CA2183270C - Polyolefins having terminal aldehyde or hydroxyl substituents and derivatives thereof - Google Patents
Polyolefins having terminal aldehyde or hydroxyl substituents and derivatives thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2183270C CA2183270C CA002183270A CA2183270A CA2183270C CA 2183270 C CA2183270 C CA 2183270C CA 002183270 A CA002183270 A CA 002183270A CA 2183270 A CA2183270 A CA 2183270A CA 2183270 C CA2183270 C CA 2183270C
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- CA
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- Prior art keywords
- polyolefin
- polymeric
- polymer
- catalyst
- hydroformylation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical group [H]C(*)=O 0.000 title claims abstract 3
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 title abstract description 6
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 84
- 238000007037 hydroformylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 125000002573 ethenylidene group Chemical group [*]=C=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000005902 aminomethylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000012968 metallocene catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical group [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 27
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 abstract description 24
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 18
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 15
- 150000004291 polyenes Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000006268 reductive amination reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 abstract description 5
- 125000003282 alkyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- -1 cyclic anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 34
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical group 0.000 description 23
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 23
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 22
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 18
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 17
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 15
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl ethylene Natural products CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 12
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- VPGLGRNSAYHXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-L zirconium(2+);dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Zr]Cl VPGLGRNSAYHXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 10
- 229920002367 Polyisobutene Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 9
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 9
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 9
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 6
- 125000000058 cyclopentadienyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC1)* 0.000 description 6
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 6
- FAGUFWYHJQFNRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylenepentamine Chemical compound NCCNCCNCCNCCN FAGUFWYHJQFNRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 5
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- IUNMPGNGSSIWFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylaminopropylamine Chemical compound CN(C)CCCN IUNMPGNGSSIWFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 5
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 5
- VILCJCGEZXAXTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,2-tetramine Chemical compound NCCNCCNCCN VILCJCGEZXAXTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RPNUMPOLZDHAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethylenetriamine Chemical compound NCCNCCN RPNUMPOLZDHAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 4
- WTEOIRVLGSZEPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron trifluoride Chemical compound FB(F)F WTEOIRVLGSZEPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920001083 polybutene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229960001124 trientine Drugs 0.000 description 4
- XFNJVJPLKCPIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCCN XFNJVJPLKCPIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HECLRDQVFMWTQS-RGOKHQFPSA-N 1755-01-7 Chemical compound C1[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC=C[C@@H]3[C@@H]1C=C2 HECLRDQVFMWTQS-RGOKHQFPSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000089 Cyclic olefin copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- MQIKJSYMMJWAMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dicobalt octacarbonyl Chemical group [Co+2].[Co+2].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-] MQIKJSYMMJWAMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000003003 phosphines Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- PMJHHCWVYXUKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N piperylene Natural products CC=CC=C PMJHHCWVYXUKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910000033 sodium borohydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000012279 sodium borohydride Substances 0.000 description 3
- CXWXQJXEFPUFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetralin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CCCCC2=C1 CXWXQJXEFPUFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000003623 transition metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- GGQQNYXPYWCUHG-RMTFUQJTSA-N (3e,6e)-deca-3,6-diene Chemical compound CCC\C=C\C\C=C\CC GGQQNYXPYWCUHG-RMTFUQJTSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PRBHEGAFLDMLAL-GQCTYLIASA-N (4e)-hexa-1,4-diene Chemical compound C\C=C\CC=C PRBHEGAFLDMLAL-GQCTYLIASA-N 0.000 description 2
- JKTORXLUQLQJCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-phosphonobutylphosphonic acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)CCCCP(O)(O)=O JKTORXLUQLQJCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910015900 BF3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ROSDSFDQCJNGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylamine Chemical compound CNC ROSDSFDQCJNGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutene Chemical group CC(C)=C VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Morpholine Chemical compound C1COCCN1 YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AFBPFSWMIHJQDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methylaniline Chemical compound CNC1=CC=CC=C1 AFBPFSWMIHJQDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000002877 alkyl aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229920005603 alternating copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000005576 amination reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- IMUDHTPIFIBORV-UHFFFAOYSA-N aminoethylpiperazine Chemical compound NCCN1CCNCC1 IMUDHTPIFIBORV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000002199 base oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- OTBHHUPVCYLGQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(3-aminopropyl)amine Chemical compound NCCCNCCCN OTBHHUPVCYLGQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WXCZUWHSJWOTRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-1-ene;ethene Chemical compound C=C.CCC=C WXCZUWHSJWOTRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N butene Natural products CC=CC IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 description 2
- GGRQQHADVSXBQN-FGSKAQBVSA-N carbon monoxide;(z)-4-hydroxypent-3-en-2-one;rhodium Chemical compound [Rh].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O GGRQQHADVSXBQN-FGSKAQBVSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 2
- 239000003426 co-catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- HGCIXCUEYOPUTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexene Chemical compound C1CCC=CC1 HGCIXCUEYOPUTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N endo-cyclopentadiene Natural products C1C=CC=C1 ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HQQADJVZYDDRJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene;prop-1-ene Chemical group C=C.CC=C HQQADJVZYDDRJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LIWAQLJGPBVORC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylmethylamine Chemical compound CCNC LIWAQLJGPBVORC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002816 fuel additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001002 functional polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- XTJLXXCARCJVPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N hepta-2,4-diene Chemical compound CCC=CC=CC XTJLXXCARCJVPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001748 polybutylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 2
- WGYKZJWCGVVSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylamine Chemical compound CCCN WGYKZJWCGVVSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AOHJOMMDDJHIJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylenediamine Chemical compound CC(N)CN AOHJOMMDDJHIJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KIDHWZJUCRJVML-UHFFFAOYSA-N putrescine Chemical compound NCCCCN KIDHWZJUCRJVML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylphosphine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004034 viscosity adjusting agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003039 volatile agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZWVMLYRJXORSEP-LURJTMIESA-N (2s)-hexane-1,2,6-triol Chemical compound OCCCC[C@H](O)CO ZWVMLYRJXORSEP-LURJTMIESA-N 0.000 description 1
- OJOWICOBYCXEKR-KRXBUXKQSA-N (5e)-5-ethylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene Chemical compound C1C2C(=C/C)/CC1C=C2 OJOWICOBYCXEKR-KRXBUXKQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PMJHHCWVYXUKFD-SNAWJCMRSA-N (E)-1,3-pentadiene Chemical group C\C=C\C=C PMJHHCWVYXUKFD-SNAWJCMRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004973 1-butenyl group Chemical group C(=CCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 238000001644 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-indene Natural products C1=CC=C2CC=CC2=C1 YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BBDKZWKEPDTENS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Vinylcyclohexene Chemical compound C=CC1CCC=CC1 BBDKZWKEPDTENS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WSSSPWUEQFSQQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-1-pentene Chemical compound CC(C)CC=C WSSSPWUEQFSQQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000006519 CCH3 Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- GAWIXWVDTYZWAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N C[CH]O Chemical group C[CH]O GAWIXWVDTYZWAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- RVRHBLSINNOLPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lythridin Natural products COc1ccc(cc1OC)C2CC(CC3CCCCN23)OC(=O)CC(O)c4ccc(O)cc4 RVRHBLSINNOLPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005062 Polybutadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002723 alicyclic group Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004414 alkyl thio group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004856 boroles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001728 carbonyl compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002843 carboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006317 cationic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003636 chemical group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 101150068479 chrb gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004440 column chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- AUBASTIHYLEOTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopenta-1,4-dien-1-yl(trimethyl)silane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)C1=CCC=C1 AUBASTIHYLEOTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- LTNZEXKYNRNOGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N dequalinium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].C1=CC=C2[N+](CCCCCCCCCC[N+]3=C4C=CC=CC4=C(N)C=C3C)=C(C)C=C(N)C2=C1 LTNZEXKYNRNOGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001212 derivatisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- HPNMFZURTQLUMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylamine Chemical compound CCNCC HPNMFZURTQLUMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002081 enamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005189 flocculation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000016615 flocculation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003747 fuel oil additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007306 functionalization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002638 heterogeneous catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TUJKJAMUKRIRHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyl Chemical group [OH] TUJKJAMUKRIRHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002466 imines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003454 indenyl group Chemical group C1(C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000008040 ionic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- LSHROXHEILXKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n'-[2-[2-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]ethylamino]ethyl]ethane-1,2-diamine Chemical compound NCCNCCNCCNCCNCCN LSHROXHEILXKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 1
- JFNLZVQOOSMTJK-KNVOCYPGSA-N norbornene Chemical compound C1[C@@H]2CC[C@H]1C=C2 JFNLZVQOOSMTJK-KNVOCYPGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012053 oil suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentene Chemical compound CCCC=C YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007149 pericyclic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920001281 polyalkylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001195 polyisoprene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002685 polymerization catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002000 scavenging effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003335 secondary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- PXQLVRUNWNTZOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanyl Chemical class [SH] PXQLVRUNWNTZOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000383 tetramethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- AGGKEGLBGGJEBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylenedisulfotetramine Chemical compound C1N(S2(=O)=O)CN3S(=O)(=O)N1CN2C3 AGGKEGLBGGJEBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 1
- IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributylamine Chemical compound CCCCN(CCCC)CCCC IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
- C10M133/52—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of 30 or more atoms
- C10M133/58—Heterocyclic compounds
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F210/00—Copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C08F210/16—Copolymers of ethene with alpha-alkenes, e.g. EP rubbers
- C08F210/18—Copolymers of ethene with alpha-alkenes, e.g. EP rubbers with non-conjugated dienes, e.g. EPT rubbers
-
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
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- C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
- C08F8/30—Introducing nitrogen atoms or nitrogen-containing groups
- C08F8/32—Introducing nitrogen atoms or nitrogen-containing groups by reaction with amines
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
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- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
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- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/238—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/2383—Polyamines or polyimines, or derivatives thereof (poly)amines and imines; derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C)
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- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/238—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/2383—Polyamines or polyimines, or derivatives thereof (poly)amines and imines; derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C)
- C10L1/2387—Polyoxyalkyleneamines (poly)oxyalkylene amines and derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C)
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- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
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- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/18—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes use of detergents or dispersants for purposes not provided for in groups C10L10/02 - C10L10/16
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
- C10M133/52—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of 30 or more atoms
- C10M133/54—Amines
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F210/00—Copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C08F210/16—Copolymers of ethene with alpha-alkenes, e.g. EP rubbers
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
- C10M2215/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
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- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
- C10M2215/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
- C10M2215/042—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms containing hydroxy groups; Alkoxylated derivatives thereof
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- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
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- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
- C10M2215/221—Six-membered rings containing nitrogen and carbon only
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- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
- C10M2215/225—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds the rings containing both nitrogen and oxygen
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- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
- C10M2215/225—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds the rings containing both nitrogen and oxygen
- C10M2215/226—Morpholines
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- C10M2215/26—Amines
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- C10M2217/04—Macromolecular compounds from nitrogen-containing monomers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2217/046—Polyamines, i.e. macromoleculars obtained by condensation of more than eleven amine monomers
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- C10M2217/06—Macromolecular compounds obtained by functionalisation op polymers with a nitrogen containing compound
Abstract
A polymer having a terminal aldehyde or hydroxyl substituent which may be used directly or in a derivative form as a dispersant for both fuel and lubricating oil compositions, wherein the polymer has a M n of about 300 to 10,000, and is derived from a polyolefin which is derived from a monomer of the formula: H2C=CHR4, wherein R4 is hydrogen or a straight or branched chain alkyl radical, and wherein the polyolefin preferably has at least about 30 % terminal vinylidene unsaturation. Particularly desirable also are alkylamino derivatives formed by either a single step aminomethylation process or a two step hydroformylation and reductive amination process in the preferred polyolefins. Polyene(diene)-containing copolymers and terpolymers may also be used to prepare the polymer.
Description
~~~' y 8~2 ~d POLYOLEFINS HAVING TERMINAL ALDEHYDE OR HYDROXYL
SUHSTITUENTB AND DERIVATIVES THEREOF
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to improved oil soluble dispersant additives useful in both fuel and lubricating oil compositions produced by the hydroformylation of certain olefin-terminated polymers to yield polymeric alcohols and aldehydes, and to further derivatizing these functional polymers to obtain aminated polymers.
This invention also relates to the direct production of aminated polyolefins by means of a one step aminomethylation process.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Dispersants keep insolubles within the oil suspension, thus preventing sludge flocculation and precipitation. Suitable dispersants include, for example, dispersants of the ash-producing and ashless type. Derivatized olefinic polymers have been used as ashless dispersants and multifunctional viscosity index improvers in lubricant and fuel compositions.
In the lubricating oil sector, these are generally referred to as ashless dispersants, and, in the case of the polybutylphenols, as Mannich dispersants. The purpose of these dispersants is to keep in suspension oil-insoluble combustion residues, and thereby prevent deposits on metal surfaces, thickening of the oil and sludge deposits in the engine and to avoid corrosive wear by neutralizing acidic combustion products.
In the motor fuel sector, the secondary products are generally referred to as carburetor or valve detergents. Their task is to free the entire intake r ,, r_,, i ~ ~ , , . , i. r system from deposits, to prevent further deposits and to protect the system from corrosion.
Functionalized olefinic polymers are particularly useful as additives in fuels and lubricating oils.
Fuels include normally liquid petroleum fuels_such as middle distillates boiling from 65°C to 430°C, including kerosene, diesel fuels, home heating oil, jet fuels, etc. A concentration of the additives in the fuel is in to the range of typically from 0.0001 to 0.5, and preferably from 0.005 to 0.15 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.
PCT International Publication WO 91/11469 discloses block copolymers of the formula AB where the moiety A is derivable and advantageously derived from an ethylene alpha olefin, especially an ethylene-propylene, copolymer having a number average molecular weight of from 1,000 to 10,000, at least 30% of the polymer chains of which contain terminal ethenylidene unsaturation, the moiety B being derivable, end advantageously derived from an oil soluble organic material, advantageously a macromolecular material having a molecular weight of at least 800, advantageously a polymer having a number average molecular weight of at least 800. The polymers are useful as fuel oil additives.
Functional polymers having a number average molecular weight (Mn) in the range of 700-5,000 have been used as intermediates in the synthesis of dispersants (i.e., additives) for fuel and lubrication applications. The most common functional groups are cyclic anhydrides, carboxylic acids, and phenols. These groups could be further elaborated to imides, and amides and Mannich based products with a variety of polyamines.
AMENDED SHEET
' li 2a A conventional method of preparing polymeric acids and anhydrides generally involves pericyclic reactions of a,~3-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with polymeric olefins either directly or in the presence of chlorine.
S These reactions often lead to the incorporation of more than one functional group per polymer.
The cobalt or rhodium-mediated hydroformylation of olefin polymers has been utilized to a more limited 1~ extent to prepare alcohols and aldehydes. Use of the hydroformylation process results in the consumption of the carbon-carbon double bond during the reaction, thereby introducing only one functional group per polymer in the absence of diene comonomers.
1~
~,~jtuor~ s~~~T
WO 95/24431 - ~~ PCT/US95/02519 ,, US-A 3311598 (Mertzweiller et al.) discloses the hydroformylation of a mufti-olefinic hydrocarbon polymer with carbon monoxide, and hydrogen, in the presence of catalyst containing a transition metal selected from Group VIII of the Periodic Chart, to form hydroxylated (-CH20H) and/or carbonyl (-CHO) derivatives of the polymer. The polymer is preferably either a polymer of polybutadiene, polycyclopentadiene, polyisoprene, and mixtures thereof, a butadiene-styrene copolymer, a pentadiene-styrene copolymer, or an isoprene-styrene copolymer.
Polyisobutene derivatives (e. g., polyisobutyl-amines) have frequently been described in the literature and are used worldwide on a large scale as lubricant and motor fuel additives. The intermediates for the preparation of such additives are polybutenyl chloride, polybutenylsuccinic anhydride and polybutylphenols. See US-A 4859210 (Franz et al.); US-A 4832702 (Kummer et al.); and WO-A 90/05711.
The efficiency of the hydroformylation reaction as applied to polyisobutylene (PIB) varies with the type of polymer, and conversions range from 59-81% with the most reactive PIB's available (see US-A 4832702). It would be highly desirable to increase the rate of conversion in the hydroformylation of polyolefins to as close to 100% as is technically feasible.
The present inventors have discovered that olefinic polymers prepared with a metallocene catalyst are especially suited for use in the hydroformylation process and synthesize of unique polymeric alcohols and aldehydes in substantially higher yields than even the reactive PIB's on an equal weight percent basis.
.. _ ~ fr i.i Unfortunately, hydroformylation has been observed to produce undesirable side products. Attempts to produce polymer aldehyde in high yield from metallocene catalyzed olefinic polymers and vinylidene containing models has shown that 15-20% of the olefin is typically hydrogenated using cobalt catalyst; furthermore, there is a conversion-dependent loss of aldehyde to alcohol which also limits the yield of aldehyde available for reductive amination. The present inventors have also discovered that amine derivatives may be prepared in substantially higher yields by subjecting the metallocene-catalyzed olefinic polymers to aminomethylation in a single step rather than the conventional two step process of hydroformylation followed by reductive amination.
SOMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention is a polymer having a Mn of about 300 to 10,000; derived from a polyolefin derived from a monomer of the formula H2C=CHR4 wherein R4 is hydrogen or a straight or branched chain alkyl radial, and having:
i) a hydroxyl substituent, ii) an aldehyde substituent, or iii) any of a hydroxyl, aldehyde, or alkylamino substituent when said polyolefin is also derived from a polyene or when said polyolefin has at least about 30% terminal vinylidene unsaturation.
The invention is also a saturated polymer having a terminal aldehyde or hydroxyl substituent, a Mn of about 300 to 10,000, and derived from a polyolefin derived from a monomer of the formula H2C=CHR4 wherein R4 is hydrogen or a straight or branched chain alkyl radical.
WO 95!24431 ~ %y PCT/US95/02519 The polyolefin preferably has at least about 30%
terminal vinylidene unsaturation.
This polyolefin is formed from the reaction product 5 of alkene monomers and/or a-olefin monomers in the presence of a metallocene catalyst. Preferred polyolefins are ethylene/a-olefin, a propylene/butene-1 copolymer, or a butene-1 polyolefin. According to the invention, the polyolefin may be an interpolymer of an to alkene monomer and/or an a/olefin monomer with a polyene monomer.
Alternatively, the substituent of the polymer is alkylamino. In this instance, the preferred polyolefin is a butene homopolymer, an ethylene/propylene copolymer, or an ethylene/butene copolymer.
The present invention also includes a saturated polymer having a terminal alkylamino substituent, a Mn of about 300 to 10,000, and derived from a polyolefin derived from a monomer of the formula HZC=CHR4 wherein R4 is hydrogen or a straight or branched chain alkyl radical. This polyolefin has at least about 30%
terminal vinylidene unsaturation or is also derived from a polyene.
Furthermore, the present invention includes a polymeric hydroformylation alcohol or aldehyde reaction product which is formed by the reaction of: a polyolefin having Mn of about 300 to 10,000 and derived from a monomer of the formula H2C=CHR4, wherein R4 is hydrogen or a straight or branched chain alkyl radical; hydrogen;
and carbon monoxide in the presence of a hydroformylation catalyst. Preferably, the polyolefin has at least 30% terminal vinylidene unsaturation.
SUHSTITUENTB AND DERIVATIVES THEREOF
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to improved oil soluble dispersant additives useful in both fuel and lubricating oil compositions produced by the hydroformylation of certain olefin-terminated polymers to yield polymeric alcohols and aldehydes, and to further derivatizing these functional polymers to obtain aminated polymers.
This invention also relates to the direct production of aminated polyolefins by means of a one step aminomethylation process.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Dispersants keep insolubles within the oil suspension, thus preventing sludge flocculation and precipitation. Suitable dispersants include, for example, dispersants of the ash-producing and ashless type. Derivatized olefinic polymers have been used as ashless dispersants and multifunctional viscosity index improvers in lubricant and fuel compositions.
In the lubricating oil sector, these are generally referred to as ashless dispersants, and, in the case of the polybutylphenols, as Mannich dispersants. The purpose of these dispersants is to keep in suspension oil-insoluble combustion residues, and thereby prevent deposits on metal surfaces, thickening of the oil and sludge deposits in the engine and to avoid corrosive wear by neutralizing acidic combustion products.
In the motor fuel sector, the secondary products are generally referred to as carburetor or valve detergents. Their task is to free the entire intake r ,, r_,, i ~ ~ , , . , i. r system from deposits, to prevent further deposits and to protect the system from corrosion.
Functionalized olefinic polymers are particularly useful as additives in fuels and lubricating oils.
Fuels include normally liquid petroleum fuels_such as middle distillates boiling from 65°C to 430°C, including kerosene, diesel fuels, home heating oil, jet fuels, etc. A concentration of the additives in the fuel is in to the range of typically from 0.0001 to 0.5, and preferably from 0.005 to 0.15 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.
PCT International Publication WO 91/11469 discloses block copolymers of the formula AB where the moiety A is derivable and advantageously derived from an ethylene alpha olefin, especially an ethylene-propylene, copolymer having a number average molecular weight of from 1,000 to 10,000, at least 30% of the polymer chains of which contain terminal ethenylidene unsaturation, the moiety B being derivable, end advantageously derived from an oil soluble organic material, advantageously a macromolecular material having a molecular weight of at least 800, advantageously a polymer having a number average molecular weight of at least 800. The polymers are useful as fuel oil additives.
Functional polymers having a number average molecular weight (Mn) in the range of 700-5,000 have been used as intermediates in the synthesis of dispersants (i.e., additives) for fuel and lubrication applications. The most common functional groups are cyclic anhydrides, carboxylic acids, and phenols. These groups could be further elaborated to imides, and amides and Mannich based products with a variety of polyamines.
AMENDED SHEET
' li 2a A conventional method of preparing polymeric acids and anhydrides generally involves pericyclic reactions of a,~3-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with polymeric olefins either directly or in the presence of chlorine.
S These reactions often lead to the incorporation of more than one functional group per polymer.
The cobalt or rhodium-mediated hydroformylation of olefin polymers has been utilized to a more limited 1~ extent to prepare alcohols and aldehydes. Use of the hydroformylation process results in the consumption of the carbon-carbon double bond during the reaction, thereby introducing only one functional group per polymer in the absence of diene comonomers.
1~
~,~jtuor~ s~~~T
WO 95/24431 - ~~ PCT/US95/02519 ,, US-A 3311598 (Mertzweiller et al.) discloses the hydroformylation of a mufti-olefinic hydrocarbon polymer with carbon monoxide, and hydrogen, in the presence of catalyst containing a transition metal selected from Group VIII of the Periodic Chart, to form hydroxylated (-CH20H) and/or carbonyl (-CHO) derivatives of the polymer. The polymer is preferably either a polymer of polybutadiene, polycyclopentadiene, polyisoprene, and mixtures thereof, a butadiene-styrene copolymer, a pentadiene-styrene copolymer, or an isoprene-styrene copolymer.
Polyisobutene derivatives (e. g., polyisobutyl-amines) have frequently been described in the literature and are used worldwide on a large scale as lubricant and motor fuel additives. The intermediates for the preparation of such additives are polybutenyl chloride, polybutenylsuccinic anhydride and polybutylphenols. See US-A 4859210 (Franz et al.); US-A 4832702 (Kummer et al.); and WO-A 90/05711.
The efficiency of the hydroformylation reaction as applied to polyisobutylene (PIB) varies with the type of polymer, and conversions range from 59-81% with the most reactive PIB's available (see US-A 4832702). It would be highly desirable to increase the rate of conversion in the hydroformylation of polyolefins to as close to 100% as is technically feasible.
The present inventors have discovered that olefinic polymers prepared with a metallocene catalyst are especially suited for use in the hydroformylation process and synthesize of unique polymeric alcohols and aldehydes in substantially higher yields than even the reactive PIB's on an equal weight percent basis.
.. _ ~ fr i.i Unfortunately, hydroformylation has been observed to produce undesirable side products. Attempts to produce polymer aldehyde in high yield from metallocene catalyzed olefinic polymers and vinylidene containing models has shown that 15-20% of the olefin is typically hydrogenated using cobalt catalyst; furthermore, there is a conversion-dependent loss of aldehyde to alcohol which also limits the yield of aldehyde available for reductive amination. The present inventors have also discovered that amine derivatives may be prepared in substantially higher yields by subjecting the metallocene-catalyzed olefinic polymers to aminomethylation in a single step rather than the conventional two step process of hydroformylation followed by reductive amination.
SOMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention is a polymer having a Mn of about 300 to 10,000; derived from a polyolefin derived from a monomer of the formula H2C=CHR4 wherein R4 is hydrogen or a straight or branched chain alkyl radial, and having:
i) a hydroxyl substituent, ii) an aldehyde substituent, or iii) any of a hydroxyl, aldehyde, or alkylamino substituent when said polyolefin is also derived from a polyene or when said polyolefin has at least about 30% terminal vinylidene unsaturation.
The invention is also a saturated polymer having a terminal aldehyde or hydroxyl substituent, a Mn of about 300 to 10,000, and derived from a polyolefin derived from a monomer of the formula H2C=CHR4 wherein R4 is hydrogen or a straight or branched chain alkyl radical.
WO 95!24431 ~ %y PCT/US95/02519 The polyolefin preferably has at least about 30%
terminal vinylidene unsaturation.
This polyolefin is formed from the reaction product 5 of alkene monomers and/or a-olefin monomers in the presence of a metallocene catalyst. Preferred polyolefins are ethylene/a-olefin, a propylene/butene-1 copolymer, or a butene-1 polyolefin. According to the invention, the polyolefin may be an interpolymer of an to alkene monomer and/or an a/olefin monomer with a polyene monomer.
Alternatively, the substituent of the polymer is alkylamino. In this instance, the preferred polyolefin is a butene homopolymer, an ethylene/propylene copolymer, or an ethylene/butene copolymer.
The present invention also includes a saturated polymer having a terminal alkylamino substituent, a Mn of about 300 to 10,000, and derived from a polyolefin derived from a monomer of the formula HZC=CHR4 wherein R4 is hydrogen or a straight or branched chain alkyl radical. This polyolefin has at least about 30%
terminal vinylidene unsaturation or is also derived from a polyene.
Furthermore, the present invention includes a polymeric hydroformylation alcohol or aldehyde reaction product which is formed by the reaction of: a polyolefin having Mn of about 300 to 10,000 and derived from a monomer of the formula H2C=CHR4, wherein R4 is hydrogen or a straight or branched chain alkyl radical; hydrogen;
and carbon monoxide in the presence of a hydroformylation catalyst. Preferably, the polyolefin has at least 30% terminal vinylidene unsaturation.
The hydroformylation reaction preferably occurs at a temperature in the range between about 25 to 200°C and a pressure in the range between about 1 to 350 bars.
This hydroformylation reaction is, optionally, followed by reductive amination of the hydroformylation polymeric reaction product, whereby a saturated polymer having an alkylamino substituent is formed.
Alternatively, an alkylamino substituted polymer dispersant can be formed in a single step aminomethylation process wherein an amine is mixed together with the polymer and syn gases in the presence of a noble metal catalyst. The noble metal catalyst is preferably selected from the group consisting of:
rhodium, ruthenium, rhenium and mixtures thereof. This aminomethylation reaction typically occurs at a temperature in the range between about 25 to 200°C and a pressure in the range between about 1 to 100 bars.
The polymeric hydroformylation reaction product can be further cyanoalkylated and hydrogenated to obtain an aminated polymer.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Unique polymeric aldehydes and alcohols can be synthesized by the hydroformylation of polyolefins formed from the reaction product of alkene and a-olefin (up to C16) monomers in the presence of a metallocene catalyst. Preferred polyolefins are ethylene/a-olefin homopolymers and copolymers, a propylene/butene-1 copolymer, or a butene-1 polyolefin. These polymeric aldehydes and alcohols are particularly useful as products or intermediates for lubrication and fuel dispersants.
The hydroformylation reaction of an ethylene-a-olefin polymer (EP), carbon monoxide, and hydrogen in ;~i 8 3 ~ 7 L;' the presence of dicobalt octacarbonyl catalyst (Co) is set forth below, wherein the hydroformylation step is followed by a reductive amination step to produce amine derivatives of the resultant polymeric aldehyde product.
The hydroformylation and reductive amination process is hereafter referred to as "the two step process".
CH3 Co C
C ~H2 + H2 + CO ~ CHCHZCH (Hydroformylation) / /
Ep EP
CH3 q CH3 CHCHyCH + H2N~' -'~' CHCHZCH ~l~' + HZO
/ /
EP EP
(Reduca~e Amination) CH3 ~H3 CHCH2CH~1~' H~ CHCHyCHZNH~' /
EP EP
to It is also possible, and in many instances preferable, to conduct a single (or "one step process") aminomethylation step wherein a higher conversion of the aldehyde to its derivatized amine product is observed.
An aminomethylation reaction in the presence of a rhodium dicarbonyl acetylacetonate catalyst is set forth below.
~ , L_ I ~ ~ ~ r t_ H3C H CH Rh(CO)2AcAc fH3~ H CH3 CH3-C-C ~C-CH3 ' CH3-C-C-C ~H2 120-150°C
CH3-C-C-C ~H2 + (CH3)ZNCH2CH2CH2NH2 1 I HZ/CO (1,000 psi) CH3-C-CH2-CH-CH2-CHz-N-CH2-CHZ-CH2-N(CH3)2 +H20 I
C H3-C-C H2-C HiC H2-C HZ-N-C H2-C H2-C H-C H2-C-C-C H3 CH3 CHzCH2CH2N(CH3)2 CH3 The overall aminomethylation process can be formally divided into three reactions. The first is hydroformylation leading to the formation of a polymeric aldehyde followed by condensation, resulting in the intermediate formation of Schiff's base or enamine, and subsequently hydrogenation of the C=N or C=C-N bond, respectively, producing the desired end product amine.
IO The typical aminomethylation mechanism is believed to be as follows:
AMENOEt? SHEET
WO 95/24431 ~ ~ PCTlUS95/02519 HRhICO)4 -.,~- HRh(CO)3 + CO
R'CH =CH 2 + HRhICO)3 ---~ R'CH ~H 2 HRhiCO)3 COMZ
HRh(CO)3 + R'CHZCH2CH0 ~E-- R'CH2CH2Rh(CO)3 HNZ N~
RCH2CHCH ~I N\ H2~ RCH2CH2CH2NH N~
The present inventors have discovered that when the one step aminomethylation process is used to produce polyamines from metallocene catalyzed a-olefin polymers, it is less desirable to use a cobalt catalyst as the hydroformylation catalyst. That is, the cobalt catalyst is altered when an amine is added thereto. This is because the amine deactivates the cobalt catalyst, thereby making it ineffective as a hydrogenation catalyst and thus inhibiting hydroformylation. It is necessary when running the one step aminomethylation process to use a catalyst of rhodium, ruthenium, rhenium or mixtures thereof, which does not deactivate in the presence of amines. A preferred catalyst is rhodium with or without ligands, such as phosphines. Phosphines containing a carboxylic acid group can be used to change the solubility characteristics of the rhodium by alternatively neutralizing and acidifying as a means of recovering the rhodium. The rhodium can be anchored to solid substances as well. One suitable method is through the use of phosphines containing sulfonate ~y i_ ~ c. .
groups which can be anchored on macroporous glass substrates.
Cobalt catalysts can still be used in the two step process, so long as there is a cobalt catalyst recovery 5 step prior to the reductive amination of the resulting polymeric aldehyde and alcohol. However, the two step process has the additional drawbacks of (1) paraffin formation may be unacceptably high, and (2) conversion to the selected polymeric amine will be reduced by the 1o need to avoid alcohol formation.
METALLOCENE CATALYST
The catalyst for the production of polyolefins is preferably a bulky ligand transition metal compound.
The bulky ligand may contain a multiplicity of bonded atoms, preferably carbon atoms, forming a group which may be cyclic with one or more optional heteroatoms.
The bulky ligand may be a cyclopentadienyl derivative which can be mono- or polynuclear. One or more bulky ligands may be bonded to the transition metal atom. The transition metal atom may be a Group IV, V or VI
transition metal comprehensively presented in "Advanced Inorganic Chemistry," F.A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, Fifth Edition, 1988, John Wiley & Sons). Other ligands may be bonded to the transition metal, preferably detachable by a cocatalyst such as a hydrocarbyl or halogen leaving group. The catalyst is derivable from a compound of the formula:
[L]mM[X]n wherein L is the bulky ligand, X is the leaving group, M
is the transition metal and m and n are such that the total ligand valency corresponds to the transition metal valency. Preferably the catalyst is four coordinate WO 95/24431 ~ PCT1US95/02519 such that the compound is ionizable to a 1+ valency state.
The ligands L and X may be bridged to each other and if two ligands L and/or X are present, they may be bridged. The metallocenes may be full-sandwich compounds having two ligands L which are cyclopentadienyl groups or half-sandwich compounds having one ligand L only which is a cylcopentadienyl group.
For the purposes of this patent specification the term "metallocene" is defined to contain one or more cyclopentadienyl moiety in combination with a transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements. In one embodiment the metallocene catalyst component is represented by the general formula (Cp)mMRnR'p wherein Cp is a substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl ring; M is a Group IV, V or VI transition metal; R and R' are independently selected halogen, hydrocarbyl group, or hydrocarboxyl groups having 1-20 carbon atoms;
m=1-3, n=0-3, p=0-3, and the sum of m + n + p equals the oxidation state of M. In another embodiment the metallocene catalyst is represented by the formulas:
(C5R~m)pR°s~C5R~m)MeQ3_p-x Rns(CSR~m)2MeQ~
wherein Me is a Group IV, V, or VI transition metal, C5R'm is a substituted cyclopentadienyl each R', which can be the same or different as hydrogen, alkenyl, aryl alkaryl or arylalkyl radical having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms or two carbon atoms joined together to form a part of a C4 to C6 ring, R" is one or more of or a combination of carbon, germanium, silicon, phosphorous WO 95/24431 PCTlUS95/02519 r or nitrogen atom containing radical substituting on and bridging two C5R"m rings or bridging one C5R'm ring back to Me, when p=0 and x=1 otherwise x is always equal to 0, each Q which can be the same or different as an aryl alkyl, alkenyl, alkaryl, or arylalkyl radical having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms or halogen, Q' is an alkylidene radical having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, s is 0 or 1 and when s is 0, m is 5 and p is 0, 1 or 2 and when s is 1, m is 4 and p is 1.
to Various forms of the catalyst system of the metallocene type may be used in the polymerization process of this invention. Exemplary of the development of metallocene catalysts in the art for polymerization of ethylene is the disclosure of US-A 4871705 (Hoel), US-A 4937299 (Ewen et al.), EP-A 0129368, published on July 26, 1989, and US-A 5017714 and US-A 5120867 to Welborn, Jr. These publications teach the structure of the metallocene catalysts and include alumoxane as the co-catalyst. There are a variety of methods for preparing alumoxane, one of which is described in US-A
4665208.
For purposes of this patent specification, the terms "co-catalysts" or "activators" are used interchangeably and are defined to be any compound or component which can activate a bulky ligand transition metal compound. In one embodiment the activators generally contain a metal of Group II and III of the Periodic Table of Elements. In the preferred embodiment, the bulky transition metal compounds are metallocenes, which are activated by trialkylaluminum compounds, alumoxanes both linear and cyclic, or ionizing ionic activators or compounds such as tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetra(pentafluorophenyl)boron, which ionize the neutral metallocene compound. Such ionizing pCTIUS95/02519 compounds may contain an active proton, or some other cation associated with but not coordinated, or only loosely coordinated to the remaining ion of the ionizing ionic compound. Such compounds are described in EP-A
0520732, EP-A 0277003 and EP-A 0277004, published on August 3, 1988, and US-A 5153157, US-A 5198401 and US-A
5241025. Further, the metallocene catalyst component can be a monocyclopentadienyl heteroatom containing compound. This heteroatom is activated by either an l0 alumoxane or an ionic activator to form an active polymerization catalyst system to produce polymers useful in this invention. These types of catalyst systems are described in, for example, WO-A 92/00333 published January 9, 1992, US-A 5057475, US-A 5096867, US-A 5055438 and US-A 5227440, and EP-A 91/04257. In addition, the metallocene catalyst useful in this invention can include non-cyclopentadienyl catalyst components, or ancillary ligands such as boroles or carbollides in combination with a transition metal.
2o Additionally, it is not beyond the scope of this invention that the catalysts and catalyst systems may be those described in US-A 5064802 and WO-A 93/08221 and WO-A 93/08199 published April 29, 1993. All the catalyst systems of the invention may be, optionally, prepolymerized or used in conjunction with an additive or scavenging component to enhance catalytic productivity.
Preferred metallocene catalysts according to the 3o present invention include: racemic[1,1'-dimethyl-silanylene-bis(3-methylcyclopentadienyl)] zirconium dichloride; [1,1'-dimethylsilanylene-bis(indenyl)]
zirconiumdichloride; [1,1'-dimethylsilanylene-bis(4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindenyl)] zirconium dichloride;
[1,1'-(1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilanylene)-bis(3-methylcyclopentadienyl)] zirconium dichloride; [1,1'-i ~ ~ r~.. ~l ~ 1 (1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilanylene)-bis(4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindenyl)] zirconium dichloride; [1,1'-dimethylsilanylene-bis(3-trimethylsilanylcyclo-pentadien)] zirconium dichloride; [1,1'-(1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilanylene)-bis(3-trimethylsilanylcyclo-pentadienyl)] zirconium dichloride; [1,1'-(1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxanylene)-bis(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-indenyl)] zirconium dichloride; [1,1'-(1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-1,4-disilanylbutylene)-bis(4,5,6,7-to tetrahydroindenyl)] zirconium dichloride; [1,1'-(2,2-dimethyl-2-silapropylene)-bis(3-methylcyclopentadienyl)]
zirconium dichloride.
POLYMERB
The polymers can be prepared by polymerizing monomer mixtures comprising ethylene and a-olefins, preferably from 3 to 4 carbon atoms, but up to 16 carbon atoms, in the presence of a metallocene catalyst system comprising at least one metallocene (e.g., a cyclopentadienyl-transition metal compound) and an activator, e.g., alumoxane compound. The comonomer content can be controlled through selection of the metallocene catalyst component and by controlling partial pressure or concentration of the monomers.
Polymers of the invention can be prepared by polymerizing monomer mixtures including polyenes such as dienes including 1,4-hexadiene, dicyclopentadiene, methyl hexadiene, 4-vinyl cyclohexene, ethylidene norbornene, and others. The polyenes preferably contain 3-16 carbon atoms.
so The interpolymers can be prepared using a conventional Ziegler or other catalyst, or a metallocene catalyst such as those described above. See US-A 5191052 (Welborn) and US-A 5229478 (Floyd et al.) for a description of metallocene polymerization incorporating polyenes, especially dienes. In one embodiment, the polymers nave terminal (especially vinylidene) unsaturation and optionally 3s other unsaturation. In either case, such polymers are suitable to prepare products with terminal aldehyde, hydroxyl, or alkylamino substituents. Interpolymers c~ ! (,~ J ( / ~~
incorporating a minor amount of polyene, such as diene, .' are available. A usable range is about 1-20 wt. percent polyene.
5 As such, the polymers which are useful in the present invention are polymers containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond (olefinic or ethylenic) unsaturation. Thus, the maximum number of functional groups per polymer chain is limited by the number of 10 double bonds per chain.
Useful polymers in the present invention include polyalkenes including homopolymers, cvpoly-mers (used interchangably with interpolymer) and mixtures.
15 Homopolymers and interpolymers include those derived , from polymerizable olefin monomers of 2 to about 16 carbon atoms; usually 2 to about 6 carbon atoms.
Particular~reference is made to the a-olefin ..
polymers made using organometallic coordination compounds. A particularly preferred class of polymers are ethylene-a-olefin copolymers such as those disclosed in US-A 5017299. The polymer unsaturation can be terminal, internal or both. Preferred polymers have terminal unsaturation, preferably a high degree of terminal unsaturation. Terminal unsaturation is the unsaturation provided by the last monomer unit located in the polymer. The unsaturation can be located anywhere in this terminal monomer unit. Terminal olefinic groups include vinylidene (i.e., ethenylidene) unsaturation, RaRbC=CH2~ trisubstituted olefin unsaturation, RaRbC=CRcH; vinyl unsaturation, RaHC=CH2;
1,2-disubstituted terminal unsaturation, RaHC=CHRb; and tetra-substituted terminal unsaturation, RaRbC=CRcRd.
At least one of Ra and Rb is a polymeric group of the present invention, and the remaining Rb, Rc and Rd are r~t~~1EiJDEu ~ryL1' hydrocarbyl groups such as straight or branched alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, or substituted hydrocarbyl.
A polymer employed in this invention comprises polymer chains, at least about 30 percent of which possess terminal vinylidene unsaturation. Preferably at least about 50 percent, more preferably at least about 60 percent, and most preferably at least about 75 percent (e. g., 75-980), of such polymer chains exhibit terminal vinylidene unsaturation. The percentage of polymer chains exhibiting terminal vinylidene unsaturation may be determined by FTIR spectroscopic analysis, titration, or C13NMR.
The olefin monomers are preferably polymerizable terminal olefins; that is, olefins characterized by the presence in their structure of the group R-C=CH2, where R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group. However, polymerizable internal olefin monomers (sometimes referred to in the literature as medial olefins) characterized by the presence within their structure of the group:
~C-C ~-C ~
can also be used to form the polyalkenes. When internal olefin monomers are employed, they normally will be employed with terminal olefins to produce polyalkenes which are interpolymers. For this invention, a particular polymerized olefin, will be deemed a terminal olefin. Thus, pentadiene-1,3 (i.e., piperylene) is deemed to be a terminal olefin.
While the polyalkenes generally are hydrocarbon polyalkenes, they can contain substituted hydrocarbon W0 95/2A431 ) -i 8 ~~ ~,~ PCT/US95102519 a._r groups such as lower alkoxy, lower alkyl mercapto, hydroxyl, mercapto, and carbonyl, provided the non-hydrocarbon moieties do not substantially interfere with the functionalization or derivatization reaction of this invention. When present, such substituted hydrocarbon groups nonaally will not contribute more than about 10%
by weight of the total weight of the polyalkenes. Since the polyalkene can contain such non-hydrocarbon substituent, it is apparent that the olefin monomers to from which the polyalkenes are made can also contain such substituents. As used herein, the term "lower"
when used with a chemical group such as in "lower alkyl"
or "lower alkoxy" is intended to describe groups having up to seven carbon atoms.
The polyalkenes may include aromatic groups and cycloaliphatic groups such as would be obtained from polymerizable cyclic olefins or cycloaliphatic substituted-polymerizable acrylic olefins. There is a 2o general preference for polyalkenes derived from homopolymers and copolymers of terminal hydrocarbon olefins of 2 to 16 carbon atoms. This further preference is qualified by the proviso that, while interpolymers of terminal olefins are usually preferred, interpolymers optionally containing up to about 40% of polymer units derived from internal olefins of up to about 16 carbon atoms are also within a preferred group.
A more preferred class of polyalkenes are those selected from the group consisting of homopolymers and interpolymers of terminal olefins of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms. However, another preferred class of polyalkenes are the latter, more preferred polyalkenes optionally containing up to about 25% of polymer units derived from internal olefins of up to about 6 carbon atoms.
i8 Specific examples of terminal monomers which can be used to prepare the polyalkenes include ethylene, propylene, butene-1, pentene-1, butadiene-1,3, and pentadiene-1,3.
Useful polymers include a-olefin homopolymers and interpolymers, and ethylene-a-olefin copolymers and terpolymers. Specific examples of polyalkenes include polypropylenes, poly-1-butenes, ethylene-propylene copolymers, ethylene-1-butene copolymers, and propylene-1-butene copolymers.
Preferred polymers are polymers of ethylene and at least one a-olefin having the formula H2C=CHR4 wherein R'~ is a straight chain or branched chain alkyl radical comprising 0 to 14 carbon atoms and wherein the polymer contains a high degree of terminal vinylidene unsaturation. Preferably, R4 in the above formula is alkyl of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms and more preferably is alkyl of from 1 to 2 carbon atoms. Therefore, useful comonomers with ethylene in this invention include propylene, 1-butane, hexane-1, octane-l, etc., and mixtures thereof (e.g., mixtures of propylene and 1-butene, and the like). Preferred polymers are copolymers of ethylene and propylene and ethylene and butane-1.
The molar ethylene content of the polymers employed is preferably in the range of between about 20 to about 80%, and more preferably between about 30 to about 70%.
When butane-1 is employed as a comonomer with ethylene, the ethylene content of such a copolymer is most preferably between about 20 to about 45 weight %, although higher or lower ethylene contents may be present. The most preferred ethylene-butane-1 copolymers are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,498,809 . CA 02183270 2005-04-08 (corresponding to WO 9419463), filed December 17, 1992. The preferred method for making low molecular weight ethylene-a-olefin copolymers is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,705,577 (corresponding to WO 9413715), filed December 17, 1992.
In one aspect of the invention the polyolefin is an interpolymer derived from a polyene. Preferred polyene monomers include the dienes such as, 1,4-hexadiene, dicyclopentadiene, methyl hexadiene, 4-methyl to cyclohexene, and ethylidiene norbornene.
Preferred ranges of number average molecular weights of polymers for use as precursors for dispersants are from 300 to 10,000, preferably from 700 to 5,000, most preferably from 1,500 to 3,000. A
convenient method for such determination is by size exclusive chromatography (also known as gel permeation chromatograph (GPC)) which additionally provides molecular weight distribution information. Such polymers generally possess an intrinsic viscosity (as measured in tetralin at 135°C) of between 0.025 and 0.6 dl/g, preferably between 0.05 and 0.5 dl/g, most preferably between 0.075 and 0.4 dl/g. These polymers preferably exhibit a degree of crystallinity such that, when grafted, they are essentially amorphous.
The preferred ethylene-a-olefin polymers are further characterized in that up to about 95% and more of the polymer chains possess terminal vinylidene-type unsaturation. Thus, one end of such polymers will be of the formula POLY-C(R11)=CH2 wherein R11 is Cl to Clg alkyl, preferably Cl to Cg alkyl, and more preferably methyl or ethyl and wherein POLY represents the polymer chain. A minor amount of the polymer chain can contain terminal ethenyl unsaturation, i.e., POLY-CH=CH2, and a portion of the polymers can contain internal mono WO 95/24431 ';;! °r:~ ,~ ~ PCT/US95/02519 c~_ ; ~ l!
unsaturation, e.g., POLY-CH=CH(R11), wherein R11 is as deffined above.
AMINES
5 Suitable amines for use in forming fuel additives or detergents are disclosed in US-A 3438757 (Honnen et al.) and include N-substituted amines and alkylene polyamines.
10 Illustrative compositions of desired N-substituted amines include, but are not limited to, polypropenyl amine, polyisobutenyl amine, N-polyisobutenyl dimethylamine, N-polyisobutenyl methylethylamine, N-polypropenyl diethylamine, N-polypropenyl di(2-t5 hydroxyethyl) amine, N-polyisobutenyl N-methyl aniline, N-polyisobutenyl morpholine, N-polyisobutenyl piperidiene, N-poly(1-butene) propylamine, N-poly-propenyl N-(2-hydroxyethyl) amine, etc.
2o Preferred alkylene polyamines which are substituted with the hydrocarbon radical may be derived from such alkylene amines as ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, tetraethylene pentamine, nonaethylene decamine, 1,2-propylene diamine, tetramethylene diamine, etc .
In many instances a single compound will not be used as a reactant in the preparation of the dispersants of the present invention. That is, mixtures will be used in which one or two compounds will predominate and the average composition or molecular weight is indicated. Illustrative compounds within the above formula are as follows: N-polyisobutenyl ethylene diamine, N-polypropenyl ethylene diamine, N-poly(1-butenyl)ethylene diamine, N-(alternating copolymers of ethylene and isobutylene rnay be achieved by the cationic ~ 8~~ l' "~
polymerization of 4-methylpentene-1), N-poly(1-pentenyl) diethylene triamine, N-polypropenyl trimethylene diamine, N-polyisobutenyi trimethylene diamine, N-polypropenyl di-(trimethylene) triamine, N-polyiso-butenyl di(trimethylene)triamine, N-polyisobutenyl 1,2-propylene diamine, N-polyisobutenyl di(1,2-propylene) triamine, N-polypropenyl triethylene tetramine, N-polyisobutenyl triethylene tetramine, N-(alternating copolymer of ethylene and isobutylene) triethylene l0 tetramine, N-polypropenyl tetraethylene pentamine, N-polyisobutenyl tetraethylene pentamine, N-polyisobutenyl pentaethylene hexamine, etc.
The following polyhydrocarbon radical substituted alkylene polyamine compositions are also desirable:
N,N'di(polypropenyl)diethylene triamine, N,N'-di(poly-isobutenyl) diethylene triamine, N,N'-di(polyisobutenyl) triethylene tetramine, N,N'-di(polypropenyl) tetra-ethylene pentamine, N'N'-di(polyisobutenyl) tetra-ethylene pentamine, N,N',N'-tri(polyisobutenyl) tetraethylene pentamine, N,N'-di(polyisobutenyl) 2-aminoethylpiperazine, N,N'-di(poly-1-butenyl)triethylene tetramine, N,N'-di(polyisobutenyl) di(trimethylene) triamine, etc.
The preferred compositions for use in making fuel detergents are those having the straight chain alkylene polyamines, particularly ethylene diamine and polyethylene polyamines.
Amines which are useful in forming dispersants for use in lubricating applications are set forth in US-A-4234435 (Meinhardt). The amine for use in forming lubricating dispersants, characterized by the presence within its structure of at least one H-N< group, can be a monoamine or polyamine compound. Preferably, the WO 95/24431 PCT/US95i02519 ~_ 8 amine contains at least one primary amino groups (i.e., -NH2) and more preferably the amine is a polyamine, especially a polyamine containing at least two H-N<
groups, either or both of which are primary or secondary amines.
The amines can be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic, including aliphatic-substituted cycloaliphatic, aliphatic-substituted aromatic, aliphatic-substituted heterocyclic, cycloaliphatic-substituted aliphatic, cycloaliphatic-substituted aromatic, cycloaliphatic-substituted heterocyclic, aromatic-substituted aliphatic, aromatic-substituted cycloaliphatic, aromatic-substituted heterocyclic, heterocyclic-substituted aliphatic, heterocyclic-substituted alicyclic, and heterocyclic-substituted aromatic amines and may be saturated or unsaturated. If unsaturated, the amine will be free from acetylenic unsaturation (i.e., -C=C-). The amines may also contain non-hydrocarbon substituents or groups.
With the exception of the branched polyalkylene polyamine, the polyoxyalkylene polyamines, and the high molecular weight hydrocarbyl-substituted amines, the amines ordinarily contain less than about 40 carbon atoms in total and usually not more than about 20 carbon atoms in total.
The additives, particularly those adapted for use 3o as dispersants or viscosity modifiers, can be incorporated into a lubricating oil in any convenient way. Thus, they can be added directly to the oil by dispersing or dissolving the same in the oil. Such blending into the additional lube oil can occur at room temperature or elevated temperatures. Alternatively the additives may be first formed into concentrates, which ~ i 83~ I U
are in turn blended into the oil. Such dispersant concentrates will typically contain as active ingredients from 10 to 80 wt. %, typically 20 to 60 wt.
%, and preferably from 40 to 50 wt. %, additive, (based on the concentrate weight) in base oil.
The additives may be mixed with other additives selected to perform at least one desired function.
Typical of such additional additives are detergents, ' to viscosity modifiers, wear inhibitors, oxidation inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, friction modifiers, foam inhibitors, rust inhibitors, demulsifiers, antioxidants, lube oil flow improvers, and seal swell control agents.
When other additives are employed, it may be desirable, although not necessary, to prepare additive concentrates or packages comprising concentrated solutions or dispersions of the subject additives of 2o this invention together with one or more of the other additives. Dissolution of the additive concentrate into lubricating oil may be facilitated by solvents and by mixing accompanied with mild heating, but this in not essential. The final formulations may employ typically 2 to 20 wt. %, e.g., about 10 wt. %, of the additive package with the remainder being base oil.
(Comparative) 3o This example compares the conversion of various polymeric olefins to polymeric aldehydes under hydroformylating conditions. The polymers were (1) a boron trifluoride catalyzed cationic reactive polyisobutylene, (2) an ethylene-propylene copolymer according to the present invention, (3) a polybutuene-1, and (4) an aluminum chloride catalyzed polyisobutylene.
I ~r /r L ~ 1... ,. ._. ~' 1.1 Each polymer was separately charged, at room temperature, into a a rocking, two liter stainless steel autoclave fitted with internal cooling coils, together with a dicobalt octacarbonyl catalyst. The autoclave was then sealed and pressurized with 1,000 prig (6.996 x 106 N/m2) of carbon monoxide and hydrogen (volume ratio of 1/1). The autoclave was then heated to 120°C for 5 hours with rocking to the indicated reaction time, cooled to room temperature and then the contents were removed. The product was demetaled of cobalt by shaking over a 30 minute period with 300 ml of l0 wt.% aqueous acetic acid at 30 to 45°C in an atmosphere of air at one atmosphere pressure. The demetaling procedure was repeated twice with fresh aqueous acetic acid. The product was then washed three times with water and the solvent removed under vacuum by heating at 40 to 70°C.
Conversion was determined by the standard AI test. The results are set forth below in Table 1.
Table 1 Polymer Heptane CatalystPercent of Conversion SampleMn rams rams rams to Polymeric A ldehyde 1 1000 284.7 751.7 4.5 30.9 2 1000 307.3 665.5 4.5 70.8 3 500 388.3 657.6 5.6 18.4 4 1000 380.0 688.9 6.0 37.6 Table 1 compares the conversion to hydroformylated products of three types of polybutenes to that of the metallocene catalyzed ethylene-propylene copolymer of the present invention. The lower heating temperature of 120°C tends to favor aldehyde rather than alcohol formation. The yield of functionalized ethylene-WO 95/24431 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ PCT/U895/02519 propylene copolymer was almost twice that observed with any of the functionalized polybutene polymers.
3:RAMPLE 2 s (Comparativ~) This example compares the conversion of various polymeric olefins to polymeric alcohols under hydroformylating conditions. The polymers were (1) a boron trifluoride catalyzed cationic reactive 10 polyisobutylene, (2) an ethylene-propylene copolymer according to the present invention, (3) a polybutene-1, and (4) an aluminum chloride catalyzed polyisobutylene.
Each polymer was separately charged, at room temperature, into a rocking, two liter stainless steel 15 autoclave fitted with internal cooling coils, together with a dicobalt octacarbonyl catalyst. The autoclave was then sealed and pressurized with 1,000 psig (6.996 x 106 N/m2) of carbon monoxide and hydrogen (volume ratio of 1/1). The autoclave was then heated to 170°C for 5 2o hours with rocking to the indicated reaction time, cooled to room temperature and then the contents were removed. The product was demetaled of cobalt by shaking over a 30 minute period with 300 ml of 10 wt. % aqueous acetic acid at 30 to 45°C in an atmosphere of air at one 25 atmosphere pressure. The demetaling procedure was repeated twice with fresh aqueous acetic acid. The product was then washed three times with water and the solvent removed under vacuum by heating at 40 to 70°C.
3o Next, the polymeric aldehydes in the demetaled, reaction product were reduced to alcohols by treatment with sodium borohydride. This was by addition of 10 to 15 grams of sodium borohydride powder and 50 to 100 ml of isopropanol, with stirring, for two to three hours (with cooling from an ice bath to maintain the exothermic reaction at 45 to 50°C). The product was WO 95124431 . ~ ' ~ PCT/US95I02519 ~I~,~~~l~~
then filtered, using filter aid on paper, washed with water, 5% aqueous hydrochloric acid, and then twice more with water. Next, the solvent and isopropanol residue were removed under vacuum by heating at 40 to 70°C.
Conversion was determined by the standard AI test. The results are set forth below in Table 2.
Tabie 2 Polymer Heptane Catalyst Percent of Conversion Sample Mn rams rams rams to Polymeric Aldehvde I 1000 383.9 725.8 6.2 68.4 2 1000 391.4 703.6 6.5 82.9 3 500 389.7 664.7 6.1 47.7 4 1000 495.0 525.0 7.0 71.9 Table 2 compares the conversion to hydroformylated products of three types of polybutenes to that of the metallocene catalyzed ethylene-propylene copolymer of the present invention. The higher heating temperature of 170°C tends to favor alcohol rather than aldehyde formation. The reaction products were further reduced with sodium borohydride to convert any remaining aldehyde to alcohol. The yield of functionalized ethylene-propylene copolymer was substantially higher than that observed with any of the functionalized polybutene polymers.
~PLE 3 30 grams of an ethylene-propylene copolymer formed in accordance with the present invention containing about 85% vinylidene olefin structure and having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 1600 was combined with 30 grams of hexane, 3.8 grams of 3-i 4'j dimethylamino propylamine and 26 mg of rhodium dicarbonyl acetylacetonate (Rh(CO)2AcAc). The reaction mixture was pressured to 1,000 psig (6.996 x 106 N/m2) with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a 1/1 ratio and heated at 150°C for 28 hours.
Solvent and excess amine were removed by heating and vacuum. The polymer product contained 86% aminated polymer (active ingredient) determined by column chromatography. Elemental nitrogen .by duplicate analysis was 1.37% (1.63% theory for 100% conversion).
Example 3 was repeated using a cationic polymer of poly-n-butene (PNB). This polymer has a high trisubstituted olefin content and a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 559. After 28 hours reaction time, the product contained only 39% aminated polymer.
Example 3 above was repeated using a 42 hcur reaction time. The conversion (AI) was 90.0% and elemental nitrogen was 1.36%.
The method of Example 3 above was repeated using an ethylene-butene polymer with a number average weight of 2,000. The product had an aminated pol~-mer content of 83.2% and an elemental nitrogen content of 1.03%.
The method of Example 3 above was repeated using 6.5 mg of catalyst and a 120°C reaction temperature.
The product had an aminated polymer content of 88.1% and an elemental nitrogen content of 1.41%.
~IP~IL~~fl~~ Si-iLtT
L! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~!' The method of Example 3 above was repeated using a butylene-propylene polymer with a number average weight of 2,140. The product had an aminated polymer content of 69.3% and an elemental nitrogen content of 0.64%.
The method of Example 3 above was repeated using aminoethylpiperazine as the amine (2 mole of amine per 1o mole of ethylene-butene polymer) and 52 mg of catalyst.
The product had an aminated polymer content of 88.8% and an elemental nitrogen content of 2.07% (theory 2.43%).
The method of Example 3 above was repeated using 105 mg of triphenylphosphine ligand and 52 mg of catalyst. The product had an aminated polymer content of 77.9% and an elemental nitrogen content of 1.18%.
ERAMPLE 1~
The method of Example 3 above was repeated using a 1-butene polymer prepared via a metallocene catalyst with a number average weight of 978. The product had an aminated polymer content of 66.5% and an elemental nitrogen content of 1.60%.
A One-Step Aminomethylation With A Diene-Containing TerpOlymer An ethylene-propylene-dicyclopentadiene terpolymer, (30g) containing 9.o wt.% dicyclopentadiene, an ethylene/propylene ratio of 48/52, and a Brookfield viscosity at 100°C of60,000 CPS was dissolved in heptane (30g) and combined with dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAP) in an autoclave under an inert (N2) atmosphere. Then i~~ ~ 8 3~ ~ ~. ~~
~Rh(CO)2AcAc 0.026 g in 20 g heptane was pressured into the autoclave with H2/CO 1:1, The pressure was raised to 1000 psig (6.996 x 106 N/m2) and the temperature to 150°C. Samples were removed periodicaly and solvent and unreacted DMAP removed by means of a Kugelrohr at high vacuum. The amination was followed by means of elemental nitrogen analysis. The results are tabulated below.
Run Time fHrs,~ % Nitrogen 1 0.70 3 1.32 5 1.36 7 1»76 ' 24 1.89 28 1.93 (1.910 N2 is Theoretical 100 conversion Example 13 A TWO-Step Aminomethylation with a Diene-Containing Terpolymer 1~
A solution of 175 of the olefin polymer of Example 12 in 175 g heptane was placed in an autoclave under an inert atmosphere and 3g of Co2(CO)g in 75g heptane was pressured into the reactor which was then heated and stirred at 120°C and 1500 psig (10.494 x 106 N/m2) H2/CO, 1:_1 gas, 4 hours. Then 50g of DMAP was added and heating continued for an additional hour at 2000 psig gas pressure. The aminated product was divided into two parts. One part was rotovaped and then heated in a 2~ Kugelrohr at 1.10°C to remove any volatiles and .: i~C.. ._ :.r WO 95124431 .- , PCT/US95/02519 ai832~r~~
noncombined amine. The second part was washed 3x with H20, dried with MgS04 followed by removal of volatiles as with part 1.
5 A~ta_lysis C H N
Part 1 82.09 12.41 1.40 Part 2 82.74 12.39 1.32 The imine is suitable for hydrogenation to the amine. Usually heterogeneous catalyst is preferred.
This hydroformylation reaction is, optionally, followed by reductive amination of the hydroformylation polymeric reaction product, whereby a saturated polymer having an alkylamino substituent is formed.
Alternatively, an alkylamino substituted polymer dispersant can be formed in a single step aminomethylation process wherein an amine is mixed together with the polymer and syn gases in the presence of a noble metal catalyst. The noble metal catalyst is preferably selected from the group consisting of:
rhodium, ruthenium, rhenium and mixtures thereof. This aminomethylation reaction typically occurs at a temperature in the range between about 25 to 200°C and a pressure in the range between about 1 to 100 bars.
The polymeric hydroformylation reaction product can be further cyanoalkylated and hydrogenated to obtain an aminated polymer.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Unique polymeric aldehydes and alcohols can be synthesized by the hydroformylation of polyolefins formed from the reaction product of alkene and a-olefin (up to C16) monomers in the presence of a metallocene catalyst. Preferred polyolefins are ethylene/a-olefin homopolymers and copolymers, a propylene/butene-1 copolymer, or a butene-1 polyolefin. These polymeric aldehydes and alcohols are particularly useful as products or intermediates for lubrication and fuel dispersants.
The hydroformylation reaction of an ethylene-a-olefin polymer (EP), carbon monoxide, and hydrogen in ;~i 8 3 ~ 7 L;' the presence of dicobalt octacarbonyl catalyst (Co) is set forth below, wherein the hydroformylation step is followed by a reductive amination step to produce amine derivatives of the resultant polymeric aldehyde product.
The hydroformylation and reductive amination process is hereafter referred to as "the two step process".
CH3 Co C
C ~H2 + H2 + CO ~ CHCHZCH (Hydroformylation) / /
Ep EP
CH3 q CH3 CHCHyCH + H2N~' -'~' CHCHZCH ~l~' + HZO
/ /
EP EP
(Reduca~e Amination) CH3 ~H3 CHCH2CH~1~' H~ CHCHyCHZNH~' /
EP EP
to It is also possible, and in many instances preferable, to conduct a single (or "one step process") aminomethylation step wherein a higher conversion of the aldehyde to its derivatized amine product is observed.
An aminomethylation reaction in the presence of a rhodium dicarbonyl acetylacetonate catalyst is set forth below.
~ , L_ I ~ ~ ~ r t_ H3C H CH Rh(CO)2AcAc fH3~ H CH3 CH3-C-C ~C-CH3 ' CH3-C-C-C ~H2 120-150°C
CH3-C-C-C ~H2 + (CH3)ZNCH2CH2CH2NH2 1 I HZ/CO (1,000 psi) CH3-C-CH2-CH-CH2-CHz-N-CH2-CHZ-CH2-N(CH3)2 +H20 I
C H3-C-C H2-C HiC H2-C HZ-N-C H2-C H2-C H-C H2-C-C-C H3 CH3 CHzCH2CH2N(CH3)2 CH3 The overall aminomethylation process can be formally divided into three reactions. The first is hydroformylation leading to the formation of a polymeric aldehyde followed by condensation, resulting in the intermediate formation of Schiff's base or enamine, and subsequently hydrogenation of the C=N or C=C-N bond, respectively, producing the desired end product amine.
IO The typical aminomethylation mechanism is believed to be as follows:
AMENOEt? SHEET
WO 95/24431 ~ ~ PCTlUS95/02519 HRhICO)4 -.,~- HRh(CO)3 + CO
R'CH =CH 2 + HRhICO)3 ---~ R'CH ~H 2 HRhiCO)3 COMZ
HRh(CO)3 + R'CHZCH2CH0 ~E-- R'CH2CH2Rh(CO)3 HNZ N~
RCH2CHCH ~I N\ H2~ RCH2CH2CH2NH N~
The present inventors have discovered that when the one step aminomethylation process is used to produce polyamines from metallocene catalyzed a-olefin polymers, it is less desirable to use a cobalt catalyst as the hydroformylation catalyst. That is, the cobalt catalyst is altered when an amine is added thereto. This is because the amine deactivates the cobalt catalyst, thereby making it ineffective as a hydrogenation catalyst and thus inhibiting hydroformylation. It is necessary when running the one step aminomethylation process to use a catalyst of rhodium, ruthenium, rhenium or mixtures thereof, which does not deactivate in the presence of amines. A preferred catalyst is rhodium with or without ligands, such as phosphines. Phosphines containing a carboxylic acid group can be used to change the solubility characteristics of the rhodium by alternatively neutralizing and acidifying as a means of recovering the rhodium. The rhodium can be anchored to solid substances as well. One suitable method is through the use of phosphines containing sulfonate ~y i_ ~ c. .
groups which can be anchored on macroporous glass substrates.
Cobalt catalysts can still be used in the two step process, so long as there is a cobalt catalyst recovery 5 step prior to the reductive amination of the resulting polymeric aldehyde and alcohol. However, the two step process has the additional drawbacks of (1) paraffin formation may be unacceptably high, and (2) conversion to the selected polymeric amine will be reduced by the 1o need to avoid alcohol formation.
METALLOCENE CATALYST
The catalyst for the production of polyolefins is preferably a bulky ligand transition metal compound.
The bulky ligand may contain a multiplicity of bonded atoms, preferably carbon atoms, forming a group which may be cyclic with one or more optional heteroatoms.
The bulky ligand may be a cyclopentadienyl derivative which can be mono- or polynuclear. One or more bulky ligands may be bonded to the transition metal atom. The transition metal atom may be a Group IV, V or VI
transition metal comprehensively presented in "Advanced Inorganic Chemistry," F.A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, Fifth Edition, 1988, John Wiley & Sons). Other ligands may be bonded to the transition metal, preferably detachable by a cocatalyst such as a hydrocarbyl or halogen leaving group. The catalyst is derivable from a compound of the formula:
[L]mM[X]n wherein L is the bulky ligand, X is the leaving group, M
is the transition metal and m and n are such that the total ligand valency corresponds to the transition metal valency. Preferably the catalyst is four coordinate WO 95/24431 ~ PCT1US95/02519 such that the compound is ionizable to a 1+ valency state.
The ligands L and X may be bridged to each other and if two ligands L and/or X are present, they may be bridged. The metallocenes may be full-sandwich compounds having two ligands L which are cyclopentadienyl groups or half-sandwich compounds having one ligand L only which is a cylcopentadienyl group.
For the purposes of this patent specification the term "metallocene" is defined to contain one or more cyclopentadienyl moiety in combination with a transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements. In one embodiment the metallocene catalyst component is represented by the general formula (Cp)mMRnR'p wherein Cp is a substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl ring; M is a Group IV, V or VI transition metal; R and R' are independently selected halogen, hydrocarbyl group, or hydrocarboxyl groups having 1-20 carbon atoms;
m=1-3, n=0-3, p=0-3, and the sum of m + n + p equals the oxidation state of M. In another embodiment the metallocene catalyst is represented by the formulas:
(C5R~m)pR°s~C5R~m)MeQ3_p-x Rns(CSR~m)2MeQ~
wherein Me is a Group IV, V, or VI transition metal, C5R'm is a substituted cyclopentadienyl each R', which can be the same or different as hydrogen, alkenyl, aryl alkaryl or arylalkyl radical having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms or two carbon atoms joined together to form a part of a C4 to C6 ring, R" is one or more of or a combination of carbon, germanium, silicon, phosphorous WO 95/24431 PCTlUS95/02519 r or nitrogen atom containing radical substituting on and bridging two C5R"m rings or bridging one C5R'm ring back to Me, when p=0 and x=1 otherwise x is always equal to 0, each Q which can be the same or different as an aryl alkyl, alkenyl, alkaryl, or arylalkyl radical having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms or halogen, Q' is an alkylidene radical having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, s is 0 or 1 and when s is 0, m is 5 and p is 0, 1 or 2 and when s is 1, m is 4 and p is 1.
to Various forms of the catalyst system of the metallocene type may be used in the polymerization process of this invention. Exemplary of the development of metallocene catalysts in the art for polymerization of ethylene is the disclosure of US-A 4871705 (Hoel), US-A 4937299 (Ewen et al.), EP-A 0129368, published on July 26, 1989, and US-A 5017714 and US-A 5120867 to Welborn, Jr. These publications teach the structure of the metallocene catalysts and include alumoxane as the co-catalyst. There are a variety of methods for preparing alumoxane, one of which is described in US-A
4665208.
For purposes of this patent specification, the terms "co-catalysts" or "activators" are used interchangeably and are defined to be any compound or component which can activate a bulky ligand transition metal compound. In one embodiment the activators generally contain a metal of Group II and III of the Periodic Table of Elements. In the preferred embodiment, the bulky transition metal compounds are metallocenes, which are activated by trialkylaluminum compounds, alumoxanes both linear and cyclic, or ionizing ionic activators or compounds such as tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetra(pentafluorophenyl)boron, which ionize the neutral metallocene compound. Such ionizing pCTIUS95/02519 compounds may contain an active proton, or some other cation associated with but not coordinated, or only loosely coordinated to the remaining ion of the ionizing ionic compound. Such compounds are described in EP-A
0520732, EP-A 0277003 and EP-A 0277004, published on August 3, 1988, and US-A 5153157, US-A 5198401 and US-A
5241025. Further, the metallocene catalyst component can be a monocyclopentadienyl heteroatom containing compound. This heteroatom is activated by either an l0 alumoxane or an ionic activator to form an active polymerization catalyst system to produce polymers useful in this invention. These types of catalyst systems are described in, for example, WO-A 92/00333 published January 9, 1992, US-A 5057475, US-A 5096867, US-A 5055438 and US-A 5227440, and EP-A 91/04257. In addition, the metallocene catalyst useful in this invention can include non-cyclopentadienyl catalyst components, or ancillary ligands such as boroles or carbollides in combination with a transition metal.
2o Additionally, it is not beyond the scope of this invention that the catalysts and catalyst systems may be those described in US-A 5064802 and WO-A 93/08221 and WO-A 93/08199 published April 29, 1993. All the catalyst systems of the invention may be, optionally, prepolymerized or used in conjunction with an additive or scavenging component to enhance catalytic productivity.
Preferred metallocene catalysts according to the 3o present invention include: racemic[1,1'-dimethyl-silanylene-bis(3-methylcyclopentadienyl)] zirconium dichloride; [1,1'-dimethylsilanylene-bis(indenyl)]
zirconiumdichloride; [1,1'-dimethylsilanylene-bis(4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindenyl)] zirconium dichloride;
[1,1'-(1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilanylene)-bis(3-methylcyclopentadienyl)] zirconium dichloride; [1,1'-i ~ ~ r~.. ~l ~ 1 (1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilanylene)-bis(4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindenyl)] zirconium dichloride; [1,1'-dimethylsilanylene-bis(3-trimethylsilanylcyclo-pentadien)] zirconium dichloride; [1,1'-(1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilanylene)-bis(3-trimethylsilanylcyclo-pentadienyl)] zirconium dichloride; [1,1'-(1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxanylene)-bis(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-indenyl)] zirconium dichloride; [1,1'-(1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-1,4-disilanylbutylene)-bis(4,5,6,7-to tetrahydroindenyl)] zirconium dichloride; [1,1'-(2,2-dimethyl-2-silapropylene)-bis(3-methylcyclopentadienyl)]
zirconium dichloride.
POLYMERB
The polymers can be prepared by polymerizing monomer mixtures comprising ethylene and a-olefins, preferably from 3 to 4 carbon atoms, but up to 16 carbon atoms, in the presence of a metallocene catalyst system comprising at least one metallocene (e.g., a cyclopentadienyl-transition metal compound) and an activator, e.g., alumoxane compound. The comonomer content can be controlled through selection of the metallocene catalyst component and by controlling partial pressure or concentration of the monomers.
Polymers of the invention can be prepared by polymerizing monomer mixtures including polyenes such as dienes including 1,4-hexadiene, dicyclopentadiene, methyl hexadiene, 4-vinyl cyclohexene, ethylidene norbornene, and others. The polyenes preferably contain 3-16 carbon atoms.
so The interpolymers can be prepared using a conventional Ziegler or other catalyst, or a metallocene catalyst such as those described above. See US-A 5191052 (Welborn) and US-A 5229478 (Floyd et al.) for a description of metallocene polymerization incorporating polyenes, especially dienes. In one embodiment, the polymers nave terminal (especially vinylidene) unsaturation and optionally 3s other unsaturation. In either case, such polymers are suitable to prepare products with terminal aldehyde, hydroxyl, or alkylamino substituents. Interpolymers c~ ! (,~ J ( / ~~
incorporating a minor amount of polyene, such as diene, .' are available. A usable range is about 1-20 wt. percent polyene.
5 As such, the polymers which are useful in the present invention are polymers containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond (olefinic or ethylenic) unsaturation. Thus, the maximum number of functional groups per polymer chain is limited by the number of 10 double bonds per chain.
Useful polymers in the present invention include polyalkenes including homopolymers, cvpoly-mers (used interchangably with interpolymer) and mixtures.
15 Homopolymers and interpolymers include those derived , from polymerizable olefin monomers of 2 to about 16 carbon atoms; usually 2 to about 6 carbon atoms.
Particular~reference is made to the a-olefin ..
polymers made using organometallic coordination compounds. A particularly preferred class of polymers are ethylene-a-olefin copolymers such as those disclosed in US-A 5017299. The polymer unsaturation can be terminal, internal or both. Preferred polymers have terminal unsaturation, preferably a high degree of terminal unsaturation. Terminal unsaturation is the unsaturation provided by the last monomer unit located in the polymer. The unsaturation can be located anywhere in this terminal monomer unit. Terminal olefinic groups include vinylidene (i.e., ethenylidene) unsaturation, RaRbC=CH2~ trisubstituted olefin unsaturation, RaRbC=CRcH; vinyl unsaturation, RaHC=CH2;
1,2-disubstituted terminal unsaturation, RaHC=CHRb; and tetra-substituted terminal unsaturation, RaRbC=CRcRd.
At least one of Ra and Rb is a polymeric group of the present invention, and the remaining Rb, Rc and Rd are r~t~~1EiJDEu ~ryL1' hydrocarbyl groups such as straight or branched alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, or substituted hydrocarbyl.
A polymer employed in this invention comprises polymer chains, at least about 30 percent of which possess terminal vinylidene unsaturation. Preferably at least about 50 percent, more preferably at least about 60 percent, and most preferably at least about 75 percent (e. g., 75-980), of such polymer chains exhibit terminal vinylidene unsaturation. The percentage of polymer chains exhibiting terminal vinylidene unsaturation may be determined by FTIR spectroscopic analysis, titration, or C13NMR.
The olefin monomers are preferably polymerizable terminal olefins; that is, olefins characterized by the presence in their structure of the group R-C=CH2, where R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group. However, polymerizable internal olefin monomers (sometimes referred to in the literature as medial olefins) characterized by the presence within their structure of the group:
~C-C ~-C ~
can also be used to form the polyalkenes. When internal olefin monomers are employed, they normally will be employed with terminal olefins to produce polyalkenes which are interpolymers. For this invention, a particular polymerized olefin, will be deemed a terminal olefin. Thus, pentadiene-1,3 (i.e., piperylene) is deemed to be a terminal olefin.
While the polyalkenes generally are hydrocarbon polyalkenes, they can contain substituted hydrocarbon W0 95/2A431 ) -i 8 ~~ ~,~ PCT/US95102519 a._r groups such as lower alkoxy, lower alkyl mercapto, hydroxyl, mercapto, and carbonyl, provided the non-hydrocarbon moieties do not substantially interfere with the functionalization or derivatization reaction of this invention. When present, such substituted hydrocarbon groups nonaally will not contribute more than about 10%
by weight of the total weight of the polyalkenes. Since the polyalkene can contain such non-hydrocarbon substituent, it is apparent that the olefin monomers to from which the polyalkenes are made can also contain such substituents. As used herein, the term "lower"
when used with a chemical group such as in "lower alkyl"
or "lower alkoxy" is intended to describe groups having up to seven carbon atoms.
The polyalkenes may include aromatic groups and cycloaliphatic groups such as would be obtained from polymerizable cyclic olefins or cycloaliphatic substituted-polymerizable acrylic olefins. There is a 2o general preference for polyalkenes derived from homopolymers and copolymers of terminal hydrocarbon olefins of 2 to 16 carbon atoms. This further preference is qualified by the proviso that, while interpolymers of terminal olefins are usually preferred, interpolymers optionally containing up to about 40% of polymer units derived from internal olefins of up to about 16 carbon atoms are also within a preferred group.
A more preferred class of polyalkenes are those selected from the group consisting of homopolymers and interpolymers of terminal olefins of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms. However, another preferred class of polyalkenes are the latter, more preferred polyalkenes optionally containing up to about 25% of polymer units derived from internal olefins of up to about 6 carbon atoms.
i8 Specific examples of terminal monomers which can be used to prepare the polyalkenes include ethylene, propylene, butene-1, pentene-1, butadiene-1,3, and pentadiene-1,3.
Useful polymers include a-olefin homopolymers and interpolymers, and ethylene-a-olefin copolymers and terpolymers. Specific examples of polyalkenes include polypropylenes, poly-1-butenes, ethylene-propylene copolymers, ethylene-1-butene copolymers, and propylene-1-butene copolymers.
Preferred polymers are polymers of ethylene and at least one a-olefin having the formula H2C=CHR4 wherein R'~ is a straight chain or branched chain alkyl radical comprising 0 to 14 carbon atoms and wherein the polymer contains a high degree of terminal vinylidene unsaturation. Preferably, R4 in the above formula is alkyl of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms and more preferably is alkyl of from 1 to 2 carbon atoms. Therefore, useful comonomers with ethylene in this invention include propylene, 1-butane, hexane-1, octane-l, etc., and mixtures thereof (e.g., mixtures of propylene and 1-butene, and the like). Preferred polymers are copolymers of ethylene and propylene and ethylene and butane-1.
The molar ethylene content of the polymers employed is preferably in the range of between about 20 to about 80%, and more preferably between about 30 to about 70%.
When butane-1 is employed as a comonomer with ethylene, the ethylene content of such a copolymer is most preferably between about 20 to about 45 weight %, although higher or lower ethylene contents may be present. The most preferred ethylene-butane-1 copolymers are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,498,809 . CA 02183270 2005-04-08 (corresponding to WO 9419463), filed December 17, 1992. The preferred method for making low molecular weight ethylene-a-olefin copolymers is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,705,577 (corresponding to WO 9413715), filed December 17, 1992.
In one aspect of the invention the polyolefin is an interpolymer derived from a polyene. Preferred polyene monomers include the dienes such as, 1,4-hexadiene, dicyclopentadiene, methyl hexadiene, 4-methyl to cyclohexene, and ethylidiene norbornene.
Preferred ranges of number average molecular weights of polymers for use as precursors for dispersants are from 300 to 10,000, preferably from 700 to 5,000, most preferably from 1,500 to 3,000. A
convenient method for such determination is by size exclusive chromatography (also known as gel permeation chromatograph (GPC)) which additionally provides molecular weight distribution information. Such polymers generally possess an intrinsic viscosity (as measured in tetralin at 135°C) of between 0.025 and 0.6 dl/g, preferably between 0.05 and 0.5 dl/g, most preferably between 0.075 and 0.4 dl/g. These polymers preferably exhibit a degree of crystallinity such that, when grafted, they are essentially amorphous.
The preferred ethylene-a-olefin polymers are further characterized in that up to about 95% and more of the polymer chains possess terminal vinylidene-type unsaturation. Thus, one end of such polymers will be of the formula POLY-C(R11)=CH2 wherein R11 is Cl to Clg alkyl, preferably Cl to Cg alkyl, and more preferably methyl or ethyl and wherein POLY represents the polymer chain. A minor amount of the polymer chain can contain terminal ethenyl unsaturation, i.e., POLY-CH=CH2, and a portion of the polymers can contain internal mono WO 95/24431 ';;! °r:~ ,~ ~ PCT/US95/02519 c~_ ; ~ l!
unsaturation, e.g., POLY-CH=CH(R11), wherein R11 is as deffined above.
AMINES
5 Suitable amines for use in forming fuel additives or detergents are disclosed in US-A 3438757 (Honnen et al.) and include N-substituted amines and alkylene polyamines.
10 Illustrative compositions of desired N-substituted amines include, but are not limited to, polypropenyl amine, polyisobutenyl amine, N-polyisobutenyl dimethylamine, N-polyisobutenyl methylethylamine, N-polypropenyl diethylamine, N-polypropenyl di(2-t5 hydroxyethyl) amine, N-polyisobutenyl N-methyl aniline, N-polyisobutenyl morpholine, N-polyisobutenyl piperidiene, N-poly(1-butene) propylamine, N-poly-propenyl N-(2-hydroxyethyl) amine, etc.
2o Preferred alkylene polyamines which are substituted with the hydrocarbon radical may be derived from such alkylene amines as ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, tetraethylene pentamine, nonaethylene decamine, 1,2-propylene diamine, tetramethylene diamine, etc .
In many instances a single compound will not be used as a reactant in the preparation of the dispersants of the present invention. That is, mixtures will be used in which one or two compounds will predominate and the average composition or molecular weight is indicated. Illustrative compounds within the above formula are as follows: N-polyisobutenyl ethylene diamine, N-polypropenyl ethylene diamine, N-poly(1-butenyl)ethylene diamine, N-(alternating copolymers of ethylene and isobutylene rnay be achieved by the cationic ~ 8~~ l' "~
polymerization of 4-methylpentene-1), N-poly(1-pentenyl) diethylene triamine, N-polypropenyl trimethylene diamine, N-polyisobutenyi trimethylene diamine, N-polypropenyl di-(trimethylene) triamine, N-polyiso-butenyl di(trimethylene)triamine, N-polyisobutenyl 1,2-propylene diamine, N-polyisobutenyl di(1,2-propylene) triamine, N-polypropenyl triethylene tetramine, N-polyisobutenyl triethylene tetramine, N-(alternating copolymer of ethylene and isobutylene) triethylene l0 tetramine, N-polypropenyl tetraethylene pentamine, N-polyisobutenyl tetraethylene pentamine, N-polyisobutenyl pentaethylene hexamine, etc.
The following polyhydrocarbon radical substituted alkylene polyamine compositions are also desirable:
N,N'di(polypropenyl)diethylene triamine, N,N'-di(poly-isobutenyl) diethylene triamine, N,N'-di(polyisobutenyl) triethylene tetramine, N,N'-di(polypropenyl) tetra-ethylene pentamine, N'N'-di(polyisobutenyl) tetra-ethylene pentamine, N,N',N'-tri(polyisobutenyl) tetraethylene pentamine, N,N'-di(polyisobutenyl) 2-aminoethylpiperazine, N,N'-di(poly-1-butenyl)triethylene tetramine, N,N'-di(polyisobutenyl) di(trimethylene) triamine, etc.
The preferred compositions for use in making fuel detergents are those having the straight chain alkylene polyamines, particularly ethylene diamine and polyethylene polyamines.
Amines which are useful in forming dispersants for use in lubricating applications are set forth in US-A-4234435 (Meinhardt). The amine for use in forming lubricating dispersants, characterized by the presence within its structure of at least one H-N< group, can be a monoamine or polyamine compound. Preferably, the WO 95/24431 PCT/US95i02519 ~_ 8 amine contains at least one primary amino groups (i.e., -NH2) and more preferably the amine is a polyamine, especially a polyamine containing at least two H-N<
groups, either or both of which are primary or secondary amines.
The amines can be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic, including aliphatic-substituted cycloaliphatic, aliphatic-substituted aromatic, aliphatic-substituted heterocyclic, cycloaliphatic-substituted aliphatic, cycloaliphatic-substituted aromatic, cycloaliphatic-substituted heterocyclic, aromatic-substituted aliphatic, aromatic-substituted cycloaliphatic, aromatic-substituted heterocyclic, heterocyclic-substituted aliphatic, heterocyclic-substituted alicyclic, and heterocyclic-substituted aromatic amines and may be saturated or unsaturated. If unsaturated, the amine will be free from acetylenic unsaturation (i.e., -C=C-). The amines may also contain non-hydrocarbon substituents or groups.
With the exception of the branched polyalkylene polyamine, the polyoxyalkylene polyamines, and the high molecular weight hydrocarbyl-substituted amines, the amines ordinarily contain less than about 40 carbon atoms in total and usually not more than about 20 carbon atoms in total.
The additives, particularly those adapted for use 3o as dispersants or viscosity modifiers, can be incorporated into a lubricating oil in any convenient way. Thus, they can be added directly to the oil by dispersing or dissolving the same in the oil. Such blending into the additional lube oil can occur at room temperature or elevated temperatures. Alternatively the additives may be first formed into concentrates, which ~ i 83~ I U
are in turn blended into the oil. Such dispersant concentrates will typically contain as active ingredients from 10 to 80 wt. %, typically 20 to 60 wt.
%, and preferably from 40 to 50 wt. %, additive, (based on the concentrate weight) in base oil.
The additives may be mixed with other additives selected to perform at least one desired function.
Typical of such additional additives are detergents, ' to viscosity modifiers, wear inhibitors, oxidation inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, friction modifiers, foam inhibitors, rust inhibitors, demulsifiers, antioxidants, lube oil flow improvers, and seal swell control agents.
When other additives are employed, it may be desirable, although not necessary, to prepare additive concentrates or packages comprising concentrated solutions or dispersions of the subject additives of 2o this invention together with one or more of the other additives. Dissolution of the additive concentrate into lubricating oil may be facilitated by solvents and by mixing accompanied with mild heating, but this in not essential. The final formulations may employ typically 2 to 20 wt. %, e.g., about 10 wt. %, of the additive package with the remainder being base oil.
(Comparative) 3o This example compares the conversion of various polymeric olefins to polymeric aldehydes under hydroformylating conditions. The polymers were (1) a boron trifluoride catalyzed cationic reactive polyisobutylene, (2) an ethylene-propylene copolymer according to the present invention, (3) a polybutuene-1, and (4) an aluminum chloride catalyzed polyisobutylene.
I ~r /r L ~ 1... ,. ._. ~' 1.1 Each polymer was separately charged, at room temperature, into a a rocking, two liter stainless steel autoclave fitted with internal cooling coils, together with a dicobalt octacarbonyl catalyst. The autoclave was then sealed and pressurized with 1,000 prig (6.996 x 106 N/m2) of carbon monoxide and hydrogen (volume ratio of 1/1). The autoclave was then heated to 120°C for 5 hours with rocking to the indicated reaction time, cooled to room temperature and then the contents were removed. The product was demetaled of cobalt by shaking over a 30 minute period with 300 ml of l0 wt.% aqueous acetic acid at 30 to 45°C in an atmosphere of air at one atmosphere pressure. The demetaling procedure was repeated twice with fresh aqueous acetic acid. The product was then washed three times with water and the solvent removed under vacuum by heating at 40 to 70°C.
Conversion was determined by the standard AI test. The results are set forth below in Table 1.
Table 1 Polymer Heptane CatalystPercent of Conversion SampleMn rams rams rams to Polymeric A ldehyde 1 1000 284.7 751.7 4.5 30.9 2 1000 307.3 665.5 4.5 70.8 3 500 388.3 657.6 5.6 18.4 4 1000 380.0 688.9 6.0 37.6 Table 1 compares the conversion to hydroformylated products of three types of polybutenes to that of the metallocene catalyzed ethylene-propylene copolymer of the present invention. The lower heating temperature of 120°C tends to favor aldehyde rather than alcohol formation. The yield of functionalized ethylene-WO 95/24431 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ PCT/U895/02519 propylene copolymer was almost twice that observed with any of the functionalized polybutene polymers.
3:RAMPLE 2 s (Comparativ~) This example compares the conversion of various polymeric olefins to polymeric alcohols under hydroformylating conditions. The polymers were (1) a boron trifluoride catalyzed cationic reactive 10 polyisobutylene, (2) an ethylene-propylene copolymer according to the present invention, (3) a polybutene-1, and (4) an aluminum chloride catalyzed polyisobutylene.
Each polymer was separately charged, at room temperature, into a rocking, two liter stainless steel 15 autoclave fitted with internal cooling coils, together with a dicobalt octacarbonyl catalyst. The autoclave was then sealed and pressurized with 1,000 psig (6.996 x 106 N/m2) of carbon monoxide and hydrogen (volume ratio of 1/1). The autoclave was then heated to 170°C for 5 2o hours with rocking to the indicated reaction time, cooled to room temperature and then the contents were removed. The product was demetaled of cobalt by shaking over a 30 minute period with 300 ml of 10 wt. % aqueous acetic acid at 30 to 45°C in an atmosphere of air at one 25 atmosphere pressure. The demetaling procedure was repeated twice with fresh aqueous acetic acid. The product was then washed three times with water and the solvent removed under vacuum by heating at 40 to 70°C.
3o Next, the polymeric aldehydes in the demetaled, reaction product were reduced to alcohols by treatment with sodium borohydride. This was by addition of 10 to 15 grams of sodium borohydride powder and 50 to 100 ml of isopropanol, with stirring, for two to three hours (with cooling from an ice bath to maintain the exothermic reaction at 45 to 50°C). The product was WO 95124431 . ~ ' ~ PCT/US95I02519 ~I~,~~~l~~
then filtered, using filter aid on paper, washed with water, 5% aqueous hydrochloric acid, and then twice more with water. Next, the solvent and isopropanol residue were removed under vacuum by heating at 40 to 70°C.
Conversion was determined by the standard AI test. The results are set forth below in Table 2.
Tabie 2 Polymer Heptane Catalyst Percent of Conversion Sample Mn rams rams rams to Polymeric Aldehvde I 1000 383.9 725.8 6.2 68.4 2 1000 391.4 703.6 6.5 82.9 3 500 389.7 664.7 6.1 47.7 4 1000 495.0 525.0 7.0 71.9 Table 2 compares the conversion to hydroformylated products of three types of polybutenes to that of the metallocene catalyzed ethylene-propylene copolymer of the present invention. The higher heating temperature of 170°C tends to favor alcohol rather than aldehyde formation. The reaction products were further reduced with sodium borohydride to convert any remaining aldehyde to alcohol. The yield of functionalized ethylene-propylene copolymer was substantially higher than that observed with any of the functionalized polybutene polymers.
~PLE 3 30 grams of an ethylene-propylene copolymer formed in accordance with the present invention containing about 85% vinylidene olefin structure and having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 1600 was combined with 30 grams of hexane, 3.8 grams of 3-i 4'j dimethylamino propylamine and 26 mg of rhodium dicarbonyl acetylacetonate (Rh(CO)2AcAc). The reaction mixture was pressured to 1,000 psig (6.996 x 106 N/m2) with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a 1/1 ratio and heated at 150°C for 28 hours.
Solvent and excess amine were removed by heating and vacuum. The polymer product contained 86% aminated polymer (active ingredient) determined by column chromatography. Elemental nitrogen .by duplicate analysis was 1.37% (1.63% theory for 100% conversion).
Example 3 was repeated using a cationic polymer of poly-n-butene (PNB). This polymer has a high trisubstituted olefin content and a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 559. After 28 hours reaction time, the product contained only 39% aminated polymer.
Example 3 above was repeated using a 42 hcur reaction time. The conversion (AI) was 90.0% and elemental nitrogen was 1.36%.
The method of Example 3 above was repeated using an ethylene-butene polymer with a number average weight of 2,000. The product had an aminated pol~-mer content of 83.2% and an elemental nitrogen content of 1.03%.
The method of Example 3 above was repeated using 6.5 mg of catalyst and a 120°C reaction temperature.
The product had an aminated polymer content of 88.1% and an elemental nitrogen content of 1.41%.
~IP~IL~~fl~~ Si-iLtT
L! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~!' The method of Example 3 above was repeated using a butylene-propylene polymer with a number average weight of 2,140. The product had an aminated polymer content of 69.3% and an elemental nitrogen content of 0.64%.
The method of Example 3 above was repeated using aminoethylpiperazine as the amine (2 mole of amine per 1o mole of ethylene-butene polymer) and 52 mg of catalyst.
The product had an aminated polymer content of 88.8% and an elemental nitrogen content of 2.07% (theory 2.43%).
The method of Example 3 above was repeated using 105 mg of triphenylphosphine ligand and 52 mg of catalyst. The product had an aminated polymer content of 77.9% and an elemental nitrogen content of 1.18%.
ERAMPLE 1~
The method of Example 3 above was repeated using a 1-butene polymer prepared via a metallocene catalyst with a number average weight of 978. The product had an aminated polymer content of 66.5% and an elemental nitrogen content of 1.60%.
A One-Step Aminomethylation With A Diene-Containing TerpOlymer An ethylene-propylene-dicyclopentadiene terpolymer, (30g) containing 9.o wt.% dicyclopentadiene, an ethylene/propylene ratio of 48/52, and a Brookfield viscosity at 100°C of60,000 CPS was dissolved in heptane (30g) and combined with dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAP) in an autoclave under an inert (N2) atmosphere. Then i~~ ~ 8 3~ ~ ~. ~~
~Rh(CO)2AcAc 0.026 g in 20 g heptane was pressured into the autoclave with H2/CO 1:1, The pressure was raised to 1000 psig (6.996 x 106 N/m2) and the temperature to 150°C. Samples were removed periodicaly and solvent and unreacted DMAP removed by means of a Kugelrohr at high vacuum. The amination was followed by means of elemental nitrogen analysis. The results are tabulated below.
Run Time fHrs,~ % Nitrogen 1 0.70 3 1.32 5 1.36 7 1»76 ' 24 1.89 28 1.93 (1.910 N2 is Theoretical 100 conversion Example 13 A TWO-Step Aminomethylation with a Diene-Containing Terpolymer 1~
A solution of 175 of the olefin polymer of Example 12 in 175 g heptane was placed in an autoclave under an inert atmosphere and 3g of Co2(CO)g in 75g heptane was pressured into the reactor which was then heated and stirred at 120°C and 1500 psig (10.494 x 106 N/m2) H2/CO, 1:_1 gas, 4 hours. Then 50g of DMAP was added and heating continued for an additional hour at 2000 psig gas pressure. The aminated product was divided into two parts. One part was rotovaped and then heated in a 2~ Kugelrohr at 1.10°C to remove any volatiles and .: i~C.. ._ :.r WO 95124431 .- , PCT/US95/02519 ai832~r~~
noncombined amine. The second part was washed 3x with H20, dried with MgS04 followed by removal of volatiles as with part 1.
5 A~ta_lysis C H N
Part 1 82.09 12.41 1.40 Part 2 82.74 12.39 1.32 The imine is suitable for hydrogenation to the amine. Usually heterogeneous catalyst is preferred.
Claims (9)
1. A polymeric hydroformylation aldehyde reaction product which is formed by reacting a polyolefin having terminal unsaturation and a M n of about 300 to 10,000, the polyolefin being derived from a monomer of the formula H2C=CHR4, wherein R4 is hydrogen or a straight or branched chain alkyl radical:
hydrogen; and carbon monoxide in the presence of a hydroformylation catalyst, under conditions effective to hydroformylate the polyolefin.
hydrogen; and carbon monoxide in the presence of a hydroformylation catalyst, under conditions effective to hydroformylate the polyolefin.
2. The polymeric hydroformylation reaction product according to claim 1 wherein said terminal unsaturation of said polyolefin comprises at least 30%
terminal vinylidene unsaturation.
terminal vinylidene unsaturation.
3. The polymeric hydroformylation reaction product according to claim 2 wherein said polyolefin is polymerized from alkene and .alpha.-olefin monomers with a metallocene catalyst.
4. The polymeric hydroformylation reaction product according to claim 3 wherein the reaction product is reductively aminated to form a nitrogen-containing polymeric product having an alkylamino substituent.
5. A polymeric aminomethylation product having an alkylamino substituent and wherein said product is formed by reacting:
a polyolefin having terminal unsaturation, wherein said terminal unsaturation comprises at least 30%
vinylidene unsaturation, and an M n of about 300 to 10,000, the polyolefin being derived from a monomer of the formula H2C=CHR4, wherein R4 is hydrogen or a straight or branched chain alkyl radical:
hydrogen: and carbon monoxide in the presence of an amine and a noble metal catalyst, under conditions effective to aminomethylate the polyolefin.
a polyolefin having terminal unsaturation, wherein said terminal unsaturation comprises at least 30%
vinylidene unsaturation, and an M n of about 300 to 10,000, the polyolefin being derived from a monomer of the formula H2C=CHR4, wherein R4 is hydrogen or a straight or branched chain alkyl radical:
hydrogen: and carbon monoxide in the presence of an amine and a noble metal catalyst, under conditions effective to aminomethylate the polyolefin.
6. The polymeric hydroformylation product according to claim 1 wherein said catalyst is a rhodium, ruthenium, or rhenium-containing catalyst.
7. The polymeric aminomethylation product according to claim 5 wherein the product is further cyanoalkylated and hydrogenated to obtain an aminated polymer.
8. A lubricant comprising the hydroformylation reaction product according to claim 1 in a dispersant portion.
9. A lubricant concentrate comprising the polymeric hydroformylation reaction product according to claim 1.
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US08/391,845 US5674950A (en) | 1994-03-07 | 1995-02-27 | Polymers having terminal hydroxyl aldehyde, or alkylamino substitutents and derivatives thereof |
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-
1995
- 1995-02-27 US US08/391,845 patent/US5674950A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-03-01 BR BR9507050A patent/BR9507050A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1995-03-01 WO PCT/US1995/002519 patent/WO1995024431A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1995-03-01 JP JP7523510A patent/JPH09510241A/en active Pending
- 1995-03-01 AU AU19738/95A patent/AU1973895A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1995-03-01 EP EP95912652A patent/EP0750643B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-03-01 CA CA002183270A patent/CA2183270C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-03-01 DE DE69509760T patent/DE69509760T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-04-08 US US08/826,938 patent/US5880219A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-03-06 US US09/036,031 patent/US5919869A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2183270A1 (en) | 1995-09-14 |
US5674950A (en) | 1997-10-07 |
AU1973895A (en) | 1995-09-25 |
BR9507050A (en) | 1997-09-02 |
DE69509760T2 (en) | 1999-10-21 |
WO1995024431A1 (en) | 1995-09-14 |
JPH09510241A (en) | 1997-10-14 |
EP0750643B1 (en) | 1999-05-19 |
US5919869A (en) | 1999-07-06 |
EP0750643A1 (en) | 1997-01-02 |
DE69509760D1 (en) | 1999-06-24 |
US5880219A (en) | 1999-03-09 |
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