CA2189689A1

CA2189689A1 - Batch koch carbonylation process

Info

Publication number: CA2189689A1
Application number: CA002189689A
Authority: CA
Inventors: William Daniel Diana; Joseph Victor Cusumano; Jacob Isaac Emert; William Bernard Eckstrom; David Charles Dankworth; Keith Raymond Gorda
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: ExxonMobil Chemical Patents Inc
Priority date: 1994-06-17
Filing date: 1995-06-14
Publication date: 1995-12-28
Also published as: DE69511409D1; DE69511409T2; WO1995035324A1; EP0765347A1; EP0765347B1; US5646332A; JPH10502105A

Abstract

A rapid, batch Koch carbonylation/functionalization reaction of at least one polymer olefin, carbon monoxide, and an aliphatic or aryl alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst with either an alcohol:polymer olefin mole ratio 1:1, or an acid catalyst:polymer olefin mole ratio 0.9:1, or both, and recovering at least 80 % functionalized polymer which is predominantly ester.

Description

21896~
wo ssl3s324 Pcr/usss/07sso I
BATCH KOCH CARBONYLATTON PROCESS

Back~eround of the Invention The present invention is directed to the production of esters by '`
polymer olefins in a batch c~lbOllyla~iull process. In particular it is directed to a rapid high conversion Koch batch process using an acid catalyst and a hydroxylic trapping lû agent under conditions that readily produce a ~ ;dul.~ G..ily ester-fi polymer.
The present invention is directed to an improved polymer fi ' ' by the Koch reaction more particularly by reacting at least one carbon-carbon double bond with carbon monoxide in the presence of an acidic catalyst and a, ' ~, ' ' -15 trapping agent to form a carbonyl or ~; vc,l,l,v..yl functional group, and derivativesthereo The term "polymer" is used herein to refer to materials comprising large molecules built up by the repetition of small, simple chemical units. In a hyJ~v~ u~
polymer those units are ~ '( 'y formed of hydrogen and carbon. Polymers are 20 defined by average properties, and in the context of the invention polymers have a number average molecular weight (Mn) of at least 500. The term "h~Jlv~allJvll" is used above herein to refer to non polymeric ~ , comprising hydrogen and carbon having uniform properties such as molecular weight. However, the term "ll~Jlul.àlbvll" is not intended to exclude mixtures of such c~1mrm~n~ which 25 ~d;v-' 'l~, are .,llàl~ by such uniform properties. Both ll,~JIv~ o l.V~ as well as polymeric compounds have been reacted to form carboxyl group-containing ~ and their derivatives. Carboxyl groups have the general formula -CO-OR, where R can be H, a l...dluL~Ilbjl group, or a substituted hydrocarbyl group. The synthesis of carboxyl group-containing ~ , ' from 30 olefinic l~y~l~uu~ comrolln~l~, carbon monoxide, and water in the presence ofmetal carboxyls is disclosed in references such as N. Bahrmann, Chapter 5, Koch Reactions, "New Synthesis with Carbon Monoxide" J. Falbe, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1980. IIydl~ s having olefinic double bonds react in two steps to form carboxylic acid-containing c~mrol~nflc In the first step an olefin compound reacts 3 5 with an acid catalyst and carbon monoxide in the absence of water. This is followed by a second step in which the Illitllll~,J;dlt: formed during the first step undergoes hydrolysis or alcoholysis to form a carboxylic acid or ester. An advantage of the Koch reaction is that it can occur at moderate Ltl.",.,.~lul~,D of-20C to +80C, and pressures up to l00 bar.

wo 95l3s324 2 ~ 8 9 6 8 9 P~ . /aau The Koch reaction can occur at double bonds where at le~st one carbon of the double bond is di-substituted to form a "neo" acid or ester R' -C-COOR ~ ~ :
R"
(where R' and R" are not hydrogen).
The Koeh reaction can also occur when both carbons are mono-substituted or one is ' ~ and one is ~ to form an "iso" acid (i.e. -R'HC-COOR). Bahrmann et al. discloses isobutylene eonverted to isobutyric acid via a Koch-type reaetion.
US-A-2831877 discloses a multi-phase, acid catalyzed, two-step process for the c~bu~6liul~ of olefins with carbon monoxide.
Complexes of mineral acids in water with BF3 have been studied to earboxylate olefins. US-A-3349107 discloses proeesses which use less than a .~;..1 ,.... ~.;c amount of acid as a catalyst. Examples of such complexes are

2 û H2O.BF3 H2O, H3po4 BF3 H2o and HF BF3 H2 EP-A-û148592 relates to the production of carboxylic acid esters and/or earboxylic aeids by eatalyzed reaction of a polymer having carbon-carbon double bonds, earbon monoxide and either water or an alcohol, optionally in the presenee of oxygen. The eatalysts are metals such as palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, and eobalt in . ' with a eopper eompound, in the presenee of a protonie aeid sueh as ~ ' . ' ' aeid. A preferred polymer is POI~ UI~ " whieh may have at least 80% of its earbon-earbon double bonds in the form of terminal double bonds.
Liquid pel~;.,u~u~,..c having a number average moleeular weight in the range of firom 200 to 2,500, preferably up to 1,0û0 are deseribed.
3û US-A-4927892 relates to reaeting a polymer or eopolymer of a eoùjugated diene, at least part of whieh is formed by 1,2 polymerization, with earbon monoxide and water and/or aleohol in the presenee of a eatalyst prepared by eombining a palladium eompound, eertain ligands and/or aeid exeept hydrohalogenie aeids having a pKa of less than 2. Useful Lewis acids inelude BF3 .
Although there are diselosures in the art of olefinie hJl~u~ buils 9. " ' at the earbon-earbon double bond to form a earboxylie aeid or derivative thereof via Koeh-type ehemistry, there is no diselosure that polymerseontaining earbon-earbon double bonds, ineluding terminal olefinie bonds, eitherseeondary or tertiary type olefinie bonds, eould be ~u.,.,c~Llly reaeted via the Koeh 4 û ' Additionally, it has been found that the proeess of the present invention ~, is ~ iuul~ly useful to make neo acid and neo ester '' -'` ' polymer. Known catalysts used to u~ubu~!~t~. low molecular weight olefinic hydluwlloils by the Koch mechanism were found to be unsuitable for use with polymeric material.
Specific catalysts have been found which can result in the formation of a carboxylic acid or ester at a carbon-carbon double bond of a polymer. Koch chemistry affords the advantage of the use of moderate lt~ ,.d~u,cs and pressures, by using highlyacidic catalysts andlor careful control of ry of the Invention û The present invention is a rapid, hiBh conYersion batch c~b~ iUl~ process comprising reacting alcohol, polymer olefin, and carbon monoxide in the presence of arl acid catalyst wherein the molar ratio of alcohol to polymer olefin is at least about 1:1 and recovering at least about 80% i~ polymer, said ru,...i` '` ' polymer comprising plc~o~ ly ester. Other optional aspects of the process 15 include the mole ratio of acid catalyst to alcohol is at least 0.9:1; the resulting ester is at least 50% neo ester; the process is carried out at at least 40C; at least 85% ester ' polymer is recovered; and the polymer olefin is a polymer co",l,o~
having at least 30% of its polymer chains terminally u..~ u,~.Lcd The present invention is also a rapid, batch .'` ' ' process comprising 20 the reaction of an ~ llydl~wlb~m polymer of Mn > 500, CO, an acid catalyst having Hanlmett acidity ~ -7, and a hydroxylic trapping agent with pKa < 12, conducted in the absence of transition metal catalyst.
The present invention relates to a '` ' ' hydlul,dlb~l~ polymer wherein the polymer backbone has Mn > 500, ,r " ~' '' is by groups of the 25forrnula:
! -Co-Y-R3 wherein Y is O or S, and either R3 is H, hydrocarbyl and at least 50 mole% of the functional groups are attached to a tertiary carbon atom of the polymer backbone or R3 is aryl, substituted aryl or substituted ~lJdlu.,~u~yl.

3 o Thus the r '- ~- ~ polymer may be depicted by the formula:
POLY{CRIR2 Co-Y-R3)n (I) wherein POLY is a lydlu~,~ulJoi~ polymer backbone having a numbçr average 3 5 molecular weight of at least 500, n is a number greater than 0, Rl, R2 and R3 may be the same or different and are each H, hydlu~,~ubyl with the proviso that either Rl and R2 are selected such that at least 50 mole% of the -CRlR2 groups wherein both R
and R2 are not H, or R3 is a~yl substituted aryl or substituted llydl u~,~ubyl.
l~MENDEo SHEET

- 3a-As used hereiA the term "hyd~u~bJI" denotes a goup having a carbon atom directly attached to the remainder of the molecule and having ~ ùllflA~ullly IyJIu~,~boA character within the context of this invention and includes polymeric Lyd~u~br' radicals. Such radicals include the following:

AMENDED SHEET

21896~
--4--.
(1) IIy~luwlbu.. groups; that is, aliphatic, (e.g., alkyl or alkenyl), alicyclic(e.g., cycloalkyl or ~,loalk~,..,l), aromatic, aliphatic- and alicyclic-substituted aromatic, aromatic-substituted aliphatic and alicyclic radicals, and the like, as well as cyclic radicals wherein the ring is completed through another portion of the molecule (that is, the two indicated ~ may together form a cyclic radical). Such radicals are known to those skilled in the art; examples include methyl, dhyl, butyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, octadecyl, eicosyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl and naphthyl (all isomers being included).
(2) Substituted '~ lu~,~ubùi~ groups; that is, radicals containing non-lydlvc~ulJu,l ~ which, in the context of this invention, do not alter ~ du~ Lly lly~lluwlbull character of the radical. Those skilled in the art will be aware of suitable ~ (e.g., halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, carbalkoxy, nitro, " yl,ulru~y).
(3) Hetero groups; that is, radicals which, while ~ ulllllau~ly llydlu~,cubull in character within the context of this invention, contain atoms other than carbon present in a chain or ring otherwise composed of carbon atoms. Suitable hetero atoms will be apparent to those skilled in the art and include, for example, nitrogen IJ~ Li-,ul~uly 2 o non-basic nitrogen which would deactivate the Koch catalyst, oxygen and sulfi~r.
In general, no more than about three ~ll.,lll..~"l~ or hetero atoms, and preferably no more than one, will be present for each lû carbon atoms in the ~yd~uwbu.. based radical.
Polymeric lydlu~lJyl radicals are those derived from ~yllu~,~ubol~ polymers, which may be substituted and/or contain hetero atoms provided that they remain -~;du~f~l~lLly llydlu~,~bull in character.
The filnrfi~n~l;7PA polymer may be derived from a llydlu~,~lJull polymer comprising non-aromatic carbon-carbon double bond, also referred to as an 3 0 olefinically ~ bond, or an ethylenic double bond. The polymer is 1~,.,.1;-~..~1.,. ~ at that double bond via a Koch reaction to form the carboxylic acid, carboxylic ester or thio acid or thio ester.
Koch reactions have not heretofore been applied to polymers having number average molecular weights greater than SûO. The l~ydlu~boll polymer preferably 35 has Mn greater than l,OOû. In the Koch process a polymer having at least one ethylenic double bond is contacted with an acid catalyst and carbon monoxide in the presence of a l.,. l~,llll:l trapping agent such as water or alcohol. The catalyst is AMENDE~ SHEET

ç ~l 2 1 8 9 6 8 9 -r rç
s preferably a classical Broensted acid or Lewis acid catalyst. These catalysts are ~ 'f;-'V"' ~ from the transition metal catalysts of the type described in the prior art. The Koch reaction, as applied in the process of the present invention, may result in good yields of '` ' ' polymer, even 90 mole% or greater.
The batch process of the present invention can rapidly and efficiently provide an ester product in high yield with greater than 80% conversion of the olefin bonds of the starting polymer olefin. ru~Lh.,.l~ul~, conditions in the batch process can be provided to minimize the extent of competing alkylation side reactions and other by-products. For most operations, the batch process of the invention is economical 0 using a 13,800 kPa (2,000 psig) pressure of CO and BF3 gas in the reactor. Higher pressure sources of CO are generally more expensive.
POLY, in general formula I, represents a ll~llu~dlbull polymer backbone C having Mn of at least 500. Mn may be determined by available techniques such as gel permeation ~,luullla~u~ ~,I.y (GPC). POLY is derived from u~ LuldL~d polymer.
Description of the Preferred F. 1,~,ll, ". .,1 The polymers which are useful in the present invention are polymers containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond (olefinic or ethylenic) . .., Thus, the maximum number of functional groups per polyrner chain is 2 o limited by the number of double bonds per chain. Such polymers have been found to be receptive to Koch ,.... ~ to form carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof, uSing the catalysts and . ' , ' ~' trapping agents of the present invention.
Useful polymers in the present invention include pûl.r~lk~ s including l~u~u~ul.~ ," copolymer (used i--ielel-. .~,_dl~ with interpolymer) and mixtures.
25 ~T ,. '~,.U,l~ and illLel~)Gl~ :~ include those derived from polymerizable olefin monomers of 2 to about 16 carbon atoms; usually 2 to about 6 carbon atoms.
Particular reference is made to the alpha olefin polymers made using organo metallic COUld;lldLiu.. C~ U"~I` A ~Lil,uldu~y preferred class of polymers are ethylene alpha olefin copGI~ such as those disclosed in US-A-5017299. The 30 polymer Ul~ UIdLiU~ can be temlinal, intemal or both. Preferred polymers havetemlin~l U.~UldliOll, preferably a high degree of temlinal Ull~GLUldLiUIl Terminal U--~Lu.dlion is the Ull~ Uld~iOIl provided by the last monomer unit located in the polymer. The Ull:~Uld~iU.~ can be located any~vhere in this temminal monomer unit.
Terminal olefinic groups include vinylidene ull~dlul dLiu~l~ RaRbc=cH2; l l l ~ r~l 5 olefin l dL;Un, RaRbC=CRCH; vinyl . .- -~ . RaHC=CH2; 1,2-d terminal ~ , RaHC=CHRb; and tetra-substituted terminal dliùn, RaRbC=CRCRd. At least one of Ra and Rb is a polymeric group of the AMENDED SHEET

r ; . 2 1 8 g 6 8 ~
.

present invention, and the remaining Rb, Rc and Rd are l~dIUWIbU.. groups as de~ned with respect to R, Rl, R2, and R3 above.
Low molecular weight polymers, also referred to herein as dispersant range molecular weight polymers, are polymers having Mn less than 20,000, preferably S00 to 20,000 (e.g. 1,000 to 20,000), more preferably 1,500 to 10,000 (e.g 2,000 to 8,000) and most preferably from 1,500 to 5,000. The number average molecular weights are measured by vapor phase osmometry. Low molecular weight polymers are useful in forming dispersants for lubricant additives. Medium molecular weight polymers Mn's ranging from 20,000 to 200,000, preferably 25,000 to 100,000; and 0 more preferably, from 25,000 to 80,000 are usefill for viscosity index improvers for lubricating oil ~ ,o~ , adhesive coatings, tackifiers and sealants. The medium Mn can be deter nined by membrane osmometry.
The higher molecular weight materials have Mn of greater than about 200,000 and can rarige to IS,000,000 with specific n.,l1/o.l..,....l~ of 300,000 to lO,000,000 arld more specifically S00,000 to 2,000,000. These polymers are useful m polymeric ~ and blends including elastomeric l~ IJ~ JI~ Higher molecular weight materials having Mn's of from 20,000 to lS,000,000 can be measured by gel permeation ~ O~ Y with universal calibration, or by light scattering. The values of the ratio MwlMn, referred to as molecular weight 2o ~fictrihl-til~n (MWD) are not critical. However, a typical minimum Mw/Mn value of about I .1-2.0 is preferred with typical ranges of about I . I up to about 4.
The olefin monomers are preferably pGly~ l;~lC terminal olefins; that is, olefins ~ by the presence in their structure of the group -R-C=CH2, where R is H or a llyllu~,a.bull group. However, ~UIrl....i~L,I~ internal olefin25 monomers (sometimes referred to in the patent literature as medial olefins) ;, . .1.~ ~ r. I ~ , . .1 by the presence within their structure of the group:
--C-C=C-C--can also be used to form the poly~lk.ll~3. When internal olefin monomers are employed, they normally will be employed with ternninal olefins to produce ~GI~ " - which are i l~el~,~ly.,l. l~. For this invention, a particular pol,~ ..,d 35 olefin monomer which can be classified a3 both a terminal olefin and an internal olefin, wiU be deemed a terminal olefin. Thus, pentadiene-1,3 (i.e., piperylene) is deemed to be a terminal olefin.
While the puly~lk~ generally are Iydlu~,.ul)oll pol~." they can contain substituted ~l~dlu~,~ulJull groups such as lower alkoxy, lower alkyl mercapto, A~ENDED SHEET

WO 9513532~ 2 1 8 9 6 8 9 ~ 5~ u :
-7 - ~=
hydroxy, mercapto, and carbonyl, provided the non-hydrocarbon moieties do not y interfere with the r ~ or derivatization reactions of this invention. When present, such substituted hr.llu~,albull groups nommally will not contribute more than about 10% by weight of the total weight of the polyalkenes.5 Since the polyalkene can contain such non-hydrocarbon substituent, it is apparent that the olefin monomers from which the polyalkenes are made can also contain such As used herein, the temm "lower" when used with a chemical group such as in "lower alkyl" or "lower alkoxy" is intended to describe groups having up to seven carbon atoms.
Thep~lj " may includearomaticgroups and ~yl 1~ 'i, ' groups such as would be obtained from pOl~ ;Lal,li cyclic olefins or ~;~. ' 'i, ' substituted-polymerizable acrylic olefins. There is a general preference for polyalkenes free from aromatic and ~;y, 1~ r groups (other than the diene styrene ;"L~I~oly...~"
exception already noted). There is a further preference for P,JI~. " derived from 5 hG~u~olylll~lO and interpolymers of terminal llyJIu~albull olefins of 2 to 16 carbon atoms. This further preference is qualified by the proviso that, while interpolymers of temminal olefins are usually preferred, ;..i~",oly....,.O optionally containing up to about 40% of polymer units derived from intemal olefins of up to about 16 carbon atomsare also within a preferred group. A more preferred class of pGI,~. " are those selected from the group consisting of h~ opul~ b and interpolymers of temminal olefins of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms. However, another preferred class of polyalkenes are the latter, more preferred p~
optionally containing up to about 25% of polymer units derived from intemal olefins of up to about 6 carbon atoms.
Specific examples oftemminal and intemal olefin monomers which can be used to prepare the pGl~alkcll.,j according to cfJ..~s,ll~;o..al, well-known pfjl~.--.; ^1;.~
techniques include ethylene; propylene; butene-l; butene-2; isobutene; pentene-l;
etc.; ,~.,u~.yl~ , tctramer; diisobutylene; isobutylene trimer; butadiene-1,2, butadiene-1,3; pentadiene-1,2; pentadiene-1,3; ethylidene l~u,l,u.~,~"e; d;f~ fli --, etc.Useful polymers include alpha-olefin homopolymers and interpolymers, and ethylene alpha-olefin copolymers and terpolymers. Specific examples of pGI~ "
- include polypropylenes, polybutenes, ethylene-propylene copolymers, ethylene-butene copolymers, propylene-butene copolymers, styrene-isobutene copul.~ , isobutene-butadiene-1,3 copolymers, etc., and ~ /oly~ "b of ethylene, propylene, ethylidene no.bu~".",~" ethylene, propylene, fl;, y~ , , and isobutene, styrene and piperylene and copolymer of ~O0% of ethylene and 20% of propylene. A useful source of polydlkt~l~.O are the poly(isobutene)s obtained by pf~ alion of C4 wo 95/3532~ r~ aau ~
~ 96~9 re~inery stream having a butene content of about 35 to about 75% by wt., and an isobutene content of about 30 to about 60% by wt., in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminum trichloride or bQron trifluoride~ Also useful are the high molecular weight poly-n-butenes of USSN 992871 filed December 17, 1992.
s A preferred source of monomer for making poly-n-butenes is petroleum ~d:~LIW~ such as Raff~nate II. These feedstocks are disclosed in the art such as in US-A-4952739. Preferred polymers are polymers of ethylene and at least one alpha-olefln having the formula H2C=CHR4 wherein R4 is straight chain or branched chain alkyl radical comprising I to 18 carbon atoms and wherein the polymer contains a10 high degree of terminal ~LIl.".jlid~ ;Preferably R4 in the above forrnula is alkyl of from I to 8 carbon atoms and more preferably is alkyl of firom I to 2 wrbon atoms. Therefore, useful .:.,,...,~.,.,~.~ with ethylene in this invention include propylene, I-butene, hexene-l, octene-l, etc.. and mixtures thereof (e.g.
mixtures of propylene and l-butene, and the like). Preferred polymers are 15 copolymers of ethylene and propylene and ethylene and butene- I .
The molar ethylene content of the polymers employed is preferably in the range of between about 20 and about 80%, and more preferably between about 30 nnd about 70%. When butene-l is employed as ~.. ".. with ethylene, the ethylene content of such copolymer is most preferably between about 20 and about45 wt%, although higher or lower ethylene contents may be present. The most preferred ethylene-butene-l copolymers are disclosed in USSN 992192, filed December 17, 1992. The preferred method for making low molecular weight ethylene/a-olefin copolymer is described in USSN 992690, filed December 17, 1992.
Preferred ranges of number average molecular weights of polymer for use as 2s precursors for dispersants are from 500 to 10,000, preferably from 1,000 to 8,000, most preferably from 2,500 to 6,000. A convenient methoa for such ~' ' ' is by size exclusion ,I"u"~lu~ (also known as gel permeation .,1"~ O , ' J
(GPC which ~ , provides molecular weight distribution i,.ful",.lliu". Such polymers generally possess an intrinsic viscosity (as measured in tetralin at 135C) of between 0.025 and 0.6 dUg, preferably between 0.05 and 0.5 dUg, most preferably between 0.075 and 0.4 dUg. These polymers preferably exhibit a degree of crystallinity such that, when grafled, they are essentially amorphous.
The preferred ethylene alpha-olefin polymers are fiurther ~ eli~,d in that up to about 95% and more of the polymer chains possess terminal vinylidene-type 3s " Thus, one end of such polymers will be of the formula POLY-C(RI 1) = CH2 wherein Rl] is Cl to Clg alkyl, preferably Cl to Cg alkyl, and more preferably methyl or ethyl and wherein POLY represents the polymer chain. A minor ~ WO 95135324 21 89 6 ~ PC'r~US95/07550 _ 9 _ amount ofthe polymer chains can contain terminal ethenyl u~ ulaliu.~, i.e. POLY-CH=CH2, and a portion of the polymers can contain intemal rnnnolln~otllration~ e.g.
POLY-CH=CH(RI 1), wherein Rl 1 is as defined above.
The preferred ethylene alpha-olefin poiymer comprises polymer chains, at 5 least about 30% of which possess temminal vinylidene unsaturation. Preferably at Ieast about 50%, more preferably at least about 60%, and most preferably at least about 75% (e.g. 75 to 98%), of such polyrner chains exhibit terminal vinylidene ;...\ The percentage of polymer chains exhibiting temminal vinylidene u..;,~ul aL;ull may be determined by FTIR ~ ua~,u~ . analysis, titration, HNl~, or lû C13NMR.
The polymers can be prepared by pol ~ monomer mixtures comprising ethylene with other monomers such as alpha-olefins, preferably firom 3 to 4 carbon atoms in the presence of a, "- catalyst system comprising at least one ~cPnP (e.g., a cyrlf.~f ~ yl transition metal compound) and an activator, 15 e.g. alumoxane compound. The ~ r~, content can be controlled through selection of the " - catalyst component and by controlling partial pressure of the monomers.
The polymer for use in the present invention can include block and tapered copolymers derived from monomers comprising at least one conjugated diene with at 20 least monovinyl aromatic monomer, preferably styrene. Such polymers should not be completely hyJlu~_"~ltd so that the polymeric çr,mrocilifm contains olefinic double bonds, preferably at least one bond per molecule. The present invention can alsoinclude star polymers as disclosed in patents such as US-A-5070131; 410894S;
3711406; and 5049294.
The letter n is greater than 0 and represents the ru.. ,liu"~lily (F) or averagenumber of functional groups per polymer chain. Thus, r ' ' ~,y can be expressed as the average number of moles of functional groups per "mole of polymer". It is to be understood that the temm "mole of polymer" includes both r ' ~' ~ and u~lr-l l;f,..~li7Pfl polymer, so that F which f~u~ ,uu~J~ to n of Fommula (.i). The 30 fi~~~inn:lli7Pfl polymer will include molecules having no fiunctional groups. Specific preferred c,..I,c ' of n include I > n ~ 0; 2 ~ n > ~; and n >2. n can be determined by C13 NMR. The optimum number of functionai groups needed for desired p~.ru".._".,~i will typically increase with number average molecular weight of the polymer. The maximum value of n will be detemmined by the number of double 35 bonds per polymer chain in the, fl ' ' polymer.
In specific and preferred . ' - ' the "leaving group" (-YR3) has a pKa of less than or equal to 12, preferably less than 10, and more preferably less than 8.
.
... .. ....... ,, _ _ _ _ _ , ~ - 218968g.- --The pKa is determined from the cv.~ v..J;.~g acidic species HY-R3 in water at room ~Uiip.,.~Lul~. Where the leaving group is a simple acid or aikyl ester, ther ~ ~ polymer is very stable especiaFily as the % neo ~ increases.
The present invention is especiaily useful to mai~e "neo" r"" I;,~ polymers 5 wi~iich are genera'ily more stable and less labile than iso sti-uctures. In preferred r...',g~1;....,1~ the polymer can be at least 60, more preferably at least 80 mole%
. " ' ' The polymer can be greater than 90, or 99 and even about lO0 mole% neo.
In one preferred ..~ the polymer defined by formula (1), Y is 0 (oxygen), Rl and R2 can be the same or different and are selected from H, a v~byl group, and a polymeric group In anotiLier preferred ~, I.o.l; . Y is 0 or S, Rl arid R2 can be the same or different and are selected from H, a lly~'ilvcall)yl group a substituted lly~ilv~,aibyl group and a polymeric group, and R3 is selected from a substituted ly~ilvca byl group, an aromatic group and a substituted aromatic group. This c~ odi~ is generaFily more reactive towards derivatization ~ith a~nines and a'icohol cullljJvullda especia~ily where the R3 substituent contains electron wiLll~ a~ species. It hasbeen found ti~iat in tihis l,o~l . ,l, a preferred leaving group, HYR3, has a pKa of less than 12, preferably less than lO and more preferably 8 or less. pKa vaiues can range typicalFiy from 5 to 12, preferably from 6 to lO, and most preferably from 6 to 8. The pKa of the leaving group determines how readily the system will react with derivatizing . '- to produce derivatized product.
In a pal li~,ulal ly preferred l,vlll~Jva;livin, R3 is . C~ c..led by the formula:
Xm ~ .
Tp wherein X which may be the same or different, is an electron wi~lldla~
cl~h~ T, which may be the same or different, represents a non-electron wilh~ia~ substituent (e.g. electron donating), and m and p are from 0 to 5 with 30 the sum of m and p being from 0 to 5. More preferably, m is from l to 5 and preferably l to 3. ~n a jJa~ ,Ula ly preferred - l~o l; ~ X is selected from a ha'iogen, preferably F or Cl, CF3, cyano groups and nitro groups and p = 0. A
preferred R3 is derived from 2,~d;~,11o-vjJh~,..ol.
AM'~ DED S,lEET

~ wo g~/35324 21 ~ 9 6 8 9 PCTNS9!i/07550 The romrositirn of the present invention includes derivatized polymer which is the reaction product of the Koch r ' 1 I polymer and a derivatizing compound. Preferred derivatizing compounds include ,,~ . reactant r.r,mrolln~c including amines, alcohols, amino-alcohols, metal reactant compounds 5 and mixtures thereof Derivatized polymer will typically contain at least one of the following groups: amide, imide, oxazoline, and ester, and metal salt. The suitability for a particular end use may be improved by appropriate selection of the polymer Mn and r ~ y used in the derivatized polymer as discussed hereinaf~er.
The Koch reaction permits controlled fi,.,- l;0~ A ;UI~ of unsaturated 10 polymers. When a carbon of the carbon-carbon double bond is substituted with hydrogen, it will result in an "iso" functional group, i.e. one of Rl or R2 Of Formula I
is H; or when a carbon of the double bond is fully substituted with hydrocarbyl groups it will result in an "neo" functional group, i.e. both Rl or R2 Of Formula I are non-hydrogen groups Polymers produced by processes which result in a terminally unsaturated polymer chain can be filnr~inn- li7Pd to a relatively high yield in accordance with the process of the present invention. It has been found that the neo acid ,r . ~ I
polymer can be derivatized to a relatively high yield. The Koch process also makes use of relatively ;Il.,A~.,,l,;~C materials i.e., carbon monoxide at relatively low 20 t~ ."d~U~C~ and pressures. Also the leaving group -YR3 can be removed and recycled upon derivatizing the Koch filnrtjo~li7p~1 polymer with amines or alcohols.
The r 'rn~1i7P~l or derivatized polymers of the present invention are useful as lubricant additives such as dispersants, viscosity improvers and l'r "
viscosity improvers.
The present invention includes oleaginous .. ~.,,,l.. ~;l;,~ ~ comprising the above 'i " ' 1, and/or derivatized polymer. Such ~ r "' include lubricating oil and ~,o.~c~
The invention also provides a process which comprises the step of ~ i "y reacting in admixture:
(a) at least one hydrocarbon polymer having a number average molecular weight of at least about 500, and an average of at least one ethylenic double bond per - polymer chain;
(b) carbon monoxide, (c) at least one acid catalyst, and (d) a r~rl~P~rhilir trapping agent selected from the group consisting of water, hydroxy-containing r I and thiol-containing ~....,~, ,...I~, the reactionbeing conducted a) in the absence of reliance on transition metal as a catalyst; or b) w09si3s324 ~896~ P~~ . /a~u wjlh at least one acid catalyst having a Hammett acidity of less than -7; or c) wherein functional groups are formed at least 40 mole% of the ethylenic double bonds; or d) wherein the, ' r ~ - trapping agent has a pKa of less than 12.
The process of the present invention relates to a polymer having at least one 5 ethylenic double bond reacted via a Koch mechanism to form carbonyl or thio carbonyl group-containing fnmrolln~ which may ~.,l.~.l.,...~ly be derivatized. The polymers react with carbon monoxide in the presence of an acid catalyst or a catalyst preferably complexed with the ,~ v~ :r trapping agent. A preferred catalyst is BF3 and preferred catalyst complexes include BF3.H2O and BF3 complexed with lû 2,4-di~,l,lol.")l,~."~JI. The starting polymer reacts with carbon monoxide at points of u~la~lLuldlioll to form either iso- or neo-acyl groups with the ~ v~ G trapping agent, e.g. with water, alcohol (preferably a substituted phenol) or thiol to form r~ a carboxylic acid, carboxylic ester group, or thio ester.
In a preferred process, at least one polymer having at least one carbon-carbon double bond is contacted with an acid catalyst or catalyst complex having a Hammett Scale acidity value of less than -7, preferably from -8.0 to -11.5 and most preferably from -10 to -11.5. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that a carbenium ion may form at the site of one of carbon-carbon double bonds. The carbenium ion may then react with carbon monoxide to form an acylium cation. The acylium cation may react with at least one ~ ~rl~ vl. l trapping agent as deflned herein.
At least 40 mole%, pre&rably at least 50 mole%, more preferably at least 80 mole%, and most preferably 90 mole% of the polymer double bonds will react to form acyl groups wherein the non-carboxyl portion of the acyl group is determined by the identity ofthe ~ -r ~ '- trapping agent, i.e. water forms acid, alcohol forms acid ester and thiol forms thio ester. The polymer " ' ' by the recited process of the present invention can be isolated using fluoride salts. The fluoride salt can be selected from the group consisting of ammonium fluoride, and sodium fluoride.
Preferred mlrlPnFhilir trapping agents are selected from the group consisting of water, ' ~,;c alcohols, polyhydric alcohols hydroxyl-containing aromatic cnmr ' and hetero substituted phenolic ~ The catalyst and . !. r' ' ~ trapping agent can be added separately or combined to form a catalytic complex.
Following is an example of a terminally ull~rlul~Lcd polymer reacted via the Koch mechanism to form an acid or an ester. The polymer is contacted with carbonmonoxide or a suitable carbon monoxide source such as formic acid in the presence - ~ 2189689 - -of an acidic cataiyst. The cataiyst contributes a proton to the carbon-carbon double bond to form a carbenium ion. This is foiiowed by addition of CO to form an acylium ion which reacts with the ~- 'f o~ trapping agent. POLY, Y, Rl, R2 and R3 are defined as above.
Rl CAT. R
Il I
POLY- C + ' POLY- C+ (~) (carbenium ion) Rl Rl 15 POLY- C+ + CO POLY - C - CO+ (m) (acylium ion) 20 Rl Rl O
l 11 POLY - C-C+o+R3YH > POLY - C - C - YR3 (~V) The Koch reaction is ~ ,ul~ly useful to 1~ . poly(aipha olefins) and ethylene aipha olefin .,o~!oly.l.~ formed using mPt~ PnP-type catalysts. These polymers contain terminai vinylidene groups. There is a tendency for such terminai groups to l;llti iUlllll~ and result in neo-type (tertiary) carbenium ions. In order for 3 o the carbenium ion to form, the acid cataiyst is preferabiy relatively strong. However, the strength of the acid cataiyst is preferably baianced against detrimentai side reactions which can occur when the acid is too strong.
The Koch cataiyst can be employed by preforming a cataiyst complex with the proposed ..u.,'c~ trapping agent or by adding the cataiyst and trapping agent 35 separately to the reaction mixture. This later _ I,o l l has been found to be a particular advantage since it eliminates the step of maicing the cataiyst complex.
The following are examples of acidic cataiyst and cataiyst complex materiais with their respective Hammett Scaie Vaiue acidity: 60% H2S4, -4 32; BF3 3H2,

-4.5; BF3.2H2O, -7.0; WO3/Ai2O3, less than -8.2; SiO2/Ai2O3, less than -8.2; HF, -10.2; BF3.H2O, -11.4 to -11.94; ZrO2 less than -12.7; SiO2/Ai2O3, -12.7 to-13.6;AIC13, -13.16 to -13.75; AiC13/CuSO4, -13.75 to -14.52.
AMENDED SHEET

218g68~
wossl3s324 ,~.,u~s /~u It has been found that BF3.2H2O is ineffective at filnrt ( ' ~ polymer through a Koch mechaDism ion with polymers. In contrast, BF3.H2O resulted in high yields of carboxylic acid for the same reaction. The use of H2SO4 as a catalyst involves control of the acid CUII~,C.~ to achieve the desired Hammett Scale

5 Value range. Preferred catalysts are H2SO4 and BF3 catalyst systems.
Suitable BF3 catalyst complexes for use in the present invention can be I O,IJI C~ Cd by the formula:
BF3 xHOR
wherein R can represent hydrogen, hydrocarbyl (as defined below in connection with lO R')-CO-R', -SO2-R', -PO-(OH)2, and mixtures thereof wherein R' is hydrocarbyl, typically alkyl, e.g., Cl t,o C20 alkyl, and, e.g., C6 to C14 aryl, aralkyl, and alkaryl, and x is less than 2.
Following reaction with CO, the reaction mixture is further reacted with water or another .. r.l. "~ trapping agent such as an alcohol or phenolic, or thiol 15 compound. The use of water releases the catalyst to form an acid. The use of hydroxy trapping agents releases the catalyst to form an ester, the use of a thiol releases the catalyst to form a thio ester.
Koch product, also referred to herein as r.. 1;~ I.,r~l polymer, typically will be derivatized as described hereinafter. Derivatization reactions involving ester 20 ~ ' ' polymer will typically have to displace the alcohol derived moiety therefrom. Consequently, the alcohol derived portion of the Koch r . ~ ~
polymer is sometimes referred to herein as a leaving group. The ease with which a leaving group is displaced during derivatization will depend on its acidity, i.e. the higher the acidity the more easily it will be displaced. The acidity in turn of the 2 5 alcohol is expressed in terms of its pKa.
Preferred r~.~rl. ~l'''' trapping agents include water and hydroxy group containing Comrolln~lc Useful hydroxy trapping agents include aliphatic compounds such as ' Jdl;c and polyhydric alcohols or aromatic çrmrol~ e such as phenols snd naphthols. The aromatic hydroxy ~ , ' from which the esters of this 3 o invention may be derived are illustrated by the following specific example: phenol, -naphthol, cresol, resorcinol, catechol, 2-~ luluph~,..ol. Particularly preferred is 2,4-~;~,llulo~ .,.lol.
The alcohols preferably can contain up to about 40 aliphatic carbon atoms.
They may be .llvll~h~l,;c alcohols such as methanols, ethanol, benzyl alcohol, 2-' Jlcy~lr~h ~r~l, beta-chloroethanol, monomethyl ether of ethylene glycol, etc.
The polyhydric alcohols preferably contain from 2 to about 5 hydroxy radicals, e.g., ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol. Other useful polyhydric alcohols include glycerol, .

2189689 -;

lllùllo~ .Ll.yl ether of glycerol, and p.,.lL..~,.y~ iLùl. Useful u~ lLuldLed alcohols mclude aDyl alcohol, and propargyl alcohol.
Particularly preferred alcohols include those having the formula R 2CHOH
where arl R is ~ hydrogen, an alkyl, aryl, IlJIIU~IkYI, or cycloalkyl.
5 Specific alcohols include alkanols such as metharlol, ethanol, etc. Also preferred useful alcohols include aromatic alcohols, phenolic compounds and polyhydric alcohols as well as ~llu~vl~yl~i~ alcohols such as 1,4-butanediol.
Some suitable alcohols for the batch process of the invention include d;cll~lupL.~ol, p.,.~L~lluu~upL.~ol, d;~luuluuh.,.~ûl, and various alkanols such as lû Lli~uuluell~ol and L~uolu;sù~lu,u.u~
It has been found that neo-acid ester ~ ,. d pûlymer is extremely stable due, it is believed, to steric hindrance. l'.~ ly, the yield of derivatized ( polymer obtainable therefrom will vary depending ûn the ease with which a d~ ii~g compound can displace the leaving group of the l~ l polymer.
15 . The mo$ preferred alcohol trapping agents may be obtained by ~ l ;"g a phenol with at least one electron wiLl.d.~ 3 substituent such that the substituted phenol possesses a pKa within the above described preferred pKa ranges. In addition, phenol may also be substituted with at least one I~U~ ,LIUII WiLIIdI.1WiII~
substituent (e.g., electron donating), preferably at positions meta to the electron 2û wiLI-dl.l~. æ substituent to block undesired alkylation of the phenol by the -polymer during the Koch reaction. This further improves yield to desired ester fi.. l,~
polymer.
Accordingly, and in view of the above, the most preferred trapping agents are phenolic and substituted phenolic l.. ~ represented by the formula:
~ OH
' ~Xm Tp . (V) wherein X which may be the same or different, is an electron wiLlllla~
~lhctih.~nt. and T which may be the same or different is a non-electron WiLll.l.~;llæ
3 û group; m and p are from û to 5 with the sum of m and p being from 0 to 5, and m is preferably from l to 5, and more preferably, m is l or 2. X is preferably a group selected from haloge4 cyano, and nitro, preferably located at the 2- and/or 4-position, and T is a group selected from ll~llu~l~l, and hydroxy groups and p is I
or 2 with T preferably being located at the 4 and/or 6 position. More preferably X is AMENDED SHEET

21896~9 WO9SI35324 I~I~U..,_. /~U

selected from Cl, F, Br, cyano or nitro groups and m is preferably from I to 5, more preferably from I to 3, yet more preferably I to 2, and most preferably 2 located at the 2 and 4 locations relative to -OH.
The relative amounts of reactants and catalyst, and the conditions controlled 5 in a manner sufficlent to filnf.tinn~l:7P typically at least about 40, preferably at least about 80, more preferably at least about 90 and most preferably at least about 95 mole% of the carbon-carbon double bonds initially present in the S
polymer. The amount of H2O, alcohol, or thiol used is preferably at least the l,;u~ amount required to react with the acylium cations. It is preferred to lû use an excess of alcohol over the ~":, l.:.. ~ l l ;., amount. The alcohol performs the dual role of reactant and diluent for the reaction. However, the amount of the alcohol or water used should be suffcient to provide the desired yield yet at the same time not dilute the acid catalyst so as to adversely affect the Hammett Scale Value acidity.
15 Variables affecting the p.,.rul.~.a.. ,~ ofthe batch ~".. bu,l~!,.;;u~ reaction ofthis invention include: mole ratio of llucl~vl ' ' trapping agent, especially alcohol to polymer olefin; mole ratio of acid catalyst, especially BF3, to ' ~ ~l ' ' trapping agent or alcohol; the ratio of CO to acid catalyst, especially BF3, reaction l~,.",.",.~u.~, total reaction pressure in the vapor space; and water content of the 2û ,~,L~u.t~/..,,.~,Iul. Water tends to produce acid, and should be at a ~ d~;on less than about lû0 ppm, preferably less than 50 ppm, e.g., <10 ppm.
The batch process of the invention is 1UllV~,Il;,,ll~ly carried out at an 'y~ mole ratio of at least about 1:1, preferably 2-4:1, more preferably 5-9:1 or higher, limited only by reactor size and pressure limitations. When a large 25 excess of alcohol or other ingredient is used, care must be taken to provide enough vapor space to permit the moles of gas needed at the pressure available.
The polymer added to the reactant system can be in a liquid phase.
Optionally, the polymer can be dissolved in an inert solvent. There is a drop inconversion when solvent is used but that loss can be recouped by increasing the 3û leaving group (,~ r.~ trapping agent), CfJII.~ ' 'Y alcohol level to where the alcohol:polymer olefin weight ratio is at least 1:4. preferably 1:3. Additional conversion is obtained by using a catalyst to ' ,' ' trapping agent, e.g., BF3:alcohol molar ratio of about l:l - 1.4:1, preferably on the high end for higher ester conversion. It is generally desirable to operate above a l: l CO/catalyst mole 35 ratio but increasing catalyst content, e.g. BF3 partial pressure increases conversion with little effect on side reaction alkylation.

WO 9513532d 17 Pcrnrsss/(17ss~
The yield can be determ;ned upon completion of the reaction by separating polymer molecules which contain acyl groups which are polar and hence can easily be separated from unreacted non-polar compounds. Separation can be performed using absorption techniques which are known in the art. The amount of initial carbon-5 carbon double bonds and carbon-carbon double bonds remaining after the reaction can be determined by C 1 3 N~ techniques.
In accordance with the process, the polymer is heated to a desired . _ dLUI c range which is typically between -20C to 200C, preferably from 0C to 80C and more preferably from 40C to 65C. Temperature can be controlled by 10 heating and cooling means applied to the reactor. Since the reaction is exothermic usually cooling means are required. Mixing is conducted throughout the reaction to assure a uniform reaction medium. Substantial conversions in excess of 80% can be achieved in ~ - 2 hrs.
The catalyst (and nll- 'e, ' ' - trapping agent) can be prereacted to form a 15 catalyst complex or are charged separately in one step to the reactor to form the catalyst complex in situ at a desired ~c...~ lu,c and pressure, preferably undernitrogen. In a preferred system the . - -' -r' "'~ trapping agent is a substituted phenol used in . . 1.' l;o with BF3. The reactor contents are, ,,"l;".l.,..~l" mixed and then rapidly brought to a desired operating pressure using a high pressure carbon monoxide source. Useful pressures can be up to 138,000 kPa (20,000 psig), and typically will be at least 2070 kPa (300 psig), preferably at least 5520 kPa (800 psig), and most preferably at least 6900 kPa (1,000 psig), and typically will range from 3450 to 34500 kPa (500 to 5,000 psig) preferably from 4485 to 20700 kPa (650 to 3,000 psig~and most preferably from 4485 to 13800 kPa (650 to 2000 psig). The carbon monoxide pressure may be reduced by adding a catalyst such as a copper compound. The catalyst to polymer volume ratio can range from 0.25 to 4, preferably 0.5 to 2 and most preferably .75 to ~.3.
Preferably, the polymer, catalyst, nll~ ~ r' "' trapping agent and CO are fed to the reactor in a single step. The reactor contents are then held for a desired 3 o amount of time under the pressure of the carbon monoxide. The reaction time can range up to 5 hrs. and typically 0.5 to 4 and more typically from l to 2 hrs. The reactor contents can then be discharged and the product which is a Koch ' polymer comprising either a carboxylic acid or carboxylic ester or thiol ester functional groups separated. Upon discharge, any unreacted CO can be vented 3 5 off. Nitrogen can be used to flush the reactor and the vessel to receive the polymer.
Depending on the particular reactants employed, the ~i ~ '~ ' polymer containing reaction mixture may be a single phase, a i.r., l. ~;nl~ of a p.lllilio..dll~

woss/3s324 r~l" ~/aau a189689 18 polyrner and acid phase or an emulsion with either the polymer phase or acid phase being the continuous phase.
According to the preferred batch process of this invention, polymer and alcohol are charged to a charge vessel which is purged with CO followed by bringing the vessel to elevated pressure, e.g., 10,3 50 kPa (1,500 psig), with CO gas.
Catalyst, Culli. ' 'y BF3 gas, is charged to an empty reactor and CO gas is then charged, preferably so as to at least double the pressure in the reactor. The reactor is heated and the mixer turned on while the contents of the charge vessel are rapidly fed into the reactor, driven by higher pressure of CO gas. Additional COo pressure is fed to the reactor to reach the desired reaction pressure, e.g., 10,350 kPa ,500 psig) Upon completion of the reaction, the polymer is recovered by suitable means.
When the mixture is an emulsion, a suitable means can be used to separate the polymer. A preferred means is the use of fluoride salts, such as sodium or lS ammonium fluoride in :~ ,1.;,. ~;,. with an alcohol such as butanol or methanol to neutralize the catalyst and phase separate the reaction complex. The fluoride ion helps trap the BF3 complexed to the fi.nrti: ' ' polymer and helps break emulsions generated when the crude product is washed with water. Alcohols such as methanol and butanol and commercial d~,"...l,;r.~ also help to break emulsions 20 especially in r.~",.l.' -';u~ with fluoride ions. Preferably, ' r~ "' trapping agent is combined with the fluoride salt and alcohols when used to separate polymers. The presence of the " ~ trapping agent as a solvent minimizes L~ Lt-;rl~ io,~
of the ~ ' ' polymer.
Where the ' )r'''' trapping agent has a pKa of less than 12 the 25 r ' ~' ~ polymer can be separated from the _ ' ,' ' trapping agent and catalyst by depressurization and distillation. It has been found that where the '~, ' ' - trapping agent has lower pKa's, the catalyst, i.e. BF3 releases more easily from the reaction mixture.
As indicated above, polymer which has undergone the Koch reaction is also 3 o referred to herein as r ~ po~ymer. Thus, a r ~ polymer comprises molecules which have been chemically modified by at least one functional BruP.so that the ' ' polymer is (a) capable of undergoing fiurther chemical reaction (e.g. d~,,iv~lli~L;ull) or (b) has desirable properties, not otherwise possessed by the polymer alone, absent such chemical ~..u.l ti ~
It will be observed from the discussion of formula I that the functional group is cll~ ,J as being represented by the p~l. tl.ll.. ,.;~l expression ~- 2189689 ---.

Rl o I ~
-(C - C - YR3) o which expression contains the acyi group -C-YR3. It wiil be understood that while 10 Rl -C-the R2 moiety is not added to the polymer in the sense of being derived from a separate reactant it is still referred to as being part of the functionai group for ease of discussion and d~s~ rirtir~n Strictly speaicing, it is the acyl group which constitutes the functionai group, since it is this group which is added during chemicai ~ ,.,,\ Moreover, Rl and R2 represent groups 20 originaiiy present on, or 1.~ part of, the 2 carbons bridging the double bondbefore r ~ ~- ' However, Rl and R2 were included within the pl:ltllill.,iiWi so that neo acyl groups couid be ~ Tc.~ ;dLtd from iso acyl groups in the formula depending on the identity of Rl and R2.
Typicaily, where the end use of the polymer is for maicing dispersant, e.g. as 25 derivatized polymer, the polymer will possess dispersant range molecular weights (Mn) as defined hereinafter and the '` ' ~J will typicaily be S;~..rlw~ y lower than for polymer intended for maicing derivatized rn~lltifimrti~ V.I. improvers,where the polyrner will possess viscosity modifier range molecular weights (Mn) as defined hereinafter. Accordingly, while any effective rull~,~iul.~ y can be imparted to 3 0 ~ 1 polymer intended for subsequent d~ Li~Liun, it is ~ r; that such r ~ , expressed as F, for dispersant end uses, are typicaily not greater than about 3, preferably not greater than about 2, dnd typicaily can range from about 0.5 to about 3, preferably from û.8 to about 2.0 (e.g. 0.8 to l).
Simiiarly, effective ~ " ~ F for viscosity modifier end uses of 3 5 derivatized polymer are ~: u .~ d to be typicaily greater than about 3, preferably greater than about 5, and typicaily will range from 5 to about lO. End uses involving very high molecular weight polyrners l,~Jl~ -lr ~ which can range typicaily greater than about 2û, preferably greater than about 30, and most preferably 8reater than about 40, and typicaily can range from 20 to 60, preferably from 25 to 55 and most preferably from 30 to 50.
AMENDED SHEET

~ 2189689 WO-A-95/35,330, Arnidation of Ester r. ~ Polymers; WO-A-95/35,326, Prestripped Polymer Used to Improve Koch Reaction Dispersant Additives; WO-A-95/35,329, Derivatives of Polyamines With One Primary Amine and Secondary or Tertiary Amines;WO-A-95/35,325, Continuous Process for Production of Fl ~ 1 Olefins; WO-A-95/35,328, T --hrir~ting Oil Dispersants Derived from Heavy r~ and USSN 261558, Dispersants for Two-Cycle Engines, filed June 17, 1994, all contain related subject matter as indicated by their titles.
10 Derivatized Polyrners The r ' ~' ~ polymer can be used as a di~ L~ ;rl~ llAt viscosity modifier if the functional group contains the requisite polar group. The functional group can also enable the polymer to participate in a variety of chemical reactions. Derivatives of r, ~ polymers can be formed through reaction of 15 the functional group. These derivatized polymers may have the requisite properties for a variety of uses including use as dispersants and viscosity modifiers. A
derivatized polymer is one which has been chemically modified to perform one or more functions in a ~;~llll.,allLly improved way relative to the l.n~;lnrti,: ~ ~
polymer andlor the rl ~ polymer. Representative of such functions, are 2 0 di~ ,y and/or viscosity " ..~ _ I ;n~l in lubricating oil ~
The derivatizing compound typically contains at least one reactive derivatizing group selected to react with the functional groups of the r..,. ~
polymers by various reactions. Rc~ c.l~,Livc of such reactions are ~u~ vl ' ' -L~ _I;nl1, salt formation, and the like. The dc~iv~ g 2 5 compound preferably also contains at least one additional group suitable for imparting the desired properties to the derivatized polymer, e.g., polar groups. Thus, such d~.~iY~i~;ug . .~u~ typically will contain one or more groups including arnine, hydroxy, ester, amide, imide, thio, thioannido, oxazoline, or ~,~ub~J~yl~c groups or form such groups at the completion of the d~" iv~ ioil reaction.
The derivatized polymers include the reaction product of the above recited r.... I;r.~ i polymer with a mlrl~cp~ ' - reactant which include amines, alcohols, amino-alcohols and mixtures thereof to form oil soluble salts, amides, oxazoline, and esters. Alternatively, the r ~ polymer can be reacted with basic metal salts to forrn metal salts of the polymer. Preferred metals are Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mo, and 35 the like.
Surtable properties sought to be imparted to the derivatized polymer include one or more of di*~ y~ ..ll;r,....~ viscosity Inr,fljfir~tjnn a~ --y, ~MENDE~ SHE~r ~ wo ssl3s324 2 1 8 9 6 ~ 9 PCI;'US95~07550 friction ....,.llr,. ,;ul~ antiwear, antirust, seal swell, and the like. The preferred properties sought to be imparted to the derivatized polymer include d;a~ aall~.y (both mono- dnd ~ ) and viscosity ,.,.~ r.. ~;.,.. primarily with attendant secondary dispersant properties. A .. ,.,I~;r,.. ~ l dispersant typically will function primarily as a dispersant with attendant secondary viscosity ,,,,~.I;r,. ,;.~.~
While the Koch filnrt ' and derivatization techniques for preparing ' '` ' viscosity modifiers (also referred to herein as .,,,,Il;r,,.,. I;~ " viscosity index improvers or MFVI) are the same as for ashless dispersants, the ~ ' ~y of a ~ ' ' polymer intended for derivatizdtion and eventual use as an MFVI will be corltrolled to be higher than r, ., 1;.~ polymer intended for eventual use as a dispersant. This stems from the difference in Mn of the MFVI polymer backbone vs.
the Mn of the dispersant polymer backbone. Accordingly, it is , ' ' ' that an MFVI will be derived from filnnti~n~li7~d polymer having typically up to about one and at least about 0.5 functional groups, (i.e. "n" of formula (I)) for each 20,000, preferably for each 10,000. most preferably for each 'i,000 Mn molecular weight segrnent in the backbone polymer.
Dispersants Dispersants maintain oil insolubles, resulting from oil use, in suspension in the fluid thus preventing sludge n~ ;u and ~JIcl,;~J;La~;ull. Suitable dispersants include, for example, dispersants of the ash-producing (also known as detergents) and ashless type, the latter type being preferred. The derivatized polymer vr~ of the present invention, can be used as ashless dispersants and ,.,..I~;r.. ~ I viscosity index improvers in lubricant and fiuel ~u- l-~ \c At least one r '~ polymer is mixed with at least one ûf amine, alcohol, including polyol, ~ --' ' ~1, etc., to form the dispersant additives. One class of particularly preferred dispersants are those derived from the r polymer of the present invention reacted with (i) hydroxy compound, e.g., a polyhydric alcohol or pol~h~dlu,.y-substituted aliphatic primary amine such as 30 ~ y~ ol or trismethylG~ (ii) polyu,.~ ,, polyamine, e.g.
P~IYV~Y~IIU~ diamine, and/or (iii) polyalkylene polyamine, e.g., pGI,~ lc~
polyamine such as tetraethylene pentamine referred to herein as TEPA.
DCI;Ydl~a~;OI~ by Amine Compounds Useful amine - r ' for derivatizing r, 1;,~ polymers comprise at least one amine and can comprise one or more additional amine or other reactive or polar groups. Where the functional group is a carboxylic acid, carboxylic ester or WO 95/35324 , ~ PCT/US95/07550 thiol ester, it reacts with the amine to form an amide. Preferred amines are aliphatic saturated amines. Non-limiting examples of suitable amine compounds include: 1,2-pol~.,lh~l.,..~ amines such as diethylene triamine; triethylene tetramine; tetraethylene 5 pentamine; etc.
Other useful amine compounds include: alicyclic diamines such as i,4-di( ' J'l) cyclohexane, and ll~,.t~ ul,,y~.lh, nitrogen compounds such as Mixtures of amine compounds may adva..~ .uu ,Iy be used. Useful amines also include polyoxyalkylene puly A particularly useful class of 10 amines are the polyamido and related amines.
l~erivnti7~ n bv Alcohols The ii~ polymers of the present invention can be reacted with alcohols, e.g. to form esters. The alcohols may be aliphatic comro~n~iC such as 5 I,,u.,u,~d-ic and polyhydric alcohols or aromatic compounds such as phenols and naphthols. The aromatic hydroxy compounds from which the esters may be derived are illustrated by the following specific examples: phenol, beta-naphthol, alpha-naphthol, cresol, resorcinol, catechol, etc. Phenol and alkylated phenols having up to three alkyl ~ are preferred. The alcohols from which the esters may be 2û derived preferably contain up to about 4û aliphatic carbon atoms. They may be-' ~dliu alcohols such as methanols, ethanol, isooctanol, etc. A useful class ofpolyhydric alcohols are those having at least three hydroxy radicals, some of which have been esterif~ed with a ~..u~ul,.~l)v~ylic acid having from about 8 to about 30 carbon atûms~ such as octanoic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, dodecanoic 25 acid, or tall oil acid.
The esters may also be derived from u.l~lLulaltd alcohols such as allyl alcohol, cinnamyl alcohol, propargyl alcohol. Still another class of the alcohols capable of yielding the esters of this invention comprise the ether-alcohols and amino-alcohols including, for example, the oxyalkylene-, u~ lyh.,.~-, amino-alkylene-, and 30 amino-arylene-substituted alcohols having one or more oxyalkylene, amino-alkylene or amino-arylene oxyarylene radicals. They are exemplified by Cellosolve, carbitol, F ~ ~IIIIIIUI~ etc.
The '` " ' ' polymer of this invention is reacted with the alcohols wcording to uu.. ~u.lLiu~ el irl~ ;ull, or 11 ir~ iù" techniques. This 35 normally involves heating the filn~t ' ' polymer with the alcohol, optionally in the presence of a normally liquid, ' ' "~, inert, organic liquid sol~ t/,'' and/or in the presence of este,ir~ iol- catalyst.

~ WO 9513a324 218 9 6 8 9 r~l~u~ - /aau DerivZ-ti7~tinn by Rçac¢ive Metals~Metal Compounds Usefiul reactive metals or reactive metal compounds are those which will form - metal salts of the 5 ' I polymer or metal-containing complexes with the 5 r ~ ~ polymer. Metal complexes are typically achieved by reacting the polymers with amines and/or alcohols as discussed above and also vith complex forming rçactants either during or subsequent to amination. Complex-forming metal reactants include the nitrates, nitrites, halides, uall)u~ s~ etc.The appropriate r ''on~li7~i polymer of this invention can be reacted with lo any individual derivatizing compound such as amine, alcohol, rçactive metal, reactive metal compound or any l.~J~ l of two or more of any of these; that is, for example, one or more amines, one or more alcohols, one or more reactive metals or rçactive metal çon ro~n~lc, or a mixture of any of these. Sl~h "y inert organic liquid diluents may be used to facilitate mixing, I~ dLult: control, and handling of 15 the reaction mixture.
The rçaction products produced by rçacting ~ : ' ' polymer of this invention with derivatizing compounds such as alcohols, nitrogen-containing reactants, metal reactants, and the like will, in fact, be mixtures of various reaction products. The r ~' ~ polymers themselves can be mixtures of materials.
20 While the r ~ polymers themselves possess some dispersant ~ - t~
and can be used as dispersant additives in lubricants and fuels, best results are achieved when at least about 30, preferably, at least about 50, most preferably 100%
ofthe functional groups are derivatized.
25 Post Treatment r ~ and/or derivatized polymers may be post-treated.
The processes for post-treating derivatized polymer are analogous to the post-treating processes used with respect to ~,o~ iull~l dispersants and MFVl's of the prior art. Accordingly, the same reaction conditions, ratio of reactants and the 30 like can be used. Accordingly, derivatized polymer can be post-treated with such reagents as urea, thiourea, carbon disulfide, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, IlJdluLalbo~-substituted succinic anhydrides, nitriles, epoxides, boron comrol~ lc, phosphorus rnmrolln~lC or the like.
The amine derivatized polymers of the present invention as described above 35 can be post-trçated, particularly for use as dispersants and viscosity index improvers by contacting said polymers with one or more post-treating reagents such as borûn ~.,....~",,..,.I~, nitrogen romrolln~ i ' . ' u~ ~omro~ , oxygen , ', WO 95135324 ` ` "' ~ ~ PCTIUS95107550 succinic acids and anhydrides (e g., succinic anhydride, dodecyl succinic anhydride, and Cl to C30 hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydride), other acids and anhydrides such as maleic and fumaric acids and anhydrides, and esters of the foregoing e.g., methyl maleate. The amine derivatized polymers are preferably 5 treated with boron oxide, boron halides, boron acid esters or ~oron ester in an amount to provide from 0.1-20.0 atomic IOlUpU~ l;oils of boron per mole of nitrogen Borated derivatized polymer useful as dispersants can contain from O.ûS to 2.0 wt.%, e.g. 0.05 to 0.7 ~t.% boron based on the total weight of said borated nitrogen-containing dispersant compound. Treating is readily carried out by lo adding said boron compound, preferably boric acid usually as a slurry, to said nitrogen compound and heating with stirring at from about 135C to 190C, e.g.
140C to 170C, for from I to 5 hrs. The derivatized polymers of the present invention can also be treated with polymerizable lactones (such as epsilon-~ap.ul~ uile) to form dispersant adducts.
LubriratilE Cv~ v~
The Koch fi~^^tion~li7rd polymer, in addition to acting as ;.I~ell.,~,l;a~c~ fordispersant and MFVI ~ ~, can be used as molding release agents, molding agents, metal working lubricants, point thickeners and the like. The primary utility 20 for the products of the invention, from '` ' ' ' polymer all the way through post-treated derivatized polymer, is as additives for oleaginous ~ .J~
The additives of the invention may be used by ii~Cull)vl~livl~ into an oleaginous material such as fuels and lubricating oils. Fuels include normally liquid petroleum fuels such as middle distillates boiling from 65C to 430C, including25 keroscne, diesel fuels, home heating fuel oil, jet fuels, etc. A: ~;u.. of the additives in the fuel is in the range of typically from 0.001 to 0.5, and preferably O.OûS to 0.15 wt.%, based on the total weight of the ~ , will usually be employed.
The additives of the present invention may be used in lubricating oil 30 u~ which employ a base oil in which the additives are dissolved or dispersed therein. Such base oils may be natural or synthetic. Base oils suitable for use in preparing the lubricating oil c.clmro~itionc of the present invention include those CV.Iv~ ;Ul~lly employed as crankcase lubricating oils for spark-ignited and ;v~-ignited internal combustion engines, such as automobile and truck 35 engines, marine and railroad diesel engines, and the like. Ad~ uu~ results are also achieved by employing the additive mixtures of the present invention in base oils UUII.. ' ~/ employed in and/or adapted for use as power ~ ;.. g fluids, W095135324 ~ 218!JB8~ ,." /aau universal tractor fluids and hydraulic fluids, heavy duty hydraulic fluids, power i~iiteering fluids and the like. Gear lubricants, industrial oils, pump oils and other lubricating oil r~mrr,ritinnc can also benefit from the i.~.,ol~,UI~Liol~ therein of the additives of the present invention.
Natural oils include animal oils and vegetable oils (e.g., castor, lard oil) liquid petroleum oils and hydrorefined, solvent-treated or acid-treated mineral lubricating oils of the paraffinic. naphthenic and mixed paraffnic-naphthenic types. Oils oflubricating viscosity derived from coal or shale are also useful base oils.
Synthetic lubricating oils include hydrocarbon oils and l~
llydluw~ oils such as polymerized and i~lltlUUI.~ ;L~,d olefins (e.g., polyllu~ c..~,.,. pGI,~lu~l~ . pl uL,yl~c-isobutylene copolymers. chlorinated polybutylenes. etc. Alkylene oxide polymers and ;IIL~;I,UOI.~ and derivatives thereof where the terminal hydroxyl groups have been modified by caLtlirlwLiOi~,r~ , etc., constitute another class of known synthetic lubricating ûils.
15 Another suitable class of synthetic lubricating oils comprises the esters of dicarboxylic acids. Esters useful as synthetic oils also include those made from Cs to C12 Illullo~ lbui~lic acids and polyols and polyol ethers such as neopentyl glycol, etc. Silicon-based oils such as the polyalkyl-, polyaryl-, polyalkoxy-, or polyaryloxysiloxane oils and silicate oils comprise another useful class of synthetic 20 lubricants. Unrefined, refined and rerefined oils can be used in the lubricants of the present invention.
The additives of the present invention, particularly those adapted for use as dispersants or viscosity modifiers. can be; ~.ol~led into a lubricating oil in any convenient way. Thus. they can be added directly to the oil by dispersing or 25 dissolving the same in the oil. Such blending into the additional lube oil can occur at room l~ ,.a~ulc or elevated ~tl~ ,.dLulti~. Alternatively the additives may be first formed into cu~ LI~L~. which are in turn blended into the oil. Such dispersant will typically contain as active ingredient (A.l.), from ~0 to ~0 wt.%, typically 20 to 60 wt.%, and preferably firom 40 to 50 wt.%, additive, (based on the 30 r~ ntrr~A weight) in base oil. MFVI .. ~.. I,Alr~ typically will contain from 5 to 50wt.%AI.
The additives of the invention may be mixed with other additives selected to perform at least one desired function. Typical of such additional additives are detergents, viscosity modifiers, wear inhibitors, oxidation inhibitors, corrosion 3 5 inhibitors, friction modifiers. foam inhibitors, rust inhibitors, d ~..Il,...,l ..l~ lube oil flow improvers, and seal swell control agents.

C~ ;u~.~ when containing these additives, typically are blended into the base oil in amounts which are effective to provide their normal attendant function.
Representative effective amounts of such additives are illustrated as follows:
(Broad) (Preferred) ~v~V~s ~ Wt % Wt %
V I. Improver 1-12 1-4 lû Corrosion Inhibitor 0.01-3 0.01-1.5 Oxidation Inhibitor 0.01-5 0.01-1 5 Dispersant 0.1-10 0.1-5 Lube Oil Flow Improver 0.01-2 0.01-15 Detergents and Rust 0.01-6 0.01-3 15 Inhibitors PourPointDepressant 0.01-1.5 0.01-1.5 Anti-Foaming Agents 0.001-0.1 0.001-0.01 Antiwear Agents 0.001-5 0.001-1.5 Seal Swellant 0.1-8 0.1-4 20 Friction Modifiers 0.01-3 0.01-1.5 Lubricating Base Oil Balance Balance When other additives are employed, it may be desirable, although not necessary. to prepare additive CUII~ C:> or packages comprising c~ ,c.,~ cd 2 5 solutions or dispersions of the subject additives of this invention together with one or more of said other additives. Dissolution of the additive concentrate into the lubricating oil may be facilitated by solvents and by mixing r , ' ' with mild heating, but this is not essential. The final rOI IllUIC~ t may employ typically 2 to 20 wt.%, e.g. about 10 wt.%, of the additive Fackage with the remainder being base oil.
All of said weight percents expressed herein (unless otherwise indicated) are based on active ingredient (A.l.) content of the individual additives, and the total weight of the additive package or rul ",ul~iu", which will include the weight of total oil or diluent.

C~mr~citi-lrl parts and percents are by weight unless otherwise indicated. All molecular weights (Mn) are number average molecular weight.
p~trh Example A ~ ~
Using the charge vessel, reactor, receiver vessel procedure described above for the preferred batch process of the invention, rapid ~ o.lykl~io..~ to produce ester were carried oot with 2,600 Mn and 3,600 Mn (about 50 wt.% ethylene) cLll~!~,..~u~c~le copolymers (EB) in about 2 hrs. At 50C, using 2,4-~ 2~896 ulupl; ~ ~1 FR mole ratios fi-om 1:1 to 9:1, 1,380 kPa (200 psig) and 2,070 kPa ~300 psig) BF3 pressure and a total reactor pressure of 10,350 kPa (1,500 psig) various rapid, high UUl..~,.D;V.~a of polymer olefin (EB olefinic double bond) were achieved and measured by known techniques. At 1,380 kPa, the 2,600 Mn EB
conversion improved steadily from 78.6 to 87.0% active ingredient as the alcohol:EB
mole ratio was increased from 1:1 to 2:1, etc. to 9:1. The 3,600 Mn EB conversion improved from 75.5 to 85.2%. At 2,070 kPa, the 2,600 Mn EB improved from 82.3 to 88.0% and the 3,600 Mn EB improved from 80.3 to 86.8% conversion with the product being ~c;dullulla lLly the ester (> 95% ester).

Batch ~Y~mrl~ B
Using the process as in Batch Exarnple A, rapid ua boll~;aliulla to ester were ~ carried out with the same materials but using BF3 pressures of 1380 to 2070 kPa (200 to 300 psig) at a 2,4-di~,hlu~u~ lol to 2,60û Mn EB polymer olefin molar ratio of 5:1. Poly~ner ~UII~ D;U~a improved from 84.7 to 86.4% active ingredient.
Similarly, for a 3,600 Mn EB at 7:1 molar ratio, ~,UIIi~,.a;ullD improved firom 83.9 to 85.9%.
FYa~nl~ c 1-13 2 û Yleld oFCarboxylic Acid Grûuv (Examples 1-5) FY~ntP1~ 1 ~C~ ~t;Ve~
34.5 parts of poly-n-butene polymer (PNB) (Mn=550) dissolved in 36.2 parts of n-heptane (nC7) were charged to an autoclave, miY~ed and heated to 50C. 662 parts of BF3 dihydrate (BF3 2H20) were then charged followed i~ cd;à~ by CO
2 5 which brought the total autoclave pressure to 1500 psig. The mixture was stirred for 3 hrs. at L~ Lul~ and pressure. Pressure was released, and the reaction product was washed with copious amounts of water and butânol to free the polymer phase from the acid phase. The polymer was dried in an oven. The analysis of the finished polymer showed less than 5% conversion to the carboxylic acid group.
Example 2 The procedure described in Example I was then followed except, 37.1 parts of PNB (Mn=550) was dissolved in 40.2 parts of nC7, and 690 parts of BF3 I 2H2 was substituted for the BF3 2H20 and prepared by bubbling BF3 gas into BF3 2H2 3 5 until sufflcient BF3 was absorbed to give the desired c.~ ~ r ,.... The pressure was brought to 2000 psig with CO. Analysis of the final product showed 85% conversion of the polyrner to neo-carboxylic acid.
AMENDED SMEET

21~89 Example 3 The procedure described in Example I was followed except that 203.6 parts of ethylene propylene (EP) copolymer (Mn=1800, and about 50 wt.% ethylene) and 159.9 parts of nC7, and 34 parts of BF3 1.1 H20 were substituted for the charges of reactants. The pressure was brought to 2000 psi with CO. The conversion to neo-carboxylic acid was 56%
Example 4 The procedure described in Example I was followed except 803 parts of ethylene butene (EB) copolymer (Mn=3700 about 45 wt.% ethylene). 568 parts of iso-octane, and 670 parts of BF3 1.1 H20 were used. The pressure was brought to 2,000 psig with CO. The reaction product was discharged into an aqueous solutioncontaining 600 parts of sodium fluoride (NaF), 756 parts of water, 302 parts of hexarle, and 50 parts of butanol. The polymer product readily separated from theaqueous phase, was recovered, and dried. Analysis showed 85.1% conversion to neo-carboxylic acid.
Example 5 The procedure described in Example 4 was followed except 543 parts of propylene butylene (PB) copolymer (Mn=2800, and about 30 wt.% propylene) 454 parts of iso-octane, and 659 parts of BF3 I . I H20 were used. The reaction product was discharged into 600 parts sodium fluoride, 945 parts water, and 302 parts hexane. The analysis of the ~dnal product showed 75.4% conversion to neo-25 carboxylic acid. The results of Examples 1-5 are su.~ ,d in Table I below:
Table I
3 0 Catalyst Yield Examvle Polvmer ~In omr~lex (~Q~
Comp. I PNB 550 BF3 2H20 5 3 EP 1800 BF3 I.IH2 56 35 4 EB 3700 BF3 1-1H20 85.1 S PB 2X00 BF3 1.1H20 75.4 .; ....

~ WO 95135324 ~ 1~9 ~ 8~ PCT/US95~07550 Alkyl Ester ~Examples 6-12) Example 6 (ComparAtive) The procedure described in Example I was followed except, 1119.2 parts of PNB ~Mn=550) without solvent, and 350 parts of BF3 dibutanol (prepared by 5 bubbling BF3 gas into n-butanol) were used. The pressure was brought to 2,000 psig with CO. The analysis of the final product showed less than 5% conversion to neo-alkyl ester.
Example 7 The procedure described in Example I was followed except, 153.3 parts of EP polymer (Mn=900, about 50 wt.% ethylene) and 137.9 parts nC7, and 88 parts ofBF3 n~ ,.,b.,~ 1 was used in the recipe. The polymer was dried, and the conversion to neo-alkyl ester was 86%.
Example 8 _ ~
The procedure as described in Example 4 was followed except 143 parts of PNB (Mn=550), without solvent, and 37 parts of BF3 .".,~ l (prepared by bubbling BF3 gas into methanol) (BF3 CH30H) was used. The reaction product was discharged into 230 parts of ammonium fluoride and 765 parts methanol. The conversion was 91.3% to the neo-methyl ester.
A)vl Ester Example 9 The procedure described in Example I was followed except 440 parts of PNB
(Mn=550), without solvent, and 244 parts of BF3 tetra (4-~,hl~u~ ol) was used.
The BF3 complex was prepared by bubbling BF3 gas into melted 4- '' u~ ..ol.
The autoclave was pressured to 1485 psig with CO, and the reaction was held at 55C for 2 hrs. Analysis showed the following results:
3 o ~leld to 4 chloro phenyl neo-ester/acid = 60% of polymer to alkyl phenyl ester = 11.7% of polymer to alkyl phenol = 10.1% of polymer Total Yield = 81.8% polymer converted /

wo sal3s3z4 Z 18 9 ~ lu~. /aau Example 10 (catalyst complex) A complex of BF3 with 4-~,hlo.c"~l.c.~ol was prepared by bubbling BF3 into melted 4~ lv~u~ ,..ol. In order to enhance the uptake of BF3 gas to generate BF3 di(4-~ lu~u~ "ol) the solution was cooled. After several minutes, the solution solidified. Melting the complex resulted in rapid liberation of BF3.
(Carbonylation) An autoclave was charged with 391 psig of BF3 gas at 3ûC, followed by an 1û additional 118 psig of CO, to a total pressure of about 5ûO psig. While stirring the autoclave, a mixture of 44û parts PNB (Mn=550) and 108 parts of 3-fluoro-phenol was charged to the reactor, and the pressure was brought to I SOO psig with CO, and the l~ u,~ to 50C. The reaction was held at these conditions for 2 hrs. and theautoclave was then depressurized. The reaction product was stripped to remove BF3 gas and excess substituted phenol. The final product analysis showed 91.5% yield.
F '- 11 The procedure of Example 10 was followed, except the autoclave was pressured to 199 psig with BF3 at 50C, followed by 301 psig of CO, to bring the2û total pressure to 500 psig and 406 parts of EB copolymer (Mn=4600, 20 wt.%ethylene) and 100.6 parts of 2~4-~ ' ~ upl....,ol (pKa = 7.85) at 50C were charged to the autoclave and pressured to 1,430 psig with CO. The yield was 84 5%.
F.Y~mrl.- 12 The procedure in Example 10 was followed except the autoclave was pressured to 254 psig with BF3 at 50C, followed by 254 psig of CO to bring the total pressure to 508 psig; and, 110 parts EB polymer (Mn=2,200, about 50%
ethylene) 31 parts of d;uhlJIu~ ol (pKa = 7.85) at 50C were charged to the autoclave, and pressurized to 2,000 psig with CO. The conversion was 85.4%. The result~ o~E~:~mples ~9 ~nd l O- 12 ar~ .u,,.,~ ;n Tdble 2 bdow:

~ wo 951353~4 2 1 8 9 ~ ~ 9 . .,.. ~ u Ia~Q
Catalyst Yield ~Xample Polymer ~ ~oL~lex Comp. 6 PNB 550 BF3 dibutanol 5 7 EB 900 BF3 ~r,nobllt~nrll 86 8 PNB 550 BF3 ' ' 91.3 9 PNB 550 BF3 tetra(4-cl,lu,up~ l) 818 10 10 PNB 550 ~BF3 +3-fluorophenol 91.5 Il EB 4600 *BF3 2,4-d;~,hlulu~ .. ol 84.5 12 EB 2200 Brj I d;~ lulu~ ol 85.4 Catalys~ and pl-enolic compoul-d ~dded separately in one step.
FY~nlnlpc 1 3 1 7 ,A ' ~p~r~jr,n QfPNE~-neo r~rhr"~ylic ~rirl ~ h PAM
Example 13 200 parts the PNB neocarboxylic acid prepared by a process similar to that of Example 2 and 31.2 parts of poly(eth~l~,.,.,~.. l.;.. ~i) averaging S-8 nitrogens per molecule (PAM) were charged into a reactor with stirring. The reactor contents were purged with nitrogen. The reactor was sealed and the pressure was brought to 60 psig with nitrogen. The reactor was heated to 240C for five hrs. The contents were then sparged with nitrogen via a dip tube and overhead vent line and cooled at 30C. The yield of carboxylic acid amide by 1 3C-NMR was 45.4%.
~ FY~nlrlp 14 374 parts of neo acid r ' ~' ~ EB copolymer of Example 4 dissolved in 700 parts heptane were charged tû a reactor vessel. The solution was heated with3 o mixing to 90C. Then. 70 parts of thionyl chloride was slowly added to the solution, plus an additional 300 parts of heptane. After the reaction to the acid chloride was complete, the solution was heated to 100C at dllllU~)II.,.;~, pressure with N2 sparging followed by high vacuum flashing to remove reaction by-products and heptane. The acid chloride product was cooled. Then, fresh, dry heptane was added 35 to the acid chloride product. The acid chloride product was then heated to 90C.
Then, 10 parts of polyamine (PAM) and 17.8 parts of lli~Ll,~' were slowly added to the acid chloride. The reaction mixture was filtered and excess triethylamine was stripped to produce the aminated product as shown by infrared tmalysis wo 9s/3s324 2 ~8 9 ~ 8 9 Pcrlusss/07sso ~y~ nlp I S
17.8 parts of the 2,4-d;cl~ u~ .,yl ester of the EB copolymer of Example I l were charged to a reaction vessel. The vessel contents were heated to 80C with mixing. Then 0.442 parts of polyamine (PAM) was charged to the vessel. The vessel contents were than slowly heated over a period of 8 hrs. from 1 50C to 220C while refluxing the liberated .:lh,l.lo,upl.~ l (pKa = 7.85). A~er complete conversion to the amide, the phenol was removed by N2 sparging. The vessel contents were cooled to ambient ~t~ UlC:. Carbonl3 NMR analysis showed quantitative conversion of ester to amide.
lû
FY~ q 16 The procedure as described in Example 15 was followed, except 20.2 parts of the 2~4-~ IOI~ 1 ester of Example 12 was used with 0.9~4 parts of PAM.
Carbonl 3 NMR analysis showed quantitative conversion of ester to amide.
FY~nl~ 17 19.4 parts of the aminated polymer described in Example 17 was mixed with 10.0 parts of base oil and heated to 140C in a reaction vessel with mixing. Then 1.407 parts of milled 30% boric acid slurry in base oil was slowly added to the vessel contents. The reactor was sparged with N2 at temperature for two hrs., then an additional 6.26 parts of base oil was added to the reaction vessel. The vessel contents were cooled to 120C, and filtered. Ana~ysis of the product showed a 45%
active ingredient level (0.73% N, 0.26 % B).

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. A rapid, batch carbonylation process comprising reacting alcohol, polymer olefin, and carbon monoxide for no more than 2 hours in the presence of an acid catalyst and in the absence of reliance on transition metal catalyst wherein the molar ratio of alcohol to polymer olefin is at least 1:1 and the mole ratio of acid catalyst to alcohol is at least 0.9:1; and recovering at least 80% functionalized polymer, said functionalized polymer comprising predominantly ester.

2. The process of claim 1 wherein the molar ratio of alcohol to polymer olefin is at least 2:1.

3. The process of claim 1 wherein the mole ratio of acid catalyst to alcohol is 1:1 to 1.4:1.

4. The process of claim 1 wherein the ester of said polymer having the olefin bond converted is at least 50% neo ester.

5. The process of claim 1 wherein said acid catalyst is a Lewis acid catalyst, preferably BF3.

6. The process of claim 1 wherein said acid catalyst combines with said alcohol to form a catalyst complex.

7. The process of claim 1 wherein said alcohol is a phenol, preferably a halophenol.

8. The process of claim 7 wherein said phenol is dichlorophenol or difluorophenol.

9. The process of claim 8 wherein said phenol complexes with acid catalyst BF3.

10. The process of claim 1 wherein said acid catalyst has a Hammett acidity < -7.

11. The process of claim 1 carried out in the substantial absence of water.

12. The process of claim 1 carried out at at least 40°C.

13. The process of claim 1 carried out at a BF3 gas partial pressure of at least 1,380 kPa (200 psig).

14. The process of claim 1 carried out at a combined BF3 gas and carbon monoxide total pressure of at least 6,900 kPa (1,000 psig).

15. The process of claim 1 comprising recovering at least 85% ester-functionalized polymer.

16. The process of claim 1 wherein said polymer olefin has Mn 500

17. The process of claim 1 wherein said functionalized polymer is functionalized by -CO-Y-R3 groups wherein Y is O or S, R3 is hydrocarbyl, and atleast 50 mole% of the functional groups are attached to a tertiary carbon of said polymer.

18. The process of claim 1 wherein said polymer olefin is a polymer composition having at least 30% of its polymer chains terminally unsaturated.

19. The process of claim 1 wherein the polymer olefin comprises an unsaturated hydrocarbon polymer of Mn 500, the acid catalyst has a Hammett acidity < -7, and the alcohol has pKa <12.

20. A rapid, batch carbonylation process comprising reacting alcohol, polymer olefin, and carbon monoxide for no more than 2 hours in the presence of an acid catalyst wherein the molar ratio of alcohol to polymer olefin is at least 1:1 and the mole ratio of acid catalyst to alcohol is at least 0.9:1; and recovering at least 80%
functionalized polymer, said functionalized polymer comprising predominantly ester, the ester being at least 50% neo ester.