Hepes buffer, Ph 7.8, overnight. The suspension was sonicated in a bath-type sonicator (Laboratory Supplies, Hicksville, NY) to generate small particle dispersions (average diameter =
150 nm).
EXAMPLE XVII
Transf~ction of cells:
Plasmid pUCSV2CAT (approximately 5kb in size) containing the structural gene of E. coli chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) driven by the SV40 virus early promoter was used as a model for the polyanions to be delivered by the cationic lipid dispersions. DNA was miXed with cationic lipid dispersions in 1 ml serum-free M199 medium or McCoy's medium to form DNA~lipid complex.
Cultured mammalian cells of about 80-100% confluency in a 6-well plate were washed once with serum-free medium. The DNA/lipid complex was added to the washed cells which were incubated at 37'C for 5 hours. The cells were washed again and the serum-containing medium was added. Cells were harvested 30-72 hours later and extracted for cellular proteins. The CAT activity in the extracted protein was measured by using either rl4C] chloramphenicol or [3H~ acetyl CoA as a radiolabeled substrate. One activity unit of CAT
WO93~05162 ~ 6 7 6 PCT/US92/07290 is defined as nmole of radiolabeled substrate converted to the radiolabeled product in one minute. Protein content in the cell extracts was measured by the Bradford (BIORAD) assay.
EXAMPLE XVIII
Isolation of ~rotein kinase C:
As rapidly as possible, brains for 25 Sprague-Dawley rats (150-200 g) were removed, washed with 100 mL of 20 mM TRIS, 1 mM EDTA, lmM EGTA, Ph 7.5, and homo~enized in 150 mL of ice cold 20 mM TRIS, 10 mM EGT~, 2 mM EDTA, 10 mM
DTT, 0.2S M sucrose, 2 mM PMSF and 100 ~g/mL leupeptin, pH
7.5. The homogenate was immediately centrifuged at 100,000 g for 40 minutes at 4' C in a Beckman Ti 50 . 2 rotor. The supernatant was applied to a 2~ 5 X 20 cm column of DEAE
Sepharose (fast flow) containing 60 mL of resin equilibrated with 20 mM TRIS, 1 mM EDTA, ? mM DTT, pH 7.5 (buffer A). The column was washed with 300 mL of buffer A
and an additional 200 mL of buffer A containing 0.03 M kCl.
Protein kinase C was eluted with a 500 mL continuous KCl gradient (0.03 - 0.3 M KCl). Fractions of 5 mL volumes were collected. Fractions showing calcium and phospholipid dependence were pooled; the salt concentration was adjusted to 1.5 KCl with the appropriate quantity of solid KCl. The crude sample containing 1.5 M KCl was stirred for 15 minutes and subsequently loaded onto a 1 X 10 cm column c.ontaining 9 mL Phenyl separose equilibrated with 1.5 M XCl in 20 mM TRIS, 0.5 mM EGTA, 1 mM DTT, pH 7.5 (buffer B).
The column was washed with 90 mL of buffer B containing 1.5 M KCl. PKC was eluted with a 100 mL continuous KCl 211~o76 gradient (1.5 - 0 M KCl). Fractions of 3 mL volumes were collected. The column was washed with an additional 50 mL
of buffer B. Most of the enzyme activity eluted during this stage. Fractions showing calcium and phospholipid dependence were pooled and concentrated to 4 mL using an Amicon ultrafiltration cell fitted with a YM-10 filter.
The concentrated sample was loaded onto a 2.5 X 100 cm column containing 400 ml of Sephacryl S-200 HR beads equilibrated with buffer B containing 10% glycerod (buffer C). Fractions of 3 mL volumes were collected. About 150 mL
of buffer was run through; PKC eluted very close to the column void volume. The fractions showing calcium and phospholipid dependence were pooled and loaded onto a 0.5 x 5 cm column containing 2.5 mL polylysine agarose equilibrated with buffer C. PKC was eluted with a 40 mL
continuous KCl gradient (0-0.8 M KCl). Fractions of 1 mL
volumes were collected. The first few active fractions were contaminated. The uncontaminated fractions were pooled, concentrated, and diluted with buffer C to remove the high salt content. After reconcentrating, the sample was divided into working portions, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80-C. Full activity was regained after rapid thawing. Trace impurities (116 k, 66 k, and 50 k Mr) could still be detected when the gel was silver stained heavily. The enzyme gave a specific activity of 200 nmoles phosphate incorporated per minute per milligram of protein when assayed for histone phosphorylation using the Triton mixed micelle assay with 6.5 mole %
phosp~atidylserine, 2.5 mole % nAG and 100 ~M calcium WO93/05162 ~ 1 1 6 S 7 ~ PCT/US92/07290 present. Specific activities ranging from 30 nmoles/min/mg to 600 nmoles/min/mg have been observed for PKC using the Triton mixed micelle assay under the same conditions.
EXAMPLE XIX
Mixed micelle assav of ~rotein kinase C:
Phosphatidylserine and 1,2-diolein with and without additive were dissolved in a solution of chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v). Solvent was evaporated with a stream of nitrogen and last traces removed using a vacuum desiccator at 40-C. The lipid films were then solubilized by the addition of 3% Triton X-100, vortexed vigorously for 30 seconds and then incubated at 30 C for 10 minutes to allcw for equilibration. At 25 ~L, an aliquot of this solution was used in a final assay volume of 250 ~L, containing 20 mM TR~S-HCl, pH 7.5, 10 mN MgCL2, 200 ~g/mL histone III-S, 100 ~M CaCl2, 10 ~N~y-32P~ adenosine 5' triphosphate, 2.75 mM Triton X-100, with 300 ~M (6.5 mole percent) phosphatidylserine and 107 ~M (2.5 mole per~ent 1,2-diolein. For controls, 25 ~L of 20 mM EGTA replaced the CaCl2. To initiate the reaction, 150 ng of protein was added. After briefly mixing, the tubes were incubated for 10 minutes at 30C. The reaction was terminated by adding 1 mL of cold 0.5 mg/mL BSA and 1 ~L of cold 25%
trichloroacetic acid. This mixture was passed through a GF/C Whatman filter and washed five times with 2 mL of 25%
trichloroacetic acid. After drying, the filters were counted with 6 mL ACS scintillation fluid.
WO93/05162 PCT/US92/072gO
2 1 1 ~3 ~ 7 6 24 EXAMPLE XX
Formation of homoqenous _ disPersion with cationic cholesterol derivatives None of the cationic cholesterol derivatives by themselves form stable homogenous dispersion by sonication in a low io~ic strength buffer. It was necessary to add a phospholipid, acidic or neutral, to form mixed lipid dispersion~ For example, compound VIII requires a minimal of 1 part of PC or PC and 9 parts of compound VIII to form a uniform dispersion. In the case of compound XIV, a minimal ration of phosphatidyl choline (PC) or phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) to XIV = 4:6 is required. Such non-cationic lipid used in the dispersion is called co-lipid.
EXAMPLE XXI
Delivery of DNA into mammalian ~ells bv cationic lipi~
dis~ersions Plasmid DNA, pUCSV2CAT, was used as a model compound for polyanions because it contains a structu~al gene for CAT. The efficiency of intracellular delivery can be readily assayed by the expression of C~T activity in the extracted proteins of the treated cells. Table l lists the CAT activity of mouse L929 cells which have been transfected with this plasmid DNA as mediated by various c~tionic lipid dispersions. In addition, we have also measured the inhibitory activity of the pure cationic cholesterol derivatives on diolein, phosphatidyl serine (PS), and Ca2~ stimulated protein kinase C. This activity was expressed as an ICSo, which is the concentration at which 50% of PXC activity was inhibited. As can be seen W O 93/05162 2 1 1 ~ S 7 o PCT/US92/07290 from Table I, derivatives giving low ICso values, i.e., those strong PKC inhibitors, were not a good delivery vehicle for DNA. For example, compounds IV, XI, VI and XIII, all having a IC50 value less than 20 ~M, produced minimal CAT activities in the treated cells. Among the ones which gave rise to high CAT activities, derivatives with a single tertiary amino group (compounds VIII, VI and III) were more effective in delivering DNA than similar analogs containing a single quaternary ami~o group (compounds IX and IV). Furthermore, among the derivatives with the same amino head group, those containing a longer spacer arm (compounds VIII and IX) delivered a greater quantity of DNA than those containing a shorter spacer arm (compounds X, XI, V, VI and XV) were generally less effective delivery vehicles.
Compound VII deserves some special attention. It contains only a single primary amino group with a short spacer arm, yet the transfection activity was relati~ely high.
~ABLE I
PKC Inhibition Relative CAT
Com~ound IC.~uM) Activit~
IV 12 0.7 X 408 0.5 XIV __ 2 1 ~ 5 G76 EXAMPLE XXII
The im~ortance of the co-lipid The experiments described in Example XXI were done with a lipid dispersion containing a cationic cholesterol derivative and a co-lipid dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). We have studied the role of co-lipid in the delivery efficiency. FIGURE 4 shows the data of an experiment in which compound VIII was mixed with a variety of different co-lipid, neutral and acidic, at a molar ratio of l:l. The DNA delivery activity of these mixed dispersions were then studied. As can be seen, only DOPE supported the delivery activity of compound VIII.
Other neutral lipids such as dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (NOPC), N-methyl-DOPE, N,N-dimethyl DOPE had little or no activity. None of the acidic lipids, such as PS and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) showed any activity.
The molar ratio of DOPE and compound VIII in the dispersion also played an important role. FIGURE 5 shows that maximal DNA delivery activity of the dispersion occurred when the dispersion contained 20-50% compound VIII. Too much or too little of compound VIII in the mixed dispersion did not yield ~ood delivery activity.
EX~MPLE XXIII
oDtimization Qf dis~ersion-to-DNA ratio for deliveEy A l:l mixture of compound VIII and DOPE were used to study the optimal ratio of dispersion-to-DNA for delivery. FIGURE 6 shows the data of an experiment in which various amounts of dispersion were added to a fixed amount of DNA (5 ~g) for transfection. Maximal activities WO93~05162 2 1 1 6 ~ 7 6 PCT/US92/07290 occurred at 69-80 nmoles of dispersion. We then used 70 nmoles dispersion and varied the amount of DNA for transfection (Fig. 7). The bell-shaped curve in the figure indicates that a 5 ~g DNA gave the maximal activity. Thus the optimal ratio of dispersion-to-DNA was 70 nmole lipid for 5 ~g DNA.
ComDlex formation of DNA with cationic lipid dispersions It was expected that polyanions complex with the cationic lipid dispersion via electrostatic interactions.
Again, a l:l mixture of compound VIII and DOPE was used for the study. We have characterized the dispersion/DNA
complexes by agarose gel electrophoresis. As shown in FIGURE 8, 1 ~g plasmid DNA electrophoresed as two closely located bands in the gel (lane l), which could be completely digested if DNAse was included in the incubation bu~fer (lane 7). Incubation mixtures containing increasing amounts of dispersion showed decreasing intensities of~DNA
bands (lanes 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6). Furthermore, all of the uncomplexed, free DNA could be digested by DNA se, but only a portion of the complexed DNA was digested (lanes 8, 9, lO, ll and 12). These results clearly showed that the lipid dispersion form complexes with DNA which are either larger in size and/or less negatively charged such that the complex does not enter the gel during electrophoresis.
Furthermore, the complex is partially resistant to DNAse, whereas the free, uncomplexed DNA is not. It should be noted that at the optimal dispersion/DNA ration nearly all DNA ware complexed with liposomes (not shown in FIGURE 8).
211~7~ ~
EXAMPLE ~XV
Relationshi~ between deliverY activitv and cytotoxicity of the cationic li~id complex This was studied by using a dispersion composed of compound XIV and DOPE ~3:2, molar ratio). A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells were used for the transfection experiments. A fixed amount of DNA (4 ~g) was mixed with an increasing amount of cationic lipid dispersion or a commercially available transfection reagent, Lipofectin, and added to the A431 cells for tran fection (FIGURE 9).
The toxicity of the treatment to the cells was measured as the total amount of cellular protein extractable at the time of CAT activity assay. As can be seen from the Figure, Lipofectin treated cells showed a greatly reduced protein content with 50% inhi~ition occurring at about 7 ~g lipid/ml. Cells treated with the diæpersion `containing compound XIV and DOPE showed less toxicity; the I~o occurred at about 2S ~g lipid/ml. The novel cationic cholesterol dispersion had also produced higher CAT
activities than Lipofectin. It is important to note that maximal C~T activity of cells treated with Lipofectin occurred at the Lipofectin concentration of 15 ~g/ml. At this concentration only about 12% of the total cellular proteins could be recovered from the culture. On the other hand, maximal CAT activity of cells treated with the cationic cholesterol dispersion occurred at 20 ~g/ml; about 80~ of the total cellular protein still remained in the culture at this concentration. Thus, the novel cationic WO93/05162 ~ 1 1 6 6 7 6 PCT/US92/07290 cholesterol dispersion is more potent int he delivery activity and is also less toxic to the treated cells.
EXAMPLE XXVI
Stability of the cationic cholesterol derivatives Lipid dispersions were prepared with various cationic cholesterol derivatives and DOPE (about l:l molar ratio). The transfection activitie~ of the dispersions were tested at different times after the dispersions were stored at 4-C in PBS, pH 7.5. Of the derivatives listed in Table I, only the dispersions containing compounds XIV and XV were stable after storage: their transfection activities did not change for at least 2 months. On the other hand, the dispersions composed of other derivati~es lose activity after 2-3 days in storage. Compounds XIV and XV contain a carbamoyl linker bond whereas other compounds contain either an ester bond or an amide bond. It is known that ester and amide bonds are more sensitive than the carbamoyl bond to hydrolysis particularly in the presence of ba~es.
The cationic derivatives may catalyze the hydrolysis of each other's ester bonds, leading to the inactivat~on of the delivery actîvity. Compounds containing carbamoyl linker bonds are less sensitive to the base-catalyzed hydrolysis, yet they can still be hydrolysed by cellular enzymes, i.e., they are biodegradable. This is in contrast to the non-degradable ether bond in DOTMA which is the active ingredient of Lipofectin. Thus, a carbamoyl bond seems to be the best choice for the linker bond of the cationic lipids as a delivery vehicle for polyanions.
W O 93/05162 P ~ /US92/07290 21' 6076 Various of the features of the invention which are believed to be new are set forth in the appended claims.
The present invention relates to methods for facilitating the transfer of nucleic acids into cells and to a novel cationic amphiphile useful for this purpose.
Some but not all cationic amphiphiles are known to facilitate the transfer of DNA into cells, i.e., transfection. Although the mechanism of this activity is not yet clear, it probably involves the binding of the DNA/lipid complex with the cell surface via the excess positive charges on the complex. Cell surface bound complex is probably internalized and the DNA is released into the cytoplasm of the cell from an endocytic compartment. How the released DNA moves into the nucleus is ~ot known.
A cationic amphiphile contains the following four important structural elements:
lipophilic - Linker - Spacer - Amino group bond arm group The amino group is positively charged at neutral pH. It may be a primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary ammonium group. The spacer arm is usually a hydrophilic, 2 to 15-atom moiety which connects the amino group to the lipophilic group via the linker bond. The linker bond is either an ether, ester, amide or other hydrolyzable bond.
The lipophilic group is a hydrophobic moiety which allows the insertion of the cationic amphiphile into the membranes of the cell or liposome. It serves as an 21i~ 76 2 anchor for the cationic ammonium group to attach to the surface of a cell or liposome.
N-[l-(2,3-dioleoxyloxy) propyl]-N,N,N-trimethyl ammoni~m chloride (DOTMA) is the first cationic amphiphile exhibiting the activity of transfection. Its lipophilic group is a double-chain, Cl8:l aliphatic group. It contains a quaternary ammonium group connected to the lipophilic group via a 3-carbon spacer arm with two ether linker bonds. Although the molecule is effective in transfection, it is not biodegradable and is rather toxic to cells.
Another series of cationic amphiphilès used in transfection is the quaternary ammonium detergents. Either single chain (such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) or double chain (such as dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide) detergents exhibit activity to transfect animal cells. The amino group in these amphiphiles is quaternary and is connected to the lipophilic group without the spacer ar~ or linker bonds. Another single-chain detergent, stearylamine, contains a primary amino group connected to a single Cl8:0 chain without a spacer arm or linker bond.
This group ~f amphiphiles is also toxic to the cells.
Two other groups of cationic amphiphiles for transfection have been reported. The first group contains two Cl8:l chains as the lipophilic group. Both groups contain a quaternary ammonium group, but the spacer arm structure varies. In one case, the trimethylammonium group is directly connected to the two Cl8:l chains via a 3-carbon spacer arm and ester bond. The amphiphile, l,2-WO93/05162 211 ~ S 7 G PCT/US92/07290 dioleoxy-3-(trimethylammonio)propane, (DOTAP) is a close analog of DOTMA. In other cases, such as 1,2-dioleoyl-3-(4'-trimethylammonio) butanoyl-sn-glycerol, DOBT, or cholesteryl (4'-trimethylammonio) butanoate, ChOTB, the trimethylammonium group is connected via a butanoyl spacer arm to either the double-chain (for DOTB) or cholesteryl (for ChOTB) group. Other amphiphiles, i.e., l,2-dioleoyl-3-succinyl-sn-glycerol choline ester (DOSC) and cholesteryl hemisuccinate choline ester, ChOSC, contain a choline moiety as the quaternary ammonium group which is connected to the double-chain (for DOSC) or cholesteryl (for ChOSC) group via a succinyl spacer arm. The transfection activities of these amphiphiles are generally weak.
Yet another class of amphiphiles, called "lipopolyamine" has alæo been reported. The ammonium group is L-5-carboxyspermine which contains 2 primary and 2 secondary ammonium groups. Two examples of this lipopolyamine are dioctadecylamidologlycylspermine, DbGS, and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamidospermine, DPPES.
The cationic group is connected to two different double-chain, Cl6:0 lipophilic group via an amidoglycyl (for DOGS) or phosphorylethanolamine (for DPPES) spacer arm. These compounds are especially efficient in transfecting the primary endocrine cells without cellular toxicity.
A lipopolylysine reagent for transfection has also been reported. The reagent contains a polylysine moiety as the ammonium group which is connected to a phospholipid (N-glutarylphosphatidylethanolamine).
Therefore, the spacer arm is the side chain of lysine and W093fO5162 PCT/US92/07290 7..11~iGr~i the head group of the phospholipid. The lipophilic group is a double-chain, C18:1 group connecting to the spacer arm via two ester bonds. Although the reagents is efficient in transfection and non-toxic to cells, the activity requires scraping the treated cells. This is clearly not a convenient step and cannot be done for in vivo experiments.
An ideal transfection reagent should exhibit a high level of transfection activity without scraping or any other mechanical or physical manipulations of the cells or tissues. The reagent should be non-toxic or minimally toxic at the effective doses. It should also be biodegradable to avoid any long-term adverse side-effects on the treated cells.
Many reagents which fulfill these criteria contain a linker bond that is hydrolyzable in the cell.
For example, DOBT and DOSC, both contain ester linker bonds, can be metabolized and catabolized into other lipid species in the treated cells. However, cationic amphiphiles containing ester linker bonds are not stable when stored in an aqueous solution. This is probably due to a base-catalyzed hydrolysis reaction madiated by the amino group of the amphiphile.
Another key factor on the cellular toxicity of the cationic amphiphiles is their inhibitory effects on the activity of protein kinase C (PKC). PKC is a key enzyme which plays a crucial role in cellular signal transduction.
Cationic amphiphiles inhibit PKC activity by mimicking the endogenous inhibitor, sphingosine. PKC activity is also important for the cellular endocytosis pathway which is WO93/05162 PCT/U~92/072~
2 11 ~ G 7 G
likely to be involved in the action of the cationic amphiphiles to facilitate the entry of ~NA into cells.
Recently it has been reported that a PKC a~tivator, phorbolmyristateacetate, can stimulate the transfection efficiency of DNA mediated by the calcium phosphate precipitates.
The present inventors have therefore synthesized a series of novel cationic amphiphiles and screened their activities to inhibit PKC. Several amphiphiles which exhibit weak inhibitory activities towards PKC are particularly suitable for transfections. In addition, there has been prepared cationic reagents with a carbamoyl linker bond in order to overcome the problem of instability in solution. The stability of the bond in aqueous solution is much greater than that of the ester bond, yet it is hydrolyzable in the cell.
In brief, the present invention provides a method for facilitating the transfer of nucleic acids into cells.
The method comprises preparing a mixed lipid dispersion of a cationic lipid with a co-lipid in a suitable carrier solvent, such as distilled water or normal saline solution.
The cationic lipid has a structure which includes a lipophilic group derived from cholesterol, a linker bond, a spacer arm including from about l to about 20 carbon atoms in a branched or unbranched linear alkyl chain, and a cationic amino group. The amino group is selected from the group consisting of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary amino groups. The method further comprises W093/05162 PCT/US92/072~
~11(;~76 adding the nucleic acids to the dispersion to form a complex. The cells are then treated with the complex.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the dispersion has particles with an average diameter of about 150nm. The cationic lipid is preferentially selected from the group consisting of cholesteryl-3~-carboxyl-amidoethylenetrimethylammonium iodide, l-dimethylamino-3-trimethylammonio-DL-2-propyl-cholesteryl carboxylate iodide, cholesteryl-3~-carboxyamidoethyleneamine, cholesteryl-3~-oxysuccinamidoethylenetrimethylammonium iodide, l-dimethylamino-3-trimethylammonio-DL-2-propyl-cholesteryl-3~-oxysuccinate iodide, 2-[(2-trimethlyammonio)-ethylmethylamino] ethyl-cholesteryl-3~-oxysuccinate iodide, 3~[N-(N', N'-dimethylaminoethane)-carbamoyl~cholesterol, and 3~-~N-(polyethyleneimine~-carbamoyl]cholesterol. In a preferred embodiment, the co-lipid is a neutral or acidic phospholipid which may be preferentially selected from the group consisting 'of phosphatidyl choline and phosphaticlyl ethanolamine.
In addition, the present invention also provides a substantially non-toxic,substantially non-hydrolyzable cationic lipid for facilitating the transfer of nucleic acids into cells. The lipid comprises a lipophilic group derived from cholesterol, a linker bond, a spacer arm including from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms in a branched or unbranched linear alkyl chain, and a cationic amino group. The amino group is selected from the group comprising primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary amino groups.
WO 93/05162 2 1 1 ~ ~ 7 G Pcr/US92/07290 The cationic lipid is preferably selected from the group consisting of cholesteryl-3~-carboxyamidoethylenetrimethylammonium iodide, l-dimethylamino-3 -trimethylammonio-DL-2-propyl -cholesteryl carboxylate iodide, cholesteryl-3~-carboxyamidoethyleneamine, cholesteryl-3,~-oxysuccinamidoethylenetrimethylammonium iodide, l-dimethylamino-3 -trimethylammonio-DL-2 -propyl-cholesteryl-3~-oxysuccinate iodide, 2 - t ( 2-trimethyl-ammonio) ethylmethylamino] ethyl-~holesteryl-3~-oxysuccinate iodide, 3,B ~ N- ( N ', N ' dimethyl aminoethane ) -carbamoyl ] -cholesterol, and 3,~ [N- (polyethyleneimine) -carbamoyl ] cholesterol .
The present invention may be better understood by reference to the following Examples when considering in conjunction with the drawings in which: `
FIGUR~ 1 is the synthetic scheme for cholesteryl carboxylate analogues;
FIGURE 2 is the synthetic scheme f or cholesteryl hemisuccinate analogues;
FIGURE 3 is the synthetic scheme for cholesteryl formate analogues;
FIGURE 4 is a graph of the effect of different co-lipids on the transfection activity of a cationic lipid dispersion in L929 cells;
FIGURE 5 is a graph of the effect of the ratio of co-lipid to a cationic lipid of the present invention on the transfection activity in L929 cells;
WO93/0~162 PCT/US92/07290 2 ~ 1 G ~7 (;
FIGURE 6 is a graph of the effect of lipid dose on the transfection activity in L929 cells;
FIGURE 7 is a graph of the effect of DNA dose on the tr~nsfection activity of the lipid dispersion in L929 cells;
FIGURE 8 is a representation of a gel showing complex formation of DNA with the cationic lipid dispersion: and FIGURE 9 is a graph of the transfection efficiency and toxicity of a cationic lipid of the. present invention.
In order to facilitate a further understanding of the present invention, the fo~lowing Examples are given primarily for the purposes of illustrating certain more specific details thereof.
MatexiLals:
Cholesterol (99 ~ ~ grade), cholesterol hemisuccinate, 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole, were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO. Magnesium powder-50 mesh (99 + ~), thionyl bromide ~97%), 1,3--propane sulfone (99%), iodomethane (99%), trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (98%), M,M-dimethylaniline (99~), N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (95%), 1,3-bis-dimethylamino-2-p r o p a n o l ( 9 7 % ) , 2 - ( ~ 2 -(dimethylamino)ethyl~methylamino)ethanol (98%), were obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, WI.
Cholesteryl chloroformate (95%), and polyethyleneimine were obtained from Fluka. Methanol, dichloromethane, and WO93/05162 2 1 1 6 ~ 7 ~ PCT/USg2/072gO
acetonitrile were HPLC grade solvents. All other chemicals and solvents, unless specified were reagent grade.
A synthetic scheme for cholesteryl carboxylate analogues is shown in FIGURE 1.
EXAMPLE I
Cholestervl Bromide (I):
Cholesterol, (25 g, 64.6 mmol) was dissolved in mL of dimethylaniline (78.9 mmol) and 5 mL of chloroform. While stirring on ice; small quantities of thionyl bromide (~ mL, 77.6 mmol) dissolved in 20 mL of cold chloroform was added slowly over a period of 15 minutes. After the addition of thionly bromide was comple~e, the mixture was stirred for an additional 2 hours at room temperature. The resulting solution was poured into 200 mL of ice cold 95% ethanol and left on ice for 2 hour until crystallization was complete. The product was filtered and washed with 25 mL of ice cold 95% ethanol.
A small amount of product was recovered from the filt~ate with the addition of 75 mL distilled water followed by refrigeration. Finally, the product was recrystallized from 120 mL of acetone gi~ing 21.8 g of cholesteryl bromide (yield, 75%) with a melting point of 93-9S%C (lit 97-98-C).
The identity of the product was confirmed with mass spectrometry (EI) which showed an intense peak with an m/z of 448, corresponding to the molecular ion (~ ) of cholesteryl bromide. Also, the bromide molecular weig~t pattern characteristic of the two different isotopes of bromine (79Br:81Br,1:1) was observed.
r u ~ ~
EXAMPLE II
Cholest-5-ene-3~-Carboxylic Acid ~
The synthesis of cholesteryl-3~-carboxylate was performed using a Grignard reaction. All glassware was oven dried at 110C overnight. In a 500 mL three-neck flask set up for reflux, a solution of methyl magnesium iodide was freshly prepared by treating 9 g of oven dried (llOC) magnesium powder in 100 mL anhydrous diethyl ether with 10 mL of methyl iodide. After the vigorous reaction subsided, cholesteryl bromide (25 9, 56 mmol) dissolved in 100 mL of anhydrous diethyl ether was slowly added to the methyl magnesium iodide solution over a three hour period.
The solution was refluxed for 36 hours with enough heat required to bring the diethyl ether to a boil. Subsequent to cooling, the Grignard reagent was added to finely ground solid carbon dioxide, and after 1 hour, the complex was hydrolyzed by treatment with ice cold 1 M sulfuric acid.
After the steroid was extracted with diethyl ether (3 x'250 mL), the ethereal layer was washed with 10 mM sodium thiosulfate (3 x 50 mL) to remove a persistent orange color. After removing the water layer, the ether layer was washed with distilled water and filtered to remove an insoluble residue. The ether layer was subsequently dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and rotary e~aporated to give a white-yellow oily suspension. Tituration with pentane yielded 8~6 g of cholesteryl-3~-carboxylate (yield, 37%) as a fine powder with a melting point of 212-215-C (lit 218-220 C). Mass spectrometry (EI) showed an m/z of 414 of the molecular ion (M~). The product was characterized by W093/05162 2 1 ~ G 6 7 6 PCT/USg2/07290 2proton NMR. The product was lyophilized overnight to give an anhydrous starting material for acylation reactions.
EXAMPT~ III
Cholestervl-3~-CarboxYamidoe~h~lenedimethvlamine (III~:
The acylation of cholesteryl carboxylate was carried out under a dry argon or nitrogen atmosphere in oven dried glassware. Cholesterol carboxylate (2 g, 4.8 mmol) was suspended in S mL of dichloromethane (HPLC grade under 4 A molecule sieves). A 1.5 molar excess of 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI, 1~2 g) dissolved in 15 mL
dichloromethane was added to the cholesteryl carboxylate suspension is small volumes with intermittent shaking.
When the reaction subsided, the solution was stirred overnight. N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (5 mL, 43.2 mmol) was subsequently added and the resulting solution was stirred for 36 hours at room temperature. Dichloromethane was removed by rotary evaporation, after which the rea~tion was quenched with a small volume of distilled water. 'The acylated steroid was extracted with diethylether (4 x 50 mL). Subsequently, the pooled ether fractions were back extractPd with distilled water (3 x 50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and rotary evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was then triturated with pentane and the product collected on a sintered glass funnel. A voluminous powder ~1.7 g, 73% yield) was obtained and found to be pure by TLC (Rf=0.72) using chloroform:methanol:water (65:25:4,v/v/v) as the developing solvent. The product gave a melting point of 167-169-C.
Mass spectrometry (FAB~) showed an intense peak at an m/z 2~i6(;7~
of 485 which corresponds to the protonated molecular ion (M+H)~. The product was characterized by proton NMR.
EXAMPLE IV
Cholestervl--3~-Carboxvamidoethvlenetrimethvlammonium Iodide (IV):
The quaternization of Compound III was performed using methyl iodide and potassium bicarbonate. Briefly, 1 g (2.1 mmol) of compound III was dissolved in 40 mL of methanol in the presence of 2 g (20 mmol) of potassium bicarbonate and 2 mL (32.1 mmol) of methyl iodide. The reaction was stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. The solvent was subsequently removed under vacuum and the remaining bicarbona~e was neutralized with 1 M HCl until the solution gave a pH reading of 7. Water was removed by lyophilization and the product was extracted from inorganic salt impurities using a small volume of ice cold methanol.
After evaporating the solvent, the product was recrystallized from absolute ethanol and was fur~her purified on a reverse phase column using an acetonitrile/0.1% trifluoroa~etic acid gradient (100~ to 85% acetonitrile in 60 minutes). The powder was shown to be pure with TLC (RfzO.10) using chloroform:methanol:water (65:25:4 v/v/v~ as the developing solvent. It was shown to melt with decomposition at about 190-C, and had a molecular ion with an m/z of 500 (~ ) according to mass spectrometry (FAB+). The product was characterized by proton NMR.
WO93/05162 2 1 1 6 S 7 ~ PCT/US92/07290 EXAMPLE v 1.3-Bis-DimethylaminQ-2-Pro~Yl-choleste~yl-3~-çarboxylate (V):
Acylation was performed using CDI activated cholesteryl-3~-carboxylate analogous to the method described for compound III, except that 2,3-bis-dimethylamino-2-propanol (8 mL, 47.6 mmol) was the nucleophile. After the addition of the nucleophile, the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 72 hours. The dichloromethane was removed and the remainin~ oily residue was dissolved in chloroform. Impurities precipitated with a large volume of petroleum ether (bp, 35-60 C). The filtrate was rotary evaporated to dryness, re-dissolved in pentane, and filtered once again. After drying, the pentane soluble material was dried and re-dissolved in a small volume of diethyl ether and added to a large volume of hot diethyl ether:acetonitrile (30:70, v/v). The product crystallized at -20~C after allowing some of'the ether to evaporate. Mass spectroscopy (FAB+) gave an m/z of 543 for the protonated molecular ion (M+H)+'. The product was characterized by proton NMR.
EXAMPLE VI
l-Dimethylamlno-3-Trimethvlamm.onio-DL,-2-Propyl Cholesteryl Carboxvlate Iodide Salt fVI):
The methoidide of compound y was prepared by gently refluxing coumpound V (0.5 g, 0.9 mmol) and methyl iodide (2 mL, 32.l mmol) in 20 mL of ethanol for one hour.
After cooling, the precipitate (0.5 g, yield 79%) was recrystallized twice from absolute methanol. The product 211~S7G
melted with decomposition at about ~32 C and ran as a single spot on a TLC plate (Rf=0.22) using chloroform:methanol:water (65:25:4, v/v/v) as the developing solvent. The product had a molecular ion with an m/z of 557 (~ ) with FAB~ mass spectroscopy, consistent with the alkylation of one of the possible two tertiary amine sites. The product was characterized by proton NMR.
EXAMPLE VII
Cholester~1-3~-Carboxyamidoethyleneamine (VII~:
To a solution of ethylenediamine ~S.ll g, 85 mmol) in 20 mL dichloromethane, a solution of CDI activated cholesteryl carboxylate (O.7 g, 1.7 mmol) in 5 mL of dich~oromethane was added dropwise over a 1.5 hour period.
When the addition of the activated sterol was complete, the reaction was stirred for 48 hours under nitrogen. After removing the solvent under reduced pressure, the residue was dissolved in chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v) and extracted against water (3 x 50 mL). The chloroform p~ase was subsequently dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, the solvent removed and the residue purified by preparative TLC
using chloroform:methanol:water (65:25:4l v/v/v) as the developing solvent. The band at about Rf = 0.3 was collected, extracted with chloroform:methanol (1:1, v/v) and dried under reduced pressure. The product (0.65 g, yield, 81%) ran as a single spot (Rf = 0.33) and melted with decomposition at about 194'C. Mass spectrometry (FAB~) gave an m/z of 457 for the protonated molecular ion (M+H)~. The product was characterized by proton NMR.
WO93/0~162 2 1 1 6 6 7 6 PCT/US92/07290 A scheme describing the various steps for producing cholesterol hemisuccinate analogues is depicted in FIGURE 2.
EXAMPLE VIII
Cholestervl-3~-Oxysuccinamidoethyle~edimethYlamine VIII:
The synthesis of compound VIII first required the acyl imidazolide of cholesteryl hemisuccinate which was prepared by reacting cholesterol hemisuccinate with N,N-ca~bonyldiimidazole (CDI) as described for the synthesis of compound III. Briefly, to cholesterol hemisuccinate (2 g, 4.1 mmol) suspended in 5 mL of dichloromethane was added 1.5 equivalents of CDI (1 g~ dissolved in 15 mL of dichloromethane. The solution was stirred overnight after which N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (5 mL, 43.2 mmol) was added. Dichloromethane was subsequently removed by rotary evaporation, distilled water was added and the acylated sterol was extracted with diethyl ether (4 x 50 mL).
Subsequently, the ether fractions were washed ~ith distilled water (3 x 50 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium culfate. The ether was removed by rotary evaporation. The product was washed with 200 mL of pentane, and minor impurities were removed using preparative silica gel TLC.
After developing with chloroform:methanol:water (65:25:4), v/v/v) the band present at about an Rf = 0.80 was collected and extracted with chloroform/methanol ~2:1 v~v). The residue was purified further using chloroform:ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v) as the second developing solvent. The band at about Rf = 0.2 was extracted with chloroform/methanol (2:1 v/v). The lyophilized product ran as a single spot on TLC
o ~ ~ r r with an Rf of o.75 using chloroform:methanol:water (65:25:4, v/v/v) as the developing solvent and had a melting point of 11g-111 C. Mass spectrometry (FAB+) showed an m/z of 557 which would correspond to the protonated molecular ion (M+H)~. The product was characterized by proton NMR.
EXAMPLE IX
Cholesteryl-3*-Oxvsuccinamidoethylenetrimethvlammonium ~odide (IX):
The quaternization of compound VIII was carried out with methyl iodide in absolute ethanol as described earlier for the synthesie of compound VI. Allowing the solution to cool to room temperature afforded 0.5 g (80%
yield) of the quaternary ammonium salt. Subsequently, the product was recrystallized from absolute ethanol giving a fine white powder which melted ~ith decomposition at about 196-C. The product ran as a single spot on a TLC plate (R
= 0.43) using chloroform:methanol:water (65:25:4) as 'the developing solvent. Mass spectrometry (FA+) indicated a molecular ion with an m/z of 572 (M~ ). The product was characterized by proton NN.
EXAMPLE X
1.3~B,i-Dimethylamino-2-Propyl-CholesterYl-3p~-oxysuccinate (X):
Acylation was performed using CDI activated cholesteryl hemisuccinate according to the procedure described earlier for compound V. After the addition of 1,3-bi-dimethylamino-2-propanol (7 mL, 41.6 mmol), the mixture was stirred for 72 hours, after which the solvent WO93~05162 2 1 1 6 ~ 7 6 PCT/US92/07290 was removed under vacuum. The product, extracted from the residue with diethyl ether (3 x 75 mL), gave an oil following removal of the ether. The addition of pentane precipitated additional impurities; after rotary evaporation, the resulting oil could not be successfully crystallized using a variety of solvents or by lyophilization. Mass spectrometry (FA+) indicated a protonated molecular ion with an m/z of 616 (M+H)~. the product was characterized by proton NM.
EXAMPLE XI
l-Dimethylamino-3-Trimethylammonio-DL-2-PropYl-CholesterYl-3B-Oxvsuccinate Iodide Sal~ (XI:
Methylation of compound X was performed using the method described pre~iously (Example VI). After l hour, the solution was cooled and the methiodide recrystallized twice from absolute methanol to give needle shaped crystals which melted with decomposition at about 222 C. The product ran as a single spot on a TLC plate (R = 0~17) using chloroform:methanol:water (65:25:4, v/v~v) as the developing solvent. Mass spectrometry tFA+) indicated a molecular ion with an m/z of S29 (M~) consistent with the methylation of l of a possible 2 tertiary amine sites. The product was characterized by proton NM.
EXAMPLE XII
2-~ r 2-~dimeth~lam m o)ethyl1methylamino~ethyl-CholesterYl-3B-OxYsuccinate (XII):
The synthesis of compound XII was analogous to the method described for the acylation of compound VIII
except that 2-~2-dimethylamino)ethyl]-methylamino)ethanol 211~r)7G 1~
(7 mL, 42.o mmol) was the amino alcohol used as the nucleophile. After extraction with diethylether, the product was lyophilized dry and further purified by preparative TLC using chloroform:methanol:water (65:2S:4, v/v/v). After the band present at R = 0.80 was collected and extracted with chloroform:methanol, (2:1, v/v), the residue was purified further using chloroform:ethyl acetate (1:1; v/v) as the second TLC developing solvent. The band which was present at about R = 0.2 was collected and the silica was extracted with chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v).
The product, which ran as a single spot on a TLC plate (R
s 0.72) using chloroform:methanol:water (65:2s:4 v/v/v) as the developing solvent gave a melting point of 50-52'C.
Mass spectrometry (FA+) showed a protonated molecular ion with an m/z of 615 (M~H)~. The product was characterized by proton NMR.
~XANPLE~
2- ~ r 2-TrimethYlammoniolet~vlmçthylamino)ethyl-Cholester~l-3~-Oxvsuccinate Iodine Salt lXIII~:
The acylation of compound ~II (O.5 g, 0.8 mmol) was carried out under reflux conditions with methyl iodide in absolute ethanol as described in Example VI. The precipitate was recrystallized twice from absolute methanol and stained as a single spot on a TLC plate (~ = 0.22) using chloroform:methanol:water (65:25:4; v/v/v) as the developing solvent. The crystals melted with decomposition at about 172'C. Mass spectrometry ~FA~) gave an m/z of 629 for the molecular ion (~') consistent with the methylation WO93/0516~ PCT/US92/07290 2~1~S76 of only one the possible two tertiary amine sites. The product was characterized by proton NM.
The scheme for the synthesis of cholesteryl formate analogues is shown in FIGURE 3.
EXAMPLE XIV
3~rN-(N'.N'-dimethylaminQethane)-carbamoyllcholesterol (XIV):
Compound XIV was synthesized by mixing a solution of cholesteryl chloroformate (0.5 mmol) in chloroform with a solution of N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (9.1 mmol) in chloroform in a dry ice-ethanol bath. The solvent and the unreacted amine were removed in vacuo. Compound XIV was purified by two successive recrystallizations in ethanol.
(Yield, 65%) TLC (chloroform;methanol=65:35) showed a single spot (R = 0.37) when developed with iodine. The product was characterized by proton NM.
EXAMPLE XV
3~ r~- (~olyethYlenei~ine)-~arbamovllcholesterol XV): ' Synthesis of compound XV was similar to that of compound XIV. Cholesterol chloroformate (O.1 mmol) and polyet~yleneimine 600 (6 g) were mixed in chloroform in a dry ice-ethanol bath. After the volatile material of the reaction mixture was removed in vacuo, the solid crude product was dialyzQd against 4L distilled water for 3 days (during which the water was changed several times).
Finally, the product was lyophilized to dryness, giving an estimated yield of 81%. Compound XIV ran as a single spot on TLC (chloroform:methanol=65:35).
WO93/05162 PCT/US9~/07290 211~76 EXAMPLE XVI
PreDaration of cationic li~id dis~ersions:
cationic cholesterol derivatives were mixed with a phospholipid in chloroform solution at different molar ratios. The solvent was removed by evaporation under a stream of N2 gas and desiccated in vacuo for at least 30 minutes. The dry lipid film was hydrated in 20 mM Hepes buffer, Ph 7.8, overnight. The suspension was sonicated in a bath-type sonicator (Laboratory Supplies, Hicksville, NY) to generate small particle dispersions (average diameter =
150 nm).
EXAMPLE XVII
Transf~ction of cells:
Plasmid pUCSV2CAT (approximately 5kb in size) containing the structural gene of E. coli chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) driven by the SV40 virus early promoter was used as a model for the polyanions to be delivered by the cationic lipid dispersions. DNA was miXed with cationic lipid dispersions in 1 ml serum-free M199 medium or McCoy's medium to form DNA~lipid complex.
Cultured mammalian cells of about 80-100% confluency in a 6-well plate were washed once with serum-free medium. The DNA/lipid complex was added to the washed cells which were incubated at 37'C for 5 hours. The cells were washed again and the serum-containing medium was added. Cells were harvested 30-72 hours later and extracted for cellular proteins. The CAT activity in the extracted protein was measured by using either rl4C] chloramphenicol or [3H~ acetyl CoA as a radiolabeled substrate. One activity unit of CAT
WO93~05162 ~ 6 7 6 PCT/US92/07290 is defined as nmole of radiolabeled substrate converted to the radiolabeled product in one minute. Protein content in the cell extracts was measured by the Bradford (BIORAD) assay.
EXAMPLE XVIII
Isolation of ~rotein kinase C:
As rapidly as possible, brains for 25 Sprague-Dawley rats (150-200 g) were removed, washed with 100 mL of 20 mM TRIS, 1 mM EDTA, lmM EGTA, Ph 7.5, and homo~enized in 150 mL of ice cold 20 mM TRIS, 10 mM EGT~, 2 mM EDTA, 10 mM
DTT, 0.2S M sucrose, 2 mM PMSF and 100 ~g/mL leupeptin, pH
7.5. The homogenate was immediately centrifuged at 100,000 g for 40 minutes at 4' C in a Beckman Ti 50 . 2 rotor. The supernatant was applied to a 2~ 5 X 20 cm column of DEAE
Sepharose (fast flow) containing 60 mL of resin equilibrated with 20 mM TRIS, 1 mM EDTA, ? mM DTT, pH 7.5 (buffer A). The column was washed with 300 mL of buffer A
and an additional 200 mL of buffer A containing 0.03 M kCl.
Protein kinase C was eluted with a 500 mL continuous KCl gradient (0.03 - 0.3 M KCl). Fractions of 5 mL volumes were collected. Fractions showing calcium and phospholipid dependence were pooled; the salt concentration was adjusted to 1.5 KCl with the appropriate quantity of solid KCl. The crude sample containing 1.5 M KCl was stirred for 15 minutes and subsequently loaded onto a 1 X 10 cm column c.ontaining 9 mL Phenyl separose equilibrated with 1.5 M XCl in 20 mM TRIS, 0.5 mM EGTA, 1 mM DTT, pH 7.5 (buffer B).
The column was washed with 90 mL of buffer B containing 1.5 M KCl. PKC was eluted with a 100 mL continuous KCl 211~o76 gradient (1.5 - 0 M KCl). Fractions of 3 mL volumes were collected. The column was washed with an additional 50 mL
of buffer B. Most of the enzyme activity eluted during this stage. Fractions showing calcium and phospholipid dependence were pooled and concentrated to 4 mL using an Amicon ultrafiltration cell fitted with a YM-10 filter.
The concentrated sample was loaded onto a 2.5 X 100 cm column containing 400 ml of Sephacryl S-200 HR beads equilibrated with buffer B containing 10% glycerod (buffer C). Fractions of 3 mL volumes were collected. About 150 mL
of buffer was run through; PKC eluted very close to the column void volume. The fractions showing calcium and phospholipid dependence were pooled and loaded onto a 0.5 x 5 cm column containing 2.5 mL polylysine agarose equilibrated with buffer C. PKC was eluted with a 40 mL
continuous KCl gradient (0-0.8 M KCl). Fractions of 1 mL
volumes were collected. The first few active fractions were contaminated. The uncontaminated fractions were pooled, concentrated, and diluted with buffer C to remove the high salt content. After reconcentrating, the sample was divided into working portions, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80-C. Full activity was regained after rapid thawing. Trace impurities (116 k, 66 k, and 50 k Mr) could still be detected when the gel was silver stained heavily. The enzyme gave a specific activity of 200 nmoles phosphate incorporated per minute per milligram of protein when assayed for histone phosphorylation using the Triton mixed micelle assay with 6.5 mole %
phosp~atidylserine, 2.5 mole % nAG and 100 ~M calcium WO93/05162 ~ 1 1 6 S 7 ~ PCT/US92/07290 present. Specific activities ranging from 30 nmoles/min/mg to 600 nmoles/min/mg have been observed for PKC using the Triton mixed micelle assay under the same conditions.
EXAMPLE XIX
Mixed micelle assav of ~rotein kinase C:
Phosphatidylserine and 1,2-diolein with and without additive were dissolved in a solution of chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v). Solvent was evaporated with a stream of nitrogen and last traces removed using a vacuum desiccator at 40-C. The lipid films were then solubilized by the addition of 3% Triton X-100, vortexed vigorously for 30 seconds and then incubated at 30 C for 10 minutes to allcw for equilibration. At 25 ~L, an aliquot of this solution was used in a final assay volume of 250 ~L, containing 20 mM TR~S-HCl, pH 7.5, 10 mN MgCL2, 200 ~g/mL histone III-S, 100 ~M CaCl2, 10 ~N~y-32P~ adenosine 5' triphosphate, 2.75 mM Triton X-100, with 300 ~M (6.5 mole percent) phosphatidylserine and 107 ~M (2.5 mole per~ent 1,2-diolein. For controls, 25 ~L of 20 mM EGTA replaced the CaCl2. To initiate the reaction, 150 ng of protein was added. After briefly mixing, the tubes were incubated for 10 minutes at 30C. The reaction was terminated by adding 1 mL of cold 0.5 mg/mL BSA and 1 ~L of cold 25%
trichloroacetic acid. This mixture was passed through a GF/C Whatman filter and washed five times with 2 mL of 25%
trichloroacetic acid. After drying, the filters were counted with 6 mL ACS scintillation fluid.
WO93/05162 PCT/US92/072gO
2 1 1 ~3 ~ 7 6 24 EXAMPLE XX
Formation of homoqenous _ disPersion with cationic cholesterol derivatives None of the cationic cholesterol derivatives by themselves form stable homogenous dispersion by sonication in a low io~ic strength buffer. It was necessary to add a phospholipid, acidic or neutral, to form mixed lipid dispersion~ For example, compound VIII requires a minimal of 1 part of PC or PC and 9 parts of compound VIII to form a uniform dispersion. In the case of compound XIV, a minimal ration of phosphatidyl choline (PC) or phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) to XIV = 4:6 is required. Such non-cationic lipid used in the dispersion is called co-lipid.
EXAMPLE XXI
Delivery of DNA into mammalian ~ells bv cationic lipi~
dis~ersions Plasmid DNA, pUCSV2CAT, was used as a model compound for polyanions because it contains a structu~al gene for CAT. The efficiency of intracellular delivery can be readily assayed by the expression of C~T activity in the extracted proteins of the treated cells. Table l lists the CAT activity of mouse L929 cells which have been transfected with this plasmid DNA as mediated by various c~tionic lipid dispersions. In addition, we have also measured the inhibitory activity of the pure cationic cholesterol derivatives on diolein, phosphatidyl serine (PS), and Ca2~ stimulated protein kinase C. This activity was expressed as an ICSo, which is the concentration at which 50% of PXC activity was inhibited. As can be seen W O 93/05162 2 1 1 ~ S 7 o PCT/US92/07290 from Table I, derivatives giving low ICso values, i.e., those strong PKC inhibitors, were not a good delivery vehicle for DNA. For example, compounds IV, XI, VI and XIII, all having a IC50 value less than 20 ~M, produced minimal CAT activities in the treated cells. Among the ones which gave rise to high CAT activities, derivatives with a single tertiary amino group (compounds VIII, VI and III) were more effective in delivering DNA than similar analogs containing a single quaternary ami~o group (compounds IX and IV). Furthermore, among the derivatives with the same amino head group, those containing a longer spacer arm (compounds VIII and IX) delivered a greater quantity of DNA than those containing a shorter spacer arm (compounds X, XI, V, VI and XV) were generally less effective delivery vehicles.
Compound VII deserves some special attention. It contains only a single primary amino group with a short spacer arm, yet the transfection activity was relati~ely high.
~ABLE I
PKC Inhibition Relative CAT
Com~ound IC.~uM) Activit~
IV 12 0.7 X 408 0.5 XIV __ 2 1 ~ 5 G76 EXAMPLE XXII
The im~ortance of the co-lipid The experiments described in Example XXI were done with a lipid dispersion containing a cationic cholesterol derivative and a co-lipid dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). We have studied the role of co-lipid in the delivery efficiency. FIGURE 4 shows the data of an experiment in which compound VIII was mixed with a variety of different co-lipid, neutral and acidic, at a molar ratio of l:l. The DNA delivery activity of these mixed dispersions were then studied. As can be seen, only DOPE supported the delivery activity of compound VIII.
Other neutral lipids such as dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (NOPC), N-methyl-DOPE, N,N-dimethyl DOPE had little or no activity. None of the acidic lipids, such as PS and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) showed any activity.
The molar ratio of DOPE and compound VIII in the dispersion also played an important role. FIGURE 5 shows that maximal DNA delivery activity of the dispersion occurred when the dispersion contained 20-50% compound VIII. Too much or too little of compound VIII in the mixed dispersion did not yield ~ood delivery activity.
EX~MPLE XXIII
oDtimization Qf dis~ersion-to-DNA ratio for deliveEy A l:l mixture of compound VIII and DOPE were used to study the optimal ratio of dispersion-to-DNA for delivery. FIGURE 6 shows the data of an experiment in which various amounts of dispersion were added to a fixed amount of DNA (5 ~g) for transfection. Maximal activities WO93~05162 2 1 1 6 ~ 7 6 PCT/US92/07290 occurred at 69-80 nmoles of dispersion. We then used 70 nmoles dispersion and varied the amount of DNA for transfection (Fig. 7). The bell-shaped curve in the figure indicates that a 5 ~g DNA gave the maximal activity. Thus the optimal ratio of dispersion-to-DNA was 70 nmole lipid for 5 ~g DNA.
ComDlex formation of DNA with cationic lipid dispersions It was expected that polyanions complex with the cationic lipid dispersion via electrostatic interactions.
Again, a l:l mixture of compound VIII and DOPE was used for the study. We have characterized the dispersion/DNA
complexes by agarose gel electrophoresis. As shown in FIGURE 8, 1 ~g plasmid DNA electrophoresed as two closely located bands in the gel (lane l), which could be completely digested if DNAse was included in the incubation bu~fer (lane 7). Incubation mixtures containing increasing amounts of dispersion showed decreasing intensities of~DNA
bands (lanes 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6). Furthermore, all of the uncomplexed, free DNA could be digested by DNA se, but only a portion of the complexed DNA was digested (lanes 8, 9, lO, ll and 12). These results clearly showed that the lipid dispersion form complexes with DNA which are either larger in size and/or less negatively charged such that the complex does not enter the gel during electrophoresis.
Furthermore, the complex is partially resistant to DNAse, whereas the free, uncomplexed DNA is not. It should be noted that at the optimal dispersion/DNA ration nearly all DNA ware complexed with liposomes (not shown in FIGURE 8).
211~7~ ~
EXAMPLE ~XV
Relationshi~ between deliverY activitv and cytotoxicity of the cationic li~id complex This was studied by using a dispersion composed of compound XIV and DOPE ~3:2, molar ratio). A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells were used for the transfection experiments. A fixed amount of DNA (4 ~g) was mixed with an increasing amount of cationic lipid dispersion or a commercially available transfection reagent, Lipofectin, and added to the A431 cells for tran fection (FIGURE 9).
The toxicity of the treatment to the cells was measured as the total amount of cellular protein extractable at the time of CAT activity assay. As can be seen from the Figure, Lipofectin treated cells showed a greatly reduced protein content with 50% inhi~ition occurring at about 7 ~g lipid/ml. Cells treated with the diæpersion `containing compound XIV and DOPE showed less toxicity; the I~o occurred at about 2S ~g lipid/ml. The novel cationic cholesterol dispersion had also produced higher CAT
activities than Lipofectin. It is important to note that maximal C~T activity of cells treated with Lipofectin occurred at the Lipofectin concentration of 15 ~g/ml. At this concentration only about 12% of the total cellular proteins could be recovered from the culture. On the other hand, maximal CAT activity of cells treated with the cationic cholesterol dispersion occurred at 20 ~g/ml; about 80~ of the total cellular protein still remained in the culture at this concentration. Thus, the novel cationic WO93/05162 ~ 1 1 6 6 7 6 PCT/US92/07290 cholesterol dispersion is more potent int he delivery activity and is also less toxic to the treated cells.
EXAMPLE XXVI
Stability of the cationic cholesterol derivatives Lipid dispersions were prepared with various cationic cholesterol derivatives and DOPE (about l:l molar ratio). The transfection activitie~ of the dispersions were tested at different times after the dispersions were stored at 4-C in PBS, pH 7.5. Of the derivatives listed in Table I, only the dispersions containing compounds XIV and XV were stable after storage: their transfection activities did not change for at least 2 months. On the other hand, the dispersions composed of other derivati~es lose activity after 2-3 days in storage. Compounds XIV and XV contain a carbamoyl linker bond whereas other compounds contain either an ester bond or an amide bond. It is known that ester and amide bonds are more sensitive than the carbamoyl bond to hydrolysis particularly in the presence of ba~es.
The cationic derivatives may catalyze the hydrolysis of each other's ester bonds, leading to the inactivat~on of the delivery actîvity. Compounds containing carbamoyl linker bonds are less sensitive to the base-catalyzed hydrolysis, yet they can still be hydrolysed by cellular enzymes, i.e., they are biodegradable. This is in contrast to the non-degradable ether bond in DOTMA which is the active ingredient of Lipofectin. Thus, a carbamoyl bond seems to be the best choice for the linker bond of the cationic lipids as a delivery vehicle for polyanions.
W O 93/05162 P ~ /US92/07290 21' 6076 Various of the features of the invention which are believed to be new are set forth in the appended claims.
Claims (6)
1. A method for facilitating the transfer of nucleic acids into mammalian cells, the method comprising:
preparing a mixed lipid dispersion of a cationic lipid with a co-lipid in a carrier solvent, the cationic lipid having a structure including a lipophilic group derived from cholesterol, a linker bond, selected from the group consisting of carboxy amides and carbamoyls, a spacer arm including from 1 to 20 carbon atoms in a linear branched or unbranched alkyl chain, and a cationic amino group selected from the group consisting of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary amino groups, wherein the cationic lipid is a weak protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor and wherein the colipid is selected from the group consisting of phosphatidyl choline (PC), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), and dioleoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DOPE);
adding the nucleic acids to said dispersion to form a complex: and treating the cell with the complex.
preparing a mixed lipid dispersion of a cationic lipid with a co-lipid in a carrier solvent, the cationic lipid having a structure including a lipophilic group derived from cholesterol, a linker bond, selected from the group consisting of carboxy amides and carbamoyls, a spacer arm including from 1 to 20 carbon atoms in a linear branched or unbranched alkyl chain, and a cationic amino group selected from the group consisting of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary amino groups, wherein the cationic lipid is a weak protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor and wherein the colipid is selected from the group consisting of phosphatidyl choline (PC), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), and dioleoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DOPE);
adding the nucleic acids to said dispersion to form a complex: and treating the cell with the complex.
2. The method of Claim 1 wherein said dispersion of the cationic lipid has particles with an average diameter of about 150 nm.
3. The method of Claim 1 wherein the carrier solvent is selected from the group consisting of distilled water, normal saline, and buffered saline.
4. The method of Claim 1 wherein the cationic lipid is selected from the group consisting of cholesteryl-3.beta.-carboxyamidoethylenetrimethylammonium iodide, cholesteryl-3.beta.-carboxyamidoethyleneamine, cholesteryl-3.beta.-oxysuccinamidoethylenetrimethylammonium iodide, 3.beta.[N-(N',N'-dimethylaminoethane)carbamoyl]cholesterol, and 3.beta.-N-(polyethyleneimine)-carbamoyl)cholesterol.
5. A substantially non-toxic cationic lipid for facilitating the transfer of nucleic acids into cells, the cationic lipid comprising;
a lipophilic group derivred from cholesterol;
a linker bond;
a spacer arm including from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms in a linear branched or unbranched alkyl chain; and a cationic amino group selected from the group comprising primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary amino groups.
a lipophilic group derivred from cholesterol;
a linker bond;
a spacer arm including from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms in a linear branched or unbranched alkyl chain; and a cationic amino group selected from the group comprising primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary amino groups.
6. The cationic lipid of Claim 5 selected from the group consisting of cholesteryl-3.beta.-carboxyamido-ethylenetrimethylammonium iodide, cholesteryl-3.beta.-carboxyamidoethyleneamine, cholesteryl-3.beta.-oxysuccinamidoethylenetrimethylammonium iodide, 3.beta.[N-(N',N'-dimethylaminoethane)carbamoyl]-cholesterol, and 3.beta.-{N- (polyethyleneimine)-carbamoyl}cholesterol.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/751,873 US5283185A (en) | 1991-08-28 | 1991-08-28 | Method for delivering nucleic acids into cells |
| US751,873 | 1991-08-28 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2116676A1 true CA2116676A1 (en) | 1993-03-18 |
Family
ID=25023883
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002116676A Abandoned CA2116676A1 (en) | 1991-08-28 | 1992-08-28 | Method for delivering nucleic acids into cells |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5283185A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0663013B1 (en) |
| JP (2) | JP3258661B2 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE292690T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU665029B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2116676A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69233497T2 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK0663013T3 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2240958T3 (en) |
| HK (1) | HK1014736A1 (en) |
| SG (1) | SG50630A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1993005162A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (440)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6509032B1 (en) * | 1991-08-28 | 2003-01-21 | Mcmaster University | Cationic amphiphiles |
| US5795870A (en) * | 1991-12-13 | 1998-08-18 | Trustees Of Princeton University | Compositions and methods for cell transformation |
| US5693769A (en) * | 1991-12-13 | 1997-12-02 | Transcell Technologies, Inc. | Glycosylated steroid derivatives for transport across biological membranes and process for making and using same |
| IL101241A (en) * | 1992-03-16 | 1997-11-20 | Yissum Res Dev Co | Pharmaceutical or cosmetic composition comprising stabilized oil-in-water type emulsion as carrier |
| DE69333434T2 (en) * | 1992-04-03 | 2005-03-03 | The Regents Of The University Of California, Oakland | SELF-ORGANIZING SYSTEM FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF POLYNUCLEOTIDES CONTAINING AN AMPHIPHATIC PEPTIDE |
| US6806084B1 (en) * | 1992-06-04 | 2004-10-19 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Methods for compositions for in vivo gene delivery |
| US5981175A (en) * | 1993-01-07 | 1999-11-09 | Genpharm Internation, Inc. | Methods for producing recombinant mammalian cells harboring a yeast artificial chromosome |
| EP1624068A1 (en) * | 1993-06-01 | 2006-02-08 | Life Technologies Inc. | Genetic immunization with cationic lipids |
| US5674908A (en) | 1993-12-20 | 1997-10-07 | Life Technologies, Inc. | Highly packed polycationic ammonium, sulfonium and phosphonium lipids |
| US5928944A (en) * | 1994-02-04 | 1999-07-27 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services | Method of adenoviral-medicated cell transfection |
| US6075012A (en) * | 1994-02-11 | 2000-06-13 | Life Technologies, Inc. | Reagents for intracellular delivery of macromolecules |
| US6989434B1 (en) * | 1994-02-11 | 2006-01-24 | Invitrogen Corporation | Reagents for intracellular delivery of macromolecules |
| NZ268146A (en) * | 1994-04-12 | 1997-10-24 | Liposome Co Inc | Liposome compositions and medicinal uses |
| US5866135A (en) * | 1994-04-21 | 1999-02-02 | North American Vaccine, Inc. | Group A streptococcal polysaccharide immunogenic compositions and methods |
| US5777153A (en) * | 1994-07-08 | 1998-07-07 | Gilead Sciences, Inc. | Cationic lipids |
| FR2722506B1 (en) * | 1994-07-13 | 1996-08-14 | Rhone Poulenc Rorer Sa | COMPOSITION CONTAINING NUCLEIC ACIDS, PREPARATION AND USES |
| US6468981B1 (en) * | 1994-07-29 | 2002-10-22 | Emory University | Compositions and methods for targeting pharmaceutically active materials to cells containing androgen receptors |
| US5908635A (en) * | 1994-08-05 | 1999-06-01 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services | Method for the liposomal delivery of nucleic acids |
| US5837533A (en) * | 1994-09-28 | 1998-11-17 | American Home Products Corporation | Complexes comprising a nucleic acid bound to a cationic polyamine having an endosome disruption agent |
| US5785992A (en) * | 1994-09-30 | 1998-07-28 | Inex Pharmaceuticals Corp. | Compositions for the introduction of polyanionic materials into cells |
| US5753613A (en) * | 1994-09-30 | 1998-05-19 | Inex Pharmaceuticals Corporation | Compositions for the introduction of polyanionic materials into cells |
| FR2726764B1 (en) * | 1994-11-14 | 1997-01-31 | Pasteur Merieux Serums Vacc | ADJUVANT FOR VACCINE COMPOSITION |
| US5939401A (en) * | 1994-12-09 | 1999-08-17 | Genzyme Corporation | Cationic amphiphile compositions for intracellular delivery of therapeutic molecules |
| US5910487A (en) * | 1994-12-09 | 1999-06-08 | Genzyme Corporation | Cationic amphiphiles and plasmids for intracellular delivery of therapeutic molecules |
| US6071890A (en) * | 1994-12-09 | 2000-06-06 | Genzyme Corporation | Organ-specific targeting of cationic amphiphile/DNA complexes for gene therapy |
| US5767099A (en) * | 1994-12-09 | 1998-06-16 | Genzyme Corporation | Cationic amphiphiles containing amino acid or dervatized amino acid groups for intracellular delivery of therapeutic molecules |
| US5747471A (en) * | 1994-12-09 | 1998-05-05 | Genzyme Corporation | Cationic amphiphiles containing steroid lipophilic groups for intracellular delivery of therapeutic molecules |
| US6331524B1 (en) | 1994-12-09 | 2001-12-18 | Genzyme Corporation | Organ-specific targeting of cationic amphiphile / DNA complexes for gene therapy |
| US5948767A (en) * | 1994-12-09 | 1999-09-07 | Genzyme Corporation | Cationic amphiphile/DNA complexes |
| US5840710A (en) * | 1994-12-09 | 1998-11-24 | Genzyme Corporation | Cationic amphiphiles containing ester or ether-linked lipophilic groups for intracellular delivery of therapeutic molecules |
| US5719131A (en) * | 1994-12-09 | 1998-02-17 | Genzyme Corporation | Cationic amphiphiles containing dialkylamine lipophilic groups for intracellular delivery of therapeutic molecules |
| US6383814B1 (en) | 1994-12-09 | 2002-05-07 | Genzyme Corporation | Cationic amphiphiles for intracellular delivery of therapeutic molecules |
| US5650096A (en) * | 1994-12-09 | 1997-07-22 | Genzyme Corporation | Cationic amphiphiles for intracellular delivery of therapeutic molecules |
| US5786214A (en) * | 1994-12-15 | 1998-07-28 | Spinal Cord Society | pH-sensitive immunoliposomes and method of gene delivery to the mammalian central nervous system |
| WO1996020208A2 (en) * | 1994-12-28 | 1996-07-04 | Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin | New cholesterol derivative for liposomal gene transfer |
| US5795587A (en) * | 1995-01-23 | 1998-08-18 | University Of Pittsburgh | Stable lipid-comprising drug delivery complexes and methods for their production |
| US6008202A (en) * | 1995-01-23 | 1999-12-28 | University Of Pittsburgh | Stable lipid-comprising drug delivery complexes and methods for their production |
| US5830430A (en) | 1995-02-21 | 1998-11-03 | Imarx Pharmaceutical Corp. | Cationic lipids and the use thereof |
| CN1136920C (en) | 1995-02-28 | 2004-02-04 | 加利福尼亚大学董事会 | Gene transfer-mediated angiogenesis therapy |
| US6752987B1 (en) | 1995-02-28 | 2004-06-22 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Adenovirus encoding human adenylylcyclase (AC) VI |
| US20030148968A1 (en) * | 1995-02-28 | 2003-08-07 | Hammond H. Kirk | Techniques and compositions for treating cardiovascular disease by in vivo gene delivery |
| US5658588A (en) * | 1995-03-31 | 1997-08-19 | University Of Cincinnati | Fibrinogen-coated liposomes |
| FR2732895B1 (en) * | 1995-04-11 | 1997-05-16 | Pasteur Merieux Serums Vacc | USE OF A CATIONIC AMPHIPATHIC COMPOUND AS A TRANSFECTING AGENT, AS A VACCINE ADDITIVE, OR AS A MEDICINAL PRODUCT |
| US5859228A (en) * | 1995-05-04 | 1999-01-12 | Nexstar Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) nucleic acid ligand complexes |
| JPH11508231A (en) * | 1995-05-26 | 1999-07-21 | ソマティックス セラピー コーポレイション | Delivery vehicles containing stable lipid / nucleic acid complexes |
| AU701106B2 (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1999-01-21 | Promega Biosciences, Inc. | Novel carbamate-based cationic lipids |
| US6051429A (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2000-04-18 | Life Technologies, Inc. | Peptide-enhanced cationic lipid transfections |
| US5753262A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1998-05-19 | Aronex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Cationic lipid acid salt of 3beta N- (N', N'-dimethylaminoethane) - carbamoyl!cholestrol and halogenated solvent-free preliposomal lyophilate thereof |
| AU723163B2 (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 2000-08-17 | Tekmira Pharmaceuticals Corporation | Lipid-nucleic acid particles prepared via a hydrophobic lipid-nucleic acid complex intermediate and use for gene transfer |
| CA2223179A1 (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1996-12-19 | Bob Dale Brown | Phosphonic acid-based cationic lipids |
| US20030069173A1 (en) * | 1998-03-16 | 2003-04-10 | Life Technologies, Inc. | Peptide-enhanced transfections |
| US5981501A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1999-11-09 | Inex Pharmaceuticals Corp. | Methods for encapsulating plasmids in lipid bilayers |
| US7422902B1 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2008-09-09 | The University Of British Columbia | Lipid-nucleic acid particles prepared via a hydrophobic lipid-nucleic acid complex intermediate and use for gene transfer |
| US5705385A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1998-01-06 | Inex Pharmaceuticals Corporation | Lipid-nucleic acid particles prepared via a hydrophobic lipid-nucleic acid complex intermediate and use for gene transfer |
| US6120794A (en) * | 1995-09-26 | 2000-09-19 | University Of Pittsburgh | Emulsion and micellar formulations for the delivery of biologically active substances to cells |
| AUPN741696A0 (en) * | 1996-01-05 | 1996-01-25 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | Delivery of nucleic acids ii |
| US5789244A (en) * | 1996-01-08 | 1998-08-04 | Canji, Inc. | Compositions and methods for the treatment of cancer using recombinant viral vector delivery systems |
| US20040014709A1 (en) * | 1996-01-08 | 2004-01-22 | Canji, Inc. | Methods and compositions for interferon therapy |
| US6392069B2 (en) | 1996-01-08 | 2002-05-21 | Canji, Inc. | Compositions for enhancing delivery of nucleic acids to cells |
| US7002027B1 (en) | 1996-01-08 | 2006-02-21 | Canji, Inc. | Compositions and methods for therapeutic use |
| FR2744453B1 (en) * | 1996-02-05 | 1998-07-10 | Transgene Sa | LIPOPOLYAMINE COMPOUNDS, PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING SAME, NUCLEIC ACID TRANSFER VECTORS AND PREPARATION METHOD |
| FR2745569B1 (en) * | 1996-03-01 | 1998-05-07 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | COMPOUNDS RELATED TO THE AMIDINIUM FAMILY, PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING THEM AND THEIR APPLICATIONS |
| FR2751972B1 (en) * | 1996-07-30 | 1998-09-04 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | COMPOUNDS RELATED TO THE AMIDINIUM FAMILY, PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING THEM AND THEIR APPLICATIONS |
| IL125926A (en) * | 1996-03-01 | 2004-09-27 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Compounds related to the amidinium family, pharmaceutical compositions containing same and uses thereof |
| US6432635B1 (en) | 1996-03-21 | 2002-08-13 | Helsinki University Licensing Ltd. Oy | Cystatin B mutants |
| US6258792B1 (en) | 1996-04-12 | 2001-07-10 | University Of Pittsburgh | Cationic cholesteryl derivatives containing cyclic polar groups |
| EP0904282B1 (en) * | 1996-04-12 | 2001-12-05 | University Of Pittsburgh | Novel cationic cholesteryl derivatives containing cyclic polar groups |
| DE69727384T2 (en) * | 1996-05-24 | 2004-11-04 | IC-VEC Ltd. | POLYCATONIC STERIN DERIVATIVES FOR TRANSFECTION |
| US5935936A (en) * | 1996-06-03 | 1999-08-10 | Genzyme Corporation | Compositions comprising cationic amphiphiles and co-lipids for intracellular delivery of therapeutic molecules |
| AU736143B2 (en) * | 1996-06-10 | 2001-07-26 | Genzyme Corporation | Cationic amphiphile compositions for intracellular delivery of therapeutic molecules |
| US6093816A (en) | 1996-06-27 | 2000-07-25 | Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Cationic lipids |
| JP2001503735A (en) * | 1996-07-03 | 2001-03-21 | ユニバーシティ オブ ピッツバーグ | Emulsion formulation for hydrophilic active reagent |
| US6750010B1 (en) | 1996-08-23 | 2004-06-15 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Methods for treating bipolar mood disorder associated with markers on chromosome 18p |
| CA2264140A1 (en) | 1996-08-26 | 1998-03-05 | Transgene S.A. | Cationic lipid-nucleic acid complexes |
| CA2268365A1 (en) * | 1996-10-18 | 1998-04-30 | Jeff Nordstrom | Il-12 gene expression and delivery systems and uses |
| CA2268276A1 (en) * | 1996-10-18 | 1998-04-30 | Jeff Nordstrom | Gene expression and delivery systems and uses |
| CA2270396C (en) * | 1996-11-04 | 2008-03-11 | Qiagen Gmbh | Cationic reagents for transfection |
| US5877220A (en) * | 1997-03-06 | 1999-03-02 | Genta, Incorporated | Amide-based oligomeric cationic lipids |
| US7262173B2 (en) * | 1997-03-21 | 2007-08-28 | Georgetown University | Chemosensitizing with liposomes containing oligonucleotides |
| US6126965A (en) * | 1997-03-21 | 2000-10-03 | Georgetown University School Of Medicine | Liposomes containing oligonucleotides |
| US20030229040A1 (en) * | 1997-03-21 | 2003-12-11 | Georgetown University | Cationic liposomal delivery system and therapeutic use thereof |
| US5925628A (en) * | 1997-03-31 | 1999-07-20 | Genzyme Corporation | Cationic amphiphiles for intracellular delivery of therapeutic molecules |
| US5912239A (en) * | 1997-04-04 | 1999-06-15 | Genzyme Corporation | Imidazole-containing cationic amphiphiles for intracellular delivery of therapeutic molecules |
| US5981275A (en) * | 1997-04-14 | 1999-11-09 | Genzyme Corporation | Transgene expression system for increased persistence |
| US5948878A (en) * | 1997-04-15 | 1999-09-07 | Burgess; Stephen W. | Cationic polymers for nucleic acid transfection and bioactive agent delivery |
| FR2762787B1 (en) * | 1997-04-30 | 2000-10-06 | Pasteur Merieux Serums Vacc | ANTI-HELICOBACTER VACCINE COMPOSITION COMPRISING A TH1 ADJUVANT |
| FR2762788B1 (en) * | 1997-04-30 | 2000-10-06 | Pasteur Merieux Serums Vacc | ANTI-HELICOBACTER VACCINE COMPOSITION FOR SUB-DIAPHRAGMATIC SYSTEMIC USE |
| BR9809381A (en) * | 1997-04-30 | 2000-07-04 | Merieux Oravax | Anti-helicobacter vaccine composition comprising a th1-type adjuvant |
| US5948925A (en) * | 1997-05-06 | 1999-09-07 | Genzyme Corporation | Cationic amphiphiles containing linkers derived from neutral or positively charged amino acids |
| US5952516A (en) * | 1997-05-08 | 1999-09-14 | Genzyme Corporation | Cationic amphiphiles containing multiplesteroid lipophilic groups |
| US5942634A (en) * | 1997-05-09 | 1999-08-24 | Genzyme Corporation | Cationic amphiphiles for cell transfections |
| US6287591B1 (en) * | 1997-05-14 | 2001-09-11 | Inex Pharmaceuticals Corp. | Charged therapeutic agents encapsulated in lipid particles containing four lipid components |
| JP2001500897A (en) * | 1997-06-10 | 2001-01-23 | ジエンザイム コーポレイション | Cationic amphiphilic compositions for intracellular delivery of therapeutic molecules |
| US6635623B1 (en) | 1997-06-13 | 2003-10-21 | Baylor College Of Medicine | Lipoproteins as nucleic acid vectors |
| US20050096288A1 (en) * | 1997-06-13 | 2005-05-05 | Aragene, Inc. | Lipoproteins as nucleic acid vectors |
| FR2765877B1 (en) * | 1997-07-10 | 1999-09-10 | Oreal | COMPOSITION COMPRISING AN AQUEOUS DISPERSION OF LIPID VESICLES BASED ON CHOLESTERYL CHAIN CARBAMATES, USE IN PARTICULAR IN COSMETICS AND NEW COMPOUNDS |
| US6395713B1 (en) | 1997-07-23 | 2002-05-28 | Ribozyme Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Compositions for the delivery of negatively charged molecules |
| US20030073640A1 (en) * | 1997-07-23 | 2003-04-17 | Ribozyme Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Novel compositions for the delivery of negatively charged molecules |
| AU8428998A (en) * | 1997-07-24 | 1999-02-16 | Inex Pharmaceuticals Corporation | Preparation of lipid-nucleic acid particles using a solvent extraction and direct hydration method |
| US20020058795A1 (en) * | 1997-09-08 | 2002-05-16 | Russ J. Mumper | Hydrophobic glycosylamine derivatives, compositions, and methods for use |
| US6066626A (en) | 1997-10-29 | 2000-05-23 | Genzyme Corporation | Compositions and method for treating lysosomal storage disease |
| US5998482A (en) * | 1997-11-10 | 1999-12-07 | David; Sunil A. | Use of synthetic polycationic amphiphilic substances with fatty acid or hydrocarbon substituents as anti-sepsis agents |
| US7179892B2 (en) | 2000-12-06 | 2007-02-20 | Neuralab Limited | Humanized antibodies that recognize beta amyloid peptide |
| US7964192B1 (en) | 1997-12-02 | 2011-06-21 | Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy | Prevention and treatment of amyloidgenic disease |
| TWI239847B (en) | 1997-12-02 | 2005-09-21 | Elan Pharm Inc | N-terminal fragment of Abeta peptide and an adjuvant for preventing and treating amyloidogenic disease |
| US20010003580A1 (en) * | 1998-01-14 | 2001-06-14 | Poh K. Hui | Preparation of a lipid blend and a phospholipid suspension containing the lipid blend |
| FR2774394B1 (en) * | 1998-01-30 | 2002-04-26 | Rhone Poulenc Rorer Sa | TRANSFECTANT COMPOUNDS SENSITIVE TO REDUCING CONDITIONS, PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING THEM, AND THEIR APPLICATIONS |
| CA2318512C (en) | 1998-01-30 | 2009-10-13 | Aventis Pharma S.A. | Transfecting compositions sensitive to reducing conditions, pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and their applications |
| BR9909350A (en) * | 1998-04-02 | 2000-12-12 | Aventis Pharma Sa | Compounds, composition, use of a compound, and processes for preparing the compounds, for transferring nucleic acids to cells and for treating diseases by administering a nucleic acid |
| FR2777017B1 (en) * | 1998-04-02 | 2002-08-23 | Rhone Poulenc Rorer Sa | NOVEL NUCLEIC ACID TRANSFER AGENTS, COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING THEM AND USES THEREOF |
| FR2781160B1 (en) | 1998-07-03 | 2000-08-18 | Pasteur Merieux Serums Vacc | USE OF AN AMPHIPATHIC COMPOUND TO ADJUST A SUBUNIT VACCINE |
| AU5366099A (en) | 1998-08-20 | 2000-03-14 | Connaught Laboratories Limited | Nucleic acid molecules encoding inclusion membrane protein of (chlamydia) |
| US6686339B1 (en) * | 1998-08-20 | 2004-02-03 | Aventis Pasteur Limited | Nucleic acid molecules encoding inclusion membrane protein C of Chlamydia |
| US6693087B1 (en) | 1998-08-20 | 2004-02-17 | Aventis Pasteur Limited | Nucleic acid molecules encoding POMP91A protein of Chlamydia |
| AU5911899A (en) * | 1998-09-09 | 2000-03-27 | Genzyme Corporation | Methylation of plasmid vectors |
| US6135976A (en) | 1998-09-25 | 2000-10-24 | Ekos Corporation | Method, device and kit for performing gene therapy |
| EP1129064B1 (en) * | 1998-11-12 | 2008-01-09 | Invitrogen Corporation | Transfection reagents |
| AU776150B2 (en) * | 1999-01-28 | 2004-08-26 | Medical College Of Georgia Research Institute, Inc. | Composition and method for (in vivo) and (in vitro) attenuation of gene expression using double stranded RNA |
| ATE375391T1 (en) * | 1999-05-03 | 2007-10-15 | Sanofi Pasteur Ltd | CHLAMYDIA ANTIGENS AND CORRESPONDING DNA FRAGMENTS AND THEIR USES |
| KR20010069179A (en) * | 1999-05-28 | 2001-07-23 | 박종상 | Cationic lipids for gene transfer and Preparation Method thereof |
| UA81216C2 (en) | 1999-06-01 | 2007-12-25 | Prevention and treatment of amyloid disease | |
| US20010048940A1 (en) * | 1999-06-18 | 2001-12-06 | Jennifer D. Tousignant | Cationic amphiphile micellar complexes |
| FR2797188A1 (en) * | 1999-08-04 | 2001-02-09 | Univ Paris Nord Laboratoire De | CATIONIC LIPID COMPOUNDS AND THEIR USE FOR THE TRANSFER OF NEGATIVELY CHARGED SUBSTANCES OF THERAPEUTIC INTEREST |
| EP1808180A3 (en) | 1999-10-22 | 2010-12-22 | Sanofi Pasteur Limited | Modified GP 100 and uses thereof |
| EP1233671A4 (en) * | 1999-11-29 | 2005-11-02 | Mirus Corp | Compositions and methods for drug delivery using amphiphile binding molecules |
| GB9930533D0 (en) * | 1999-12-23 | 2000-02-16 | Mitsubishi Tokyo Pharm Inc | Nucleic acid delivery |
| EP1255822A2 (en) * | 1999-12-27 | 2002-11-13 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Modified adenylylcyclase type vi useful in gene therapy for congestive heart failure |
| EP1261620A2 (en) * | 2000-02-07 | 2002-12-04 | Roche Diagnostics Corporation | Cationic amphiphiles for use in nucleic acid transfection |
| ATE529435T1 (en) | 2000-03-29 | 2011-11-15 | Dgi Biotechnologies L L C | AGONISTS AND ANTAGONISTS OF INSULIN AND IGF-1 RECEPTORS |
| AU2001242190A1 (en) * | 2000-03-31 | 2001-10-15 | Aventis Pasteur Limited | Immunogenic peptides derived from prostate-specific membrane antigen (psma) and uses thereof |
| US7189705B2 (en) | 2000-04-20 | 2007-03-13 | The University Of British Columbia | Methods of enhancing SPLP-mediated transfection using endosomal membrane destabilizers |
| EP1792995A3 (en) | 2000-05-08 | 2007-06-13 | Sanofi Pasteur Limited | Chlamydia secretory locus orf and uses thereof |
| AU2001258102B2 (en) * | 2000-05-10 | 2007-03-01 | Aventis Pasteur Limited | Immunogenic polypeptides encoded by mage minigenes and uses thereof |
| US20040204379A1 (en) * | 2000-06-19 | 2004-10-14 | Cheng Seng H. | Combination enzyme replacement, gene therapy and small molecule therapy for lysosomal storage diseases |
| EP1313771B1 (en) * | 2000-08-25 | 2007-03-21 | Aventis Pasteur Limited | Haemophilus influenzae lipopolysaccharide inner-core oligosaccharide epitopes as vaccines for the prevention of haemophilus influenzae infections |
| US6696038B1 (en) | 2000-09-14 | 2004-02-24 | Expression Genetics, Inc. | Cationic lipopolymer as biocompatible gene delivery agent |
| US20040142474A1 (en) * | 2000-09-14 | 2004-07-22 | Expression Genetics, Inc. | Novel cationic lipopolymer as a biocompatible gene delivery agent |
| KR100373844B1 (en) * | 2000-09-21 | 2003-02-26 | 굿젠 주식회사 | Cationic lipids and method for preparing the same |
| KR100373845B1 (en) * | 2000-09-21 | 2003-02-26 | 굿젠 주식회사 | Cationic lipids and method for preparing the same |
| KR100381512B1 (en) * | 2000-09-21 | 2003-04-26 | 굿젠 주식회사 | Cationic lipids and use thereof |
| FR2814958B1 (en) * | 2000-10-06 | 2003-03-07 | Aventis Pasteur | VACCINE COMPOSITION |
| CA2325088A1 (en) * | 2000-12-01 | 2002-06-01 | Fusogenix Inc. | Novel membrane fusion proteins derived from poikilothermic reovirus |
| TWI255272B (en) | 2000-12-06 | 2006-05-21 | Guriq Basi | Humanized antibodies that recognize beta amyloid peptide |
| CA2364392A1 (en) * | 2000-12-12 | 2002-06-12 | Ic Vec Limited | Compound |
| EP1669366A1 (en) * | 2000-12-12 | 2006-06-14 | Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation | Lipids comprising an aminoxy group |
| US20020188023A1 (en) * | 2000-12-12 | 2002-12-12 | Michael Jorgensen | Compound |
| CA2369944A1 (en) * | 2001-01-31 | 2002-07-31 | Nucleonics Inc. | Use of post-transcriptional gene silencing for identifying nucleic acid sequences that modulate the function of a cell |
| DE10109898A1 (en) | 2001-02-21 | 2002-09-05 | Novosom Gmbh | Variable charge lipids |
| US6613534B2 (en) | 2001-03-20 | 2003-09-02 | Wake Forest University Health Sciences | MAP-2 as a determinant of metastatic potential |
| US20030096414A1 (en) * | 2001-03-27 | 2003-05-22 | Invitrogen Corporation | Culture medium for cell growth and transfection |
| AU2002256398A2 (en) * | 2001-04-30 | 2002-11-11 | Targeted Genetics Corporation | Lipid-comprising drug delivery complexes and methods for their production |
| US20030077829A1 (en) * | 2001-04-30 | 2003-04-24 | Protiva Biotherapeutics Inc.. | Lipid-based formulations |
| US20040143104A1 (en) * | 2001-08-08 | 2004-07-22 | Wadsworth Samuel C. | Methods of treating diabetes and other blood sugar disorders |
| JP2005509409A (en) * | 2001-08-08 | 2005-04-14 | ジェンザイム・コーポレーション | Methods for treating diabetes and other glycemic disorders |
| MXPA04003761A (en) * | 2001-10-22 | 2005-04-08 | Sterrenbeld Biotechnologie North America Inc | Amphiphilic cationic lipids derived from cholesterol. |
| US7255874B1 (en) | 2001-12-21 | 2007-08-14 | Closure Medical Corporation | Biocompatible polymers and adhesives: compositions, methods of making and uses related thereto |
| DE60315628T2 (en) | 2002-04-09 | 2008-06-05 | Sanofi Pasteur Ltd., Toronto | MODIFIED CEA NUCLEIC ACID AND EXPRESSION VECTORS |
| EP1356820A1 (en) | 2002-04-26 | 2003-10-29 | Institut National De La Sante Et De La Recherche Medicale (Inserm) | DNA vaccine combined with an inducer of tumor cell apoptosis |
| US20040180438A1 (en) * | 2002-04-26 | 2004-09-16 | Pachuk Catherine J. | Methods and compositions for silencing genes without inducing toxicity |
| EP1549352A4 (en) * | 2002-05-06 | 2005-07-27 | Nucleonics Inc | Methods for delivery of nucleic acids |
| EP1509203B1 (en) | 2002-05-15 | 2016-04-13 | California Pacific Medical Center | Delivery of nucleic acid-like compounds |
| ES2354607T3 (en) | 2002-06-28 | 2011-03-16 | Protiva Biotherapeutics Inc. | PROCEDURE AND APPLIANCE TO PRODUCE LIPOSOMES. |
| WO2004011624A2 (en) * | 2002-07-31 | 2004-02-05 | Nucleonics, Inc. | Double stranded rna structures and constructs, and methods for generating and using the same |
| NZ539061A (en) * | 2002-08-29 | 2008-03-28 | Univ Singapore | Targeting an allergen to the MHC class II processing and presentation pathway in a vaccination group induces a strong Th1 immune response |
| TW200509968A (en) | 2002-11-01 | 2005-03-16 | Elan Pharm Inc | Prevention and treatment of synucleinopathic disease |
| US8506959B2 (en) | 2002-11-01 | 2013-08-13 | Neotope Biosciences Limited | Prevention and treatment of synucleinopathic and amyloidogenic disease |
| US20050026859A1 (en) * | 2002-11-12 | 2005-02-03 | John Hilfinger | Methods and compositions of gene delivery agents for systemic and local therapy |
| EP1587908A4 (en) * | 2003-01-09 | 2008-02-20 | Invitrogen Corp | Cellular delivery and activation polypeptide-nucleic acid complexes |
| US20070269891A9 (en) * | 2003-01-13 | 2007-11-22 | Yasunobu Tanaka | Solid surface with immobilized degradable cationic polymer for transfecting eukaryotic cells |
| US20040138154A1 (en) * | 2003-01-13 | 2004-07-15 | Lei Yu | Solid surface for biomolecule delivery and high-throughput assay |
| EP1594512A4 (en) * | 2003-02-11 | 2007-07-11 | Kemia Inc | Compounds for the treatment of viral infection |
| ATE479752T1 (en) | 2003-03-07 | 2010-09-15 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc | THERAPEUTIC COMPOSITIONS |
| AU2004227847A1 (en) | 2003-03-31 | 2004-10-21 | Alza Corporation | Lipid particles having asymmetric lipid coating and method of preparing same |
| WO2004094595A2 (en) | 2003-04-17 | 2004-11-04 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc. | MODIFIED iRNA AGENTS |
| US20070178066A1 (en) * | 2003-04-21 | 2007-08-02 | Hall Frederick L | Pathotropic targeted gene delivery system for cancer and other disorders |
| US8052966B2 (en) | 2003-04-21 | 2011-11-08 | University Of Southern California | Methods and compositions for treating metastatic cancer |
| AU2004245074A1 (en) * | 2003-06-04 | 2004-12-16 | Canji, Inc | Methods and compositions for interferon therapy |
| JP4980716B2 (en) | 2003-06-12 | 2012-07-18 | アルナイラム ファーマシューティカルズ， インコーポレイテッド | Conserved HBV and HCV sequences useful for gene silencing |
| CN101291653B (en) * | 2003-07-16 | 2012-06-27 | 普洛体维生物治疗公司 | Lipid encapsulated interfering rna |
| WO2005040388A2 (en) * | 2003-08-22 | 2005-05-06 | Nucleonics Inc. | Eukariotic expression systems for expression of inhibitory rna in multiple intracellular compartments |
| CA2551022C (en) * | 2003-09-15 | 2013-06-04 | Protiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Polyethyleneglycol-modified lipid compounds and uses thereof |
| US8562970B2 (en) * | 2003-10-08 | 2013-10-22 | Sanofi Pasteur Limited | Modified CEA/B7 vector |
| WO2005039558A1 (en) * | 2003-10-24 | 2005-05-06 | Transgene S.A. | Targeted delivery of therapeutically active compounds |
| US20050107318A1 (en) * | 2003-11-17 | 2005-05-19 | Samuel Wadsworth | Methods of treating diabetes and other blood sugar disorders |
| AU2005214091B2 (en) * | 2004-02-24 | 2010-08-12 | Abbvie B.V. | Method for determining the risk of developing a neurological disease |
| US7303881B2 (en) * | 2004-04-30 | 2007-12-04 | Pds Biotechnology Corporation | Antigen delivery compositions and methods of use |
| WO2005108981A1 (en) | 2004-05-12 | 2005-11-17 | The Walter And Eliza Hall Institute Of Medical Research | A method of cell isolation |
| CA2569645C (en) | 2004-06-07 | 2014-10-28 | Protiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Cationic lipids and methods of use |
| WO2005121348A1 (en) | 2004-06-07 | 2005-12-22 | Protiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Lipid encapsulated interfering rna |
| WO2006002262A2 (en) | 2004-06-21 | 2006-01-05 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Genes and pathways differentially expressed in bipolar disorder and/or major depressive disorder |
| CA2572439A1 (en) * | 2004-07-02 | 2006-01-12 | Protiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Immunostimulatory sirna molecules and uses therefor |
| WO2006007712A1 (en) * | 2004-07-19 | 2006-01-26 | Protiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Methods comprising polyethylene glycol-lipid conjugates for delivery of therapeutic agents |
| MX2007001679A (en) | 2004-08-09 | 2007-05-23 | Elan Pharm Inc | Prevention and treatment of synucleinopathic and amyloidogenic disease. |
| US7985581B2 (en) | 2004-08-23 | 2011-07-26 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Multiple RNA polymerase III promoter expression constructs |
| ATE505541T1 (en) | 2004-09-24 | 2011-04-15 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc | TARGETING INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS FOR COUNTER STRAND REPLICATION OF SINGLE STRAND VIRUSES BY RNAI |
| WO2006055635A2 (en) * | 2004-11-15 | 2006-05-26 | Mount Sinai School Of Medicine Of New York University | Compositions and methods for altering wnt autocrine signaling |
| AU2005306533B2 (en) * | 2004-11-17 | 2012-05-31 | Arbutus Biopharma Corporation | siRNA silencing of apolipoprotein B |
| US7964571B2 (en) | 2004-12-09 | 2011-06-21 | Egen, Inc. | Combination of immuno gene therapy and chemotherapy for treatment of cancer and hyperproliferative diseases |
| EP2316942B1 (en) | 2004-12-22 | 2021-04-21 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Conserved hbv and hcv sequences useful for gene silencing |
| GB0507997D0 (en) * | 2005-02-01 | 2005-05-25 | Powderject Vaccines Inc | Nucleic acid constructs |
| EP2932982B1 (en) | 2005-05-17 | 2018-10-03 | Amicus Therapeutics, Inc. | A method for the treatment of pompe disease using 1-deoxynojirimycin and derivatives |
| US20060286082A1 (en) * | 2005-06-20 | 2006-12-21 | Kurzweil Raymond C | Systems and methods for generating biological material |
| DK2407484T3 (en) | 2005-06-24 | 2016-09-05 | The Walter And Eliza Hall Inst Of Medical Res | Therapeutic pro-apoptotic BH3-like molecules, and methods of generating and / or selecting those |
| US20100119525A1 (en) * | 2005-08-01 | 2010-05-13 | Mount Sinai Schoool Of Medicine Of New York University | Method for extending longevity using npc1l1 antagonists |
| US20080184618A1 (en) * | 2005-08-03 | 2008-08-07 | Amcol International | Virus-Interacting Layered Phyllosilicates and Methods of Use |
| US20070031512A1 (en) * | 2005-08-03 | 2007-02-08 | Amcol International Corporation | Virus-interacting layered phyllosilicates and methods of inactivating viruses |
| US20100272769A1 (en) * | 2005-08-03 | 2010-10-28 | Amcol International | Virus-, Bacteria-, and Fungi-Interacting Layered Phyllosilicates and Methods of Use |
| US20070054873A1 (en) * | 2005-08-26 | 2007-03-08 | Protiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Glucocorticoid modulation of nucleic acid-mediated immune stimulation |
| CN101346393B (en) | 2005-11-02 | 2015-07-22 | 普洛体维生物治疗公司 | Modified siRNA molecules and uses thereof |
| JP5366554B2 (en) | 2005-11-12 | 2013-12-11 | ザ ボード オブ トラスティーズ オブ ザ レランド スタンフォード ジュニア ユニバーシティー | FGF2-related methods for diagnosing and treating depression |
| JP2009523739A (en) | 2006-01-20 | 2009-06-25 | ウィメンズ アンド チルドレンズ ヘルス リサーチ インスティテュート インコーポレーティッド | Methods for treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of bone lesions |
| WO2008001166A2 (en) * | 2006-02-07 | 2008-01-03 | Council Of Scientific & Industrial Research | Process for synthesis of glycomimicking cationic amphiphiles |
| EP2495327B1 (en) | 2006-03-03 | 2016-09-28 | ProMIS Neurosciences Inc. | Methods and compositions to treat and detect misfolded-SOD1 mediated diseases |
| GB0606190D0 (en) | 2006-03-28 | 2006-05-10 | Isis Innovation | Construct |
| US8357781B2 (en) | 2006-06-01 | 2013-01-22 | Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy | Neuroactive fragments of APP |
| US7915399B2 (en) * | 2006-06-09 | 2011-03-29 | Protiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Modified siRNA molecules and uses thereof |
| PT2118300E (en) | 2007-02-23 | 2015-09-22 | Univ California | Prevention and treatment of synucleinopathic and amyloidogenic disease |
| PL2583978T3 (en) | 2007-02-23 | 2016-07-29 | Prothena Biosciences Ltd Co | Prevention and treatment of synucleinopathic and amyloidogenic disease |
| US8877206B2 (en) | 2007-03-22 | 2014-11-04 | Pds Biotechnology Corporation | Stimulation of an immune response by cationic lipids |
| JP5475643B2 (en) | 2007-05-04 | 2014-04-16 | マリーナ バイオテック，インコーポレイテッド | Amino acid lipids and uses thereof |
| NZ597601A (en) | 2007-05-16 | 2013-04-26 | Mat Malta Advanced Technologies Ltd | Treatment and prevention of influenza |
| US20080312174A1 (en) * | 2007-06-05 | 2008-12-18 | Nitto Denko Corporation | Water soluble crosslinked polymers |
| EP2537529B1 (en) | 2007-08-02 | 2018-10-17 | Gilead Biologics, Inc. | Loxl2 inhibitory antibodies and uses thereof |
| US9144546B2 (en) | 2007-08-06 | 2015-09-29 | Clsn Laboratories, Inc. | Nucleic acid-lipopolymer compositions |
| WO2009033268A1 (en) | 2007-09-11 | 2009-03-19 | University Of Guelph | Novel polysaccharide immunogens from clostridium difficile |
| CA2697992C (en) | 2007-10-04 | 2017-08-22 | Zymogenetics, Inc. | B7 family member zb7h6 and related compositions and methods |
| EP2217221B1 (en) * | 2007-10-17 | 2018-06-27 | Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology | Ldl-like cationic nanoparticles for deliverying nucleic acid gene, method for preparing thereof and method for deliverying nucleic acid gene using the same |
| CA2703947C (en) | 2007-10-26 | 2018-12-04 | Governing Council Of The University Of Toronto | Therapeutic and diagnostic methods using tim-3 |
| EP2217721A4 (en) * | 2007-10-29 | 2013-01-09 | Univ California | Osteoarthritis gene therapy |
| AU2008340355B2 (en) | 2007-12-04 | 2015-01-22 | Tekmira Pharmaceuticals Corporation | Targeting lipids |
| US9078812B2 (en) * | 2007-12-06 | 2015-07-14 | The Bay Zoltan Foundation For Applied Research | Particulate drug carriers as desensitizing agents |
| US8779088B2 (en) | 2007-12-17 | 2014-07-15 | Marfl Ab | Vaccine for the treatment of Mycobacterium related disorders |
| ES2535419T3 (en) | 2007-12-27 | 2015-05-11 | Protiva Biotherapeutics Inc. | Polo kinase expression silencing using interfering RNA |
| CN102016059B (en) | 2007-12-28 | 2014-10-22 | 依兰制药公司 | Treatment and prophylaxis of amyloidosis |
| AU2009234266B2 (en) | 2008-04-11 | 2015-08-06 | Tekmira Pharmaceuticals Corporation | Site-specific delivery of nucleic acids by combining targeting ligands with endosomolytic components |
| CA2721380A1 (en) | 2008-04-15 | 2009-10-22 | Protiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Silencing of csn5 gene expression using interfering rna |
| JP5475753B2 (en) * | 2008-04-15 | 2014-04-16 | プロチバ バイオセラピューティクス インコーポレイティッド | Lipid formulations for nucleic acid delivery |
| CN110075113A (en) | 2008-04-17 | 2019-08-02 | Pds生物科技公司 | Immune response is stimulated by the enantiomer of cation lipid |
| ATE550024T1 (en) | 2008-05-30 | 2012-04-15 | Univ Yale | TARGETED OLIGONUCLEOTIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR MODIFYING GENE EXPRESSION |
| EP2303318A2 (en) | 2008-06-20 | 2011-04-06 | Wyeth LLC | Compositions and methods of use of orf1358 from beta-hemolytic streptococcal strains |
| WO2010011895A1 (en) * | 2008-07-25 | 2010-01-28 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Enhancement of sirna silencing activity using universal bases or mismatches in the sense strand |
| EP2743265B1 (en) | 2008-10-09 | 2017-03-15 | Arbutus Biopharma Corporation | Improved amino lipids and methods for the delivery of nucleic acids |
| SG196818A1 (en) | 2008-10-16 | 2014-02-13 | Marina Biotech Inc | Processes and compositions for liposomal and efficient delivery of gene silencing therapeutics |
| EP2411519B1 (en) | 2009-03-27 | 2015-07-22 | Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale | Kanamycin antisense nucleic acid for the treatment of cancer |
| EP2429658B1 (en) | 2009-05-14 | 2016-04-20 | Sanofi Pasteur | Method for adjuvating the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria |
| CA2761924C (en) | 2009-05-14 | 2017-10-31 | Sanofi Pasteur | Menigococcus vaccine containing lipooligosaccharide (los) from modified strains of l6 immunotype neisseria meningitidis |
| CN102985548B (en) | 2009-05-16 | 2016-10-26 | 崔坤元 | For deliver treatment molecule comprise cationic amphiphilic thing and the compositions of auxiliary lipid |
| EP2432499A2 (en) | 2009-05-20 | 2012-03-28 | Schering Corporation | Modulation of pilr receptors to treat microbial infections |
| WO2011000106A1 (en) | 2009-07-01 | 2011-01-06 | Protiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Improved cationic lipids and methods for the delivery of therapeutic agents |
| US9018187B2 (en) | 2009-07-01 | 2015-04-28 | Protiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Cationic lipids and methods for the delivery of therapeutic agents |
| ES2613498T3 (en) | 2009-07-01 | 2017-05-24 | Protiva Biotherapeutics Inc. | New lipid formulations for the delivery of therapeutic agents to solid tumors |
| WO2011011447A1 (en) | 2009-07-20 | 2011-01-27 | Protiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Compositions and methods for silencing ebola virus gene expression |
| US9937128B2 (en) | 2009-08-03 | 2018-04-10 | The University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill | Liposomes comprising a calcium phosphate-containing precipitate |
| US8637468B2 (en) | 2009-08-12 | 2014-01-28 | The University Of Kansas | Synthetic cholesterylamine-linker derivatives for agent delivery into cells |
| US20110059111A1 (en) | 2009-09-01 | 2011-03-10 | Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute At Harbor-Ucla Medical Center | Mammalian receptors as targets for antibody and active vaccination therapy against mold infections |
| CA2775092A1 (en) | 2009-09-23 | 2011-03-31 | Protiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Compositions and methods for silencing genes expressed in cancer |
| GB0918679D0 (en) | 2009-10-23 | 2009-12-09 | Iqur Ltd | Influenza vaccine |
| GB0918782D0 (en) | 2009-10-26 | 2009-12-09 | St Georges Hosp Medical School | A protein as an adjuvant for a vaccine |
| WO2011056682A1 (en) | 2009-10-27 | 2011-05-12 | The University Of British Columbia | Reverse head group lipids, lipid particle compositions comprising reverse headgroup lipids, and methods for the delivery of nucleic acids |
| WO2011067745A2 (en) | 2009-12-06 | 2011-06-09 | Rosetta Green Ltd. | Compositions and methods for enhancing plants resistance to abiotic stress |
| WO2011084357A1 (en) | 2009-12-17 | 2011-07-14 | Schering Corporation | Modulation of pilr to treat immune disorders |
| WO2011088462A2 (en) | 2010-01-18 | 2011-07-21 | Albany Medical College | Alpha-fetoprotein 'ring and tail' peptides |
| WO2011109427A2 (en) | 2010-03-01 | 2011-09-09 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Improving the biological activity of sirna through modulation of its thermodynamic profile |
| GB201004475D0 (en) | 2010-03-17 | 2010-05-05 | Isis Innovation | Gene silencing |
| WO2011120023A1 (en) | 2010-03-26 | 2011-09-29 | Marina Biotech, Inc. | Nucleic acid compounds for inhibiting survivin gene expression uses thereof |
| WO2011133584A2 (en) | 2010-04-19 | 2011-10-27 | Marina Biotech, Inc. | Nucleic acid compounds for inhibiting hras gene expression and uses thereof |
| WO2011139843A2 (en) | 2010-04-28 | 2011-11-10 | Marina Biotech, Inc. | Multi-sirna compositions for reducing gene expression |
| WO2011141704A1 (en) | 2010-05-12 | 2011-11-17 | Protiva Biotherapeutics, Inc | Novel cyclic cationic lipids and methods of use |
| JP2013527856A (en) | 2010-05-12 | 2013-07-04 | プロチバ バイオセラピューティクス インコーポレイティッド | Cationic lipids and methods of use |
| EP2576613A1 (en) | 2010-06-07 | 2013-04-10 | Pfizer Inc. | Her-2 peptides and vaccines |
| EP2580238A1 (en) | 2010-06-09 | 2013-04-17 | Zymogenetics, Inc. | Dimeric vstm3 fusion proteins and related compositions and methods |
| CA2802994A1 (en) | 2010-06-17 | 2011-12-22 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary, National I Nstitutes Of Health | Compositions and methods for treating inflammatory conditions |
| US9006417B2 (en) | 2010-06-30 | 2015-04-14 | Protiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Non-liposomal systems for nucleic acid delivery |
| GB201014026D0 (en) | 2010-08-20 | 2010-10-06 | Ucl Business Plc | Treatment |
| WO2012035557A1 (en) | 2010-09-14 | 2012-03-22 | Council Of Scientific & Industrial Research | Novel cationic amphiphiles with mannose-mimicking head-groups and a process for the preparation thereof |
| WO2012078667A2 (en) | 2010-12-06 | 2012-06-14 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Compositions and methods relating to proliferative diseases |
| AU2012272970A1 (en) | 2011-06-21 | 2014-02-06 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) iRNA compositions and methods of use thereof |
| CA2845884A1 (en) | 2011-08-22 | 2013-02-28 | Cangene Corporation | Clostridium difficile antibodies |
| EP3275461A1 (en) | 2011-09-19 | 2018-01-31 | Axon Neuroscience SE | Protein-based therapy and diagnosis of tau-mediated pathology in alzheimer's disease field |
| HUE048622T2 (en) | 2011-11-18 | 2020-08-28 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc | Rnai agents, compositions and methods of use thereof for treating transthyretin (ttr) associated diseases |
| ES2923787T3 (en) | 2011-11-18 | 2022-09-30 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc | Modified RNAi Agents |
| US9035039B2 (en) | 2011-12-22 | 2015-05-19 | Protiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Compositions and methods for silencing SMAD4 |
| WO2013118120A2 (en) | 2012-02-06 | 2013-08-15 | Rosetta Green Ltd. | Isolated polynucleotides expressing or modulating micrornas or targets of same, transgenic plants comprising same and uses thereof in improving nitrogen use efficiency, abiotic stress tolerance, biomass, vigor or yield of a plant |
| US9352042B2 (en) | 2012-02-24 | 2016-05-31 | Protiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Trialkyl cationic lipids and methods of use thereof |
| US9879012B2 (en) | 2012-03-29 | 2018-01-30 | Regents Of The University Of Colorado, A Body Corporate | Click nucleic acids |
| US9127274B2 (en) | 2012-04-26 | 2015-09-08 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Serpinc1 iRNA compositions and methods of use thereof |
| PE20142406A1 (en) | 2012-05-04 | 2015-01-23 | Pfizer | ANTIGENS ASSOCIATED WITH PROSTATE AND VACCINE-BASED IMMUNOTHERAPY REGIMES |
| US9708607B2 (en) | 2012-08-03 | 2017-07-18 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Modified RNAi agents |
| EP2897639A4 (en) | 2012-09-21 | 2016-05-04 | Frank Bedu-Addo | Improved vaccine compositions and methods of use |
| BR112015013105B1 (en) | 2012-12-05 | 2022-02-08 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc | DOUBLE-STRAND RNAI AGENT CAPABLE OF INHIBITING PCSK9 EXPRESSION, ITS USES, PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION AND METHOD OF INHIBITING PCSK9 EXPRESSION IN A CELL IN VITRO |
| JP6674888B2 (en) | 2013-03-13 | 2020-04-01 | プロセナ バイオサイエンシーズ リミテッド | Tau immunotherapy |
| CN105246337B (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2019-02-15 | 吉恩维沃公司 | Thymidine kinase diagnostic analysis for gene therapy application |
| PT2970974T (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2017-11-29 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc | Complement component c5 irna compositions and methods of use thereof |
| JP6392315B2 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2018-09-19 | イミュソフト コーポレーション | In vitro memory B cell differentiation method and transduction method using VSV-G pseudotype virus vector |
| CA2905696A1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-18 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Compositions and methods including leelamine and arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone relating to treatment of cancer |
| EP3003295A1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2016-04-13 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Compositions and methods including celecoxib and plumbagin relating to treatment of cancer |
| SG11201510565TA (en) | 2013-05-22 | 2016-01-28 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc | Tmprss6 irna compositions and methods of use thereof |
| SG10201804472YA (en) | 2013-05-22 | 2018-07-30 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc | SERPINA1 iRNA COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF |
| US20160122420A1 (en) | 2013-06-06 | 2016-05-05 | Rowlands David J | Antibody display |
| US20160151284A1 (en) | 2013-07-23 | 2016-06-02 | Protiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Compositions and methods for delivering messenger rna |
| AR097738A1 (en) | 2013-09-23 | 2016-04-13 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc | METHODS TO TREAT OR PREVENT DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSTIRETINE (TTR) |
| EP3798306A1 (en) | 2013-12-12 | 2021-03-31 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Complement component irna compositions and methods of use thereof |
| US10119136B2 (en) | 2014-01-09 | 2018-11-06 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | RNAi agents modified at the 4′-C position |
| KR20230152154A (en) | 2014-02-11 | 2023-11-02 | 알닐람 파마슈티칼스 인코포레이티드 | KETOHEXOKINASE (KHK) iRNA COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF |
| EP3107567A4 (en) | 2014-02-19 | 2017-10-25 | Cangene Corporation | Methods of modulating an immune response |
| EP3110401A4 (en) | 2014-02-25 | 2017-10-25 | Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. | Lipid nanoparticle vaccine adjuvants and antigen delivery systems |
| SG10202104570TA (en) | 2014-05-22 | 2021-06-29 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc | Angiotensinogen (agt) irna compositions and methods of use thereof |
| CN106456772A (en) | 2014-06-11 | 2017-02-22 | 吉利德科学公司 | Methods for treating cardiovascular diseases |
| EP3169310A1 (en) | 2014-07-15 | 2017-05-24 | Life Technologies Corporation | Compositions with lipid aggregates and methods for efficient delivery of molecules to cells |
| EP3808846A1 (en) | 2014-08-20 | 2021-04-21 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Modified double-stranded rna agents |
| EP3191591A1 (en) | 2014-09-12 | 2017-07-19 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Polynucleotide agents targeting complement component c5 and methods of use thereof |
| US10415037B2 (en) | 2014-10-02 | 2019-09-17 | Arbutus Biopharma Corporation | Compositions and methods for silencing hepatitis B virus gene expression |
| JOP20200115A1 (en) | 2014-10-10 | 2017-06-16 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc | Compositions And Methods For Inhibition Of HAO1 (Hydroxyacid Oxidase 1 (Glycolate Oxidase)) Gene Expression |
| US20170304459A1 (en) | 2014-10-10 | 2017-10-26 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Methods and compositions for inhalation delivery of conjugated oligonucleotide |
| WO2016061487A1 (en) | 2014-10-17 | 2016-04-21 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Polynucleotide agents targeting aminolevulinic acid synthase-1 (alas1) and uses thereof |
| EP3904519A1 (en) | 2014-10-30 | 2021-11-03 | Genzyme Corporation | Polynucleotide agents targeting serpinc1 (at3) and methods of use thereof |
| JOP20200092A1 (en) | 2014-11-10 | 2017-06-16 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc | HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) iRNA COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF |
| WO2016081444A1 (en) | 2014-11-17 | 2016-05-26 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Apolipoprotein c3 (apoc3) irna compositions and methods of use thereof |
| CA2970138A1 (en) | 2014-12-17 | 2016-06-23 | Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. | Modulation of yep6 gene expression to increase yield and other related traits in plants |
| EP3234107B1 (en) | 2014-12-19 | 2022-09-14 | Immusoft Corporation | B cells for in vivo delivery of therapeutic agents |
| CA2976445A1 (en) | 2015-02-13 | 2016-08-18 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (pnpla3) irna compositions and methods of use thereof |
| US10745702B2 (en) | 2015-04-08 | 2020-08-18 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Compositions and methods for inhibiting expression of the LECT2 gene |
| CA2984154A1 (en) | 2015-05-01 | 2016-11-10 | Onl Therapeutics, Inc. | Peptide compositions and methods of use |
| WO2016179342A2 (en) | 2015-05-06 | 2016-11-10 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Factor xii (hageman factor) (f12), kallikrein b, plasma (fletcher factor) 1 (klkb1), and kininogen 1 (kng1) irna compositions and methods of use thereof |
| US20180245074A1 (en) | 2015-06-04 | 2018-08-30 | Protiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Treating hepatitis b virus infection using crispr |
| EP3307316A1 (en) | 2015-06-12 | 2018-04-18 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Complement component c5 irna compositions and methods of use thereof |
| WO2016205323A1 (en) | 2015-06-18 | 2016-12-22 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Polynucleotde agents targeting hydroxyacid oxidase (glycolate oxidase, hao1) and methods of use thereof |
| WO2016209862A1 (en) | 2015-06-23 | 2016-12-29 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Glucokinase (gck) irna compositions and methods of use thereof |
| WO2017011286A1 (en) | 2015-07-10 | 2017-01-19 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Insulin-like growth factor binding protein, acid labile subunit (igfals) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf-1) irna compositions and methods of use thereof |
| CN108350455A (en) | 2015-07-29 | 2018-07-31 | 阿布特斯生物制药公司 | Composition for making hepatitis B virus silenced gene expression and method |
| CN108366966A (en) | 2015-08-24 | 2018-08-03 | 光环生物干扰疗法公司 | Polynucleotides nano particle and application thereof for adjusting gene expression |
| SG10202007937SA (en) | 2015-09-02 | 2020-09-29 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc | PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH 1 LIGAND 1 (PD-L1) iRNA COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF |
| EP3906943A1 (en) | 2015-09-04 | 2021-11-10 | Primatope Therapeutics Inc. | Humanized anti-cd40 antibodies and uses thereof |
| EP3350328A1 (en) | 2015-09-14 | 2018-07-25 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Polynucleotide agents targeting patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (pnpla3) and methods of use thereof |
| EP3352800B1 (en) | 2015-09-24 | 2022-01-05 | The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | Methods and compositions for reducing metastases |
| US10149887B2 (en) | 2015-10-23 | 2018-12-11 | Canbas Co., Ltd. | Peptides and peptidomimetics in combination with t cell activating and/or checkpoint inhibiting agents for cancer treatment |
| KR20180085736A (en) | 2015-11-09 | 2018-07-27 | 더 유니버시티 오브 브리티쉬 콜롬비아 | Amyloid beta mid-region epitopes and structurally selective antibodies thereto |
| EP3374379A4 (en) | 2015-11-09 | 2019-05-15 | The University Of British Columbia | N-terminal epitopes in amyloid beta and conformationally-selective antibodies thereto |
| CN108350053A (en) | 2015-11-09 | 2018-07-31 | 英属哥伦比亚大学 | Amyloid beta epitope and its antibody |
| AU2016354590B2 (en) | 2015-11-13 | 2023-11-23 | Pds Biotechnology Corporation | Lipids as synthetic vectors to enhance antigen processing and presentation ex-vivo in dendritic cell therapy |
| EP3387129A1 (en) | 2015-12-10 | 2018-10-17 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | STEROL REGULATORY ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN (SREBP) CHAPERONE (SCAP) iRNA COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF |
| BR112018013967A2 (en) | 2016-01-19 | 2019-02-05 | Pfizer | cancer vaccines |
| US11406721B2 (en) | 2016-02-22 | 2022-08-09 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Compositions and methods for imaging cell populations |
| PT3452507T (en) | 2016-05-02 | 2022-12-20 | Prothena Biosciences Ltd | Tau immunotherapy |
| JP7194985B2 (en) | 2016-05-02 | 2022-12-23 | プロセナ バイオサイエンシーズ リミテッド | Tau-recognizing antibody |
| KR102471787B1 (en) | 2016-05-02 | 2022-11-29 | 프로테나 바이오사이언시즈 리미티드 | Tau recognition antibody |
| US20190256845A1 (en) | 2016-06-10 | 2019-08-22 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C5 iRNA COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF FOR TREATING PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA (PNH) |
| WO2018006052A1 (en) | 2016-06-30 | 2018-01-04 | Protiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Compositions and methods for delivering messenger rna |
| EP3528827A4 (en) | 2016-10-21 | 2020-11-04 | Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. | Influenza hemagglutinin protein vaccines |
| US20180125920A1 (en) | 2016-11-09 | 2018-05-10 | The University Of British Columbia | Methods for preventing and treating A-beta oligomer-associated and/or -induced diseases and conditions |
| CN109996809A (en) | 2016-11-14 | 2019-07-09 | 诺华股份有限公司 | Composition relevant to fusogenic protein MINION, method and therapeutical uses |
| TWI788312B (en) | 2016-11-23 | 2023-01-01 | 美商阿尼拉製藥公司 | SERPINA1 iRNA COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF |
| AU2017376950B2 (en) | 2016-12-16 | 2024-02-22 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Methods for treating or preventing TTR-associated diseases using transthyretin (TTR) iRNA compositions |
| TWI801377B (en) | 2017-04-18 | 2023-05-11 | 美商阿尼拉製藥公司 | Methods for the treatment of subjects having a hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection |
| EP3461487A1 (en) | 2017-09-29 | 2019-04-03 | Nlife Therapeutics S.L. | Compositions and methods for the delivery of mrna to hepatic cells |
| AU2018360697A1 (en) | 2017-11-01 | 2020-05-14 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Complement component C3 iRNA compositions and methods of use thereof |
| EP3714054A1 (en) | 2017-11-20 | 2020-09-30 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Serum amyloid p component (apcs) irna compositions and methods of use thereof |
| US11597932B2 (en) | 2017-12-21 | 2023-03-07 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Chirally-enriched double-stranded RNA agents |
| MX2020007945A (en) | 2018-01-29 | 2020-09-24 | Merck Sharp & Dohme | Stabilized rsv f proteins and uses thereof. |
| RU2020133851A (en) | 2018-03-16 | 2022-04-19 | Иммьюсофт Корпорейшн | B-CELLS GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOR FOLLISTATIN SECRETION AND METHODS OF THEIR USE TO TREAT FOLLISTATIN-RELATED DISEASES, CONDITIONS, DISORDERS AND TO INCREASE MUSCLE GROWTH AND STRENGTH |
| CN112533629A (en) | 2018-06-19 | 2021-03-19 | 阿尔莫生物科技股份有限公司 | Compositions and methods for combined use of IL-10 agents with chimeric antigen receptor cell therapy |
| GB201811382D0 (en) | 2018-07-11 | 2018-08-29 | Taylor John Hermon | Vaccine |
| WO2020033791A1 (en) | 2018-08-09 | 2020-02-13 | Verseau Therapeutics, Inc. | Oligonucleotide compositions for targeting ccr2 and csf1r and uses thereof |
| WO2020060986A1 (en) | 2018-09-18 | 2020-03-26 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Ketohexokinase (khk) irna compositions and methods of use thereof |
| US10913951B2 (en) | 2018-10-31 | 2021-02-09 | University of Pittsburgh—of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education | Silencing of HNF4A-P2 isoforms with siRNA to improve hepatocyte function in liver failure |
| US20220056444A1 (en) | 2018-12-05 | 2022-02-24 | Empirico Inc. | Process to inhibit or eliminate eosinophilic diseases of the airway and related conditions |
| CN113631709A (en) | 2018-12-20 | 2021-11-09 | 普拉克西斯精密药物股份有限公司 | Compositions and methods for treating KCNT 1-related disorders |
| WO2020150265A1 (en) | 2019-01-15 | 2020-07-23 | Empirico Inc. | Prodrugs of alox-15 inhibitors and methods of using the same |
| EP3935083A4 (en) | 2019-03-03 | 2022-11-30 | Prothena Biosciences Limited | Antibodies recognizing tau |
| US20220175723A1 (en) | 2019-04-22 | 2022-06-09 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Methods and compositions relating to inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenases for treatment of cancer |
| US20220211743A1 (en) | 2019-05-17 | 2022-07-07 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Oral delivery of oligonucleotides |
| IT201900007060A1 (en) | 2019-05-21 | 2020-11-21 | St Superiore Di Sanita | Engineered tumor cells and their uses |
| IT201900012540A1 (en) | 2019-07-22 | 2021-01-22 | Humanitas Mirasole Spa | CHI3L1 inhibitors and their uses |
| EP4013870A1 (en) | 2019-08-13 | 2022-06-22 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Small ribosomal protein subunit 25 (rps25) irna agent compositions and methods of use thereof |
| AR120341A1 (en) | 2019-11-01 | 2022-02-09 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc | COMPOSITIONS OF RNAi AGENTS AGAINST HUNTINGTINE (HTT) AND THEIR METHODS OF USE |
| US20230022576A1 (en) | 2019-11-19 | 2023-01-26 | Protalix Ltd. | Removal of constructs from transformed cells |
| EP4061945A1 (en) | 2019-11-22 | 2022-09-28 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Ataxin3 (atxn3) rnai agent compositions and methods of use thereof |
| EP4073251A1 (en) | 2019-12-13 | 2022-10-19 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Human chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (c9orf72) irna agent compositions and methods of use thereof |
| CN115315273A (en) | 2020-01-14 | 2022-11-08 | 辛德凯因股份有限公司 | IL-2 orthologs and methods of use thereof |
| WO2021154941A1 (en) | 2020-01-31 | 2021-08-05 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Complement component c5 irna compositions for use in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als) |
| US20230123584A1 (en) | 2020-02-14 | 2023-04-20 | Merck Sharp & Dohme Llc | Hpv vaccine |
| EP4114947A1 (en) | 2020-03-05 | 2023-01-11 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Complement component c3 irna compositions and methods of use thereof for treating or preventing complement component c3-associated diseases |
| CN116209759A (en) | 2020-03-26 | 2023-06-02 | 阿尔尼拉姆医药品有限公司 | Coronavirus iRNA compositions and methods of use thereof |
| WO2021206917A1 (en) | 2020-04-07 | 2021-10-14 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME 2 (ACE2) iRNA COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF |
| EP4133077A1 (en) | 2020-04-07 | 2023-02-15 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Transmembrane serine protease 2 (tmprss2) irna compositions and methods of use thereof |
| KR20230018377A (en) | 2020-04-27 | 2023-02-07 | 알닐람 파마슈티칼스 인코포레이티드 | Apolipoprotein E (APOE) IRNA preparation composition and method of use thereof |
| EP4150090A1 (en) | 2020-05-15 | 2023-03-22 | Korro Bio, Inc. | Methods and compositions for the adar-mediated editing of otoferlin (otof) |
| WO2021231673A1 (en) | 2020-05-15 | 2021-11-18 | Korro Bio, Inc. | Methods and compositions for the adar-mediated editing of leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (lrrk2) |
| EP4150089A1 (en) | 2020-05-15 | 2023-03-22 | Korro Bio, Inc. | Methods and compositions for the adar-mediated editing of retinoschisin 1 (rs1) |
| CA3162416C (en) | 2020-05-15 | 2023-07-04 | Korro Bio, Inc. | Methods and compositions for the adar-mediated editing of argininosuccinate synthetase (ass1) |
| EP4150076A1 (en) | 2020-05-15 | 2023-03-22 | Korro Bio, Inc. | Methods and compositions for the adar-mediated editing of methyl-cpg binding protein 2 (mecp2) |
| EP4150078A1 (en) | 2020-05-15 | 2023-03-22 | Korro Bio, Inc. | Methods and compositions for the adar-mediated editing of argininosuccinate lyase (asl) |
| WO2021231679A1 (en) | 2020-05-15 | 2021-11-18 | Korro Bio, Inc. | Methods and compositions for the adar-mediated editing of gap junction protein beta 2 (gjb2) |
| EP4150077A1 (en) | 2020-05-15 | 2023-03-22 | Korro Bio, Inc. | Methods and compositions for the adar-mediated editing of transmembrane channel-like protein 1 (tmc1) |
| BR112022023366A2 (en) | 2020-05-19 | 2023-05-02 | Othair Prothena Ltd | MULTIPLE EPITOPE VACCINE FOR THE TREATMENT OF ALZHEIMER DISEASE |
| AR122534A1 (en) | 2020-06-03 | 2022-09-21 | Triplet Therapeutics Inc | METHODS FOR THE TREATMENT OF NUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH MSH3 ACTIVITY |
| EP4162050A1 (en) | 2020-06-09 | 2023-04-12 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Rnai compositions and methods of use thereof for delivery by inhalation |
| BR112023000428A2 (en) | 2020-07-10 | 2023-03-14 | Inst Nat Sante Rech Med | METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS TO TREAT EPILEPSY |
| CN116322754A (en) | 2020-08-05 | 2023-06-23 | 辛德凯因股份有限公司 | IL10RA binding molecules and methods of use |
| EP4192489A2 (en) | 2020-08-05 | 2023-06-14 | Synthekine, Inc. | Il2rb binding molecules and methods of use |
| CA3190420A1 (en) | 2020-08-05 | 2022-02-10 | Synthekine, Inc. | Compositions and methods related to il27 receptor binding |
| WO2022031884A2 (en) | 2020-08-05 | 2022-02-10 | Synthekine, Inc. | Il2rg binding molecules and methods of use |
| EP4217489A1 (en) | 2020-09-24 | 2023-08-02 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4) irna compositions and methods of use thereof |
| TW202229552A (en) | 2020-10-05 | 2022-08-01 | 美商艾拉倫製藥股份有限公司 | G protein-coupled receptor 75 (gpr75) irna compositions and methods of use thereof |
| EP4232581A1 (en) | 2020-10-21 | 2023-08-30 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Methods and compositions for treating primary hyperoxaluria |
| EP4232582A1 (en) | 2020-10-23 | 2023-08-30 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Mucin 5b (muc5b) irna compositions and methods of use thereof |
| EP4251170A1 (en) | 2020-11-25 | 2023-10-04 | Akagera Medicines, Inc. | Lipid nanoparticles for delivery of nucleic acids, and related methods of use |
| TW202237150A (en) | 2020-12-01 | 2022-10-01 | 美商艾拉倫製藥股份有限公司 | Methods and compositions for inhibition of hao1 (hydroxyacid oxidase 1 (glycolate oxidase)) gene expression |
| TW202245835A (en) | 2021-02-04 | 2022-12-01 | 美商默沙東有限責任公司 | Nanoemulsion adjuvant composition for pneumococcal conjugate vaccines |
| WO2022174000A2 (en) | 2021-02-12 | 2022-08-18 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Superoxide dismutase 1 (sod1) irna compositions and methods of use thereof for treating or preventing superoxide dismutase 1- (sod1-) associated neurodegenerative diseases |
| JP2024509783A (en) | 2021-02-25 | 2024-03-05 | アルナイラム ファーマシューティカルズ， インコーポレイテッド | Prion protein (PRNP) IRNA compositions and methods of use thereof |
| WO2022192519A1 (en) | 2021-03-12 | 2022-09-15 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha (gsk3a) irna compositions and methods of use thereof |
| CA3214499A1 (en) | 2021-03-29 | 2022-10-06 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Huntingtin (htt) irna agent compositions and methods of use thereof |
| WO2022232343A1 (en) | 2021-04-29 | 2022-11-03 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 6 (stat6) irna compositions and methods of use thereof |
| EP4341401A1 (en) | 2021-05-18 | 2024-03-27 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (sglt2) irna compositions and methods of use thereof |
| WO2022246023A1 (en) | 2021-05-20 | 2022-11-24 | Korro Bio, Inc. | Methods and compositions for adar-mediated editing |
| WO2022256283A2 (en) | 2021-06-01 | 2022-12-08 | Korro Bio, Inc. | Methods for restoring protein function using adar |
| BR112023025224A2 (en) | 2021-06-04 | 2024-02-27 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc | HUMAN CHROMOSOME 9 (C9ORF72) OPEN READING BOARD 72 IRNA AGENT COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF |
| WO2023278410A1 (en) | 2021-06-29 | 2023-01-05 | Korro Bio, Inc. | Methods and compositions for adar-mediated editing |
| US20230194709A9 (en) | 2021-06-29 | 2023-06-22 | Seagate Technology Llc | Range information detection using coherent pulse sets with selected waveform characteristics |
| US20230044997A1 (en) | 2021-07-15 | 2023-02-09 | Turn Biotechnologies, Inc. | Synthetic, persistent rna constructs and methods of use for cell rejuvenation and for treatment |
| WO2023288288A1 (en) | 2021-07-15 | 2023-01-19 | Turn Biotechnologies, Inc. | Synthetic, persistent rna constructs with on/off mechanism for controlled expression and methods of use |
| WO2023288285A1 (en) | 2021-07-15 | 2023-01-19 | Turn Biotechnologies, Inc. | Polycistronic expression vectors |
| IL309905A (en) | 2021-07-23 | 2024-03-01 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc | Beta-catenin (ctnnb1) irna compositions and methods of use thereof |
| AU2022331279A1 (en) | 2021-08-19 | 2024-02-15 | Merck Sharp & Dohme Llc | Thermostable lipid nanoparticle and methods of use thereof |
| WO2023069603A1 (en) | 2021-10-22 | 2023-04-27 | Korro Bio, Inc. | Methods and compositions for disrupting nrf2-keap1 protein interaction by adar mediated rna editing |
| WO2023069498A1 (en) | 2021-10-22 | 2023-04-27 | Senda Biosciences, Inc. | Mrna vaccine composition |
| TW202334418A (en) | 2021-10-29 | 2023-09-01 | 美商艾拉倫製藥股份有限公司 | Huntingtin (htt) irna agent compositions and methods of use thereof |
| WO2023096858A1 (en) | 2021-11-23 | 2023-06-01 | Senda Biosciences, Inc. | A bacteria-derived lipid composition and use thereof |
| WO2023122080A1 (en) | 2021-12-20 | 2023-06-29 | Senda Biosciences, Inc. | Compositions comprising mrna and lipid reconstructed plant messenger packs |
| WO2023122762A1 (en) | 2021-12-22 | 2023-06-29 | Camp4 Therapeutics Corporation | Modulation of gene transcription using antisense oligonucleotides targeting regulatory rnas |
| WO2023141314A2 (en) | 2022-01-24 | 2023-07-27 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Heparin sulfate biosynthesis pathway enzyme irna agent compositions and methods of use thereof |
| WO2023220603A1 (en) | 2022-05-09 | 2023-11-16 | Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Vectors and methods for in vivo antibody production |
| US20230392188A1 (en) | 2022-06-02 | 2023-12-07 | Perkinelmer Health Sciences, Inc. | Electrophoresis-mediated characterization of dna content of adeno-associated virus capsids |
| WO2023235818A2 (en) | 2022-06-02 | 2023-12-07 | Scribe Therapeutics Inc. | Engineered class 2 type v crispr systems |
| WO2023240076A1 (en) | 2022-06-07 | 2023-12-14 | Scribe Therapeutics Inc. | Compositions and methods for the targeting of pcsk9 |
| WO2023240074A1 (en) | 2022-06-07 | 2023-12-14 | Scribe Therapeutics Inc. | Compositions and methods for the targeting of pcsk9 |
| WO2023240277A2 (en) | 2022-06-10 | 2023-12-14 | Camp4 Therapeutics Corporation | Methods of modulating progranulin expression using antisense oligonucleotides targeting regulatory rnas |
| WO2024026474A1 (en) | 2022-07-29 | 2024-02-01 | Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Compositions and methods for transferrin receptor (tfr)-mediated delivery to the brain and muscle |
| WO2024059165A1 (en) | 2022-09-15 | 2024-03-21 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | 17b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 13 (hsd17b13) irna compositions and methods of use thereof |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4544545A (en) * | 1983-06-20 | 1985-10-01 | Trustees University Of Massachusetts | Liposomes containing modified cholesterol for organ targeting |
| US4897355A (en) * | 1985-01-07 | 1990-01-30 | Syntex (U.S.A.) Inc. | N[ω,(ω-1)-dialkyloxy]- and N-[ω,(ω-1)-dialkenyloxy]-alk-1-yl-N,N,N-tetrasubstituted ammonium lipids and uses therefor |
| WO1988000824A1 (en) * | 1986-07-28 | 1988-02-11 | Liposome Technology, Inc. | Liposomes with enhanced retention on mucosal tissue |
| US4958013A (en) * | 1989-06-06 | 1990-09-18 | Northwestern University | Cholesteryl modified oligonucleotides |
-
1991
- 1991-08-28 US US07/751,873 patent/US5283185A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1992
- 1992-08-28 CA CA002116676A patent/CA2116676A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1992-08-28 DK DK92920321T patent/DK0663013T3/en active
- 1992-08-28 AU AU26565/92A patent/AU665029B2/en not_active Withdrawn - After Issue
- 1992-08-28 EP EP92920321A patent/EP0663013B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-08-28 SG SG1996007296A patent/SG50630A1/en unknown
- 1992-08-28 JP JP50530293A patent/JP3258661B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-08-28 WO PCT/US1992/007290 patent/WO1993005162A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1992-08-28 AT AT92920321T patent/ATE292690T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1992-08-28 ES ES92920321T patent/ES2240958T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-08-28 DE DE69233497T patent/DE69233497T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1999
- 1999-03-11 HK HK98116092A patent/HK1014736A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2001
- 2001-09-27 JP JP2001298141A patent/JP2002153270A/en not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US5283185A (en) | 1994-02-01 |
| JP3258661B2 (en) | 2002-02-18 |
| DK0663013T3 (en) | 2005-08-01 |
| JPH07500963A (en) | 1995-02-02 |
| ES2240958T3 (en) | 2005-10-16 |
| DE69233497T2 (en) | 2006-01-26 |
| SG50630A1 (en) | 1998-07-20 |
| DE69233497D1 (en) | 2005-05-12 |
| HK1014736A1 (en) | 1999-09-30 |
| WO1993005162A1 (en) | 1993-03-18 |
| JP2002153270A (en) | 2002-05-28 |
| EP0663013B1 (en) | 2005-04-06 |
| AU665029B2 (en) | 1995-12-14 |
| EP0663013A4 (en) | 1994-11-28 |
| ATE292690T1 (en) | 2005-04-15 |
| EP0663013A1 (en) | 1995-07-19 |
| AU2656592A (en) | 1993-04-05 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US5283185A (en) | Method for delivering nucleic acids into cells | |
| US6627218B2 (en) | Cationic amphiphiles of cholesterol | |
| US5955365A (en) | Self-assembling polynucleotide delivery system | |
| US6716882B2 (en) | Highly packed polycationic ammonium, sulfonium and phosphonium lipids | |
| US5840710A (en) | Cationic amphiphiles containing ester or ether-linked lipophilic groups for intracellular delivery of therapeutic molecules | |
| US6075012A (en) | Reagents for intracellular delivery of macromolecules | |
| US5948767A (en) | Cationic amphiphile/DNA complexes | |
| US5925628A (en) | Cationic amphiphiles for intracellular delivery of therapeutic molecules | |
| US5719131A (en) | Cationic amphiphiles containing dialkylamine lipophilic groups for intracellular delivery of therapeutic molecules | |
| US5939401A (en) | Cationic amphiphile compositions for intracellular delivery of therapeutic molecules | |
| HUT77171A (en) | Lipopolyamines as transfection agents and pharmaceuticals containing them | |
| JP2014208687A (en) | Lipids and lipid assemblies comprising transfection enhancer elements | |
| US6649780B1 (en) | Cationic lipids | |
| US5942634A (en) | Cationic amphiphiles for cell transfections | |
| US5912239A (en) | Imidazole-containing cationic amphiphiles for intracellular delivery of therapeutic molecules | |
| US5795870A (en) | Compositions and methods for cell transformation | |
| AU2006202596B8 (en) | Novel compounds, methods and derivatives | |
| AU3018397A (en) | Novel compounds, methods and derivatives | |
| US5952516A (en) | Cationic amphiphiles containing multiplesteroid lipophilic groups | |
| AU734980B2 (en) | Cationic amphiphiles and plasmids for intracellular delivery of therapeutic molecules |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Discontinued |