CA2159340A1 - Epoxidized vegetable oil modification of epoxy esters - Google Patents
Epoxidized vegetable oil modification of epoxy estersInfo
- Publication number
- CA2159340A1 CA2159340A1 CA002159340A CA2159340A CA2159340A1 CA 2159340 A1 CA2159340 A1 CA 2159340A1 CA 002159340 A CA002159340 A CA 002159340A CA 2159340 A CA2159340 A CA 2159340A CA 2159340 A1 CA2159340 A1 CA 2159340A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- epoxy ester
- ester composition
- epoxidized
- epoxy
- weight
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L63/00—Compositions of epoxy resins; Compositions of derivatives of epoxy resins
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G59/00—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
- C08G59/18—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
- C08G59/20—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the epoxy compounds used
- C08G59/32—Epoxy compounds containing three or more epoxy groups
- C08G59/38—Epoxy compounds containing three or more epoxy groups together with di-epoxy compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G59/00—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
- C08G59/02—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule
- C08G59/04—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule of polyhydroxy compounds with epihalohydrins or precursors thereof
- C08G59/06—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule of polyhydroxy compounds with epihalohydrins or precursors thereof of polyhydric phenols
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G59/00—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
- C08G59/02—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule
- C08G59/04—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule of polyhydroxy compounds with epihalohydrins or precursors thereof
- C08G59/06—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule of polyhydroxy compounds with epihalohydrins or precursors thereof of polyhydric phenols
- C08G59/066—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule of polyhydroxy compounds with epihalohydrins or precursors thereof of polyhydric phenols with chain extension or advancing agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G59/00—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
- C08G59/14—Polycondensates modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08G59/1433—Polycondensates modified by chemical after-treatment with organic low-molecular-weight compounds
- C08G59/1438—Polycondensates modified by chemical after-treatment with organic low-molecular-weight compounds containing oxygen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G59/00—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
- C08G59/14—Polycondensates modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08G59/1433—Polycondensates modified by chemical after-treatment with organic low-molecular-weight compounds
- C08G59/1438—Polycondensates modified by chemical after-treatment with organic low-molecular-weight compounds containing oxygen
- C08G59/1455—Monocarboxylic acids, anhydrides, halides, or low-molecular-weight esters thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G59/00—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
- C08G59/14—Polycondensates modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08G59/1433—Polycondensates modified by chemical after-treatment with organic low-molecular-weight compounds
- C08G59/1438—Polycondensates modified by chemical after-treatment with organic low-molecular-weight compounds containing oxygen
- C08G59/1455—Monocarboxylic acids, anhydrides, halides, or low-molecular-weight esters thereof
- C08G59/1461—Unsaturated monoacids
Abstract
High solids coating compositions are made from organic solvent solutions of (A), the reaction product of (I) an epoxidized vegetable oil, (2) a diglycidyl ether of a dihydric phenol, and (3) a dihydric phenol, reacted with (B) an unsaturated fatty acid, and (C) an alkylacetoacetate.
Description
W094/229S4~ 15 9 3 4 0 PCT~S94/03474 DESCRIPTION
OXIDIZED v~lABLE OIL ~ODIFICATION
OF EPOXY ESTERS
Technical Field The field of art to which this invention is directed is epoxy ester coating compositions.
Backqround Art The basic epoxy resin composition is the diglycidyl ether of a dihydric phenol, the most important of which from a commercial viewpoint is the diglycidyl ether of p,p'-dihydroxydiphenyl propane (Bisphenol A). Such diglycidyl ethers can be converted into thermoset compositions by a wide variety of curing agents, or can be converted into higher mol~c~ r weight epoxy resins by reaction with additional dihydric phenol. These higher mol~clllAr weight epoxy resins are used primarily in solution coatings wherein they are crosslinked with various crossl;n~ing agents, e.g., aminoplast resins, polyisocyanates or polyamines, or are reacted with unsaturated fatty acids to form epoxy esters.
In addition to modification with dihydric phenols and unsaturated fatty acids, epoxy resins have been modified either by reaction or by blending with a variety of compounds.
Blends of polyglycidyl ethers of polyhydric phenols with epoxidized fatty acid esters, e.g., epoxidized linseed oil, are described in U.S. Patent No. 2,628,514.
Adhesive compositions made from blends of liquid polyglycidyl ethers of dihydric phenols, solid polyglycidyl ethers of dihydric phenols and epoxidized fatty acid esters are described in U.S. Patent No. 2,682,515.
In U.S. Patent No. 2,944,035, epoxidized fatty acid esters are reacted with mono or polyhydric phenols in such amounts that some of the epoxy groups remain unreacted.
The resulting compositions are then crosslinked with various crosslinking agents.
-W094/22954 PCT~S94/03474 ~934~
U.S. Pa~ No. 4,119,640 discloses polymerizable reaction product mixtures made by reacting an epoxidized fatty acid ester with a mixture of acrylic acid, a diepoxide and a modifying compound.
U.S. Patent No. 4,491,467 describes higher moleclllAr weight epoxy resins made by reacting lower molecular weight epoxy resins with polyether ~o~yols.
In U.S. Patent No. 4,980,397, higher molecular weight epoxy resins are made by coreacting aliphatic diepoxides, glycidyl ethers of dihydric phenols and dihydric phenols.
U.S. Patent No. 4,474,941 discloses alkyd resins which are modified with partially epoxidized vegetable oils.
Advanced epoxy resins, as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,095,050, are made from epoxidized vegetable oils, dihydric phenols and phosphorous-contAin;ng compounds.
In U.S. Patent No. 5,227,453 epoxy esters are made from the reaction product of vernonia oil, a diglycidyl ether of a dihydric phenol, ~nd a dihydric phenol, further reacted with unsaturated fatty acids and alkylacetoacetates.
Manufacturers of paints and coatings are under increasing government pressure to reduce volatile organic compounds (VOC's) contained in their coating formulations.
There is a need for resins systems which can be used to form high solids solutions at viscosities suitable for use in coating formulations.
Disclosure of the Tnvention This invention is directed to modified epoxy ester compositions which can be used to make high solids content organic solvent solutions useful in coating formulations.
The composition of this invention is an epoxy ester composition made from (A) the reaction product of (1) an epoxidized vegetable oil having an epoxide equivalent weight of about 400 to about 475, (2) a diglycidyl ether of a dihydric phenol having an epoxide equivalent weight of about 115 to about 250, and (3) a dihydric phenol, (B) an unsaturated fatty acid, and (C) an alkylacetoacetate.
W094/22954 215 9 3 4 0 PCT~S94/03474 The components (1), (2) and (3) are reacted in such amounts that about 1.2 to about 1.5 epoxy groups of (1) and (2) are present for each phenolic group of (3), and wherein (1) is present in the amount of about 15 to about 35 weight percent based on the total weight of (1), (2) and (3).
The unsaturated fatty acid (B) is reacted in an amount of 15 to 40 weight percent based on the weight of the epoxy ester composition.
The alkylacetoacetate is reacted in the amount of about 3 to about 10 weight percent based on the weight of the epoxy ester composition.
The epoxy ester composition of this invention is useful in formulating high solids, low VOC air drying and heat curing coating compositions.
Best Mode for Carryinq Out the Invention The epoxidized vegetable oils used in this invention are obt~; n~ by the epoxidation of triglycerides of unsaturated fatty acids. They are made by epoxidizing the reactive olefin groups of the naturally occurring triglyceride oils. The olefin ylOU~a can be epoxidized with - peracids, such as perbenzoic, peracetic and the like, and with hyd-oyen peroxide. Proce~t~es for preparing epoxidized vegetable oils are described in "Advanced Organic Chemistry", 2nd Ed. by J. March, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1977, p.750, in U.S. Patent No. 3,488,404, and in the J. of Org. Chem., 1983, Vol. 48, pp. 3831-3833 by C. Venturello, et al.
Suitable epoxidized vegetable oils are epoxidized linseed oil, epoxidized soybean oil, epoxidized corn oil, epoxidized cottonseed oil, epoxidized perilla oil, epoxidized safflower oil and the like. The preferred epoxidized vegetable oils are epoxidized linseed oil and epoxidized soybean oil.
The epoxidized vegetable oils useful in this invention are those which have an epoxide equivalent weight of 400 to 475. Partially epoxidized vegetable oils having ~15~3~
W094/22954 PCT~S94/03474 these epoxy contents can be used. However, the preferred epoxidized vegetable oils, which have epoxide equivalent weights within this range are those which are obtained by reacting an epoxidized vegetable oil having a minimum epoxide equivalent weight of about 225 with a monocarboxylic acid or a monohydric phenol. In other words, epoxidized vegetable oils having epoxide equivalent weights within the range of 225 to 475 are reacted with enough mo~nocarboxylic acid or monohydric phenol in order to obtain a~dducts with epoxide equivalent weights of 400 to 475. ~ he resulting epoxidized triglyceride adducts have an average of 2 to 2.5 epoxide groups per molecule.
It is important that the epoxidized vegetable oils used in this invention never have an epoxide equivalent weight less than 225. For example, epoxidized linseed oil having an epoxide equivalent weight of 178 can be reacted with a monocarboxylic acid or a monohydric phenol to raise the equivalent weight to 400-475. When attempts are made to use this modified epoxidized linseed oil in this invention, the reactants gel either in the upgrade reaction or in the subsequent esterification reaction. However, when an epoxidized linseed oil having an epoxide equivalent weight of 229 modified with a monocarboxylic acid or monohydric phenol to an equivalent weight of 400-475 is used, the composition of this invention is readily obt~ine~.
Linseed oil contains a high percentage (35-65%) of esterified linolenic acid, an acid which contains 3 non-conjugated double bonds. When epoxidized to a high epoxy content, i.e., epoxide equivalent weight of less than about 225, the epoxidized molecules contain a high percentage of triepoxy stearates. It has been postulated that even after reaction with the monocarboxylic acid or monohydric phenol, a large number of diepoxy stearate moieties remain.
Subsequent reactions with these highly functional molecules result in branching and gelation. Regardless of why gelation occurs, it has been found that use of an epoxidized W094t22954 215 9 3 ~ O PCT~S94/03474 oil having an epoxide equivalent weight greater than 225 avoids the gelation problem.
Suitable monohydric phenols which can be used to modify the epoxidized vegetable oils are phenol and alkyl phenols wherein the alkyl group contains 1 to 9 carbon atoms. A preferred monohydric phenol is cresol.
Suitable monocarboxylic acid which can be used to modify the epoxidized vegetable oils are those which contain 7 to 22 carbon atoms in their molecular structure.
Preferred monocarboxylic acids are aromatic acids or alicyclic acids, e.g., benzoic acid or abietic acid. Gum rosin can also be used as the acidic component. In order to raise the epoxide equivalent weight to 400 to 475, the monohydric phenol or monocarboxylic acid are used in the amount of 0 to 0.4 mole per each epoxy equivalent of the epoxidized vegetable oil in order to adjust the number of epoxy yLGu~ per molecule of triglyceride to 2.5 or le~s.
The diglycidyl ether of the dihydric phenol used in this invention has an epoY~e equivalent weight of 115 to 250, preferably 180 to 200. Such diglycidyl ethers are made by reacting epichlorohydrin and a dihydric phenol with caustic. Examples of dihydric phenols are resorcinol, dihydlGxy~iphenyl, dil,ydLv~ydiphenyl methane, p,p'-dihydLo~y diphenyl propane, or Bisphenol A as it is commonly called, dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone, dihydLoxydiphenyl carbonate, and the like. The preferred dihydric phenol is p,p'-dihydroxydiphenyl propane.
The dihydric phenols which are reacted with the diglycidyl ether and the epoxidized vegetable oil are the same dihydric phenols described hereinabove from which the diglycidyl ethers are derived. Such phenols contain only two phenolic hydroxyl groups and no other ~L GU~ which are reactive under the reaction conditions used in this invention. Such dihydric phenols have molecular weight of 110 to 300. The preferred dihydric phenol is p,p'-dihydroxydiphenyl propane.
W094/22954 ~1 ~ 9 3 ~0 PCT~S94/03474 The digl~cidyl ether of the dihydric phenol, the epoxidized vegetable oil and the dihydric phenol are reacted together in what is referred to in the art as the advancement or upgrade process wherein the phenolic hydroxyls are reacted with the epoxy groups to form higher molecular weight resins.
The upgrade catalysts used in this invention zre the phosphonium salts described in U.S.- Patent Nos.
3,477,990, 3,948,855, 4,132,706, and 4,395,S~4, which are hereby incol~olated by reference. These phosphonium salts can be represented by the formula: ~
R
R2- ,'-R, ~3 wherein Rl, ~, R3 and ~ are the same or different and represent hydrocarbon residues which may or may not be substituted with one or more groups such as halogen atoms or the nitrate group. The hydrocarbon residues can be aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals cont~; n ~ ~ one to 20 carbon atoms, aromatic hydrocarbon radicals and alkyl substituted aromatic hydrocarbon radicals. X i8 a halide or the anion portion of an acid, ester or acid-ester of an element selected from carbon and phosphorous. Examples of such acids, esters, or acid-esters are carbonic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, diethyl phosphate and the like.
Preferred catalysts are those wherein one R is an alkyl group and the rema;ni~ R's are aromatic groups and wherein the anion is derived from an organic acid. A particularly preferred catalyst is ethyltriphenylphosphonium acetate.
The upgrade catalysts are used in the amount of 0.05 to 0.1 weight percent based on the total weight of the reactants.
The upgrade reaction can be conducted by adding all of the components together and heating until the desired extent of reaction is obtained as determined by epoxide equivalent weight. Preferably the reaction is conducted by W094/22954 215 9 3 4 0 PCT~S94/03474 adding the epoxidized vegetable oil with epoxy equivalent weight of 400 to 475, dihydric phenol and catalyst, heating with stirring until the dihydric phenol dissolves and then adding the diglycidyl ether of the dihydric phenol. The reaction is conducted at a temperature of 350F (177C) to 450F (232C), preferably 390-410F (199-210C), until the phenolic hydroxyls are etherified as determined by the calculated increase in epoxi~p equivalent weight. Generally the time required for the reaction will be about 2 to about 4 hours.
It has been found that the use of al~l~;n~m complexes with salicylic acid as cocatalysts with the phosphonium salt increases the reactivity rate of the epoxy groups in the epoxidized vegetable oil. The aluminum complexes contain aluminum chelated with salicylic acid and further complexed with AlkA~ols contA~nin~ one to six carbon atoms and alkanoic acids cont~;ning two to ten carbon atoms.
Preferably, the aluminum complex will contain 6 aluminum atoms complexed with one mole of salicylic acid, about 2 moles of isopropanol and about 2 moles of 2-ethyl-heyAnoic acid. The aluminum complex is used in the amount of 0.05 to 0.1 weight percent based on the total weight of the reactantC. These type aluminum compounds include XP167 manufactured by Rhone-Poulenc Chemicals M~nch~, Inc.
In order to prevent oxidation during the upgrade reaction, phosphite antioxidants can be utilized. Suitable phosphites are the alkyl-aryl phosphites, such as diphenyl isodecyl phosphite, phenyl diisodecyl phosphite and the like. A particularly preferred phosphite antioxi~nt is poly-4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol mixed Cl2 to Cls alcohol phosphite. The antioxidants are used in amounts up to about 1 weight percent based on the total reactants' weight, preferably 0.5 to 1 weight percent.
The upgrade products are converted to epoxy esters by esterifying them with unsaturated fatty acids. The unsaturated fatty acids are those acids derived from unsaturated vegetable oils, i.e., drying oils. Such acids 21593~ ~
wo94l229s4 ~- PCT~S94103474 which are named for the oils from which they are derived are linseed fatty acids, soybean fatty acids, tall oil fatty acid, tung oil fatty acids, dehydrated castor oil fatty acids, and the like. A preferred fatty acid is linseed.
The reaction of the upgrade epoxy resins and the unsaturated fatty acids is conducted at a temperature of 380F (193C) to 410F (210C) until the acid value of the reaction mixture is reduced below 25, préferably below 10, most preferably below 5. Such reaction requires about 4 to about 8 hours. `~;?
The amount of unsaturated fatty acid used in preparing the epoxy esters is 10 to 40 weight percent, preferably 15 to 25 weight percent, based on the weight of the resulting epoxy ester.
The epoxy ester is further modified by ester interchange with an alkyl acetoacetate wherein the alkyl group contains 1 to 8 carbon atoms. Preferred alkylacetoacetates are those wherein the alkyl group contains 2 to 4 carbon atoms, with tertiary butylacetoacetate being most preferred. The acetoacetate modification is conducted by heating the epoxy ester with 3 to 10 weight percent alkyl acetoacetate wherein said weight percent is based on the weight of the epoxy ester.
Heating is conducted at 240F (116C) to 340F (171C) until the calculated amount of alcohol is recovered by distillation from the reactants, generally about 1 to about 3 hours.
In formulating coating compositions, the epoxy esters are dissolved in non-protic ~olvents, i.e., esters, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof. Examples of such solvents are butyl acetate, methylpropyl ketone, methylamyl ketone, xylene, mineral spirits and the like. Solutions can be made having Garner Holdt viscosities at 25C of U at 70 percent solids and Z5 at 90 percent solids.
The epoxy esters of this invention are particularly useful in the formulation of high solids air-W094/22954 2 15 ~ 3 4 0 PCT~S94/03474 dry or low-bake coatings. In formulating the coatings, any of the well-kno~n driers can be used to enhance the cure.
A particularly useful drier package is one which contains cobalt driers in combination with cerium IV driers and aluminum acetoacetate complexes. Examples of the these driers are cobalt naphthenate, cerium (IV) 2-ethylhPY~noate and an aluminum acetoacetate complex represented by the formula:
R5 -Al -R7 wherein R5 is a chelate group containing the acetoacetoxy moiety and ~ and ~ are the same or different and are either an alkoxide group or an acetoacetoxy group.
The alkoxide group contains 2 to 8 carbon atoms with the preferred group being the isopropoxide group. The chelate group can be represented by the formula:
O O
CH3 -C-CHz -C-R8 wherein ~ is derived from a 2 to 4 carbon alcohol or a hydroxyalkyl ester of a polymerizable acid wherein the alkyl group contains 2 to 4 carbon atoms. Preferred chelating compounds are ethylacetoacetate and acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate. Preferably, the aluminum complex contains one iso~opoxide group, one ethylacetoacetate chelate group and one acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate chelate group. These type aluminum complexes include XP161 manufactured by Rhone-Poulenc Chemicals ~nchem, Inc.
These driers are used in the following amounts wherein said amount is expressed as weight percent metal based on 100 parts by weight of resin:
Cobalt - 0.015 to 0.06 weight percent a Cerium (IV) - 0.1 to 0.4 weight percent Aluminum - 0.02 to 0.08 weight percent W094l22954 ~ 3 ~ PCT~S94/03474 The preferred amount of each of these driers is:
Cobalt - 0.03 weight percent; cerium (IV) - 0.2 weight percent; aluminum - 0.04 weight percent.
The coating compositions can contain other S components, such as pigments, flow control agents, anti-skin agents, and the like, such components bein~ well known to those skilled in the art. ~
The following examples describe~ the invention in greater detail. Parts and percentage ~ unless otherwise indicated are parts and percentages by weight.
~s~Ample 1 To a suitable reactor were added 226.5 parts of epoxidized linseed oil having an epoxide equivalent weight of 242, 0.5 part of ethyl triphenylphosphonium acetate, 43.47 parts of benzoic acid, 10 parts of phosphite antioY;~nt (poly-4,4'-isopropylidene-diphenol mixed Cl2-CIs alcohol phosphite), and 0.5 part of a solution of aluminum complex (6 aluminum atoms complexed with one mole of salicylic acid, about 2 moles of isopropanol and about 2 moles of 2-ethylhpyA~oic acid wherein the solution cont~n~
24 percent aluminum complex, 10 percent isGp~yl 2-ethyl hexanoate and 66 percent methyl isobutyl ketone). Heat, agitation and nitrogen sparge were applied. The temperature was gradually raised to 309F (154C) over a period of 2 hours and 20 minutes. The temperature was then lowered to 264F (129C). The acid value was found to be 10.2.
Heating at 264F (129C) to 269F (132C) was cont;nlle~ for 30 minutes. The diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A, epoxide equivalent weight - 190, in the amount of 476.7 parts, was added over a period 45 minutes with the temperature dropping to 195F (91C). The temperature was raised to 261F
(127C) and 253.3 parts of Bisphenol A were added over a 10 minute period. The temperature was raised to 419F (215C) and was held at 400-439F (204-226C) for 1 hour and 20 minutes. The epoxide equivalent weight was 1056.
Linseed fatty acids, 250 parts, preheated to 100F, was then added o~er a 15 minute period with the ~ W094/22954 ~15 9 3 4 ~ PCT~S94/03474 temperature dropping to 365F (185C). Heat was applied raising the temperature to 380F (193C) in 22 minutes and to 395F (202C) in 2 hours and 38 minutes. The acid value was determined to be 12.4.
5The reactor was equipped with a Barrett trap and slow addition of 177.6 parts of t-butylacetoacetate was begun. The addition was completed in 22 minutes with the temperature dropping from 373F (189C) to 279F (137C).
Heating was continued for 4 hours and 30 minutes with 10distillation and removal of butanol. The temperature during this heating period rose from 296F (147C) to 381F
(194C).
Methylpropyl ketone, 425 parts, was added followed by 56 parts of t-butanol. The resulting epoxy ester 15solution was filtered through a felt bag. The Gardner Color was 8, the non-volatiles (1 hr. at 110C) were 74.4 percent, the Gardner-Holdt viscosity at 25C was Z, the acid value was 17.8 and the weight per gallon was 8.43 pounds.
To 18.9 parts of the epoxy ester solution were 20added 9.1 parts of methyl~Gpyl ketone, 0.2 part of anti~kinn;~g agent, 0.161 part of cerium IV octoate cont~inin~ 18 percent cerium (36 percent solid in 2-ethylh~YA~oic acid), 0.075 part of cobalt naphthenate cont~i n; ng 6 percent cobalt (54 percent solids in odorless 25mineral spirits, and 0.2 part of aluminum chelate complex cont~i~ing 3.81 percent aluminum. The aluminum complex cont~in~ one atom of aluminum, one isGp~u~oxide moiety, one ethylacetoacetate moiety and one acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate moiety at 60 percent solids in mineral spirits.
30The resulting coating composition had nonvolatile content of 50 percent. The Gardner-Holdt viscosity at 25C was A-B.
After one month at room temperature, the viscosity was B-C.
Drawdowns were made on cold rolled steel at 2 and 3 mil wet film thickness, and on Bonderized 1000 steel at 353 mils wet. The coatings were tack free in 1~ hours at room temperature and print free after 3~ hours. The pencil W094/22954 ~5 ~ 3 4~ PCT~S94/03474 hardness of the coatings after the following intervals at room temperature was dete~mined to be:
OXIDIZED v~lABLE OIL ~ODIFICATION
OF EPOXY ESTERS
Technical Field The field of art to which this invention is directed is epoxy ester coating compositions.
Backqround Art The basic epoxy resin composition is the diglycidyl ether of a dihydric phenol, the most important of which from a commercial viewpoint is the diglycidyl ether of p,p'-dihydroxydiphenyl propane (Bisphenol A). Such diglycidyl ethers can be converted into thermoset compositions by a wide variety of curing agents, or can be converted into higher mol~c~ r weight epoxy resins by reaction with additional dihydric phenol. These higher mol~clllAr weight epoxy resins are used primarily in solution coatings wherein they are crosslinked with various crossl;n~ing agents, e.g., aminoplast resins, polyisocyanates or polyamines, or are reacted with unsaturated fatty acids to form epoxy esters.
In addition to modification with dihydric phenols and unsaturated fatty acids, epoxy resins have been modified either by reaction or by blending with a variety of compounds.
Blends of polyglycidyl ethers of polyhydric phenols with epoxidized fatty acid esters, e.g., epoxidized linseed oil, are described in U.S. Patent No. 2,628,514.
Adhesive compositions made from blends of liquid polyglycidyl ethers of dihydric phenols, solid polyglycidyl ethers of dihydric phenols and epoxidized fatty acid esters are described in U.S. Patent No. 2,682,515.
In U.S. Patent No. 2,944,035, epoxidized fatty acid esters are reacted with mono or polyhydric phenols in such amounts that some of the epoxy groups remain unreacted.
The resulting compositions are then crosslinked with various crosslinking agents.
-W094/22954 PCT~S94/03474 ~934~
U.S. Pa~ No. 4,119,640 discloses polymerizable reaction product mixtures made by reacting an epoxidized fatty acid ester with a mixture of acrylic acid, a diepoxide and a modifying compound.
U.S. Patent No. 4,491,467 describes higher moleclllAr weight epoxy resins made by reacting lower molecular weight epoxy resins with polyether ~o~yols.
In U.S. Patent No. 4,980,397, higher molecular weight epoxy resins are made by coreacting aliphatic diepoxides, glycidyl ethers of dihydric phenols and dihydric phenols.
U.S. Patent No. 4,474,941 discloses alkyd resins which are modified with partially epoxidized vegetable oils.
Advanced epoxy resins, as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,095,050, are made from epoxidized vegetable oils, dihydric phenols and phosphorous-contAin;ng compounds.
In U.S. Patent No. 5,227,453 epoxy esters are made from the reaction product of vernonia oil, a diglycidyl ether of a dihydric phenol, ~nd a dihydric phenol, further reacted with unsaturated fatty acids and alkylacetoacetates.
Manufacturers of paints and coatings are under increasing government pressure to reduce volatile organic compounds (VOC's) contained in their coating formulations.
There is a need for resins systems which can be used to form high solids solutions at viscosities suitable for use in coating formulations.
Disclosure of the Tnvention This invention is directed to modified epoxy ester compositions which can be used to make high solids content organic solvent solutions useful in coating formulations.
The composition of this invention is an epoxy ester composition made from (A) the reaction product of (1) an epoxidized vegetable oil having an epoxide equivalent weight of about 400 to about 475, (2) a diglycidyl ether of a dihydric phenol having an epoxide equivalent weight of about 115 to about 250, and (3) a dihydric phenol, (B) an unsaturated fatty acid, and (C) an alkylacetoacetate.
W094/22954 215 9 3 4 0 PCT~S94/03474 The components (1), (2) and (3) are reacted in such amounts that about 1.2 to about 1.5 epoxy groups of (1) and (2) are present for each phenolic group of (3), and wherein (1) is present in the amount of about 15 to about 35 weight percent based on the total weight of (1), (2) and (3).
The unsaturated fatty acid (B) is reacted in an amount of 15 to 40 weight percent based on the weight of the epoxy ester composition.
The alkylacetoacetate is reacted in the amount of about 3 to about 10 weight percent based on the weight of the epoxy ester composition.
The epoxy ester composition of this invention is useful in formulating high solids, low VOC air drying and heat curing coating compositions.
Best Mode for Carryinq Out the Invention The epoxidized vegetable oils used in this invention are obt~; n~ by the epoxidation of triglycerides of unsaturated fatty acids. They are made by epoxidizing the reactive olefin groups of the naturally occurring triglyceride oils. The olefin ylOU~a can be epoxidized with - peracids, such as perbenzoic, peracetic and the like, and with hyd-oyen peroxide. Proce~t~es for preparing epoxidized vegetable oils are described in "Advanced Organic Chemistry", 2nd Ed. by J. March, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1977, p.750, in U.S. Patent No. 3,488,404, and in the J. of Org. Chem., 1983, Vol. 48, pp. 3831-3833 by C. Venturello, et al.
Suitable epoxidized vegetable oils are epoxidized linseed oil, epoxidized soybean oil, epoxidized corn oil, epoxidized cottonseed oil, epoxidized perilla oil, epoxidized safflower oil and the like. The preferred epoxidized vegetable oils are epoxidized linseed oil and epoxidized soybean oil.
The epoxidized vegetable oils useful in this invention are those which have an epoxide equivalent weight of 400 to 475. Partially epoxidized vegetable oils having ~15~3~
W094/22954 PCT~S94/03474 these epoxy contents can be used. However, the preferred epoxidized vegetable oils, which have epoxide equivalent weights within this range are those which are obtained by reacting an epoxidized vegetable oil having a minimum epoxide equivalent weight of about 225 with a monocarboxylic acid or a monohydric phenol. In other words, epoxidized vegetable oils having epoxide equivalent weights within the range of 225 to 475 are reacted with enough mo~nocarboxylic acid or monohydric phenol in order to obtain a~dducts with epoxide equivalent weights of 400 to 475. ~ he resulting epoxidized triglyceride adducts have an average of 2 to 2.5 epoxide groups per molecule.
It is important that the epoxidized vegetable oils used in this invention never have an epoxide equivalent weight less than 225. For example, epoxidized linseed oil having an epoxide equivalent weight of 178 can be reacted with a monocarboxylic acid or a monohydric phenol to raise the equivalent weight to 400-475. When attempts are made to use this modified epoxidized linseed oil in this invention, the reactants gel either in the upgrade reaction or in the subsequent esterification reaction. However, when an epoxidized linseed oil having an epoxide equivalent weight of 229 modified with a monocarboxylic acid or monohydric phenol to an equivalent weight of 400-475 is used, the composition of this invention is readily obt~ine~.
Linseed oil contains a high percentage (35-65%) of esterified linolenic acid, an acid which contains 3 non-conjugated double bonds. When epoxidized to a high epoxy content, i.e., epoxide equivalent weight of less than about 225, the epoxidized molecules contain a high percentage of triepoxy stearates. It has been postulated that even after reaction with the monocarboxylic acid or monohydric phenol, a large number of diepoxy stearate moieties remain.
Subsequent reactions with these highly functional molecules result in branching and gelation. Regardless of why gelation occurs, it has been found that use of an epoxidized W094t22954 215 9 3 ~ O PCT~S94/03474 oil having an epoxide equivalent weight greater than 225 avoids the gelation problem.
Suitable monohydric phenols which can be used to modify the epoxidized vegetable oils are phenol and alkyl phenols wherein the alkyl group contains 1 to 9 carbon atoms. A preferred monohydric phenol is cresol.
Suitable monocarboxylic acid which can be used to modify the epoxidized vegetable oils are those which contain 7 to 22 carbon atoms in their molecular structure.
Preferred monocarboxylic acids are aromatic acids or alicyclic acids, e.g., benzoic acid or abietic acid. Gum rosin can also be used as the acidic component. In order to raise the epoxide equivalent weight to 400 to 475, the monohydric phenol or monocarboxylic acid are used in the amount of 0 to 0.4 mole per each epoxy equivalent of the epoxidized vegetable oil in order to adjust the number of epoxy yLGu~ per molecule of triglyceride to 2.5 or le~s.
The diglycidyl ether of the dihydric phenol used in this invention has an epoY~e equivalent weight of 115 to 250, preferably 180 to 200. Such diglycidyl ethers are made by reacting epichlorohydrin and a dihydric phenol with caustic. Examples of dihydric phenols are resorcinol, dihydlGxy~iphenyl, dil,ydLv~ydiphenyl methane, p,p'-dihydLo~y diphenyl propane, or Bisphenol A as it is commonly called, dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone, dihydLoxydiphenyl carbonate, and the like. The preferred dihydric phenol is p,p'-dihydroxydiphenyl propane.
The dihydric phenols which are reacted with the diglycidyl ether and the epoxidized vegetable oil are the same dihydric phenols described hereinabove from which the diglycidyl ethers are derived. Such phenols contain only two phenolic hydroxyl groups and no other ~L GU~ which are reactive under the reaction conditions used in this invention. Such dihydric phenols have molecular weight of 110 to 300. The preferred dihydric phenol is p,p'-dihydroxydiphenyl propane.
W094/22954 ~1 ~ 9 3 ~0 PCT~S94/03474 The digl~cidyl ether of the dihydric phenol, the epoxidized vegetable oil and the dihydric phenol are reacted together in what is referred to in the art as the advancement or upgrade process wherein the phenolic hydroxyls are reacted with the epoxy groups to form higher molecular weight resins.
The upgrade catalysts used in this invention zre the phosphonium salts described in U.S.- Patent Nos.
3,477,990, 3,948,855, 4,132,706, and 4,395,S~4, which are hereby incol~olated by reference. These phosphonium salts can be represented by the formula: ~
R
R2- ,'-R, ~3 wherein Rl, ~, R3 and ~ are the same or different and represent hydrocarbon residues which may or may not be substituted with one or more groups such as halogen atoms or the nitrate group. The hydrocarbon residues can be aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals cont~; n ~ ~ one to 20 carbon atoms, aromatic hydrocarbon radicals and alkyl substituted aromatic hydrocarbon radicals. X i8 a halide or the anion portion of an acid, ester or acid-ester of an element selected from carbon and phosphorous. Examples of such acids, esters, or acid-esters are carbonic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, diethyl phosphate and the like.
Preferred catalysts are those wherein one R is an alkyl group and the rema;ni~ R's are aromatic groups and wherein the anion is derived from an organic acid. A particularly preferred catalyst is ethyltriphenylphosphonium acetate.
The upgrade catalysts are used in the amount of 0.05 to 0.1 weight percent based on the total weight of the reactants.
The upgrade reaction can be conducted by adding all of the components together and heating until the desired extent of reaction is obtained as determined by epoxide equivalent weight. Preferably the reaction is conducted by W094/22954 215 9 3 4 0 PCT~S94/03474 adding the epoxidized vegetable oil with epoxy equivalent weight of 400 to 475, dihydric phenol and catalyst, heating with stirring until the dihydric phenol dissolves and then adding the diglycidyl ether of the dihydric phenol. The reaction is conducted at a temperature of 350F (177C) to 450F (232C), preferably 390-410F (199-210C), until the phenolic hydroxyls are etherified as determined by the calculated increase in epoxi~p equivalent weight. Generally the time required for the reaction will be about 2 to about 4 hours.
It has been found that the use of al~l~;n~m complexes with salicylic acid as cocatalysts with the phosphonium salt increases the reactivity rate of the epoxy groups in the epoxidized vegetable oil. The aluminum complexes contain aluminum chelated with salicylic acid and further complexed with AlkA~ols contA~nin~ one to six carbon atoms and alkanoic acids cont~;ning two to ten carbon atoms.
Preferably, the aluminum complex will contain 6 aluminum atoms complexed with one mole of salicylic acid, about 2 moles of isopropanol and about 2 moles of 2-ethyl-heyAnoic acid. The aluminum complex is used in the amount of 0.05 to 0.1 weight percent based on the total weight of the reactantC. These type aluminum compounds include XP167 manufactured by Rhone-Poulenc Chemicals M~nch~, Inc.
In order to prevent oxidation during the upgrade reaction, phosphite antioxidants can be utilized. Suitable phosphites are the alkyl-aryl phosphites, such as diphenyl isodecyl phosphite, phenyl diisodecyl phosphite and the like. A particularly preferred phosphite antioxi~nt is poly-4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol mixed Cl2 to Cls alcohol phosphite. The antioxidants are used in amounts up to about 1 weight percent based on the total reactants' weight, preferably 0.5 to 1 weight percent.
The upgrade products are converted to epoxy esters by esterifying them with unsaturated fatty acids. The unsaturated fatty acids are those acids derived from unsaturated vegetable oils, i.e., drying oils. Such acids 21593~ ~
wo94l229s4 ~- PCT~S94103474 which are named for the oils from which they are derived are linseed fatty acids, soybean fatty acids, tall oil fatty acid, tung oil fatty acids, dehydrated castor oil fatty acids, and the like. A preferred fatty acid is linseed.
The reaction of the upgrade epoxy resins and the unsaturated fatty acids is conducted at a temperature of 380F (193C) to 410F (210C) until the acid value of the reaction mixture is reduced below 25, préferably below 10, most preferably below 5. Such reaction requires about 4 to about 8 hours. `~;?
The amount of unsaturated fatty acid used in preparing the epoxy esters is 10 to 40 weight percent, preferably 15 to 25 weight percent, based on the weight of the resulting epoxy ester.
The epoxy ester is further modified by ester interchange with an alkyl acetoacetate wherein the alkyl group contains 1 to 8 carbon atoms. Preferred alkylacetoacetates are those wherein the alkyl group contains 2 to 4 carbon atoms, with tertiary butylacetoacetate being most preferred. The acetoacetate modification is conducted by heating the epoxy ester with 3 to 10 weight percent alkyl acetoacetate wherein said weight percent is based on the weight of the epoxy ester.
Heating is conducted at 240F (116C) to 340F (171C) until the calculated amount of alcohol is recovered by distillation from the reactants, generally about 1 to about 3 hours.
In formulating coating compositions, the epoxy esters are dissolved in non-protic ~olvents, i.e., esters, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof. Examples of such solvents are butyl acetate, methylpropyl ketone, methylamyl ketone, xylene, mineral spirits and the like. Solutions can be made having Garner Holdt viscosities at 25C of U at 70 percent solids and Z5 at 90 percent solids.
The epoxy esters of this invention are particularly useful in the formulation of high solids air-W094/22954 2 15 ~ 3 4 0 PCT~S94/03474 dry or low-bake coatings. In formulating the coatings, any of the well-kno~n driers can be used to enhance the cure.
A particularly useful drier package is one which contains cobalt driers in combination with cerium IV driers and aluminum acetoacetate complexes. Examples of the these driers are cobalt naphthenate, cerium (IV) 2-ethylhPY~noate and an aluminum acetoacetate complex represented by the formula:
R5 -Al -R7 wherein R5 is a chelate group containing the acetoacetoxy moiety and ~ and ~ are the same or different and are either an alkoxide group or an acetoacetoxy group.
The alkoxide group contains 2 to 8 carbon atoms with the preferred group being the isopropoxide group. The chelate group can be represented by the formula:
O O
CH3 -C-CHz -C-R8 wherein ~ is derived from a 2 to 4 carbon alcohol or a hydroxyalkyl ester of a polymerizable acid wherein the alkyl group contains 2 to 4 carbon atoms. Preferred chelating compounds are ethylacetoacetate and acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate. Preferably, the aluminum complex contains one iso~opoxide group, one ethylacetoacetate chelate group and one acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate chelate group. These type aluminum complexes include XP161 manufactured by Rhone-Poulenc Chemicals ~nchem, Inc.
These driers are used in the following amounts wherein said amount is expressed as weight percent metal based on 100 parts by weight of resin:
Cobalt - 0.015 to 0.06 weight percent a Cerium (IV) - 0.1 to 0.4 weight percent Aluminum - 0.02 to 0.08 weight percent W094l22954 ~ 3 ~ PCT~S94/03474 The preferred amount of each of these driers is:
Cobalt - 0.03 weight percent; cerium (IV) - 0.2 weight percent; aluminum - 0.04 weight percent.
The coating compositions can contain other S components, such as pigments, flow control agents, anti-skin agents, and the like, such components bein~ well known to those skilled in the art. ~
The following examples describe~ the invention in greater detail. Parts and percentage ~ unless otherwise indicated are parts and percentages by weight.
~s~Ample 1 To a suitable reactor were added 226.5 parts of epoxidized linseed oil having an epoxide equivalent weight of 242, 0.5 part of ethyl triphenylphosphonium acetate, 43.47 parts of benzoic acid, 10 parts of phosphite antioY;~nt (poly-4,4'-isopropylidene-diphenol mixed Cl2-CIs alcohol phosphite), and 0.5 part of a solution of aluminum complex (6 aluminum atoms complexed with one mole of salicylic acid, about 2 moles of isopropanol and about 2 moles of 2-ethylhpyA~oic acid wherein the solution cont~n~
24 percent aluminum complex, 10 percent isGp~yl 2-ethyl hexanoate and 66 percent methyl isobutyl ketone). Heat, agitation and nitrogen sparge were applied. The temperature was gradually raised to 309F (154C) over a period of 2 hours and 20 minutes. The temperature was then lowered to 264F (129C). The acid value was found to be 10.2.
Heating at 264F (129C) to 269F (132C) was cont;nlle~ for 30 minutes. The diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A, epoxide equivalent weight - 190, in the amount of 476.7 parts, was added over a period 45 minutes with the temperature dropping to 195F (91C). The temperature was raised to 261F
(127C) and 253.3 parts of Bisphenol A were added over a 10 minute period. The temperature was raised to 419F (215C) and was held at 400-439F (204-226C) for 1 hour and 20 minutes. The epoxide equivalent weight was 1056.
Linseed fatty acids, 250 parts, preheated to 100F, was then added o~er a 15 minute period with the ~ W094/22954 ~15 9 3 4 ~ PCT~S94/03474 temperature dropping to 365F (185C). Heat was applied raising the temperature to 380F (193C) in 22 minutes and to 395F (202C) in 2 hours and 38 minutes. The acid value was determined to be 12.4.
5The reactor was equipped with a Barrett trap and slow addition of 177.6 parts of t-butylacetoacetate was begun. The addition was completed in 22 minutes with the temperature dropping from 373F (189C) to 279F (137C).
Heating was continued for 4 hours and 30 minutes with 10distillation and removal of butanol. The temperature during this heating period rose from 296F (147C) to 381F
(194C).
Methylpropyl ketone, 425 parts, was added followed by 56 parts of t-butanol. The resulting epoxy ester 15solution was filtered through a felt bag. The Gardner Color was 8, the non-volatiles (1 hr. at 110C) were 74.4 percent, the Gardner-Holdt viscosity at 25C was Z, the acid value was 17.8 and the weight per gallon was 8.43 pounds.
To 18.9 parts of the epoxy ester solution were 20added 9.1 parts of methyl~Gpyl ketone, 0.2 part of anti~kinn;~g agent, 0.161 part of cerium IV octoate cont~inin~ 18 percent cerium (36 percent solid in 2-ethylh~YA~oic acid), 0.075 part of cobalt naphthenate cont~i n; ng 6 percent cobalt (54 percent solids in odorless 25mineral spirits, and 0.2 part of aluminum chelate complex cont~i~ing 3.81 percent aluminum. The aluminum complex cont~in~ one atom of aluminum, one isGp~u~oxide moiety, one ethylacetoacetate moiety and one acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate moiety at 60 percent solids in mineral spirits.
30The resulting coating composition had nonvolatile content of 50 percent. The Gardner-Holdt viscosity at 25C was A-B.
After one month at room temperature, the viscosity was B-C.
Drawdowns were made on cold rolled steel at 2 and 3 mil wet film thickness, and on Bonderized 1000 steel at 353 mils wet. The coatings were tack free in 1~ hours at room temperature and print free after 3~ hours. The pencil W094/22954 ~5 ~ 3 4~ PCT~S94/03474 hardness of the coatings after the following intervals at room temperature was dete~mined to be:
2 mil 3 mil 3 mil Cold Rolled Cold Rolled Bonderized lO00 Days Steel Steel Steel 7 B 2B ~ 2B
16 HB 2B ~' 2B
After 33 days at room temperature, the solvent resistance (methylethyl ketone (MEK)) double rubs was as follows .
2 mil 3 mil 3 mil Cold Rolled Cold Rolled Bonderized 1000 Steel Steel Steel ~x~m~le 2 To a suitable reactor were added 193.2 parts of epoxidized linseed oil having an epoxide equivalent weight of 242, 76.8 parts of gum rosin, 0.5 part of the aluminum complex solution described in the first paragraph of Example 1, 0.5 part of ethyl triphenylphosphonium acetate, 10.0 parts of the phosphite antioxidant described in Example 1, 389.75 parts of Bisphenol A, 540.25 parts of the diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A, epoxide equivalent weight 190, and 60 parts of ethyl-3-ethoxy propionate. Heat, agitation and nitrogen sparge were applied raising the temperature to 360F (182C) over a period of 5 hours. The epoxide equivalent weight of the reaction mass was about 900.
Linseed fatty acids, 250 parts, were added and temperature was raised to 385F (196C) in 55 minutes. The temperature was lowered to 260F (127C) over 1 hour. The epoxide equivalent weight of the reaction mass was 2986. Heating to 335F (168C) was continued for one hour. The acid value was 12.8 W094/22954 21~ 9 3 4 0 PCT~S94/03474 The reactor was equipped with a Barrett trap and 177.6 parts of t-butyl acetoacetate were added over a 30 minute period with the temperature dropping to 240F
(116C). Heating was continued with distillation and removal of t-butanol for 1 hour. The temperature was then raised to 365F (185C) in 30 minutes. 49.5 parts of t-butanol were recovered. Heating was discontinued.
Methylpropyl ketone, 425 parts, and the recovered t-butanol were added. The epoxy ester solution was then filtered through an 80 mesh filter bag.
The epoxy ester solution had a Garner color of 6-7, a Garner-Holdt viscosity at 25C of Z-Z~, a nonvolatile content of 74.4 percent, an acid value of 25, and a weight per gallon of 8.5 pounds.
A coating composition was formulated with the epoxy ester solution using the same components and amounts described in Example 1. The viscosity at 50 percent non-volatiles was A-B (Garner-Holdt at 25C). Films, 3 mils wet, on cold rolled steel had pencil hardness of 5B after 7 days.
Example 3 Using the same pro~e~ e described in Example 1, 195.3 parts of epoxidized linseed oil having an epoxide equivalent weight of 242 and 74.7 parts of gum rosin were reacted using lO parts of the phosphite antioxidant, 0.75 part of the aluminum complex, and 0.85 part of the phosphonium salt catalyst described in Example 1. The resulting modified epoxidized oil was reacted with 476.7 parts of the diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A described in Example 1 and 253.3 parts of Bisphenol A. When an epoxide equivalent weight of 1100 was obtained, 250 parts of linseed fatty acids were reacted followed by 166 parts of t-butylacetoacetate. After dilution with 75 parts of methyl~o~yl ketone, the epoxy ester solution had a Gardner Color of 6-7, A Gardner-Holdt viscosity of Z2-z3 and a non-volatiles content of 73.1 percent.
W094/22954 ~15 93 ~ PCT~S94/03474 ~
Example 4 (Comparative) Using the same procedure described in Example 1, 164 parts of epoxidized linseed oil having an epoxide equivalent weight of 175 were reacted with 106 parts of gum rosin, calculated to give an epoxide equivalent weight of 435, using the same amounts of antioxidant, aluminum complex, and ethyl triphenylphosphonium ac~et~ate described in Example 1. When the acid value of the~rëactants was 10, 253.3 parts of Bisphenol A (epoxide equ~valent weight-l90) were added. After reacting to an epoxide equivalent weight of 1190, 240 parts of linseed fatty acids were added.
Before the esterification reaction could be completed, the reaction mass began to climb the agitator, indicating gelation, and was discarded.
~Am~le 5 (Com~arative) Epoxidized linseed oil having an epoxide equivalent of 174, 264 parts, was blended with 736 parts of partially ~po~ ed l~n~ee~ oil having an epoxide equivalent weight of 941. The blend had an epoxide equivalent weight of 435.
To a suitable reactor were added 205 parts of the epoxidized linseed oil blend, 360.7 parts of the diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A - epoxide equivalent weight of 190 and 194.3 parts of Bisphenol A. Heat, stirring and nitrogen sparge were applied. All of the Bisphenol A had dissolved when the temperature reached 260F (127C). The phosphite antioxidant described in Example 1, 7.6 parts, the aluminum catalyst described in Example 1, 0.38 part, and 0.38 part of ethyl triphenylphosphonium acetate catalyst were added.
Vacuum to 23 inches of mercury were applied. The temperature was raised to 400F (204C). After heating for about 2 hours, the reactants gelled.
The principles, preferred embodiments and modes of operation of the present invention have been described in the foregoing specification. The invention which is int~n~P~ to be protected herein, however, is not to be construed as limited to the particular forms disclosed, =
~ W094/22954 215 9 3 ~ ~ PCT~S94/03474 since these are to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. Variations and changes may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention.
16 HB 2B ~' 2B
After 33 days at room temperature, the solvent resistance (methylethyl ketone (MEK)) double rubs was as follows .
2 mil 3 mil 3 mil Cold Rolled Cold Rolled Bonderized 1000 Steel Steel Steel ~x~m~le 2 To a suitable reactor were added 193.2 parts of epoxidized linseed oil having an epoxide equivalent weight of 242, 76.8 parts of gum rosin, 0.5 part of the aluminum complex solution described in the first paragraph of Example 1, 0.5 part of ethyl triphenylphosphonium acetate, 10.0 parts of the phosphite antioxidant described in Example 1, 389.75 parts of Bisphenol A, 540.25 parts of the diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A, epoxide equivalent weight 190, and 60 parts of ethyl-3-ethoxy propionate. Heat, agitation and nitrogen sparge were applied raising the temperature to 360F (182C) over a period of 5 hours. The epoxide equivalent weight of the reaction mass was about 900.
Linseed fatty acids, 250 parts, were added and temperature was raised to 385F (196C) in 55 minutes. The temperature was lowered to 260F (127C) over 1 hour. The epoxide equivalent weight of the reaction mass was 2986. Heating to 335F (168C) was continued for one hour. The acid value was 12.8 W094/22954 21~ 9 3 4 0 PCT~S94/03474 The reactor was equipped with a Barrett trap and 177.6 parts of t-butyl acetoacetate were added over a 30 minute period with the temperature dropping to 240F
(116C). Heating was continued with distillation and removal of t-butanol for 1 hour. The temperature was then raised to 365F (185C) in 30 minutes. 49.5 parts of t-butanol were recovered. Heating was discontinued.
Methylpropyl ketone, 425 parts, and the recovered t-butanol were added. The epoxy ester solution was then filtered through an 80 mesh filter bag.
The epoxy ester solution had a Garner color of 6-7, a Garner-Holdt viscosity at 25C of Z-Z~, a nonvolatile content of 74.4 percent, an acid value of 25, and a weight per gallon of 8.5 pounds.
A coating composition was formulated with the epoxy ester solution using the same components and amounts described in Example 1. The viscosity at 50 percent non-volatiles was A-B (Garner-Holdt at 25C). Films, 3 mils wet, on cold rolled steel had pencil hardness of 5B after 7 days.
Example 3 Using the same pro~e~ e described in Example 1, 195.3 parts of epoxidized linseed oil having an epoxide equivalent weight of 242 and 74.7 parts of gum rosin were reacted using lO parts of the phosphite antioxidant, 0.75 part of the aluminum complex, and 0.85 part of the phosphonium salt catalyst described in Example 1. The resulting modified epoxidized oil was reacted with 476.7 parts of the diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A described in Example 1 and 253.3 parts of Bisphenol A. When an epoxide equivalent weight of 1100 was obtained, 250 parts of linseed fatty acids were reacted followed by 166 parts of t-butylacetoacetate. After dilution with 75 parts of methyl~o~yl ketone, the epoxy ester solution had a Gardner Color of 6-7, A Gardner-Holdt viscosity of Z2-z3 and a non-volatiles content of 73.1 percent.
W094/22954 ~15 93 ~ PCT~S94/03474 ~
Example 4 (Comparative) Using the same procedure described in Example 1, 164 parts of epoxidized linseed oil having an epoxide equivalent weight of 175 were reacted with 106 parts of gum rosin, calculated to give an epoxide equivalent weight of 435, using the same amounts of antioxidant, aluminum complex, and ethyl triphenylphosphonium ac~et~ate described in Example 1. When the acid value of the~rëactants was 10, 253.3 parts of Bisphenol A (epoxide equ~valent weight-l90) were added. After reacting to an epoxide equivalent weight of 1190, 240 parts of linseed fatty acids were added.
Before the esterification reaction could be completed, the reaction mass began to climb the agitator, indicating gelation, and was discarded.
~Am~le 5 (Com~arative) Epoxidized linseed oil having an epoxide equivalent of 174, 264 parts, was blended with 736 parts of partially ~po~ ed l~n~ee~ oil having an epoxide equivalent weight of 941. The blend had an epoxide equivalent weight of 435.
To a suitable reactor were added 205 parts of the epoxidized linseed oil blend, 360.7 parts of the diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A - epoxide equivalent weight of 190 and 194.3 parts of Bisphenol A. Heat, stirring and nitrogen sparge were applied. All of the Bisphenol A had dissolved when the temperature reached 260F (127C). The phosphite antioxidant described in Example 1, 7.6 parts, the aluminum catalyst described in Example 1, 0.38 part, and 0.38 part of ethyl triphenylphosphonium acetate catalyst were added.
Vacuum to 23 inches of mercury were applied. The temperature was raised to 400F (204C). After heating for about 2 hours, the reactants gelled.
The principles, preferred embodiments and modes of operation of the present invention have been described in the foregoing specification. The invention which is int~n~P~ to be protected herein, however, is not to be construed as limited to the particular forms disclosed, =
~ W094/22954 215 9 3 ~ ~ PCT~S94/03474 since these are to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. Variations and changes may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention.
Claims (18)
1. An epoxy ester composition comprising (A) the reaction product of (1) an epoxidized vegetable oil adduct having an epoxide equivalent weight of 400 to 475, said epoxidized vegetable oil adduct is a reaction product of an epoxidized vegetable oil selected from the group consisting of epoxidized linseed oils, epoxidized soybean oils, epoxidized corn oils, epoxidized cotton seed oils, epoxidized perilla oils and epoxidized safflower oils having an epoxide equivalent weight of 225 to 475 and a monocarboxylic acid or monohydric phenol;
(2) a diglycidyl ether of a dihydric phenol having an epoxide equivalent weight of 115 to 250; and (3) a dihydric phenol;
reacted with (b) an unsaturated fatty acid; and (c) an alkylacetoacetate, wherein (1), (1) and (3) are reacted in such amounts that 1.2 to 1.5 epoxy groups of (1) and (2) are present for each phenolic group of (3), and wherein (1) is present in an amount of 15 to 35 weight percent based on the weight of (1), (2) and (3), wherein (B) is reacted in the amount of 15 to 40 weight percent based on the total weight of said epoxy ester composition, and wherein (C) is reacted in the amount of 3 to 10 weight percent based on the total weight of said epoxy ester composition.
(2) a diglycidyl ether of a dihydric phenol having an epoxide equivalent weight of 115 to 250; and (3) a dihydric phenol;
reacted with (b) an unsaturated fatty acid; and (c) an alkylacetoacetate, wherein (1), (1) and (3) are reacted in such amounts that 1.2 to 1.5 epoxy groups of (1) and (2) are present for each phenolic group of (3), and wherein (1) is present in an amount of 15 to 35 weight percent based on the weight of (1), (2) and (3), wherein (B) is reacted in the amount of 15 to 40 weight percent based on the total weight of said epoxy ester composition, and wherein (C) is reacted in the amount of 3 to 10 weight percent based on the total weight of said epoxy ester composition.
2. The epoxy ester composition of claim 1 wherein the epoxidized vegetable oil is reacted with 0 to 0.4 mole of monocarboxylic acid or monohydric phenol per each epoxy equivalent of the epoxidized vegetable oil.
3. The epoxy ester composition of claim 2 wherein the monocarboxylic acid is benzoic acid.
4. The epoxy ester composition of claim 2 wherein the monocarboxylic acid is abietic acid.
5. The epoxy ester composition of claim 2 wherein the monocarboxylic acid is gum rosin.
6. The epoxy ester composition of claim 2 wherein the monohydric phenol is cresol.
7. The epoxy ester composition of claim 1 wherein the epoxidized oil has 2 to 2.5 epoxy groups per molecule.
8. The epoxy ester composition of claim 1 wherein the epoxidized vegetable oil is epoxidized linseed oil or epoxidized soybean oil.
9. The epoxy ester of claim 1 wherein the diglycidyl ether of the dihydric phenol has an epoxide equivalent weight of 180 to 200.
10. The epoxy ester composition of claim 1 wherein the diglycidyl ether of the dihydric phenol is the diglycidyl ether of p,p'-dihydroxydiphenyl propane and the dihydric phenol is p,p'-dihydroxydiphenyl propane.
11. The epoxy ester composition of claim 1 wherein the unsaturated fatty acid is derived from unsaturated vegetable oil.
12. The epoxy ester composition of claim 11 wherein the unsaturated fatty acid is linseed fatty acid.
13. The epoxy ester composition of claim 1 wherein the alkyl group in the alkyl acetoacetate contains 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
14. The epoxy ester composition of claim 13 wherein the alkyl group contains 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
15. The epoxy ester composition of claim 14 wherein the alkylacetoacetate is t-butylacetoacetate.
16. The epoxy ester composition of claim 1 which contains cobalt driers in combination with cerium (IV) driers and aluminum acetoacetate complexes.
17. The epoxy ester composition of claim 16 wherein the cobalt drier is cobalt naphthenate, the cerium drier is cerium (IV) 2-ethylhexanoate and the aluminum acetoacetate complex is represented by the formula wherein R5 is a chelate group containing the acetoacetoxy moiety and R6 and R7 are the same or different and are either an alkoxide group or an acetoacetoxy group.
18. The epoxy ester composition of claim 16 wherein the driers are present in the amount, expressed as weight percent metal based on 100 parts by weight of resin, of 0.015 to 0.06 weight percent cobalt, 0.1 to 0.4 weight percent cerium (IV), and 0.02 to 0.08 weight percent aluminum.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US3979193A | 1993-03-30 | 1993-03-30 | |
| US039,791 | 1993-03-30 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2159340A1 true CA2159340A1 (en) | 1994-10-13 |
Family
ID=21907360
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002159340A Abandoned CA2159340A1 (en) | 1993-03-30 | 1994-03-30 | Epoxidized vegetable oil modification of epoxy esters |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5973082A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0692000B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH08508533A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR100311933B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1046749C (en) |
| AU (1) | AU685796B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9405802A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2159340A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69403959T2 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK0692000T3 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2105686T3 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1994022954A1 (en) |
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| US6528571B1 (en) * | 2000-11-22 | 2003-03-04 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture | Extrusion freeform fabrication of soybean oil-based composites by direct deposition |
| CA2460312A1 (en) * | 2001-09-12 | 2003-03-20 | Dow Global Technologies Inc. | Network polymers comprising epoxy-terminated esters |
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| US8382888B2 (en) | 2003-08-27 | 2013-02-26 | Biosphere Industries, Llc | Composition for use in edible biodegradable articles and method of use |
| KR101205119B1 (en) | 2003-08-27 | 2012-11-26 | 바이오스피어 인더스트리즈, 엘엘씨 | Composition for use in biodegradable articles and method of use |
| WO2005047370A2 (en) * | 2003-10-15 | 2005-05-26 | Michigan State University | Bio-based epoxy, their nanocomposites and methods for making those |
| CA2474115C (en) * | 2004-06-15 | 2012-06-19 | Construction Research & Technology Gmbh | Volatile organic compound (voc) compliant sealing material |
| JP2008037921A (en) * | 2006-08-02 | 2008-02-21 | Meidensha Corp | Insulating polymeric material composition |
| JP4862543B2 (en) * | 2006-08-02 | 2012-01-25 | 株式会社明電舎 | Insulating polymer material composition |
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| US7956205B2 (en) * | 2006-12-05 | 2011-06-07 | Galata Chemicals, Llc | Peroxide reduction in functionalized vegetable oils |
| TW200904365A (en) | 2007-07-03 | 2009-02-01 | Biosphere Ind Llc | Biodegradable and compostable composition having improved physical and chemical properties |
| CN101659740B (en) * | 2008-08-28 | 2012-05-30 | 上海涂料有限公司技术中心 | Self-crosslinking sulfonate-base epoxy ester aqueous dispersion and anti-corrosive primer thereof |
| CN101386673B (en) * | 2008-09-25 | 2011-09-07 | 中国海洋石油总公司 | Oil modified epoxy resins and precoating coiled material coatings containing above resins |
| TWI496725B (en) | 2009-01-20 | 2015-08-21 | Chamness Biodegradables Llc | Multi-layer container |
| CN102482460A (en) * | 2009-04-06 | 2012-05-30 | 生物圈工业有限责任公司 | Ecologically friendly composition containing beneficial additives |
| CN101942077B (en) * | 2009-07-07 | 2012-05-30 | 上海涂料有限公司技术中心 | Air-drying water-reducible alkyd resin containing sulfonate base |
| JP5400005B2 (en) * | 2009-09-30 | 2014-01-29 | 関西ペイント株式会社 | Epoxy resin composition and coating composition containing the same |
| SI2764037T1 (en) | 2011-10-07 | 2017-08-31 | Allnex Netherlands B.V. | A crosslinkable composition cross-linkable by real michael addition reaction and resins for use in said composition |
| WO2013086012A2 (en) | 2011-12-07 | 2013-06-13 | State Of Oregon Acting By And Through The State Board Of Higher Education On Behalf Of Oregon State University | Pressure sensitive adhesives based on fatty acids |
| CN104080828B (en) | 2011-12-16 | 2016-05-04 | 3M创新有限公司 | Comprise two anhydrohexitol derivatives of oxirane and uses thereof |
| FR2987049B1 (en) * | 2012-02-20 | 2014-03-07 | Univ Montpellier 2 Sciences Et Techniques | BIOSOURCE EPOXY RESINS WITH IMPROVED REACTIVITY. |
| CN105324426B (en) | 2013-04-08 | 2018-07-03 | 欧尼克斯荷兰有限公司 | It is reacted by true Michael's addition (RMA) and crosslinkable composition |
| JP6331331B2 (en) * | 2013-10-25 | 2018-05-30 | 横浜ゴム株式会社 | Epoxy resin adhesive composition |
| WO2016040559A1 (en) | 2014-09-12 | 2016-03-17 | Drexel University | Toughening of anhydride cured thermosetting epoxy polymers using grafted triglycerides |
| AU2015334010B2 (en) | 2014-09-12 | 2019-03-28 | Drexel University | Toughening of epoxy thermosets |
| US10323160B2 (en) | 2015-04-10 | 2019-06-18 | Ohio Soybean Council | BPA-free coatings |
| WO2016164870A1 (en) | 2015-04-10 | 2016-10-13 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Bpa-free coatings |
| EP3283556B1 (en) | 2015-04-17 | 2021-03-10 | Allnex Netherlands B.V. | Floor coating compositions |
| CA2983148C (en) | 2015-04-17 | 2023-05-09 | Allnex Netherlands B.V. | Process for the manufacture of a crosslinkable composition |
| US10759962B2 (en) | 2015-04-17 | 2020-09-01 | Allnex Netherlands B.V. | Method for applying RMA crosslinkable coating on modified epoxy primer coating |
| AU2016250030C1 (en) | 2015-04-17 | 2021-06-24 | Allnex Netherlands B.V. | A method for curing a RMA crosslinkable resin coating, RMA crosslinkable compositions and resins for use therein |
| CN108291011B (en) | 2015-09-09 | 2021-03-02 | 卡本有限公司 | Epoxy dual cure resin for additive manufacturing |
| JP7189015B2 (en) | 2015-12-22 | 2022-12-13 | カーボン，インコーポレイテッド | A Dual Precursor Resin System for Additive Manufacturing Using Dual Cured Resins |
| JP6496091B2 (en) * | 2016-10-27 | 2019-04-03 | リンテック株式会社 | Hydrophilic resin composition and laminated sheet |
| CN115943062A (en) | 2018-09-10 | 2023-04-07 | 卡本有限公司 | Dual cure additive manufacturing resin for producing flame retardant objects |
| CN111234678B (en) * | 2018-11-28 | 2023-07-28 | 立邦涂料（中国）有限公司 | Tin-free environment-friendly low-temperature type electrophoretic paint and preparation method thereof |
| EP4054820A4 (en) * | 2019-11-08 | 2023-12-13 | Ingevity South Carolina, LLC | Bio-based epoxy resins, compositions, and methods thereof |
| WO2022066565A1 (en) | 2020-09-25 | 2022-03-31 | Carbon, Inc. | Epoxy dual cure resin for the production of moisture-resistant articles by additive manufacturing |
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| US4119640A (en) * | 1975-07-10 | 1978-10-10 | Union Carbide Corporation | Polymerizable epoxide-modified compositions |
| US4040994A (en) * | 1976-11-26 | 1977-08-09 | Unitech Chemical Inc. | Cured epoxy resins |
| US4229330A (en) * | 1977-08-29 | 1980-10-21 | Hitachi Chemical Company, Ltd. | Process for producing phenolic resins |
| US4292413A (en) * | 1979-12-26 | 1981-09-29 | Blount David H | Process for the production of epoxy cellular solid products |
| DE3246615A1 (en) * | 1982-12-16 | 1984-06-20 | Henkel KGaA, 4000 Düsseldorf | ALKYD RESIN CONTAINING FUNCTIONAL EPOXIES |
| US4504606A (en) * | 1983-12-27 | 1985-03-12 | Ford Motor Company | Thermosetting coating composition--I |
| US4980397A (en) * | 1987-07-02 | 1990-12-25 | The Dow Chemical Company | Cationic, advanced epoxy resin compositions based on aliphatic diols, dihydric phenols and diglycidyl ethers of dihydric phinols |
| US4786666A (en) * | 1987-11-18 | 1988-11-22 | Interez, Inc. | Epoxy compositions containing glycidyl ethers of fatty esters |
| US5151485A (en) * | 1990-11-21 | 1992-09-29 | The Dow Chemical Company | Advanced epoxy compositions, curable compositions and cured products |
| US5095050A (en) * | 1990-11-21 | 1992-03-10 | The Dow Chemical Company | Advanced epoxy compositions, curable compositions and cured products |
| US5227453A (en) * | 1992-02-10 | 1993-07-13 | Hi-Tek Polymers, Inc. | Vernonia oil modification of epoxy resins |
-
1994
- 1994-03-30 DK DK94912906.8T patent/DK0692000T3/en active
- 1994-03-30 JP JP6522329A patent/JPH08508533A/en not_active Ceased
- 1994-03-30 BR BR9405802A patent/BR9405802A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1994-03-30 WO PCT/US1994/003474 patent/WO1994022954A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1994-03-30 DE DE69403959T patent/DE69403959T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-03-30 EP EP94912906A patent/EP0692000B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-03-30 KR KR1019950704218A patent/KR100311933B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-03-30 CA CA002159340A patent/CA2159340A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-03-30 ES ES94912906T patent/ES2105686T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-03-30 CN CN94191914A patent/CN1046749C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-03-30 AU AU65274/94A patent/AU685796B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1994-08-16 US US08/291,318 patent/US5973082A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US5973082A (en) | 1999-10-26 |
| AU685796B2 (en) | 1998-01-29 |
| KR960701950A (en) | 1996-03-28 |
| EP0692000B1 (en) | 1997-06-25 |
| DE69403959D1 (en) | 1997-07-31 |
| EP0692000A1 (en) | 1996-01-17 |
| BR9405802A (en) | 1995-12-12 |
| AU6527494A (en) | 1994-10-24 |
| JPH08508533A (en) | 1996-09-10 |
| DK0692000T3 (en) | 1997-07-14 |
| ES2105686T3 (en) | 1997-10-16 |
| CN1122145A (en) | 1996-05-08 |
| CN1046749C (en) | 1999-11-24 |
| WO1994022954A1 (en) | 1994-10-13 |
| DE69403959T2 (en) | 1997-11-20 |
| KR100311933B1 (en) | 2001-12-17 |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| FZDE | Discontinued |