CA2149120C - Monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to tumor vascular endothelium and uses thereof - Google Patents
Monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to tumor vascular endothelium and uses thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CA2149120C CA2149120C CA002149120A CA2149120A CA2149120C CA 2149120 C CA2149120 C CA 2149120C CA 002149120 A CA002149120 A CA 002149120A CA 2149120 A CA2149120 A CA 2149120A CA 2149120 C CA2149120 C CA 2149120C
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
- C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
- C07K16/30—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants from tumour cells
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
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Abstract
The invention involves monoclonal antibodies which specifically bind to a cell surface antigen characteristic of tumor vascular endothelium. The antigen, referred to as endosialin, is a glycoproteine and has a molecular weight of about 165 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. The protein portion of the molecule has a molecular weight of about 95 kDa. Also disclosed are various uses of the monoclonal antibody and the antigen.
Description
I
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY WHICH SPECIFICALi.Y BINDS
TO TL':zOR VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM AND USES THEREOF
FTy'hD O? !'? LW~:~?TION
This invention relates to the fields of oncology and immunology. More particularly, it relates to monoclonal antibodies specific for t,~or vascular endothelium, production of the monoclonal antibodies and the uses thereof.
BACKGROUND AHD pttT_OR ~~'"
Carcinogenesis involves a series of somatic genetic changes affecting the structure and/or expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Secondary genetic changes and epigenetic mechanisms may also be necessary to allow small nests of malignant cells to form clinically apparent primary and metastatic tumors. In the case of solid neopiasms, for example, it is well known that growth beyond diameters of 1-2 mm depends on formation of supporting stroma of newly formed blood vessels, usually accompanied by reactive stromal fibroblasts, lymphoid and phagocytic infiltrates, and extracellular matrix proteins. While cells of reactive tumor stroma are not trans~ormed, they may differ from corresponding cells of normal tissues in proliferative activity, as well as in the expression of regulatory peptides, proteolytic enzymes, EC~I proteins and cell surface antigens. Consequently these may provide additional targets for pharmacological and immunological investigations and interventions in cancer.
An example of such a target is the F19 cell surface glycoprotein, which is expressed in the reactive stroma fibroblasts of more than 90% of common epithelial cancers, including carcinomas of breast, colon, lung, bladder and pancreas, with little or no expression in normal adult tissues. The F19 cell surface glycoprotein and various teachings regarding it are found in Garin-Chesa et al., Proc.
' Natl. Aced. USA 87: 7235-7239 (1990); Rettig et al., Proc.
Natl. Aced. Sci. USA 85: 3110-3114 (1988) ; and U.S. Patent No.
5,059,523. In a recent, phase I study, it has been found that "1 I labelled monoclonal antibody against F19 accumulates at WO 94/11023 ~ PCT/US93/10773 2~.49~.~(~
tumor sites, thereby allowing tumor imaging in patients with hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinomas. See Welt et al., Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 33: 319. (1992) regarding this imaging study.
Immunologic targeting of tumor vascular endothelial cells has not yet been accomplished, but is attractive for several reasons. One reason is that endothelial surface antigens are highly accessible to antibodies, or antibody conjugates which circulate in the blood. Another reason is that the destruction or impairment of blood vessels associated with tumors would be expected to lead to widespread necrosis or arrest of growth of solid tumors. The activity of several antitumor agents, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a), gamma interferon (IFN-y), and melphalan may result from vascular endothelial cell damage rather than direct tumor killing. See Old, Science 230: 630-632 (1985); Lienard et al. , J. Clin. Oncol. 10: 52-60 (1992) ; Lejeune, Eur. Cytok.
Net. 2: 124 (1992) for information on these studies.
The targeting of tumor vascular endothelial cells, discussed supra, requires the availability of a monoclonal antibody ("mAb") which is specific for these cells. While the field of immunology as it relates to production of monoclonal antibodies has made great strides since 1975 when Kohler &
Milstein first succeeded in generating hybridomas, preparation of monoclonal antibodies with a desired cell type specificity is hardly simple or routine. For example, one must assume that an antigen of requisite specificity exists, or is expressed on the targeted cell, and this is not necessarily the case. This is essential for specificity in general, and is critical for vascular tissue, because any mAb which binds to vascular tissue generally rather than to tumor vascular endothelial cells specifically, will target normal vascular tissues, leading to obvious adverse consequences.
While mAbs to endothelial cells and to tumors originating therefrom are known, the art has not previously been aware of monoclonal antibodies which are specific to tumor vascular endothelium to the exclusion of other non-transformed cell ~~4~120 ' 3 types. Such monoclonal antibodies have, however, now been prepared, and the cell surface antigen to which they are directed has been identified, isolated, and characterized.
These, as well a:. the ramifications thereof, are the subject of-the disclosure: which follows.
BRIEF DE8CRIPTIOIif OF THE FIGURES
FIGURES 1(A), (B), (C) and (D) show studies of immunohistochemic:al staining to detect FB5 antigen (endosialin) in various tumor vascular endothelial cells.
Figure 1(A) involves leiomyosarcoma, figure 1(B), renal cell carcinoma, figure: 1(C) osteogenic sarcoma, and figure 1(D) colon carcinoma.. The studies involved avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase staining, using.hematoxylin counterstanding, and magnifications of lOx (lA), or 20x (B-D).
FIGURE 2(A) depicts immunochemical analysis of the FB5 antigen (endosialin), using various cell types.
FIGURE 2 (B) :is an immunoblot analysis of extracts of cell 1 ine LAl-5.s .
FIGURE 2(C) shows lectin binding and carbohydrate analysis of FB5 antigen (endosialin).
FIGURE 3 summarizes studies leading to the assignment of the gene for FB5 antigen (endosialin) to a specific chromosome fragment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Example 1 Production of monoclonal antibody FB5 was carried out as follows. Immunogen was prepared by combining cultured human fetal fibroblast.s in phosphate buffered saline, to a concentration of 2x10' cells/ml. The immunogen was.
administered to mace (strain (BALB/CxA)F1 via intraperitoneal injections (100 a~icroliters). Four booster injections were administered, at :~-4 week intervals, using the same immunogen.
Three days after the last immunization, the mice were sacrificed, and their spleens were removed and dispersed into single cell suspensions in RPMI 1640 media, following standard techniques. The spleen cells were then fused with HPGRT
deficient X63-Ag8.653 mouse myeloma cells using polyethylene . 21 ~912Q
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY WHICH SPECIFICALi.Y BINDS
TO TL':zOR VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM AND USES THEREOF
FTy'hD O? !'? LW~:~?TION
This invention relates to the fields of oncology and immunology. More particularly, it relates to monoclonal antibodies specific for t,~or vascular endothelium, production of the monoclonal antibodies and the uses thereof.
BACKGROUND AHD pttT_OR ~~'"
Carcinogenesis involves a series of somatic genetic changes affecting the structure and/or expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Secondary genetic changes and epigenetic mechanisms may also be necessary to allow small nests of malignant cells to form clinically apparent primary and metastatic tumors. In the case of solid neopiasms, for example, it is well known that growth beyond diameters of 1-2 mm depends on formation of supporting stroma of newly formed blood vessels, usually accompanied by reactive stromal fibroblasts, lymphoid and phagocytic infiltrates, and extracellular matrix proteins. While cells of reactive tumor stroma are not trans~ormed, they may differ from corresponding cells of normal tissues in proliferative activity, as well as in the expression of regulatory peptides, proteolytic enzymes, EC~I proteins and cell surface antigens. Consequently these may provide additional targets for pharmacological and immunological investigations and interventions in cancer.
An example of such a target is the F19 cell surface glycoprotein, which is expressed in the reactive stroma fibroblasts of more than 90% of common epithelial cancers, including carcinomas of breast, colon, lung, bladder and pancreas, with little or no expression in normal adult tissues. The F19 cell surface glycoprotein and various teachings regarding it are found in Garin-Chesa et al., Proc.
' Natl. Aced. USA 87: 7235-7239 (1990); Rettig et al., Proc.
Natl. Aced. Sci. USA 85: 3110-3114 (1988) ; and U.S. Patent No.
5,059,523. In a recent, phase I study, it has been found that "1 I labelled monoclonal antibody against F19 accumulates at WO 94/11023 ~ PCT/US93/10773 2~.49~.~(~
tumor sites, thereby allowing tumor imaging in patients with hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinomas. See Welt et al., Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 33: 319. (1992) regarding this imaging study.
Immunologic targeting of tumor vascular endothelial cells has not yet been accomplished, but is attractive for several reasons. One reason is that endothelial surface antigens are highly accessible to antibodies, or antibody conjugates which circulate in the blood. Another reason is that the destruction or impairment of blood vessels associated with tumors would be expected to lead to widespread necrosis or arrest of growth of solid tumors. The activity of several antitumor agents, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a), gamma interferon (IFN-y), and melphalan may result from vascular endothelial cell damage rather than direct tumor killing. See Old, Science 230: 630-632 (1985); Lienard et al. , J. Clin. Oncol. 10: 52-60 (1992) ; Lejeune, Eur. Cytok.
Net. 2: 124 (1992) for information on these studies.
The targeting of tumor vascular endothelial cells, discussed supra, requires the availability of a monoclonal antibody ("mAb") which is specific for these cells. While the field of immunology as it relates to production of monoclonal antibodies has made great strides since 1975 when Kohler &
Milstein first succeeded in generating hybridomas, preparation of monoclonal antibodies with a desired cell type specificity is hardly simple or routine. For example, one must assume that an antigen of requisite specificity exists, or is expressed on the targeted cell, and this is not necessarily the case. This is essential for specificity in general, and is critical for vascular tissue, because any mAb which binds to vascular tissue generally rather than to tumor vascular endothelial cells specifically, will target normal vascular tissues, leading to obvious adverse consequences.
While mAbs to endothelial cells and to tumors originating therefrom are known, the art has not previously been aware of monoclonal antibodies which are specific to tumor vascular endothelium to the exclusion of other non-transformed cell ~~4~120 ' 3 types. Such monoclonal antibodies have, however, now been prepared, and the cell surface antigen to which they are directed has been identified, isolated, and characterized.
These, as well a:. the ramifications thereof, are the subject of-the disclosure: which follows.
BRIEF DE8CRIPTIOIif OF THE FIGURES
FIGURES 1(A), (B), (C) and (D) show studies of immunohistochemic:al staining to detect FB5 antigen (endosialin) in various tumor vascular endothelial cells.
Figure 1(A) involves leiomyosarcoma, figure 1(B), renal cell carcinoma, figure: 1(C) osteogenic sarcoma, and figure 1(D) colon carcinoma.. The studies involved avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase staining, using.hematoxylin counterstanding, and magnifications of lOx (lA), or 20x (B-D).
FIGURE 2(A) depicts immunochemical analysis of the FB5 antigen (endosialin), using various cell types.
FIGURE 2 (B) :is an immunoblot analysis of extracts of cell 1 ine LAl-5.s .
FIGURE 2(C) shows lectin binding and carbohydrate analysis of FB5 antigen (endosialin).
FIGURE 3 summarizes studies leading to the assignment of the gene for FB5 antigen (endosialin) to a specific chromosome fragment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Example 1 Production of monoclonal antibody FB5 was carried out as follows. Immunogen was prepared by combining cultured human fetal fibroblast.s in phosphate buffered saline, to a concentration of 2x10' cells/ml. The immunogen was.
administered to mace (strain (BALB/CxA)F1 via intraperitoneal injections (100 a~icroliters). Four booster injections were administered, at :~-4 week intervals, using the same immunogen.
Three days after the last immunization, the mice were sacrificed, and their spleens were removed and dispersed into single cell suspensions in RPMI 1640 media, following standard techniques. The spleen cells were then fused with HPGRT
deficient X63-Ag8.653 mouse myeloma cells using polyethylene . 21 ~912Q
glycol (PEG), again following standard techniques.
The cells were then distributed in microculture plates, and grown in the presence of HAT medium, so as to select fused cells from non-fused cells.
Once cultures were established, their supernatants were screened using the well known mixed hemadsorption ("MHA") rosetting assay for antibodies reactive with immunizing cell type - i . a . , cultured human fetal f ibroblasts - but unreactive with a panel of epithelial cells (breast cancer, colon cancer, renal cancer), and neuroectodermal cell lines (melanoma, glioma).
Cells producing supernatant of desired reactivity were cloned using limiting dilution techniques. After each subcloning step, the supernatants were rescreened, using MHA.
Four cycles were used to ensure isolation of a single hybrid clone.
Example 2 The protocol described supra was used to isolate hybridoma cell line FB5 and the mAb produced thereby. The mAb was then used in screening tests against a number of cell lines, normal tissue, and cancer samples. Determination of expression of the cell surface antigen to which FB5 bound was determined via mixed MHA rosetting assays, using serial 5-fold dilutions of the mAb (starting dilution: 20 ug/ml). The protocol used is described in Rettig et al., J. Immunol. 138:
4484-4489 (1987) , and Rettig et al. , Canc. Res. 45: 815-821 (1985). Table 1 sets forth these results.
~WO 94/11023 ~~ PCT/US93/10773 Table i FB5-positive FB5-negative 5 Fibroblasts Melanomas WI-38, GM05387, F135-35-18, SK-MEL-13, SK-MEL-19, Hs27, Hs68, FA_.37, SKF-AH SK-MEL-23, SK-MEL-178, Neuroblastomas Gliomas LA1-5s (control., boiled, U251MG, U343MG, U373MG, NANase-treated), IMR-32, SK-MG-28 SMS-SAN, SMS-Kp~N Sarcomas SW872, 8387, Saos-2, HT-1080, RD
Carcinomas MCF-7, BT20, SK-RC-9, SK-RC-28, Co1o205, HCT15, HT-29, SK-OV6 Leukemias U937, HL-60, RAJI
Endothelial cells HUVEC
activated HUVEC
Several comments will assist in the interpretation of these data. First, the fibroblasts were derived from fetal (W1-38, GM05387, and F135-35-18), newborn (Hs27, Hs68), and adult (FA537, 3KF-AH) t.issue, proving the target antigen s ubiquity on fibroblast cells.
For the neuroblastoma cell line LA1-5s, these were either tested untreated, or following treatment with neuraminidase (0.1 U/ml for 1 hour at 37°C), or with boiling phosphate buffered saline i:or 5 minutes, following Rettig et al. , J.
Histochem. Cytochem. 37: 1777-1786 (1989).
The "HUVEC" cells were derived from different individuals, using passages 2-4. The activated HUVEC cells had been pretreated for 6 or 24 hours, with one of TNFa (50 ng/ml), IL-1B (0.5ng/ml), TGF-Bl °(2 ng/ml), TPA (5 ug/mi), forskolin (50 mM), IFN-y (200 U/ml), bFGF (5-25 ng/ml), IL-.~
(1 ng/ml), or IL-s (20 ng/ml).
Cells were also tested for F85 binding using immunoperoxidase s~aining, and/or immunoprecipitation assays.
These assays permit detection of cell surface and intracellular antigens. Example 3, infra details t'~e protocols used.
E~camo 1 a 3 Immunoprecipitation assays were carried out by labelling cells with a mixture of [~S]-methionine and [35S]-cysteine (Trans35S labelled ICN; 40 ~Ci/ml), foz 18-24 hours, followed by extraction in'a lysis buffer (0.01 M Tris-HC1, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.01 M MgCh, 0.5% Nonidet~P-40, 20 ug/ml aprotinin, and 2 .:~~I
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) . The lysates wer; t~:en used for immunoprecipitation assays, follo~red by NaDodSO,/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and flue=cc~aphv, following Rettig et al., Proc. Natl. Aced. Sci. USA 85: 3110-3114 (1988). Where desirable, purified antigens/csll ex~rac~s were digested with neuramidase, endoglycosidase H, (25 mIU/ml), N-glycanase (l0 U/ml),or O-glycanase (0.1 U/ml).
Protein glycosylation inhibitors were also used, i.e., phenyl N-acetyl-a-galactosaminide (5 mM), monensin (IO ug/ml), and tunicamycin (5 ug/ml)..
When immunoperoxidase staining was used on fixed, permeabilized cells, mAbs at concentrations of l0-20 ug/ml were used, following Garin-Chesa et al., PNAS 87: 7235-7239 (1990), and Rettig et al., PNAS 85: 3110-3114 (1988).
Example 4 The immunoperoxidase methodology described supra was used to test a panel of normal adult tissues. These tissues were obtained from autopsy or surgical specimens, frozen in isopentane, precooled in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70°C.
Five micron thick sections were cut, mounted on poly-L-lysine coated slides, air dried, and fixed in acetone (4°C, 10 minutes).
Bane marrow samples were tested differently, with cells *Trade-mark ~WO 94/11023 ~~~ PCT/US93/10773 1 ~,.~~d being spun onto class slides, and the assay being run using a streptavidin-alk~iline phosphatase method.
The results are presented in Table 2, and indicate that all normal tissuEas tested were negative.
Table 2 Organ system FB5-negative normal tissues Nervous system Cerebral cortex, cerebellum, spinal cord, peripheral nerves Endocrine system Adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pancreas Urinary system Kidney, urinary bladder, prostate Reproductive system Testis, ovary, uterus Digestive tract Esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver, pancreas Pulmonary system Lung, bronchus, trachea Cardiovascular system Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, lymphatics Lymphoid organs Thymus, spleen, lymph node Hematopoietic system Bone marrow Skin Epidermis, dermis, appendages Breast Mammary gland Connective tissuea Skeletal muscle, visceral and vascular smooth muscle, adipose tissue, cartilage ERamn~rle 5 In view of the resul ts obtained for cell lines and normal tissue, a panel of huma n tumors was tested using the same methodology as w<is used to test normal cells. Antigen was detected in the endothe lial cells of tumor blood vessels.
These results are. presented in Table 3, in the form "A/B", with "A" indicating the number of samples showing positive phenotype for vascular end cells and "B" the number of 2149~.~Q
different samples tested. Abbreviations used are as follows:
ASPS-alveolar soft part sarcoma; PNET-primitive neuroectodermal tumor; MPNT-malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor.
Table 3 Tumor type FB-5+ phenotype Carcinomas Renal cancer 6/9 Breast cancer 8/12 Colon cancer 4/5 Pancreas cancer 3/5 Lung cancer 3/4 Mesothelioma 2/2 sarcomas Leiomyosarcoma 5/9 Osteogenic sarcoma 7/12 Chondrosarcoma 5/8 Fibrosarcoma 4/6 Rhabdomyosarcoma 6/8 Ewing's sarcoma 6/7 Synovial sarcoma 6/9 Neuroectodermal tumors Neuroblastoma 2/3 Melanoma 3/5 Glioma 01/1 Lymphomas 0/5 In contrast to the results. obtained with normal tissues where blood vessels are negative for the antigen, a high proportion of tumors showed expression of the target antigen in vascular endothelial cells. With respect to tumor vasculature, expression was confined to small blood vessels, primarily capillaries, and not on endothelium of large tumor vessels.
The number of vessels showing the antigen varied, from small subsets to virtually the entire capillary bed in a given ...
tumor. There was no discernable parameter which distinguished high expression .from low expression.
Example 6 The expression of the antigen on neuroblastoma cell lines and cultured fibroblasts 'fin vitro afforded a ready source for biochemical analysis. The immunoprecipitation protocol set forth in example 2, supra, was carried out on cell types LA1 5s (neuroblastoa~a), F135-35-18, W1-38, FA-334 and GM01398 (fibroblasts), "IiWEC" (human umbilical cord endothelial cells), a leiomyosarcoma cell line (SW872), an osteosarcoma (TE85), a melanoma (SK-MEL-198), and a glioma (SK-MG-28).
Figure 2A shows 'that in the immunoprecipitation studies, the antigen migrated as a 165 kd band on NaDodS04/PAGE.
Immunoblot studies were also carried out, using cell line LAl-5s extracts, employing the alkaline phosphatase detection system of Fellinger et al., Cancer Res. 51: 336-340 (1991). These results, presented in figure 2B, also show a 165 kd target antigen.
Example 7 Following 'the studies set forth supra, enzymatic digestion and mei~abolic inhibition studies were carried out, using the panel of enzymes described supra. Figure 2C shows these results. One concludes from these studies that the 165 kd antigen is composed of a 95 kd core polypeptide, with abundant, highly sialylated O-linked oligosaccharides. This can be seen in t:he results obtained using neuraminidase (a desialylated 120 kd protein), and the generation of a 95 kd protein following combined treatment with neuraminidase and O-glycanase. The enzymes endoglycosidase H and N-glycanase had no effect on the antigen. Tunicamycin, which blocks N-linked glycosylation, and monensin, which interferes with Golgi apparatus prote~~n processing, also did not impact the molecule. Similarly, when 5 mM phenyl-a-GalNAc was added to cells, the resuliting molecule was a 120 kd protein species.
The added molecule is a putative inhibitor of O-glycosylation but its precise mode of action 'is unknown. (Kuan et al., J.
Biol. Chem. 264: 19271-19277 (1989)).
Example ~
Further studies were carried out to investigate the ~lectin binding pattern of the molecule. In these experiments, tests were carried out to determine whether the native and 5 unglycosylated molecules bind to wheat germ agglutinin, as such binding would confirm the presence of sialic acid in the glycosylation of the molecule. To test.this, Tran 'sS labeled hA1-5s cell extracts and cell free culture supernatants were applied to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA Sepharose* and 10 concavalin A Sepharose ("Con A") using 250 mM a-D-methyl mannopyranoside as an eluting agent for Con A studies, and 250 mM galactosamine for WGA. Figure 2C shows the results of the experiments. The native antigen binds tv, WGA-Sepharose, whereas antigen desialylated as above, does not. Partial binding to Con A Sepharose was observed for the native antigen.
Example 9 Studies were carried out to determine the chromosomal location of the gene coding for the antigen bound by FBS.
Serological analysis of a panel of rodent-human hybrids was carried out, following, e.g., Rettig et al., J. Immunol. 138:
4484-4489 (1987); Rettig et al., PNAS 81: 6437-6441 (1984);
Rettig et al., Genomics 6: 176-183 (1991). The cells chosen for analysis were hybrids derived from FB5' human neuroblastoma cells and murine FB5' neuroblastoma cells. The hybrids contain different portions of the human chromosome complement. Analysis of these data according to, Rettig et al., Proc. Natl. Aced. Sci. USA 81: 6437-6441 (1984), and as presented in figure 3, lead to the conclusion that the pertinent antigen is coded for by human chromosomal region 11q13-qter. Such analyses are art routine and require no further explanation.
The foregoing shows the production of monoclonal antibodies which specifically bind to vascular endothelium of cancer tissues, to the exclusion of other normal cells. These ' monoclonal antibodies also bind to samples of sarcoma tissues, thereby making them available for various uses in connection *Trade-mark ~~ 2 ~ ~~ ; ~T~US 9 3 / 10 7 ~ ~
03 Recd PCT/PT~ 1 4 SEP 194 with sarcoma. In the discussion which follows, whereas tumor vascular endothelium is stressed, it should be borne in mind that d~~agnosis, monitoring and treatment of sarcoma is also encompassed by the invention. Thus, one aspect of the invention is a monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to vascular endothelium of tumors, and the hybridomas which produce i:hese monoclonals. In a particular preferred embodiment, the hybridoma cell line is cell line FBS, and the monoclonal antibody produced thereby. This cell line has been deposited in accordance with the Budapest Treaty, and has been assigned Accession Number ATCC HB11190 at the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Maryland, on November 12, 1992. In a particular preferred embodiment, the monoclonal antibody is one which specifically binds to a sialylated glycoprotein having a molecular weight of about 165 kilodaltons as determined by SDS-PAGE, wherein said antigen is found on vascular endothelium associated with a tumor. It is to be pointed out, as shown supra, that the molecule, referred to hereafter as "endosialin", may be modified with the monoclonal antibodies of the invention still binding thereto. Such modifications include, e.g., partial or total sialylation.
j When "monoclonal antibody" is used herein, it is to be understood that this is not limited to those monoclonal antibodies directly produced by hybridomas. The term is meant to incorporate, e.g., the well known binding fragments of m~~noclonal antibodies such as the Fab, F(ab)2 and other binding fragments, oligomeric or polymeric constructions including a plurality of the monoclonals complexed to peach other, chimeric monoclonal antibodies which contain immunoglobulin segments from two or more species (e. g., human and mouse), recombinant monoclonal antibodies, humanized materials, and so forth.
Additionally, the term embraces the monoclonal antibodies produced by human B cells which have not been fused to myeloma, but have been rendered culturable in other ways, AI~~Et~DED SHEET
__. .__ - ~ - r s ~. s 2~4912D p~TI~S9 3i ~ a~~,~
03 Rec'c! pCT~PTn 1 4 SEP 1a9~
such as via transformation of human B cells with Epstein Barr Virus ("EBV"), or other transforming means.
The antibodies of the invention can clearly be used in diagnostic methods to identify the site of vascular endothelium associated with a tumor, whereby the monoclonal antibody is ca~ntacted to a sample to be assayed, and its binding is monitored. Such binding can be determined using any of the standard immunoassay protocols known to the artisan, including, but not being liaited to, l0 radioimmunoassays, enzyme linked immunosorbant assays, sandwich assays, competitive assays, and so forth. Many of these assays: require the use of a detectable label which is attached to the antibody, and any of the labels known to the art, including radioactive, chromophoric, fluorophoric, enzymatic, magnetic, and metallic particles may be used.
In carrying oui: the assays, the sample of interest may be, e.g., a tissue sample or body fluid sample. Further, the specificity of the mAb permits the artisan to use it in ~
vivo diagnosis, in a manner not unlike that described by Welt et al sunr;~. Among the varieties of in vivo diagnosis which can be used, radioimaging is particularly preferred.
The ability of the monoclonal antibodies of the invention to target, e.g., tumor associated vascular endothelium mall:es them particularly useful in a therapeutic context. The vascular bed of tumors, as is the case with any vascular bed, is responsible for nourishing its asaocfated ti:;sue. Thus, an anti-tumor therapy is envisaged as part of this invention. This therapy comprises administering an amount of the monoclonal antibodies of the invention in a manner sufficient to inhibit proliferation of the tumor or to actually cause necrosis thers:of. Either inhibition or necrosis is provoked by combining the monoclonal with an appropriate agent having inhibitive or necrotic effect on the tumor.
Such agents include, e.g., those that inhibit circulation of blood to t:he tumor, such as clot forming agents, including the clot forming enzymes of the well known _ ~_ ~.._d_..._.______ _ _.._.~.-'~~ ~ ._..... ~~~"_ _ ~I~~ ~ a ~ ; C . ~_ :3 2~.49~.~a 03 Recd PCT/r ~ ~ 14 SEP 195 coagulation cascade. Other agents which destroy cells, and therefore would destroy the vascular endothelium associated with the tumor, include all cytotoxic agents such as mitomycin c, to~etal containing compounds, enzymes, ricin chains, radioisotopes, and so forth. Any of these agents may be complexE~d to the mAbs in a manner well known to the art. The mAbs~ therefore serve as carriers for targeted cell destruction. In addition, they may be used in connection with liposomal delivery systems, .~rhere the l0 liposome contains the inhibiting or necrotizing agent, and the mAbs target these to the site of the vascularization.
Further, by modifying the mAbs so as to retain their specificity but to also be complement fixing or inflammatogenic one may use the modified form of mAbs ger ~g without a second agent. The complement fixing or inflammatogeni~c form of the mAb provokes an ~ vivo response in the subject, this response leading to destruction of the targeted cells.
The monoc;lonals, either alone or with the various materials described supra, may be formulated in various reagent formata. For example, the mAb, "as is", or in complement fixing/inflammatogenic form, can be combined with a pharmacologically acceptable carrier. When used in connection wii:h the various materials disclosed herein, these can be attached to the mAb to form a conjugate, the conjugate then being combined with a pharmacologically acceptable carrier. It is also possible to prepare a kit type of reagent, wherein the mAb and the second substance are presented in separate portions, both of which are included in a container means.
In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, thE: new mAbs described herein are combined with a second mAb. Preferably, this second mAb is one which binds direct7.y to tumor cells or to reactive stroma fibroblasts o1' tumors, an example being mAb F19, discussed supra. This second mAb may also be formulated in any of the ways the new mAbs are formulated (e. g., conjugated, ecf;-,~~, ~~~ ~CCT
__...._.~..~.~.v,. _,..._ ~.,..~~.."_._.~~..~~_.__._._____..__.__ i _ m~~US~~~~O7_~v 2 -~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ p3 Reed PCT/P?=~ 14 SEP 1994 treated to be complement fixing/inflammatogenic, etc.).
When "monoc:lonal antibody" is used herein, the term refers not only to the whole mAb, but also to those fragments which retain the binding specificity described herein, such as, but not being limited to, Fab fragments.
Also encompassed are all chimeric and bifunctional forms of the mAb, it. having been well established that any portion of the mAb having specificity for the target antigen may be combined with portions of other sonoclonal antibody molecu7les. These other molecules may be, e.g., antibodies obtained from other species (human or other primates, as well as rodent species). These chimeric mAbs are desirably .manufactured so as to impart cytotoxic activity to the resulting hybrid or bifunctional antibody.
An example of such a construct is one where the reshaped or re<:onfigured mAb possesses both a binding domain typical of FB5 and an attachment site for T cells or macrophages. Z'his results in a mAb with dual binding properties, and the mAb may provoke the cascade of events associated with a T cell or macrophage response to the cells to which the mAb is bound, and a secondary immune response against. adjacent cells.
As indicated sypra, any of the foregoing formulations are useful not only for the purposes of identifying tumor vascular endothelium and in targeted therapy, but in parallel approaches for sarcoma.
The invention also describes an isolated glycoprotein molecule characteristic of tumor associated vascular endothelium. This molecule, in native, glycosylated form has a molecular weight of about 165 kilodaltons as determined by SDS-PAGE, a 95 kilodalton portion thereof serving as the pratein "core" of the molecule. The molecule, referred to herein as endosialin, is itself useful as an immunogen for securing mAbs of the specificity described herein, and as a vaccine for generation of protective mAbs. The vaccine includes an effective amount of the described surface antigen endosialin, and any of the _~. _~___~_..~.~______._. .. .._._,~i,~_.1~.T __.__~_. _.__ I i pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants well known to the art and used in vaccine formulations.
Localization of the gene for the protein portion of endosialin to a specific arm of a human chromosome, as describedsu~?ra, facilitates identification and isolation of a nucleic acid sequence coding therefor. Other aspects of the invention will be clear to the skilled artisan and need not be set forth here.
The terms and expressions which have been'employed are 10 used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, it being recognized that various modifications are possible within 15 the scope of the invention.
The cells were then distributed in microculture plates, and grown in the presence of HAT medium, so as to select fused cells from non-fused cells.
Once cultures were established, their supernatants were screened using the well known mixed hemadsorption ("MHA") rosetting assay for antibodies reactive with immunizing cell type - i . a . , cultured human fetal f ibroblasts - but unreactive with a panel of epithelial cells (breast cancer, colon cancer, renal cancer), and neuroectodermal cell lines (melanoma, glioma).
Cells producing supernatant of desired reactivity were cloned using limiting dilution techniques. After each subcloning step, the supernatants were rescreened, using MHA.
Four cycles were used to ensure isolation of a single hybrid clone.
Example 2 The protocol described supra was used to isolate hybridoma cell line FB5 and the mAb produced thereby. The mAb was then used in screening tests against a number of cell lines, normal tissue, and cancer samples. Determination of expression of the cell surface antigen to which FB5 bound was determined via mixed MHA rosetting assays, using serial 5-fold dilutions of the mAb (starting dilution: 20 ug/ml). The protocol used is described in Rettig et al., J. Immunol. 138:
4484-4489 (1987) , and Rettig et al. , Canc. Res. 45: 815-821 (1985). Table 1 sets forth these results.
~WO 94/11023 ~~ PCT/US93/10773 Table i FB5-positive FB5-negative 5 Fibroblasts Melanomas WI-38, GM05387, F135-35-18, SK-MEL-13, SK-MEL-19, Hs27, Hs68, FA_.37, SKF-AH SK-MEL-23, SK-MEL-178, Neuroblastomas Gliomas LA1-5s (control., boiled, U251MG, U343MG, U373MG, NANase-treated), IMR-32, SK-MG-28 SMS-SAN, SMS-Kp~N Sarcomas SW872, 8387, Saos-2, HT-1080, RD
Carcinomas MCF-7, BT20, SK-RC-9, SK-RC-28, Co1o205, HCT15, HT-29, SK-OV6 Leukemias U937, HL-60, RAJI
Endothelial cells HUVEC
activated HUVEC
Several comments will assist in the interpretation of these data. First, the fibroblasts were derived from fetal (W1-38, GM05387, and F135-35-18), newborn (Hs27, Hs68), and adult (FA537, 3KF-AH) t.issue, proving the target antigen s ubiquity on fibroblast cells.
For the neuroblastoma cell line LA1-5s, these were either tested untreated, or following treatment with neuraminidase (0.1 U/ml for 1 hour at 37°C), or with boiling phosphate buffered saline i:or 5 minutes, following Rettig et al. , J.
Histochem. Cytochem. 37: 1777-1786 (1989).
The "HUVEC" cells were derived from different individuals, using passages 2-4. The activated HUVEC cells had been pretreated for 6 or 24 hours, with one of TNFa (50 ng/ml), IL-1B (0.5ng/ml), TGF-Bl °(2 ng/ml), TPA (5 ug/mi), forskolin (50 mM), IFN-y (200 U/ml), bFGF (5-25 ng/ml), IL-.~
(1 ng/ml), or IL-s (20 ng/ml).
Cells were also tested for F85 binding using immunoperoxidase s~aining, and/or immunoprecipitation assays.
These assays permit detection of cell surface and intracellular antigens. Example 3, infra details t'~e protocols used.
E~camo 1 a 3 Immunoprecipitation assays were carried out by labelling cells with a mixture of [~S]-methionine and [35S]-cysteine (Trans35S labelled ICN; 40 ~Ci/ml), foz 18-24 hours, followed by extraction in'a lysis buffer (0.01 M Tris-HC1, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.01 M MgCh, 0.5% Nonidet~P-40, 20 ug/ml aprotinin, and 2 .:~~I
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) . The lysates wer; t~:en used for immunoprecipitation assays, follo~red by NaDodSO,/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and flue=cc~aphv, following Rettig et al., Proc. Natl. Aced. Sci. USA 85: 3110-3114 (1988). Where desirable, purified antigens/csll ex~rac~s were digested with neuramidase, endoglycosidase H, (25 mIU/ml), N-glycanase (l0 U/ml),or O-glycanase (0.1 U/ml).
Protein glycosylation inhibitors were also used, i.e., phenyl N-acetyl-a-galactosaminide (5 mM), monensin (IO ug/ml), and tunicamycin (5 ug/ml)..
When immunoperoxidase staining was used on fixed, permeabilized cells, mAbs at concentrations of l0-20 ug/ml were used, following Garin-Chesa et al., PNAS 87: 7235-7239 (1990), and Rettig et al., PNAS 85: 3110-3114 (1988).
Example 4 The immunoperoxidase methodology described supra was used to test a panel of normal adult tissues. These tissues were obtained from autopsy or surgical specimens, frozen in isopentane, precooled in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70°C.
Five micron thick sections were cut, mounted on poly-L-lysine coated slides, air dried, and fixed in acetone (4°C, 10 minutes).
Bane marrow samples were tested differently, with cells *Trade-mark ~WO 94/11023 ~~~ PCT/US93/10773 1 ~,.~~d being spun onto class slides, and the assay being run using a streptavidin-alk~iline phosphatase method.
The results are presented in Table 2, and indicate that all normal tissuEas tested were negative.
Table 2 Organ system FB5-negative normal tissues Nervous system Cerebral cortex, cerebellum, spinal cord, peripheral nerves Endocrine system Adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pancreas Urinary system Kidney, urinary bladder, prostate Reproductive system Testis, ovary, uterus Digestive tract Esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver, pancreas Pulmonary system Lung, bronchus, trachea Cardiovascular system Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, lymphatics Lymphoid organs Thymus, spleen, lymph node Hematopoietic system Bone marrow Skin Epidermis, dermis, appendages Breast Mammary gland Connective tissuea Skeletal muscle, visceral and vascular smooth muscle, adipose tissue, cartilage ERamn~rle 5 In view of the resul ts obtained for cell lines and normal tissue, a panel of huma n tumors was tested using the same methodology as w<is used to test normal cells. Antigen was detected in the endothe lial cells of tumor blood vessels.
These results are. presented in Table 3, in the form "A/B", with "A" indicating the number of samples showing positive phenotype for vascular end cells and "B" the number of 2149~.~Q
different samples tested. Abbreviations used are as follows:
ASPS-alveolar soft part sarcoma; PNET-primitive neuroectodermal tumor; MPNT-malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor.
Table 3 Tumor type FB-5+ phenotype Carcinomas Renal cancer 6/9 Breast cancer 8/12 Colon cancer 4/5 Pancreas cancer 3/5 Lung cancer 3/4 Mesothelioma 2/2 sarcomas Leiomyosarcoma 5/9 Osteogenic sarcoma 7/12 Chondrosarcoma 5/8 Fibrosarcoma 4/6 Rhabdomyosarcoma 6/8 Ewing's sarcoma 6/7 Synovial sarcoma 6/9 Neuroectodermal tumors Neuroblastoma 2/3 Melanoma 3/5 Glioma 01/1 Lymphomas 0/5 In contrast to the results. obtained with normal tissues where blood vessels are negative for the antigen, a high proportion of tumors showed expression of the target antigen in vascular endothelial cells. With respect to tumor vasculature, expression was confined to small blood vessels, primarily capillaries, and not on endothelium of large tumor vessels.
The number of vessels showing the antigen varied, from small subsets to virtually the entire capillary bed in a given ...
tumor. There was no discernable parameter which distinguished high expression .from low expression.
Example 6 The expression of the antigen on neuroblastoma cell lines and cultured fibroblasts 'fin vitro afforded a ready source for biochemical analysis. The immunoprecipitation protocol set forth in example 2, supra, was carried out on cell types LA1 5s (neuroblastoa~a), F135-35-18, W1-38, FA-334 and GM01398 (fibroblasts), "IiWEC" (human umbilical cord endothelial cells), a leiomyosarcoma cell line (SW872), an osteosarcoma (TE85), a melanoma (SK-MEL-198), and a glioma (SK-MG-28).
Figure 2A shows 'that in the immunoprecipitation studies, the antigen migrated as a 165 kd band on NaDodS04/PAGE.
Immunoblot studies were also carried out, using cell line LAl-5s extracts, employing the alkaline phosphatase detection system of Fellinger et al., Cancer Res. 51: 336-340 (1991). These results, presented in figure 2B, also show a 165 kd target antigen.
Example 7 Following 'the studies set forth supra, enzymatic digestion and mei~abolic inhibition studies were carried out, using the panel of enzymes described supra. Figure 2C shows these results. One concludes from these studies that the 165 kd antigen is composed of a 95 kd core polypeptide, with abundant, highly sialylated O-linked oligosaccharides. This can be seen in t:he results obtained using neuraminidase (a desialylated 120 kd protein), and the generation of a 95 kd protein following combined treatment with neuraminidase and O-glycanase. The enzymes endoglycosidase H and N-glycanase had no effect on the antigen. Tunicamycin, which blocks N-linked glycosylation, and monensin, which interferes with Golgi apparatus prote~~n processing, also did not impact the molecule. Similarly, when 5 mM phenyl-a-GalNAc was added to cells, the resuliting molecule was a 120 kd protein species.
The added molecule is a putative inhibitor of O-glycosylation but its precise mode of action 'is unknown. (Kuan et al., J.
Biol. Chem. 264: 19271-19277 (1989)).
Example ~
Further studies were carried out to investigate the ~lectin binding pattern of the molecule. In these experiments, tests were carried out to determine whether the native and 5 unglycosylated molecules bind to wheat germ agglutinin, as such binding would confirm the presence of sialic acid in the glycosylation of the molecule. To test.this, Tran 'sS labeled hA1-5s cell extracts and cell free culture supernatants were applied to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA Sepharose* and 10 concavalin A Sepharose ("Con A") using 250 mM a-D-methyl mannopyranoside as an eluting agent for Con A studies, and 250 mM galactosamine for WGA. Figure 2C shows the results of the experiments. The native antigen binds tv, WGA-Sepharose, whereas antigen desialylated as above, does not. Partial binding to Con A Sepharose was observed for the native antigen.
Example 9 Studies were carried out to determine the chromosomal location of the gene coding for the antigen bound by FBS.
Serological analysis of a panel of rodent-human hybrids was carried out, following, e.g., Rettig et al., J. Immunol. 138:
4484-4489 (1987); Rettig et al., PNAS 81: 6437-6441 (1984);
Rettig et al., Genomics 6: 176-183 (1991). The cells chosen for analysis were hybrids derived from FB5' human neuroblastoma cells and murine FB5' neuroblastoma cells. The hybrids contain different portions of the human chromosome complement. Analysis of these data according to, Rettig et al., Proc. Natl. Aced. Sci. USA 81: 6437-6441 (1984), and as presented in figure 3, lead to the conclusion that the pertinent antigen is coded for by human chromosomal region 11q13-qter. Such analyses are art routine and require no further explanation.
The foregoing shows the production of monoclonal antibodies which specifically bind to vascular endothelium of cancer tissues, to the exclusion of other normal cells. These ' monoclonal antibodies also bind to samples of sarcoma tissues, thereby making them available for various uses in connection *Trade-mark ~~ 2 ~ ~~ ; ~T~US 9 3 / 10 7 ~ ~
03 Recd PCT/PT~ 1 4 SEP 194 with sarcoma. In the discussion which follows, whereas tumor vascular endothelium is stressed, it should be borne in mind that d~~agnosis, monitoring and treatment of sarcoma is also encompassed by the invention. Thus, one aspect of the invention is a monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to vascular endothelium of tumors, and the hybridomas which produce i:hese monoclonals. In a particular preferred embodiment, the hybridoma cell line is cell line FBS, and the monoclonal antibody produced thereby. This cell line has been deposited in accordance with the Budapest Treaty, and has been assigned Accession Number ATCC HB11190 at the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Maryland, on November 12, 1992. In a particular preferred embodiment, the monoclonal antibody is one which specifically binds to a sialylated glycoprotein having a molecular weight of about 165 kilodaltons as determined by SDS-PAGE, wherein said antigen is found on vascular endothelium associated with a tumor. It is to be pointed out, as shown supra, that the molecule, referred to hereafter as "endosialin", may be modified with the monoclonal antibodies of the invention still binding thereto. Such modifications include, e.g., partial or total sialylation.
j When "monoclonal antibody" is used herein, it is to be understood that this is not limited to those monoclonal antibodies directly produced by hybridomas. The term is meant to incorporate, e.g., the well known binding fragments of m~~noclonal antibodies such as the Fab, F(ab)2 and other binding fragments, oligomeric or polymeric constructions including a plurality of the monoclonals complexed to peach other, chimeric monoclonal antibodies which contain immunoglobulin segments from two or more species (e. g., human and mouse), recombinant monoclonal antibodies, humanized materials, and so forth.
Additionally, the term embraces the monoclonal antibodies produced by human B cells which have not been fused to myeloma, but have been rendered culturable in other ways, AI~~Et~DED SHEET
__. .__ - ~ - r s ~. s 2~4912D p~TI~S9 3i ~ a~~,~
03 Rec'c! pCT~PTn 1 4 SEP 1a9~
such as via transformation of human B cells with Epstein Barr Virus ("EBV"), or other transforming means.
The antibodies of the invention can clearly be used in diagnostic methods to identify the site of vascular endothelium associated with a tumor, whereby the monoclonal antibody is ca~ntacted to a sample to be assayed, and its binding is monitored. Such binding can be determined using any of the standard immunoassay protocols known to the artisan, including, but not being liaited to, l0 radioimmunoassays, enzyme linked immunosorbant assays, sandwich assays, competitive assays, and so forth. Many of these assays: require the use of a detectable label which is attached to the antibody, and any of the labels known to the art, including radioactive, chromophoric, fluorophoric, enzymatic, magnetic, and metallic particles may be used.
In carrying oui: the assays, the sample of interest may be, e.g., a tissue sample or body fluid sample. Further, the specificity of the mAb permits the artisan to use it in ~
vivo diagnosis, in a manner not unlike that described by Welt et al sunr;~. Among the varieties of in vivo diagnosis which can be used, radioimaging is particularly preferred.
The ability of the monoclonal antibodies of the invention to target, e.g., tumor associated vascular endothelium mall:es them particularly useful in a therapeutic context. The vascular bed of tumors, as is the case with any vascular bed, is responsible for nourishing its asaocfated ti:;sue. Thus, an anti-tumor therapy is envisaged as part of this invention. This therapy comprises administering an amount of the monoclonal antibodies of the invention in a manner sufficient to inhibit proliferation of the tumor or to actually cause necrosis thers:of. Either inhibition or necrosis is provoked by combining the monoclonal with an appropriate agent having inhibitive or necrotic effect on the tumor.
Such agents include, e.g., those that inhibit circulation of blood to t:he tumor, such as clot forming agents, including the clot forming enzymes of the well known _ ~_ ~.._d_..._.______ _ _.._.~.-'~~ ~ ._..... ~~~"_ _ ~I~~ ~ a ~ ; C . ~_ :3 2~.49~.~a 03 Recd PCT/r ~ ~ 14 SEP 195 coagulation cascade. Other agents which destroy cells, and therefore would destroy the vascular endothelium associated with the tumor, include all cytotoxic agents such as mitomycin c, to~etal containing compounds, enzymes, ricin chains, radioisotopes, and so forth. Any of these agents may be complexE~d to the mAbs in a manner well known to the art. The mAbs~ therefore serve as carriers for targeted cell destruction. In addition, they may be used in connection with liposomal delivery systems, .~rhere the l0 liposome contains the inhibiting or necrotizing agent, and the mAbs target these to the site of the vascularization.
Further, by modifying the mAbs so as to retain their specificity but to also be complement fixing or inflammatogenic one may use the modified form of mAbs ger ~g without a second agent. The complement fixing or inflammatogeni~c form of the mAb provokes an ~ vivo response in the subject, this response leading to destruction of the targeted cells.
The monoc;lonals, either alone or with the various materials described supra, may be formulated in various reagent formata. For example, the mAb, "as is", or in complement fixing/inflammatogenic form, can be combined with a pharmacologically acceptable carrier. When used in connection wii:h the various materials disclosed herein, these can be attached to the mAb to form a conjugate, the conjugate then being combined with a pharmacologically acceptable carrier. It is also possible to prepare a kit type of reagent, wherein the mAb and the second substance are presented in separate portions, both of which are included in a container means.
In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, thE: new mAbs described herein are combined with a second mAb. Preferably, this second mAb is one which binds direct7.y to tumor cells or to reactive stroma fibroblasts o1' tumors, an example being mAb F19, discussed supra. This second mAb may also be formulated in any of the ways the new mAbs are formulated (e. g., conjugated, ecf;-,~~, ~~~ ~CCT
__...._.~..~.~.v,. _,..._ ~.,..~~.."_._.~~..~~_.__._._____..__.__ i _ m~~US~~~~O7_~v 2 -~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ p3 Reed PCT/P?=~ 14 SEP 1994 treated to be complement fixing/inflammatogenic, etc.).
When "monoc:lonal antibody" is used herein, the term refers not only to the whole mAb, but also to those fragments which retain the binding specificity described herein, such as, but not being limited to, Fab fragments.
Also encompassed are all chimeric and bifunctional forms of the mAb, it. having been well established that any portion of the mAb having specificity for the target antigen may be combined with portions of other sonoclonal antibody molecu7les. These other molecules may be, e.g., antibodies obtained from other species (human or other primates, as well as rodent species). These chimeric mAbs are desirably .manufactured so as to impart cytotoxic activity to the resulting hybrid or bifunctional antibody.
An example of such a construct is one where the reshaped or re<:onfigured mAb possesses both a binding domain typical of FB5 and an attachment site for T cells or macrophages. Z'his results in a mAb with dual binding properties, and the mAb may provoke the cascade of events associated with a T cell or macrophage response to the cells to which the mAb is bound, and a secondary immune response against. adjacent cells.
As indicated sypra, any of the foregoing formulations are useful not only for the purposes of identifying tumor vascular endothelium and in targeted therapy, but in parallel approaches for sarcoma.
The invention also describes an isolated glycoprotein molecule characteristic of tumor associated vascular endothelium. This molecule, in native, glycosylated form has a molecular weight of about 165 kilodaltons as determined by SDS-PAGE, a 95 kilodalton portion thereof serving as the pratein "core" of the molecule. The molecule, referred to herein as endosialin, is itself useful as an immunogen for securing mAbs of the specificity described herein, and as a vaccine for generation of protective mAbs. The vaccine includes an effective amount of the described surface antigen endosialin, and any of the _~. _~___~_..~.~______._. .. .._._,~i,~_.1~.T __.__~_. _.__ I i pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants well known to the art and used in vaccine formulations.
Localization of the gene for the protein portion of endosialin to a specific arm of a human chromosome, as describedsu~?ra, facilitates identification and isolation of a nucleic acid sequence coding therefor. Other aspects of the invention will be clear to the skilled artisan and need not be set forth here.
The terms and expressions which have been'employed are 10 used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, it being recognized that various modifications are possible within 15 the scope of the invention.
Claims (26)
1. Monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to an antigen expressed by vascular endothelium associated with a tumor and does not bind to normal vascular endothelium, wherein said antigen is specifically bound by monoclonal antibody produced by hybridoma cell line ATCC HB11190 and is a sialylated glycoprotein having molecular weight of about 165 kilodaltons as determined by SDS-PAGE, the protein portion of which has a molecular weight of about 95 kilodaltons as determined by SDS-PAGE.
2. Hybridoma cell line which produces the monoclonal antibody of claim 1.
3. Antigen binding fragment of the monoclonal antibody of claim 1.
4. The monoclonal antibody of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of said monoclonal antibody is chimerized.
5. Method for identifying a tumor comprising contacting a sample taken from a patient with the monoclonal antibody of claim 1, under conditions favoring binding of said monoclonal antibody to tumor associated vascular endothelium and determining said binding to identify said tumor.
6. Method of claim 5, wherein said monoclonal antibody is labelled with a detectable label.
7. Method of claim 6, wherein said detectable label is radioactive, chromophoric, fluorophoric, an enzyme, a metal particle or a magnetic particle.
8. Method of claim 5, wherein said sample is a tissue sample.
9. Method of claim 5, wherein said sample is a body fluid sample.
10. Use of an amount of a therapeutic agent sufficient to inhibit growth of or to provoke cell death of tumor vascular endothelial cells, for treatment of a patient with a tumor, said therapeutic agent comprising the monoclonal antibody of claim 1.
11. The use of claim 10, wherein said monoclonal antibody is complexed to a clot forming agent.
12. The use of claim 10, wherein said monoclonal antibody is complexed to a metal containing compound.
13. The use of claim 10, wherein said monoclonal antibody is complexed with a liposome delivery system.
14. The use of claim 10, wherein said monoclonal antibody is complexed to a cytotoxic agent.
15. The use of claim 10, wherein said monoclonal antibody is in an inflammatogenic or complement fixing form.
16. The use of claim 10, wherein said monoclonal antibody is complexed to an enzyme.
17. Reagent useful in treating tumor vascular endothelial cells comprising a mixture of (i) the monoclonal antibody of claim 1, and (ii) a second monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to said tumor vascular endothelial cells.
18. Reagent of claim 17, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
19. Reagent of claim 17, wherein said second monoclonal antibody is an antibody binding to F19 cell surface glycoprotein.
20. A kit comprising the monoclonal antibody of claim 1 and a second monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to tumor vascular endothelial cells, wherein each monoclonal antibody is separated from each other in separate containers.
21. Isolated, sialylated glycoprotein which is found on vascular endothelium associated with a tumor but not on normal vascular endothelium, wherein said isolated sialylated glycoprotein has a molecular weight of about 165 kilodaltons as determined by SDS-PAGE, the protein portion of which has a molecular weight of about 95 kilodaltons as determined by SDS-PAGE and wherein said isolated sialylated glycoprotein is bound by the monoclonal antibody of claim 1.
22. Isolated, sialylated glycoprotein expressed by vascular endothelium associated with a tumor and not normal vascular endothelium, wherein said sialylated glycoprotein is specifically bound by monoclonal antibody produced by hybridoma cell line ATCC 11190, has a molecular weight of about 165 kilodaltons as determined by SDS-PAGE, the protein portion of said glycoprotein have a molecular weight of about 95 kilodaltons are determined by SDS-PAGE, are oligosaccarides being linked thereto by O-linked glycosylation.
23. Isolated protein having a molecular weight of about 95 kilodaltons as determined by SDS-PAGE, wherein said protein is the protein portion of the isolated, sialylated glycoprotein expressed by vascular endothelium associated with a tumor and not normal vascular endothelium wherein said sialylated glycoprotein is specifically bound by monoclonal antibody produced by hybridoma cell line ATCC 11190, has a molecular weight of about 165 kilodaltons as determined by SDS-PAGE.
24. Vaccine comprising an immunogenic portion of the glycoprotein of any one of claims 21 to 23, and a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant.
25. The monoclonal antibody of claim 1, produced by hybridoma cell line ATCC HB11190.
26. The hybridoma cell line of claim 2, designated ATCC
HB11190.
HB11190.
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| US07/976,405 | 1992-11-13 | ||
| US07/976,405 US5342757A (en) | 1992-11-13 | 1992-11-13 | Monoclonal antibodies which specifically binds to endosialin, a 165 Kd glycoprotein found on tumor vascular endothelium, and uses thereof |
| PCT/US1993/010773 WO1994011023A1 (en) | 1992-11-13 | 1993-11-09 | Monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to tumor vascular endothelium and uses thereof |
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| US6036955A (en) * | 1992-03-05 | 2000-03-14 | The Scripps Research Institute | Kits and methods for the specific coagulation of vasculature |
| US5877289A (en) * | 1992-03-05 | 1999-03-02 | The Scripps Research Institute | Tissue factor compositions and ligands for the specific coagulation of vasculature |
| US6749853B1 (en) * | 1992-03-05 | 2004-06-15 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Combined methods and compositions for coagulation and tumor treatment |
| US5776427A (en) * | 1992-03-05 | 1998-07-07 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Methods for targeting the vasculature of solid tumors |
| US6004555A (en) * | 1992-03-05 | 1999-12-21 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Methods for the specific coagulation of vasculature |
| US5965132A (en) | 1992-03-05 | 1999-10-12 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Methods and compositions for targeting the vasculature of solid tumors |
| US6093399A (en) * | 1992-03-05 | 2000-07-25 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Methods and compositions for the specific coagulation of vasculature |
| ATE327330T1 (en) * | 1994-03-08 | 2006-06-15 | Sloan Kettering Inst Cancer | RECOMBINANT HUMANIZED ANTIBODIES AGAINST FB5 |
| US5536641A (en) * | 1994-05-17 | 1996-07-16 | Memorial Sloane Kittering Cancer Center | Monoclonal antibody specific for vascular endothelial cell antigen endoglyx-1 and uses thereof for detection of, and isolation of, vascular endothelial cells |
| ES2241313T3 (en) | 1998-03-31 | 2005-10-16 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharma Company | PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDS FOR THE FORMATION OF IMAGES OF ANGIOGENIC DISORDERS. |
| US6524553B2 (en) * | 1998-03-31 | 2003-02-25 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharma Company | Quinolone vitronectin receptor antagonist pharmaceuticals |
| US6537520B1 (en) * | 1998-03-31 | 2003-03-25 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharma Company | Pharmaceuticals for the imaging of angiogenic disorders |
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| US6569402B1 (en) * | 1998-12-18 | 2003-05-27 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharma Company | Vitronectin receptor antagonist pharmaceuticals |
| TR200101757T2 (en) * | 1998-12-18 | 2001-12-21 | Dupont Pharmaceuticais Company | Vitronectin receptor antagonist pharmaceuticals |
| US6511649B1 (en) * | 1998-12-18 | 2003-01-28 | Thomas D. Harris | Vitronectin receptor antagonist pharmaceuticals |
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| ATE327330T1 (en) * | 1994-03-08 | 2006-06-15 | Sloan Kettering Inst Cancer | RECOMBINANT HUMANIZED ANTIBODIES AGAINST FB5 |
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- 1992-11-13 US US07/976,405 patent/US5342757A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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1993
- 1993-11-09 WO PCT/US1993/010773 patent/WO1994011023A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1993-11-09 DE DE69330643T patent/DE69330643T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-11-09 ES ES94901335T patent/ES2161751T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-11-09 AU AU55965/94A patent/AU671884B2/en not_active Expired
- 1993-11-09 EP EP94901335A patent/EP0673255B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-11-09 PT PT94901335T patent/PT673255E/en unknown
- 1993-11-09 JP JP51227494A patent/JP3541296B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-11-09 DK DK94901335T patent/DK0673255T3/en active
- 1993-11-09 AT AT94901335T patent/ATE204480T1/en active
- 1993-11-09 CA CA002149120A patent/CA2149120C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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1994
- 1994-03-30 US US08/221,033 patent/US5437865A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2001
- 2001-10-16 GR GR20010401776T patent/GR3036906T3/en unknown
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| US5342757A (en) | 1994-08-30 |
| PT673255E (en) | 2002-02-28 |
| AU5596594A (en) | 1994-06-08 |
| CA2149120A1 (en) | 1994-05-26 |
| EP0673255A1 (en) | 1995-09-27 |
| ATE204480T1 (en) | 2001-09-15 |
| DE69330643D1 (en) | 2001-09-27 |
| ES2161751T3 (en) | 2001-12-16 |
| EP0673255B1 (en) | 2001-08-22 |
| GR3036906T3 (en) | 2002-01-31 |
| JPH08505764A (en) | 1996-06-25 |
| US5437865A (en) | 1995-08-01 |
| AU671884B2 (en) | 1996-09-12 |
| JP3541296B2 (en) | 2004-07-07 |
| WO1994011023A1 (en) | 1994-05-26 |
| DK0673255T3 (en) | 2001-12-10 |
| DE69330643T2 (en) | 2002-07-04 |
| EP0673255A4 (en) | 1996-08-21 |
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