CA2213417A1

CA2213417A1 - Novel cationic lipids and the use thereof

Info

Publication number: CA2213417A1
Application number: CA002213417A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Evan C. Unger; Dekang Shen; Guanli Wu
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: ImaRx Pharmaceutical Corp
Priority date: 1995-02-21
Filing date: 1996-01-29
Publication date: 1996-08-29
Also published as: AU4913896A; US5830430A; CN1082043C; EP0839125A4; WO1996026179A1; JPH11500727A; US6056938A; EP0839125A1; CN1177342A

Abstract

Cationic lipid compound which comprise at least two cationic groups. The cationic lipid compound are particularly suitable for use as carriers in the intracellular delivery of bioactive agents, including pharmaceuticals and genetic material. Compositions of the present cationic lipid compounds include suspensions, micelles and liposomes.

Description

W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 NOVEL CATIONIC LIPIDS AND THE USE THEREOF

Field of the Invention The present invention relates to novel cationic lipids and the use thereof. More particularly, the present invention relates to novel cationic lipids and their use in the delivery of biologically active agents.

Back~round of the Invention The intracellular delivery of biologically active agents, for example, pharmacologically active materials and diagnostic agents, is generally desirable in connection with the treatment and/or diagnosis of various diseases. For example, cell function can be influenced at the subcellular or molecular level by delivering the biologically active agent intracellularly.
Various methods have been developed for the delivery of biologically active agents directly into living cells. Included among such methods is the "carrier method"
which involves the use of a carrier to promote intracellular delivery of a bioactive agent to specifically targeted cells, for example, diseased cells. The intracellular delivery of therapeutic agents is referred to herein also as "transfection".
Various carriers have been developed for use in the transfection of biologically active agents. For example, liposomes and polymers have been developed for the transfection of genetic materials, including deoxyribo-nucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). However, the currently available carriers, including liposomes and W O96/26179 PCT~US96/01471 -- 2 polymers, are generally ineffective for the intracellular delivery of biologically active materials in vivo.
Moreover, the currently available carriers have limited use in connection with the transfection of cells in vitro.
In addition to the carrier method, alternative methods have been developed for the transfection of biologically active agents, including genetic material, directly into cells. These methods include, for example, calcium phosphate precipitation and electroporation.
However, these methods are also generally ineffective for the intracellular delivery of biologically active agents in vi vo .
Great strides have been made in connection with the characterization and understanding of various diseases, for example, genetic diseases, and their associated protein transcription, in humans and other ~nim~l s. This has led to the development or postulation of improved methods for the treatment of such diseases with biologically active agents.
Various of these methods involve or re~uire that the biologically active agent be delivered intracellularly. As noted above, however, current methods for the transfection of cells with biologically active agents in vivo are generally ineffective. This is thwarting the study and implementation of improved methods for the treatment of various diseases.
The cellular membrane is a selective barrier which prevents random introduction of substances into the cell.
Accordingly, a major difficulty in the intracellular delivery of biologically active agents is believed to involve the transfer of the agent ~rom the extracellular space to the intracellular space. Localization of the biologically active agent at the surface of selected cell membranes has been difficult to achieve also.
Carriers have been engineered also from viral vectors. Specifically, vectors for the transfection of genetic material have been developed from whole viruses, including adenoviruses and retroviruses. However, only a CA 022l34l7 l997-08-20 W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/0117 limited amount of biologically active materials can be placed inside of a viral capsule. Moreover, in the case of ~ biologically active materials which comprise genetic material, undesired interaction of the viral carrier may occur with the encapsulated genetic material and the patient.
To m;nim; ze the potential interactions associated with viruses, attempts have been made to use only certain components of a virus. This is difficult to achieve in vivo inasmuch as the virus components must be able to recognize and reach the targeted cells. Despite extensive work, a successfully targeted, viral-mediated vector for the delivery of biologically active materials into cells in vivo has not been adequately achieved.
As noted above, liposomes have been used as a carrier for the intracellular delivery of biologically active agents, including genetic material. One of the original methods for the use of liposomes as carriers for biologically active agents is disclosed in Szoka and Papahadjopoulos, Ann. Rev. Biophysic. Bioeng., Vol. 9, pp.
467-508 (1980). The disclosed method involves the preparation of liposomes by the addition of an aqueous solution of genetic material to phospholipids which are dissolved in ether. Evaporation of the ether phase provides genetic material encapsulated in lipid vesicles.
Another method for encapsulating biologically active agents in liposomes involves the extrusion of dehydration-rehydration vesicles. Other methods, in addition to those described above, are known for the encapsulation by liposomes of biologically active agents.
More recently, liposomes have been developed from cationic lipids, such as N-[1-~2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride ("DOTMA") or lipids which comprise cationic polymers, for example, polysine. See, e.g., Xiaohuai and Huang, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Vol. 1189, pp. 195-203 (1994). Liposomes which are prepared from cationic materials (referred to hereinafter as W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 -- 4 -- ~
"cationic liposomes") have been developed, inter alia, to transfect cells with genetic material, including DNA. It is believed that the cationic liposomes bind with the negatively charged phosphate group(s) of the nucleotides in DNA. Studies have shown that cationic liposomes mediate transfection of cells with genetic material in vitro more efficiently than other carriers, for example, cationic polymers. In addition, in vitro studies have shown also that cationic liposomes provide improved transfection of cells relative to other delivery methods, including electroporation and calcium phosphate precipitation.
However, the currently available cationic lipids and cationic liposomes are generally ineffective for the intracellular delivery of biologically active agents in vivo. Moreover, they are generally ineffective for the intracellular delivery of biologically active agents in serum. This is a serious drawback inasmuch as cells require serum for viability. In fact, it is generally necessary to remove serum from tissue culture baths during gene transfection studies involving cationic lipids and cationic liposomes. After transfection, the serum is replaced. This involves additional processing steps which render transfection of cells with cationic lipids and cationic liposomes complex and cumbersome.

2~ New and/or better cationic lipids useful, inter alia, for the intracellular delivery of bioactive agents are needed. The present invention is directed to this as well as other important ends.

s. -~y o~ the In~ention The present invention is directed to cationic lipids which comprise at least one, and preferably at least t two, cationic groups and which may be useful for the intracellular delivery of bioactive agents.
Specifically, in one embodiment, the present invention relates to a cationic lipid compound of the formula -W O 96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 ~R4 - Y3)z Y1- (Rl- xl)x- R2 tY2- R3]y-(Xl- Rl)x- Y

wherein:
each of x, y and z is independently an integer from 0 to about 100;
each X1 is independently -O-, -S-, -NRs-, 5 -C(=X2) -, -C(=X2) -N(R5)-, -N(R5) -C(=X2)-, -C (=X2) -O-, -O-C (=X2) - or -X2-(R5X2) P(=X2) -X2-;
each X2 is independently 0 or S;
each Yl is independently a phosphate residue, N(R6)a-, S(R6)a-, P(R6)a- or -CO2R6, wherein a is an integer ~0 from 1 to 3;
each Y2 is independently -N(R6)b-, -S(R6)b- or -P (R6) b- ~ wherein b is an integer from 0 to 2;
each Y3 is independently a phosphate residue, N(R6)a-, S(R6)a-, P(R6)a- or -CO2R6, wherein a is an integer ~5 from 1 to 3;
each of R1, R2, R3 and R4 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons;
each R5 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 10 carbons; and each R6 is independently -[R7-X3]c-R8 or -Rg- [X4-Rlo] d-Q ~ wherein:
each of c and d is independently an integer ~rom 0 to about 100;

W O 96t26179 PCTrUS96/01474 each Q is independently a phosphate residue, ~N(Rll)q, ~S(Rll)q, ~P(Rll)q or -C02R6, wherein q is an integer ~rom 1 to 3;
each o~ X3 and X4 is independently -O-, -S-, 5 -NR5-, -C (=X2) -, -C (=X2) -N (R5) -, -N (R5) -C (=X2) -, -C (=X2) -O-, -O-C (=X2) - or -X2- (R5X2) P(=X2) -X2-;
each R7 is independently alkylene o~ 1 to about 20 carbons;
each R8 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of ~0 1 to about 60 carbons;
each o~ Rg and Rlo is independently alkylene o~
1 to about 20 carbons; and each Rll is independently -[R7-X3] C-R8 or -R9- [X4-Rlo] d-W, wherein:
each W is independently a phosphate residue, -N(Rl2)w, -S(Rl2)w~ -P(Rl2)w or -C02R6, wherein w is an integer ~rom 1 to 3; and Rl2 iS - [R7-X3]C-R8; with the proviso that the compound o~ ~ormula (I) comprises at least one, and pre~erably at least two, quaternary salts.
In another embodiment, the invention relates to a cationic lipid compound of the ~ormula Yr (~

wherein:

each Yl is independently a phosphate residue, N(R2)a-, S(Rz)a-, P(R2)a- or -C02R2, wherein a is an integer from 1 to 3;
R1 is alkylene of 1 to about 60 carbons cont~;n;ng o to about 30 -O-, -S-, -NR3- or -X2- (R3X2) P (=X2) -X2- heteroatoms or heteroatom groups;
R2 is a residue of the formula -R4- [ (Xl-Rs) X-Y2] y~R6~ wherein:
each of x and y is independently an integer from 0 to about 100;
each Xl is independently a direct bond, -O-, -S-, -NR3-, -C (=X2) -, -C (=X2) -N (R3) -, -N (R3) -C (=X2) -, -C (=X2) -O-, -O-C (=X2) - or -X2- (R3X2) P (=X2) -X2-;
each X2 is independently O or S;
lS each Y2 is independently -S(R2) b- ~ -N(R2) b- or -P (R2) b- ~ wherein b is an integer from 0 to 2;
each R3 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about lO carbons;
each of R4 and R5 is independently a direct bond or alkylene of 1 to about 30 carbons containing 0 to about 15 -O-, -S-, -NR3- or -X2-(R3X2)P(=X2)-X2- heteroatoms or heteroatom groups; and each R6 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 60 carbons containing 0 to about 30 -O-, -S-, -NR3- or -X2- (R3X2) P (=X2) -X2- heteroatoms or heteroatom groups;
with the proviso that the compound of formula (II) comprises at least one, and preferably at least two, quaternary salts.

CA 022l34l7 l997-08-20 W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 In yet another embodiment, the present invention relates to a cationic lipid compound o~ the ~ormula ~ - Y3)z IYi--~Rr- x~ R2--[Y2~R3]y--(Xl--Rl)~-IY
( I rXl)~ rXl)~
lR2 lR2 Y i(Rl- Xl)x- ~3-1Y2]y- R2-(Xl-Rl)~- Y
~ - Y3)z wherein:
each of x, y and z is independently an integer ~rom O to about 100;
each X1 is independently -O-, -S-, -NR5-, -C (=X2) - ~ -C (=X2) -N(R5)-, -N(R5)-C (=X2) - ~ -C (=X2) -O--O-C(=X2)- or -X2-(R5X2)P(=X2)-X2-i each X2 iS independently O or S;
each Yl is independently -O-, -N(R6) a~ ~ -S (R6) a~
or -P(R6) a~ ~ wherein a is an integer ~rom O to 2;
each Y2 is independently -N(R6) a~ ~ -S (R6) a~ or -P(R6)~-, wherein a is an integer ~rom O to 2;
each Y3 iS independently a phosphate residue, N(R6)b-, S(R6)b-, P(R6)b- or -C02R6, wherein b is an integer ~rom 1 to 3;
each o~ R1, R2, R3 and R4 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons;

each R5 is independently hydrogen or alkyl o~
1 to about 10 carbons; and W O 96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 g each R6 is independently -[R,-X3] C-R8 or -Rg-[X~-Rlo] d- Q, wherein:
each of c and d is independently an integer from 0 to about 100;
each Q is independently a phosphate residue, -N(Rll) q~ -S (Rll) q~ -P (Rll) q or -CO2Rll, wherein q is an integer from 1 to 3;
each of X3 and X4 iS independently -O-, -S-, -NR5-, -C(=X2)-~ -c(=x2)-N(R5)-~ -N(R5)-C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-O-, lO -O-C(=X2)- or -X2-(R5x2)P(=x2)-x2-;
each R7 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbonsi each R8 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 60 carbonsi each of Rg and R1o is independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons; and each R11 is independently -[R,-X3] C-R8 or -Rg- [X4- Rlo]d~W~ wherein:
each W is independently a phosphate residue, 20 -N(Rl2)w~ -S(Rl2)w/ -P (Rl2)W or -CO2Rl2, wherein w is an integer from 1 to 3; and Rl2 is -tR,-X3] c~R8i with the proviso that the compound of formula (III) comprises at least one, and pre~erably at least two, quaternary salts.
Cationic lipid compounds which comprise at least one, and preferably at least two, cationic groups are also the subject of the present invention.

CA 022l34l7 l997-08-20 W O96/26179 PCT~US96/01474 Another aspect o~ the present invention are cationic lipid compositions which are composed o~ cationic lipid compounds that comprise at least one, and pre~erably at least two, cationic groups.
Yet another aspect of the present invention is a cationic lipid formulation for the intracellular delivery of a bioactive agent. The ~ormulation comprises, in combination with a bioactive agent, a cationic lipid compound that comprises at least one, and preferably at least two cationic groups.
Still another aspect of the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a cationic lipid formulation ~or the intracellular delivery of a bioactive agent. The process comprises combining together a bioactive agent and a cationic lipid composition which comprises a cationic lipid compound having at least one, and preferably at least two, cationic groups.
Also encompassed by the present invention is a method ~or delivering intracellularly a bioactive agent.
The method comprises contacting cells with a cationic lipid compound having at least one, and pre~erably at least two, cationic groups and a bioactive agent.
These and other aspects of the invention will become more apparent from the present specification and claims.

W O96/26179 PCT~US96/01474 Brief Description of the Drawin~s FIGS. 1 and 2 are graphical representations of the amount of protein expressed in transfection experiments involving cationic lipid compounds of the present invention and compounds disclosed in the prior art.

Detailed Description of the Invention As employed above and throughout the disclosure, the following terms, unless otherwise indicated, shall be understood to have the following meanings.
"Alkyl" refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group which may be straight or branched having 1 to about 60 carbon atoms in the chain. "Lower alkyl" refers to an alkyl group having 1 to about 8 carbon atoms. "Higher alkyl"
refers to an alkyl group having about 10 to about 20 carbon atoms. The alkyl group may be optionally substituted with one or more alkyl group substituents which may be the same or different, where "alkyl group substituent" includes halo, aryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkyloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, aralkyloxy, aralkylthio, carboxy alkoxycarbonyl, oxo and cycloalkyl. There may be optionally inserted along the alkyl group one or more oxygen, sulphur or substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen atoms, wherein the nitrogen substituent is lower alkyl. "Branched" refers to an alkyl group in which a lower alkyl group, such as methyl, ethyl or propyl, is attached to a linear alkyl chain. Exemplary alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, heptyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, CA 022l34l7 l997-08-20 W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/0147 - 12 ~
tetradecyl, pentadecyl and hexadecyl. Pre~erred alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups of 1 to about 4 carbons and the higher alkyl groups of about 12 to about 16 carbons. Preferred alkyl groups include also alkyl groups which are substituted with one or more halo atoms.
Fluoroalkyl groups are preferred among the halo-substituted alkyl groups, including, for example, fluoroalkyl groups of the formula CF3(CF2) n(CH2)m~, wherein each of m and n is independently an integer from 0 to about 22. Exemplary fluoroalkyl groups include perfluoromethyl, perfluoroethyl, perfluoropropyl, perfluorobutyl, perfluorocyclobutyl, perfluoropentyl, perfluorohexyl, perfluoroheptyl, perfluorooctyl, perfluorononyl, perfluorodecyl, perfluoroundecyl and perfluorododecyl.
"Alkenyl" refers to an alkyl group containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond. The alkenyl group may be optionally substituted with one or more "alkyl group substituents". Exemplary alkenyl groups include vinyl, allyl, n-pentenyl, decenyl, dodecenyl, tetradecadienyl, heptadec-8-en-1-yl and heptadec-8,11-dien-1-yl.
~ Alkynyl~ refers to an alkyl group containing a carbon-carbon triple bond. The alkynyl group may be optionally substituted with one or more "alkyl group substituents". Exemplary alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propargyl, n-pentynyl, decynyl and dodecynyl. Pre~erred alkynyl groups include the lower alkynyl groups.
"Cycloalkyl" re~ers to a non-aromatic mono- or multicyclic ring system of about 4 to about 10 carbon atoms.

W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 The cycloalkyl group may be optionally partially unsaturated. The cycloalkyl group may be also optionally substituted with an aryl group substituent, oxo and/or alkylene. Preferred monocyclic cycloalkyl rings include cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl. Preferred multicyclic cycloalkyl rings include adamantyl, octahydronaphthyl, decalin, camphor, camphane, noradamantyl, bicyclo[2.2.2.]oct-5-ene, cis- 5-norbornene, 5-norbornene, (lR) - (- ) -myrtentane, norbornane and anti-3-oxo-tricyclo[2.2.1. o2,6] heptane.
"Aryl" refers to an aromatic carbocyclic radicalcont~;n;ng about 6 to about 10 carbon atoms. The aryl group may be optionally substituted with one or more aryl group substituents which may be the same or different, where "aryl group substituent" includes alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, aralkoxy, carboxy, aroyl, halo, nitro, trihalomethyl, cyano, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, acyloxy, acylamino, aroylamino, carbamoyl, alkylcarbamoyl, dialkylcarbamoyl, arylthio, alkylthio, alkylene and -NRR', where R and R~ are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl and aralkyl.
Exemplary aryl groups include substituted or unsubstituted phenyl and substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl.
"Acyl" re~ers to an alkyl-CO- group wherein alkyl is as previously described. Preferred acyl groups comprise - alkyl of~ 1 to about 30 carbon atoms. Exemplary acyl groups include acetyl, propanoyl, 2-methylpropanoyl, butanoyl and palmitoyl.

W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 ~ Aroyl" means an aryl-CO- group wherein aryl is as previously described. Exemplary aroyl groups include benzoyl and 1- and 2-naphthoyl.
"Alkoxy" refers to an alkyl-O- group wherein alkyl is as previously described. Exemplary alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy and heptoxy.
"Aryloxy" refers to an aryl-O- group wherein the aryl group is as previously described. Exemplary aryloxy groups include phenoxy and naphthoxy.
~Alkylthio~ refers to an alkyl-S- group wherein alkyl is as previously described. Exemplary alkylthio groups include methylthio, ethylthio, i-propylthio and heptylthio.
"Arylthio" refers to an aryl-S- group wherein the aryl group is as previously described. Exemplary arylthio groups include phenylthio and naphthylthio.
"Aralkyl" refers to an aryl-alkyl- group wherein aryl and alkyl are as previously described. Exemplary aralkyl groups include benzyl, phenylethyl and naphthylmethyl.
"Aralkyloxy" refers to an aralkyl-O- group wherein the aralkyl group is as previously described. An exemplary aralkyloxy group is benzyloxy.
"Aralkylthio~ refers to an aralkyl-S- group wherein the aralkyl group is as previously described. An exemplary aralkylthio group is benzylthio.
"Dialkylamino" refers to an -NRR' group wherein each o~ R and R~ is independently an alkyl group as W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 previously described. Exemplary alkylamino groups include ethylmethylamino, dimethylamino and diethylamino.
"Alkoxycarbonyl" refers to an alkyl-O-CO- group.
Exemplary alkoxycarbonyl groups include methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, butyloxycarbonyl and t-butyloxycarbonyl.
"Aryloxycarbonyl" refers to an aryl-O-CO- group.
Exemplary aryloxycarbonyl groups include phenoxy- and naphthoxy-carbonyl.
"Aralkoxycarbonyl" refers to an aralkyl-O-CO-group. An exemplary aralkoxycarbonyl group isbenzyloxycarbonyl.
"Carbamoyl" refers to an H2N-CO- group.
"Alkylcarbamoyl" re~ers to a R'RN-CO- group wherein one of R and R' is hydrogen and the other of R and R' is alkyl as previously described.
~ Dialkylcarbamoyl" refers to R'RN-CO- group wherein each of R and R' is independently alkyl as previously described.
~ 'Acyloxy" refers to an acyl-O- group wherein acyl is as previously described.
"Acylamino" refers to an acyl-NH- group wherein acyl is as previously described.
"Aroylamino" refers to an aroyl-NH- group wherein aroyl is as previously described.
"Alkylene" refers to a straight or branched bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group having ~rom 1 to about 30 carbon atoms. The alkylene group may be straight, branched or cyclic. The alkylene group may be also W 096/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 optionally unsaturated and/or substituted with one or more "alkyl group substituents." There may be optionally inserted along the alkylene group one or more oxygen, sulphur or substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen atoms, wherein the nitrogen substituent is alkyl as previously described. Exemplary alkylene groups include methylene (-CH2-), ethylene (-CH2CH2-), propylene (-(CH2) 3- ), cyclohexylene (-C6Hlo~)~ -CH=CH-CH=CH-, -CH=CH-CH2-, -tCF2)n(CH2)m~, wherein n is an integer from about 1 to about 22 and m is an integer from 0 to about 22, -(CH2)n-N(R)-tCH2)m~, wherein each of m and n is independently an integer ~rom 0 to about 30 and R iS hydrogen or alkyl, methylenedioxy (-O-CH2-O-) and ethylenedioxy (-O-(CHz)2-O-).
It is preferred that the alkylene group has about 2 to about 1~ 3 carbon atoms.
"Halo" or "halide" refers to fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide.
"Heteroatom group" refers to a radical which contains at least one heteroatom.
"Amino Acid" refers to a naturally occurring or synthetic amino acid.
"Polypeptide" refers to a biologically active series of two or more amino acid residues bonded by peptide linkages. Polypeptides having about 3 to about 40 amino 2~ acid residues are preferred.
"Phosphate residue" refers to a substituent group which is derived from phosphoric acid (O=P(OH) 3) .
Preferably, the phosphate residue is an ester of phosphoric W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 acid which is substituted with one or more alkyl and/or alkenyl groups. Preferred phosphate esters include phospholipids. Pre~erred among the phospholipids are - phosphoglycerides, with diacylglycerol phosphates being especially pre~erred. An exemplary diacylglycerol phosphate is 1,2-dioleoylglycero-3-phosphoethyl.
"Quaternary salt" refers to a type of ammonium, sul~onium or phosphonium compound in which the hydrogen atoms o~ the ammonium, sul~onium or phosphonium ion are replaced by alkyl groups. With respect to quaternary ammonium and phosphonium compounds, the molecular structure includes a nitrogen or phosphorous atom joined to ~our organic groups, ~or example, alkyl groups. The molecular structure o~ a quaternary sul~onium compound includes a 1~ sul~ur atom joined to three organic groups. These molecular structures are positively charged and are generally re~erred to as cations or cationic groups. The cations are typically, although not necessarily, associated with a negatively charged acid radical. The negatively charged radical is generally referred to as an anion or an anionic group. Exemplary anions include, for example, halides.
Quaternary salts are generally the product o~ the ~inal stage o~ alkylation o~ nitrogen, sul~ur or phosphorous.
~Lipid" re~ers to a synthetic or naturally-2~ occurring amphipathic compound which comprises a hydrophilic _ component and a hydrophobic component. Lipids include, ~or example, ~atty acids, neutral ~ats, phosphatides, W O 96/26179 PCTrUS96101474 glycolipids, aliphatic alcohols and waxes, terpenes and steroids.
~ Cationic lipid compound~ refers to a lipid which comprises a cationic group and which functions generally as a positively charged ion, for example, in solution.
Preferred cationic lipid compounds are lipids which comprise at least one cationic group, with lipids which comprise at least two or more cationic groups being more preferred.
"Cationic group" refers to a group which is positively charged. Preferred cationic groups include the positively charged ions of quaternary salts. Exemplary quaternary salts are ammonium, phosphonium and sulfonium salts.
"Counter ion" refers to an anion. An anion which 1~ is "pharmaceutically-acceptable" is substantially non-toxic and does not render the associated cation pharmaceutically unacceptable.
"Cationic lipid composition" refers to a composition which comprises a cationic lipid compound.
Exemplary cationic lipid compositions include suspensions, emulsions, vesicular compositions and hexagonal H II phase structures. "Cationic lipid formulation" refers to a composition which comprises a cationic lipid compound and a bioactive agent.
~Charge density~ refers to charge per unit mass or volume.
~Vesicle~ or ~vesicular species" refers to a spherical entity which is characterized by the presence of CA 022l34l7 l997-08-20 W O96/26179 PCTAU$96/01474 an internal void. Preferred vesicles or vesicular species are formulated from lipids, including the cationic lipid compounds of the present invention. In any given vesicle or - vesicular species, the lipids may be in the form of a monolayer or bilayer, and the mono- or bilayer lipids may be used to form one or more mono- or bilayers. In the case of more than one mono- or bilayer, the mono- or bilayers are generally concentric. The lipid vesicles or vesicular species include such entities commonly referred to as liposomes, micelles and the like. Thus, the lipids may be used to form a unilamellar vesicle (comprised of one monolayer or bilayer), an oligolamellar vesicle (comprised of about two or about three monolayers or bilayers) or a multilamellar vesicle (comprised of more than about three monolayers or bilayers). The internal void of the vesicles are generally filled with a liquid, including, for example, an aqueous liquid, a gas, a gaseous precursor, and/or a solid material, including, for example, a bioactive agent.
"Cationic vesicle" or "cationic vesicular composition" refers to a vesicle or vesicular species which is ~ormulated from a cationic lipid compound.
"Cationic vesicle formulation" refers to a composition of a vesicle or vesicular species and a bioactive agent.
~Liposome~ re~ers to a generally spherical cluster or aggregate of amphipathic compounds, including lipid compounds, typically in the form of one or more concentric layers, ~or example, bilayers.

W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/0147 "Emulsion" refers to a lipoidal mixture of two or more liquids and is generally in the form of a colloid. The lipids may be heterogeneously dispersed throughout the emulsion. Alternatively, the lipids may be aggregated in the form of, for example, clusters or layers, including mono- or bilayers.
"Suspension" refers to a mixture of finely divided colloidal particles floating in a liquid.
"Hexagonal H II phase structure" refers to a generally tubular aggregation of lipids in liquid media, for example, aqueous media, in which the hydrophilic portion(s) of the lipids generally face inwardly in association with a liquid environment inside the tube. The hydrophobic portion(s) of the lipids generally radiate outwardly and the complex assumes the shape of a hexagonal tube. A plurality of tubes is generally packed together in the hexagonal phase structure.
"Patient", as used herein, refers to animals, including m~mm~1 S, preferably humans.
~Bioactive agent" refers to a substance which is capable of exerting a biological effect in vitro and/or in vivo. The biological effect is preferably therapeutic in nature. As used herein, "bioactive agent" re~ers also to substances which are used in connection with an application which is diagnostic in nature, such as in methods for diagnosing the presence or absence of a disease in a patient. The bioactive agents may be neutral or positively or negatively charged. Preferably, the bioactive agents are W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 negatively charged. Examples of suitable bioactive agents include pharmaceuticals and drugs, synthetic organic molecules, proteins, vitamins, steroids, polyanions, nucleosides, nucleotides, polynucleotides and diagnostic agents, such as contrast agents for use in connection with magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound or computed tomography of a patient.
"Anionic group" refers to a group which is negatively charged. Preferred anionic groups include phosphate (P04-) groups.
"Anionic bioactive agent" refers to a bioactive agent that comprises at least one anionic group. Certain genetic materials, for example, polynucleotides, are exemplary anionic bioactive agents.
"Genetic material" refers generally to nucleotides and polynucleotides, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The genetic material may be made by synthetic chemical methodology known to one of ordinary skill in the art, or by the use of recombinant technology, or by a combination of the two. The DNA and RNA
may optionally comprise unnatural nucleotides and may be single or double stranded. "Genetic material" refers also to sense and anti-sense DNA and RNA, that is, a nucleotide sequence which is complementary to a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA and/or RNA.
_ ~Pharmaceutical~ or ~'drug~ refers to any therapeutic or prophylactic agent which is used in the prevention, diagnosis, alleviation, treatment or cure of a W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01471 malady, a~liction, disease or injury in a patient.
Therapeutically use~ul polynucleotides and polypeptides are included within the definition of drug.
"In combination with~ re~ers to the incorporation oi~ a bioactive agent with a cationic lipid compound of the present invention. The cationic lipid compound can be combined with the bioactive agent in any of a variety of dif~erent ways. For example, when the cationic lipid compound is in the form of a cationic vesicle or a cationic vesicular composition, the bioactive agent may be entrapped within the internal void of the vesicle. It is also contemplated that the bioactive agent may be integrated within the layer(s) or wall(s) of the vesicle, for example, by being interspersed among lipids which are contained within the vesicular layer(s) or wall(s). In addition, it is contemplated that the bioactive agent may be located on the surface o~ a vesicle. In this case, the bioactive agent may interact chemically with the surface of the vesicle and remain substantially adhered thereto. Such interaction may take the ~orm o~, ~or example, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, van der Waal's ~orces or covalent bonding.
Alternatively, or in addition to, the bioactive agent may interact with the surface o~ the vesicle in a limited ~nn~, Such limited interaction would permit migration o~
the bioactive agent, for example, from the sur~ace of a ~irst vesicle to the sur~ace of a second vesicle.
"Intracellular" or "intracellularly" refers to the area within the plasma membrane of a cell, including the W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/0147 protoplasm, cytoplasm and/or nucleoplasm. "Intracellular delivery" refers to the delivery of a bioactive agent into the area within the plasma membrane of a cell.
_"Cell" refers to any one of the minute protoplasmic masses which make up organized tissue, comprising a mass of protoplasm surrounded by a membrane, including nucleated and unnucleated cells and organelles.
"Immune competence" refers to the ability of the immune system to protect against pathogens or infectious agents.
The present invention is directed, in part, to a new class of cationic lipid compounds which are highly useful in connection with the intracellular delivery of one or more bioactive agents. The new class of lipids are described in more detail below.
Specifically, in one embodiment, the present invention relates to a cationic lipid compound of the formula ~- Y3)z Yl (Rl- Xl~- R2- [Y2- R3]y-(Xl- Rl)x- Y

wherein:
20each of x, y and z is independently an integer from 0 to about 100;
each X1 is independently -O-, -S-, -NRs-, -C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-N(R5)-, -N(Rs)-C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-O-, W O 96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 -O-C(=X2) - or -X2-(R5X2) P(=X2) -X2-;
each X2 is independently O or S;
each Y1 is independently a phosphate residue, N(R6)a-, S(R6)a-, P(R6)a- or -CO2R6, wherein a is an integer ~rom 1 to 3;
each Y2 is independently -N(R6) b- ~ -S (R6) b- or -P (R6) b- ~ wherein b is an integer ~rom 0 to 2;
each Y3 iS independently a phosphate residue, N(R6)a-, S(R6)a-, P(R6)a- or -CO2R6, wherein a is an integer ~0 ~rom 1 to 3;
each o~ Rl, R2, R3 and R4 is independently alkylene o~ 1 to about 20 carbons;
each R5 is independently hydrogen or alkyl o~
1 to about 10 carbons; and each R6 is independently -[R7-X3] C-R8 or -Rg- [X4-Rlo] d- Q, wherein:
each of c and d is independently an integer ~rom 0 to about 100;
each Q is independently a phosphate residue, ~N(R11)q, ~S(Rl1)q, ~P(Rll)q or -CO2Rll, wherein q is an integer ~rom 1 to 3;
each of X3 and X4 is independently -O-, -S-, -NR5-, -C (=X2) -, -C (=X2) -N(R5) -, -N(R5) -C(=X2) -, -C (=X2) -O-, -O-C(=X2) - or -X2- (R5x2) P(=X2) -X2-;
each R7 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons each R8 is independently hydrogen or alkyl o~
1 to about 60 carbons;

W O 96126179 PCTrUS96/01474 each of Rg and Rlo is independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons; and each R1l is independently -[R7-X3]C-R8 or ~ -Rg-[X4-Rlo] d-W, wherein:
each W is independently a phosphate residue, ~N(Rl2)w, -S(Rl2)W~ -P(Rl2)w or -COzRl2, wherein w is an integer from 1 to 3; and Rl2 is -[R7-X3]C-R8; with the proviso that the compound of formula (I) comprises at least one, and preferably at least two, quaternary salts.
In the above formula (I), each of x, y and z is independently an integer from 0 to about 100. Preferably, each of x, y and z is independently an integer of from 0 to about 50, with integers from 0 to about 20 being more preferred. Even more preferably, each of x, y and z is independently an integer from 0 to about 10, with integers from 0 to about 5 being still more preferred. In certain particularly preferred embodiments, x is 1, y is 2 or 3 and z is 0 or 1.
In the above formula (I), each Xl is independently -O-, -S-, -NRs-, -C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-N(Rs)-, -N(Rs)-C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-O-, -O-C(=X2)- or -X2-(RsX2)P(=X2)-X2-. Pre~erably, each Xl is independently -C(=O)-NRs-, -NRs-C(=O)-, -C(=O)-O-or -O-C(=O)-.
Each X2 in the definitions of Xl, X3 and X4 above is independently O or S. Preferably, X2 is O.
In the above ~ormula (I), each Yl is independently a phosphate residue, N(R6)~-, s(R6)a-~ P(R6)a- or -CO2R6, W O 96/26179 PCT~US96/01474 wherein a is an integer from 1 to 3. Pre~erably, each Yl is independently a phosphate residue, N(R6)a- or -CO2R6, wherein a is 2 or 3. Pre~erably, a is 3.
Each Y2 in ~ormula (I) above is independently -N(R6) b- ~ -S (R6) b- or -P(R6) b- ~ wherein b is an integer from 0 to 2. Preferably, Y2 is -N(R6) b- ~ wherein b is 1 or 2.
In the above formula (I), each Y3 is independently a phosphate residue, N(R6)a-, S(R6)a-, P(R6)a- or -CO2R6, wherein a is an integer from 1 to 3. Pre~erably, each Y3 is independently a phosphate residue, N(R6) a~ or -CO2R6, wherein a is 2 or 3. Preferably, a is 3.
In the above formula (I), each of Rl, R2, R3 and R4 is independently alkylene of~ 1 to about 20 carbons.
Preferably, each of Rl, R2, R3 and R4 is independently straight chain alkylene of 1 to about 10 carbons or cycloalkylene o~ about 4 to about 10 carbons. More preferably, each of~ Rl, R2, R3 and R4 is independently straight chain alkylene of 1 to about 4 carbons or cycloalkylene of about 5 to about 7 carbons. Even more preferably, each of Rl, R2, R3 and R4 is independently methylene, ethylene or cyclohexylene.
In the above definitions o~ Xl, X3 and X4, each R5 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 10 carbons.
Preferably, each R5 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 4 carbons. More preferably, R5 is hydrogen.
In the above definitions of Yl, Y2 and Y3, each R6 is independently -[R,-X3] C-R8 or -Rg- [X4-Rlo] d-Q, wherein each of c and d is independently an integer from 0 to about 100.

W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/0147 Preferably, each of c and d is independently an integer from 0 to about 50, with integers from 0 to about 20 being more preferred. Even more preferably, each of c and d is _ independently an integer from 0 to about 10, with integers from 0 to about 5 being still more preferred. In certain particularly preferred embodiments, c is 0 or 1 and d is 1.
Each Q in R6 above is independently a phosphate residue, ~N(Rll)ql ~S(Rll)q, ~P(Rll)q or -CO2Rll, wherein q is an integer from 1 to 3. Preferably, each Q is independently a phosphate residue, -N(Rll)q or -CO2Rll, wherein q is 2 or 3.
Preferably, q is 3.
Also in the above definition of R6, each of X3 and X4 is independently -O-, -S-, -NR5-, -C (=X2) -, -C (=X2)-N(Rs)-, -N(R5)-C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-O-, -O-C (=X2) - or -X2-(R5X2)P(=X2)-X2-, wherein each of X2 and R5 is independently as previously described. Preferably, each of X3 and X4 iS independently -C(=O)-NR5-, -NR5-C(=O)-, -C(=O)-O- or -O-C(=O)-.
In the definitions o~ R6, Rll and Rl2 above, each R7 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons.
Preferably, each R7 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 10 carbons, with alkylene of 1 to about 4 carbons being preferred. More preferably, each R7 is independently methylene or ethylene.
Also in the definitions of R6, Rll and Rl2 above, each R8 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 60 carbons. Preferably, each R8 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 40 carbons, with hydrogen or alkyl o~ 1 to about 20 carbons being more preferred. Even more W O96126179 PCTrUS96/01474 - 28 -pre~erred, each R8 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 16 carbons. In certain particularly pre~erred embodiments, each R8 is independently hydrogen, methyl, dodecyl or hexadecyl.
Each o~ Rg and R1o in the definitions of R6 and R
above is independently alkylene o~ 1 to about 20 carbons.
Preferably, each o~ Rg and R~o is independently alkylene of 1 to about 10 carbons. More preferably, each of Rg and R1o is independently alkylene of l to about 4 carbons. Even more pre~erably, each o~ Rg and R1o is independently methylene or ethylene.
Each R11 in Q above is independently -[R7-X3]C-R8 or -Rg-[X4-Rlo]d~W, wherein each of c, d, X3, X4, R7, R8, Rg and R1o is independently as previously described.
Each W in R11 above is independently a phosphate residue, -N(R12)W, -S(R12)W, -P(R12)W or -CO2R12, wherein w is an integer ~rom 1 to 3. Pre~erably, W is a phosphate residue, -N(R12)W or -CO2R12, wherein w is 2 or 3. Pre~erably, w is 3.
In the above de~inition of W, R12 is -[R7-X3]c~R8 wherein each of c, X3, R7 and R8 is independently as previously described.
In another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a cationic lipid compound of the formula YiRiY

wherein:

WO 96/26179 PCT/US96/0147~1 each Yl is independently a phosphate residue, N(R2)a-, S(R2)a-, P(R2)a- or -CO2R2, wherein a is an integer from 1 to 3;
- Rl is alkylene of 1 to about 60 carbons cont~'n'ng 0 to about 30 -O-, -S-, -NR3- or -X2-(R3X2)P(=X2)-X2- heteroatoms or heteroatom groups;
R2 is a residue of the formula -R4 - [ (Xl-R5) X-Y2] y~R6~ wherein:
each of x and y is independently an integer from 0 to about 100;
each Xl is independently a direct bond, -O-, -S-, -NR3-, -C (=X2) -, -C (=X2) -N (R3) -, -N (R3) -C (=X2) -, -C (=X2) -O-, -O-C (=X2) - or -X2- (R3X2) P (=X2) -X2-;
each X2 is independently O or S;
each Y2 is independentlY -S(R2) b- ~ -N (R2) b- or -P (R2) b- ~ wherein b is an integer ~rom 0 to 2;
each R3 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 10 carbons;
each of R4 and R5 is independently a direct bond or alkylene of 1 to about 30 carbons containing 0 to about 15 -O-, -S-, -NR3- or -X2- (R3X2) P (=X2) -X2- heteroatoms or heteroatom groups; and each R6 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 60 carbons containing 0 to about 30 -O-, -S-, -25 NR3- or -X2-(R3X2)P(=X2)-X2- heteroatoms or heteroatom groups;
with the proviso that the compound o~ formula (II) comprises at least one, and preferably at least two, ~uaternary salts.

W O 96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 In the above formula (II), each Yl is independently a phosphate residue, N(R2)a-, S(R2)a-, P(R2)a- or -CO2R2, wherein a is an integer from 1 to 3. Preferably, each Yl is independently a phosphate residue, -N(R2) a~ or -CO2R2, wherein a is 2 or 3. Preferably, a is 3.
Also in the above formula (II), Rl is alkylene of 1 to about 60 carbons containing o to about 30 -o-, -S-, -NR3-or -X2-(R3X2)P(=X2)-X2- heteroatoms or heteroatom groups.
Preferably, R1 is alkylene of 1 to about 40 carbons, with lD alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons being preferred. More preferably, Rl is straight chain alkylene of 1 to about 10 carbons or cycloalkylene of about 4 to about 10 carbons.
Even more preferably, Rl is straight chain alkylene of 1 to about 4 carbons or cycloalkylene of about 5 to about 7 carbons.
In the above definition of Yl, R2 is a residue of the formula -R4-[(X1-Rs)x-Y2]y~R6~ wherein each of x and y is independently an integer from 0 to about 100. Preferably, each of x and y is independently an integer from 0 to about 50, with integers from 0 to about 20 being more preferred.
Even more preferably, each of x and y is independently an integer from 0 to about 10.
In the above definition o~ R2, each Xl is independently a direct bond, -O-, -S-, -NR3-, -C(=X2)-, -C (=X2) -N(R3)-, -N(R3)-C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-O-, -O-C (=X2) - or -X2-(R3X2)P(=X2)-X2-. Preferably, X1 is a direct bond, -C(=X2)-N(R3)-, -N(R3)-C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-O or -o-C(=X2)-.

W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 Each X2 in the above definitions of Xl, R1, R4, R5 and R6 is independently O or S. Preferably, X2 is O.
Each Y2 in the above definition of R2 is independently -S(R2) b- ~ -N~R2) b- or -P(R2) b- ~ wherein b is an integer of from 0 to 2. Preferably, Y2 is -N(R2) b- and b is or 2.
In the above definitions of Xl, Rl, R~, R5 and R6, each R3 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 10 carbons. Pre~erably, each R3 iS independently hydrogen or 10 alkyl of 1 to about 4 carbons. More preferably, R3 iS
hydrogen.
In the above definition of R2, each of R4 and R5 iS
independently a direct bond or alkylene of 1 to about 30 carbons containing 0 to about 15 -O-, -S-, -NR3- or 15 -X2-(R3X2)P(=X2)-X2- heteroatoms or heteroatom groups.
Preferably, each of R4 and R5 iS independently a direct bond or alkylene o~ l to about 20 carbons. More preferably, each of R4 and R5 iS independently a direct bond, straight chain alkylene of 1 to about 10 carbons or cycloalkylene of 4 to 20 about 10 carbons. Even more preferably, each o~ R4 and R5 iS
independently a direct bond, straight chain alkylene of 1 to about 4 carbons or cycloalkylene of about 5 to about 7 carbons.
Each R6 in R2 above is independently hydrogen or 25 alkyl of 1 to about 60 carbons containing 0 to about 30 -O-, -S-, -NR3- or -X2-(R3X2)P(=X2)-X2- heteroatoms or heteroatom groups. Preferably, each R6 is independently hydrogen or W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 ~ 32 -alkyl of 1 to about 40 carbons. More preferably, each R6 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 20 carbons.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a cationic lipid compound of the formula ~ - Y3)z Y1 (Ri- Xl)X - R2 - tY2- R3]y-(Xl- Rl)x~lY1 (~l-Xl)~ X~),c lR2 IR2 Y i(Ri-Xl)X-tR3-lY2]y- R2-(xiRl)x- Y
~ - Y3)z wherein:
each of x, y and z is independently an integer from O to about 100;
each X1 is independently -O-, -S-, -NRs-, -C(=X2)-l -C(=X2)-N(R5)-~ -N(Rs)-C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-O-~-O-C(=X2)- or -X2-(R5X2)P(=X2)-X2-i each X2 iS independently O or S;
each Yl is independently -O-, -N(R6)a~, -S(R6)a~
or ~P(R6)a~, wherein a is an integer from O to 2;
each Y2 is independently -N(R6)a~, -S(R6)a~ or ~P(R6)a~, wherein a is an integer from O to 2;
each Y3 iS independently a phosphate residue, N(R6) b- ~ S (R6) b- ~ P (R6) b- or -C02R6, wherein b is an integer from 1 to 3;

CA 022l34l7 l997-08-20 W O 96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 each of R1, R2, R3 and R4 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons;
each R5 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of ~ 1 to about 10 carbons; and each R6 is independently -[R,-X3] C-R8 or -Rg- [X4-Rlo] d-Q ~ wherein:
each of c and d is independently an integer from 0 to about 100;
each Q is independently a phosphate residue, ~N(R11)q, ~S~R11)q, ~P(R11)q or -CO2R11, wherein q is an integer from 1 to 3;
each of X3 and X4 iS independently -O-, -S-, -NR5-, -C(=X2) -, -C(=X2)-N(R5)-, -N(R5)-C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-O-, -O-C(=X2)- or -X2-(R5X2)P(=X2)-X2-i each R, is independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons;
each R8 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 60 carbons;
each of Rg and R1o is independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons; and each R11 is independently -[R,-X3] C-R8 or -Rg- [X4-Rlo] d-W, wherein:
each W is independently a phosphate residue, ~N(R12)w, -S(R12)w~ -P(Rl2)w or -CO2R12, wherein w is an integer from 1 to 3; and - Rl2 iS - [R,-X3] C-R8i with the proviso that the compound of formula (III) comprises at least one, and preferably at least two, quaternary salts.

W O96/26179 PCT~US96/0147 - 34 -In the above formula (III), each of x, y and z is independently an integer ~rom 0 to about 100. Preferably, each of x, y and z is independently an integer from 0 to about 50, with integers from 0 to about 20 being more preferred. Even more preferably, each of x, y and z is independently an integer from 0 to about 10. Still more preferably, each of x, y and z is independently an integer from 0 to about 5. In certain particularly preferred embodiments, x is 1, y is 2 or 3 and z is 0 or 1.
In the above formula (III), each Xl is independently -O-, -S-, -NR5-, -C (=X2) ~ ~ ~C (=X2) -N(Rs)-, -N(Rs)-C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-O-, -O-C(=X2)- or -X2-(RsX2)P(=X2)-X2-. Preferably, each Xl is independently -C(=O)-NRs-, -NRs-C(=O)-, -C(=O)-O-or -O-C(=O)-.
In the above definitions of Xl, X3 and X4, each X2 is independently O or S. Preferably, X2 is O.
Each Yl in formula (III) above is independently -O-, -N(R6) a~ ~ ~S (R6) a~ or -P(R6) a~ ~ wherein a is an integer from 0 to 2. Preferably, Yl is -N(R6) a~ ~ wherein a is 1 or 2.
Each Y2 in formula (III) above is independently -N(R6)a-, -S(R6)a- or -P(R6)a-, wherein a is an integer from o to 2. Preferably, Y2 is -N(R6) a~ -In the above formula (III), each Y3 iS
independently a phosphate residue, N(R6)b-, S(R6)b-, P(R6)b- or -CO2R6, wherein b is an integer ~rom 1 to 3. Preferably, each Y3 iS independently a phosphate residue or N(R6) b-wherein b is 2 or 3. Preferably, b is 3.

CA 022l34l7 l997-08-20 W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 - 35 -In the above formula (III), each of Rl, R2, R3 and R4 iS independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons.
Preferably, each of Rl, R2, R3 and R4 is independently straight chain alkylene of 1 to about 10 carbons or cycloalkylene of about 4 to about 10 carbons. More preferably, each of Rl, R2, R3 and R4 iS independently straight chain alkylene of 1 to about 4 carbons or cycloalkylene of about 5 to about 7 carbons. Even more preferably, each of Rl, R2, R3 and R4 iS independently methylene, ethylene or cyclohexylene.
In the above definitions of Xl, X3 and X4, each R5 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 10 carbons.
Preferably, each R5 iS independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 4 carbons. More preferably, R5 is hydrogen.
In the above definitions of Yl, Y2 and Y3, each R6 is independently -[R7-X3] C-R8 or -Rg-[X4-Rlo] d-Q, wherein each of c and d is independently an integer from 0 to about 100.
Preferably, each of c and d is independently an integer ~rom 0 to about 50, with integers from 0 to about 20 being more preferred. Even more preferably, each of c and d is independently an integer from 0 to about 10, with integers from 0 to about 5 being still more preferred. In certain particularly preferred embodiments, c is 0 or 1 and d is 1.
Each Q in R6 above is independently a phosphate residue, ~N(Rll)q, ~S(Rll)q, ~P(Rll)q or -CO2Rll, wherein q is an integer from 1 to 3. Preferably, each Q is independently a phosphate residue, ~N(Rll)q or -CO2Rll, wherein q is 2 or 3.
Preferably, q is 3.

Also in the above definition of R6, each of X3 and X4 iS independently -O-, -S-, -NR5-, -C (=X2) - ~ -C (=X2) -N (R5) --N (R5) - C ( =X2) -, - C ( =X2) -O -, -O -C ( =X2 ) - or -X2-(R5X2)P(=X2)-X2-, wherein X2 and R5 are as previously described. Preferably, each of X3 and X4 iS independently -C(=O) -NR5-, -NR5-C (=O) -, -C(=O)-O- or -O-C(=O)-.
In the definitions of R6, Rll and Rl2 above, each R, is independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons.
Preferably, each R7 is independently alkylene of l to about 10 carbons, with alkylene of 1 to about 4 carbons being preferred. More preferably, each R, is independently methylene or ethylene.
Also in the de~initions of R6, Rl1 and R12 above, each R8 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 60 carbons. Preferably, each R8 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 40 carbons, with hydrogen or alkyl o~ 1 to about 20 carbons being more preferred. In certain particularly preferred embodiments, each R8 is independently hydrogen, methyl, dodecyl or hexadecyl.
Each of Rg and R1o in the definitions o~ R6 and R
above is independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons.
Preferably, each of Rg and Rlo is independently alkylene of 1 to about lo carbons. More preferably, each o~ Rg and Rlo is independently alkylene of 1 to about 4 carbons. Even more preferably, each of Rg and Rlo is independently methylene or ethylene.
In Q above, each Rll is independently -[R,-X3] C-R8 or W O96/26179 PCTAU$96/01474 -Rg-[X4-Rlo]d~W~ wherein each of c, d, X3, X4, R" R8, Rg and Rlo is independently as previously described.
Each W in Rll above is independently a phosphate residue, -N(Rl2)W, -S(Rl2)W, -P(Rl2)W or -CO2Rl2, wherein w is an integer from 1 to 3. Preferably, each W is independently a phosphate residue, -N(Rl2)W or -CO2Rl2, wherein w is 2 or 3.
Pre~erably, w is 3.
In W above, Rl2 is -[R7-X3]C-R8, wherein each of c, X3, R7 and R8 is independently as previously described.
In the above formulas, it is intended that when any symbol appears more than once in a particular formula or substituent, its m~nlng in each instance is independent of the other.
Also in the above formulas, it is intended that when each of two or more adjacent symbols is defined as being "a direct bond" to provide multiple, adjacent direct bonds, the multiple and adjacent direct bonds devolve into a single direct bond.
The compounds of formulas (I), (II) and (III) above are exemplary of the cationic lipid compounds which are the subject of the present invention. The cationic or positively charged properties of the cationic lipid compounds is due to the presence of at least one cationic group. In pre~erred embodiments, at least two cationic groups are present in the cationic lipid compounds o~ the _ present invention. The existence o~ the cationic groups imparts desirable and beneficial properties to the cationic lipid compounds, such properties being absent ~rom lipid W O 96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 compounds known heretofore. In particular, the cationic lipid compounds of the present invention possess improved ability to bind and/or chelate with bioactive agents relative to lipid compounds of the prior art. This binding and/or chelation o~ the present cationic lipid compounds with bioactive agents is referred to generally hereinafter as "interaction". Accordingly, the cationic lipid compounds of the present invention are particularly suitable for use as carriers ~or bioactive agents and for the intracellular delivery of bioactive agents.
While the inventors do not wish to be bound by any theory or theories of operation, it is believed that the improved ability of the cationic lipid compounds of the present invention to interact with bioactive agents is due, at least in part, to the enhanced charge densities of the present lipid compounds. In this connection, the present cationic lipid compounds possess an increased, positive charge density due to the existence of at least one, and preferably at least two, cationic groups. As discussed in detail below, this enhanced charge density results in unexpectedly desirable interaction with bioactive agents.
Bioactive agents, whether neutral (uncharged) or positively or negatively charged, typically contain a dipole moment and/or one or more heteroatoms, ~or example, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur atoms. These heteroatoms generally possess one or more unshared pairs of electrons.
It is believed that the positively charged lipid compounds o~ the present invention electrostatically interact with the W O 96126179 PCTrUS96/01474 negatively charged region of the dipole moment and/or with the unshared pair(s) of electrons on the heteroatoms.
The cationic lipid compounds of the present invention possess particularly improved abilities to interact with bioactive agents which are anionic and which contain one or more anionic groups. Such anionic bioactive agents possess a greater negative charge density relative to neutral or positively charged bioactive agents.
Due to the improved ability of the cationic lipid compounds of the present invention to interact with bioactive agents, the present lipid compounds are particularly suitable for use as carriers for the intracellular delivery of bioactive agents. Thus, the cationic lipid compounds of the present invention are particularly applicable for use in vitro and/or in vivo in methods for the treatment of diseases, including genetic diseases, which involve or require the intracellular delivery of bioactive agents.
As discussed in detail below, the cationic lipid compounds are also particularly suitable for use in the formulation of cationic vesicles, including micelles and liposomes. The inventors have found that cationic liposomes are also particularly suitable ~or use as carriers ~or the intracellular delivery of bioactive agents.
As noted above, the cationic lipid compounds of the present invention comprise at least one, and pre~erably at least two, cationic groups. In an alternate embodiment, the cationic lipid compounds comprise more than at least two W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 cationic groups, for example, at least three cationic groups. In another alternate embodiment, the cationic lipid compounds comprise at least four cationic groups. In yet another alternate embodiment, the cationic lipid compounds comprise at least five cationic groups. In certain embodiments, the cationic lipid compounds comprise more than five cationic groups.
For purposes of illustration only, and not for purposes of limitation, cationic groups may be provided, for example, in the compounds of formula (I) by the group Yl.
Thus, for example, when Yl in formula (I) is N(R6)a- and a is 3, a quaternary salt is formed in that the nitrogen atom of Yl is bonded to four other carbon atoms. The nitrogen atom is therefore positively charged.
Other cationic groups, in addition to the cationic groups discussed above, would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art based on the present disclosure.
In embodiments in which the cationic group comprises a quaternary salt, the cationic lipid compound is generally, although not necessarily, associated with a counter ion. Preferably, the counter ion is a pharmaceutically-acceptable counter ion.
In certain preferred embodiments of the present invention, the counter ion is selected from the group consisting of halide, Rl3SO3-, Rl3CO2-, phosphate, sulfite, nitrate, gluconate, guluronate, galacturonate, estolate and mesylate, wherein Rl3 is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to about 20 carbons or aryl of about 6 to about 10 carbons. Preferably, W O 96/26179 PCT~US96/01474 Rl3 is hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 10 carbons or phenyl.
In other preferred embodiments, the counter ion is halide (fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide), with iodide being - preferred. Various other counter ions, including pharmaceutically acceptable counter ions, would be apparent to one skilled in the art based on the present disclosure.
As those skilled in the art will recognize, once placed in possession of the present invention, cationic lipid compositions may be readily formulated from the cationic lipid compounds. Depending on the desired physical properties, cationic lipid compositions may be prepared from the cationic lipid compounds, alone or in combination with other materials, for example, materials which act to stabilize the composition.
It is generally desirable to combine the cationic lipid compounds with other materials, including stabilizing materials, for example, additional amphipathic compounds, to stabilize and/or otherwise improve the properties of the compositions. Compositions which are prepared from the present cationic lipid compounds and additional amphipathic compounds include, for example, suspensions, emulsions, vesicles and hexagonal H II phase structures.
A wide variety of materials which act to stabilize the compositions of the present invention are readily available and would be apparent to a person skilled in the art based on the present disclosure. Included among such materials are additional amphipathic compounds, such as lipids, and ~atty materials. The particular stabilizing W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 material which is ultimately combined with the present cationic lipid compounds may be selected as desired to optimize the properties of the resulting composition. It is believed that suitable stabilizing materials are readily identifiable and that compositions of the present cationic lipid compounds can be prepared by one skilled in the art without undue experimentation.
It is also desirable, in certain instances, to combine the cationic lipid compounds with a material which is capable of promoting fusion of the lipid with the cell membrane. Such materials enhance the ability of the cationic lipid compositions to deliver intracellularly the bioactive agent. Certain of such materials are capable also of promoting gene expression. These latter materials are particularly suitable for use in the transfection of genetic material. Examples of materials which are capable of promoting fusion of the cationic lipid composition with cell membranes include, for example, ammonium sulfate, cytochalasin B, chloroquine, glycerol, propylene glycol and poly(ethylene glycol).
In one embodiment of the invention, a cationic lipid composition is provided which comprises a cationic lipid suspension and/or emulsion. Lipid suspensions and emulsions are well known and may be prepared using conventional techniques. As those skilled in the art will recognize, a suspension is a mixture of finely divided particles floating in a liquid, and an emulsion is a colloidal mixture of two or more liquids. The components of W O96/26179 PCT~US96101474 the suspension/emulsion are generally mixed together by mechanical agitation, optionally but preferably in the presence of small amounts of additional substances known as - emulsifiers.
Typically, in preparing the suspension/emulsion, the cationic lipid compounds may be added to ethanol or chloroform or any other suitable organic solvent and agitated by hand or by using mechanical techniques. The solvent is then evaporated from the mixture leaving a dried glaze of cationic lipid. The lipids are resuspended in aqueous media, such as phosphate buffered saline, resulting in a suspension/emulsion. To achieve a more homogeneous size distribution of the involved lipids, the mixture may be sonicated using conventional sonication techniques as well as microfluidization (using, for example, a Microfluidizer, Newton, MA), and/or high pressure extrusion (such as, for example, 600 psi) using an Extruder Device (Lipex Biomembranes, Vancouver, Canada). The lipid may be also subjected to one or more alternating cycles o~ ~reezing and thawing to promote the formation of a substantially uniform suspension/emulsion. In addition, a salt, for example, sodium chloride, is optionally added to the suspension/emulsion in a concentration o~ about 0.05 molar (M) to about 1.0 M to promote the formation of substantially uniform dispersions. Bioactive agents may be added to the cationic lipid compounds during the preparation of the suspension/emulsion, such as at the stage where the lipids are added to the organic solvent or at other stages of W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/0147 preparation, or may be added a~ter the cationic lipid suspension/emulsion has been ~ormed, as desired. In preparing the suspensions/emulsions, particularly useful additives are, for example, soybean lecithin, glucose, Pluronic F-68, and D,L-~-tocopherol (Vitamin E), generally in an amount of about 0.03 to about 5 percent by weight.
These additives are particularly useful where intravenous applications are desired. Techniques and ingredients for formulating lipid suspensions/emulsions are well known in the art and are applicable to the present cationic suspensions/emulsions. Suitable procedures and suspension/emulsion ingredients are reported, for example, in Modern Pharmaceutics, pp. 505-507, Gilbert Baker and Christopher Rhodes, eds., Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, NY
(1990), the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In another embodiment of the invention, a cationic lipid composition is provided which comprises a cationic ~esicular composition. The cationic vesicular composition may comprise micelles and/or liposomes. With particular reference to cationic micelle compositions, the following discussion is provided.
Micelles may be prepared using any one of a variety of conventional micellar preparatory methods which will be apparent to those skilled in the art. These methods typically involve suspension of the cationic lipid compound in an organic solvent, evaporation of the solvent, resuspension in an aqueous medium, sonication and CA 022l34l7 l997-08-20 W O 96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 centrifugation. The foregoing methods, as well as others, are discussed, for example, in Canfield et al., Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 189, pp. 418-422 ~1990); El-Gorab et al, - Biochem. Biophys. Acta, Vol. 306, pp. 58-66 (1973);
Colloidal Surfactant, Shinoda, K., Nakagana, T~m~mll~hi and Isejura, Academic Press, NY (1963) (especially "The Formation of Micelles", Shinoda, Chapter 1, pp. 1-88);
Catalysis in Micellar and Macromolecular Systems, Fendler and Fendler, Academic Press, NY (1975). The disclosures of each of the foregoing publications are incorporated by reference herein, in their entirety. The micelles may be prepared in the presence of a bioactive agent or the bioactive agent may be added to pre-formed micelles.
It is generally desirable to include one or more stabilizing materials in the micellar compositions.
Exemplary materials which may be combined with the cationic lipid compounds to stabilize the micellar compositions produced therefrom include lauryltrimethylammonium bromide, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, myristyltrimethylammonium bromide, alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, wherein the alkyl group is about 12 to about 16 carbons, benzyldimethyldodecyl~m~on;um bromide or chloride, benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium bromide or chloride, benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium bromide or chloride, cetyldimethylethylammonium bromide or chloride, _ cetylpyridinium bromide and chloride and lauryl sulfate.
Other materials for stabilizing the micellar compositions, in addition to those exempli~ied above, would W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 be apparent to one skilled in the art based on the present disclosure.
As noted above, the cationic vesicular composition may comprise cationic liposomes. Cationic liposomes are particularly effective as carriers for the intracellular delivery of bioactive agents and are therefore preferred cationic lipid compositions. The present cationic liposomes are highly stable and permit substantially complete entrapment of a bioactive agent within the vesicle. Thus, compositions which comprise cationic liposomes are highly e~fective carriers ~or the transfection of bioactive agents in that the liposomes are capable of (A) effectively interacting with the bioactive agent by virtue of electrostatic forces (as discussed above in connection with the cationic lipid compounds, generally); and (B) entrapping the bioactive agent within the liposome vesicle. The cationic liposomes are also highly biocompatible.
The cationic liposome compositions may comprise one or more cationic lipid compounds. In any given liposome, the cationic lipid compound~s) may be in the form of a monolayer or bilayer, and the mono- or bilayer lipids may be used to form one or more mono- or bilayers. In the case of more than one mono- or bilayer, the mono- or bilayers are generally concentric. Thus, the lipids may be used to form a unilamellar liposome (comprised of one monolayer or bilayer), an oligolamellar liposome (comprised of two or three monolayers or bilayers) or a multilamellar -CA 022l34l7 l997-08-20 W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 liposome (comprised o~ more than three monolayers or bilayers).
As with the suspensions/emulsions and micelles above, cationic liposome compositions are preferably formulated from both the present cationic lipid compounds and additional stabilizing materials, including additional amphipathic compounds. In the case of liposomes, the additional amphipathic compounds preferably comprise lipids.
A wide variety of additional lipids are available which may be incorporated into the liposome compositions. Preferably, the lipids are selected to optimize certain desirable properties o~ the liposomes, including serum stability and plasma half-life. The selection of suitable lipids in the preparation of cationic liposome compositions would be apparent to a person skilled in the art and can be achieved without undue experimentation, based on the present disclosure.
Lipids which may be used in combination with the present cationic lipid compounds and in the formulation of cationic liposome compositions include ZONYh~
fluorosurfactants (DuPont Chemicals, Wilmington, DE) and the fluorine-cont~;n;ng compounds which are described in the following publications: S. Gaentzler et al., New Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 17(5), pp. 337-344 (1993); C. Santaella et 25 al , New Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 16 (3), pp. 399-404 (1992); and h. sole-Violan, New Journal of Chemistry, Vol.
17(8, 9), pp. 581-583 (1993); the disclosures of each of which are hereby incorporated by re~erence, in their W O 96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 entireties. Other exemplary lipids which may be used in the preparation of cationic liposome compositions include phosphatidylcholine with both saturated and unsaturated lipids, including dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)and distearoylphosphatidylcholinei phosphatidylethanol-amines, such as dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine and dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE); phosphatidyl-serine; phosphatidylglycerol; sphingolipids; sphingomyelin;
lysolipids; glycolipids, such as ganglioside GM1;
glucolipids; sulfatides; glycosphingolipids; phosphatidic acids, such as dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid (DPPA); palmitic acid; stearic acid; arachidonic acid; oleic acid; fatty acids; lipids with ether and ester-linked fatty acids;
polymerizable lipids; cholesterol, cholesterol sulfate and cholesterol hemisuccinate; 12-{[(7'-diethylaminocoumarin-3-yl)carbonyl]methylamino}octadecanoic acid; N-[12-{t(7'-diethylaminocoumarin-3-yl)carbonyl]methylamino}-octadecanoyl]-2-aminopalmitic acid; cholesteryl-4'-trimethylaminobutanoate; N-succinyldioleoylphosphatidyl-ethanolamine; 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol; 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-3-succinylglycerol; 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-succinyl-glycerol; 1-hexadecyl-2-palmitoylglycerophosphatidylethanolamine; and palmitoylhomocysteine.
Lipids bearing polymers, including the hydrophilic polymers poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), polyvinylpyrrolidone, and poly(vinyl alcohol), may also be included in the liposome compositions o~ the present invention. Examples of W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 suitable hydrophilic polymers include, ~or example, PEG
2,000, PEG 5,000 and PEG 8,000, which have molecular weights of 2,000, 5,000 and 8,000, respectively. Other suitable polymers, hydrophilic and otherwise, will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art based on the present disclosure. Polymers which may be incorporated via alkylation or acylation reactions onto the surface of the liposome are particularly useful for improving the stability and size distribution of the liposomes. Exemplary lipids which bear hydrophilic polymers include, for example, dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine-PEG, dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-PEG and distearylphosphatidyl-ethanolamine-PEG.
Other materials ~or use in the preparation of cationic liposome compositions, in addition to those exempli~ied above, would be apparent to one skilled in the art based on the present disclosure.
The amount of stabilizing material, such as, ~or example, additional amphipathic compound, which is combined with the present cationic lipid compounds may vary depending upon a variety of ~actors, including the speci~ic cationic lipid compound(s) o~ the invention selected, the speci~ic stabilizing material(s) selected, the particular use ~or which it is being employed, the mode o~ delivery, and the like. The amount o~ stabilizing material to be combined _ with the present cationic lipid compounds in a particular situation, and the ratio o~ stabilizing material to cationic lipid compound, will vary and is readily determinable by one W O96/26179 PCTAUS96/01~74 skilled in the art based on the present disclosure. In general, for example, it has been ~ound that higher ratios, that is, ratios higher than about 4:1, 3:1 or 2:1, of cationic lipid compound to stabilizing lipid, are preferred.
A wide variety of methods are available in connection with the preparation of cationic liposome compositions. Accordingly, the cationic liposomes may be prepared using any one of a variety of conventional liposome preparatory techniques which will be apparent to those skilled in the art. These techniques include solvent dialysis, French press, extrusion (with or without freeze thaw), reverse phase evaporation, microemulsification and simple freeze-thawing. The liposomes may also be prepared by various processes which involve shaking or vortexing.
This may be achieved, for example, by the use of a mechanical shaking device, such as a Wig-L-Bug~ (Crescent Dental, Lyons, IL). Conventional microemulsification equipment, such as a Microfluidizer~ (Microfluidics, Woburn, MA) may be used also.
Additional methods for the preparation of liposome compositions from the cationic lipid compounds of the present invention include, for example, sonication, chelate dialysis, homogenization, solvent infusion, spontaneous formation, solvent vaporization, controlled detergent dialysis, and others, each involving the preparation of liposomes in various ~ashions. Methods which involve freeze-thaw techniques are pre~erred in connection with the preparation of liposomes ~rom the cationic lipid compounds W O 96/26179 PCTrUS96/0147 of the present invention. Suitable freeze-thaw techniques are described, ~or example, in copending U.S. application Serial No. 07/838,504, ~iled February 19, 1992, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Preparation of the liposomes may be carried out in a solution, such as an aqueous saline solution, aqueous phosphate buffer solution, or sterile water, containing one or more bioactive agents, so that the bioactive agent ls encapsulated in the liposome or incorporated into the liposome membrane. Alternatively, the bioactive agents may be added to previously formed liposomes.
The size of the liposomes can be adjusted, if desired, by a variety of techniques, including extrusion, filtration, sonication and homogenization. In addition, the size of the liposomes can be adjusted by the introduction of a l~m, n~ stream of a core of liquid into an immiscible sheath of liquid. Other methods for adjusting the size of the cationic liposomes and for modulating the resultant liposomal biodistribution and clearance of the liposomes would be apparent to one skilled in the art based on the present disclosure. Preferably, the size of the cationic liposomes is adjusted by extrusion under pressure through pores of a defined size. Although liposomes employed in the subject invention may be of any one of a variety of sizes, preferably the liposomes are small, that is, less than about 100 nanometer (nm) in outside diameter.

CA 022l34l7 l997-08-20 W O96126179 PCTrUS96/01474 Many of the ~oregoing liposomal preparatory techniques, as well as others, are discussed, ~or example, in U.S. Patent No. 4,728,578; U.K. Patent Application GB
2193095 A; U.S. Patent No. 4,728,575; U.S. Patent No.

4,737,323; International Application Serial No.
PCT/US85/01161; Mayer et al., Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Vol. 858, pp. 161-168 (1986); Hope et al., Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Vol. 812, pp. 55-65 (1985); U.S. Patent No.
4,533,254; Mayhew et al., Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 149, 10 pp. 64-77 (1987); Mayhew et al., Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Vol 755, pp. 169-74 (1984); Cheng et al, Investigative Radiology, Vol. 22, pp. 47-55 (1987); International Application Serial No. PCT/US89/05040; U.S. Patent No.
4,162,282; U.S. Patent No. 4,310,505; U.S. Patent No.
15 4,921,706; and Liposome Technology, Gregoriadis, G., ed., Vol. I, pp. 29-31, 51-67 and 79-108 (CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL 1984~, the disclosures o~ each oE which are hereby incorporated by re~erence herein, in their entirety.
Although any o~ a number of varying techniques can 20 be used, the liposomes o~ the present invention are preferably prepared using a shaking technique. Pre~erably, the shaking techniques involve agitation with a mechanical shaking apparatus, such as a Wig-L-Bug~ (Crescent Dental, Lyons, IL), such as those disclosed in copending U.S.
25 application Serial No. 160,232, ~iled November 30, 1993, the disclosures o~ which are hereby incorporated herein by re~erence in their entirety.

W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/0147J

As those skilled in the art will recognize, any of the cationic lipid compounds and compositions containing the cationic lipid compounds, with or without bioactive agents, may be lyophilized for storage, and reconstituted in, for example, an aqueous medium (such as sterile water or phosphate buffered solution, or aqueous saline solution), with the aid of vigorous agitation. To prevent agglutination or fusion of the lipids as a result of lyophilization, it may be useful to include additives which prevent such fusion or agglutination from occurring.
Additives which may be useful include sorbitol, mannitol, sodium chloride, glucose, trehalose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and poly(ethylene glycol), for example, PEG 400. These and other additives are described in the literature, such as in the U.S. Pharmacopeia, USP XXII, NF XVII, The United States Pharmacopeia, The National Formulary, United States Pharmacopeial Convention Inc., 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Lyophilized preparations generally have the advantage of greater shelf life.
The inventors have found that intracellular delivery of bioactive agents through the use of cationic lipid compositions, including suspensions/emulsions and vesicular compositions, may be enhanced by the presence of a _ gaseous substance. It is contemplated that the gaseous substance promotes uptake by cells of the bioactive agent.
Thus, in certain preferred embodiments, a gas, such as an -W O96126179 PCTrUS96/01474 - 54 -inert gas, is incorporated in the cationic lipid compositions. Alternatively, a precursor to a gaseous substance may be incorporated in the cationic lipid compositions. Such precursors include, for example, materials which are capable ol~ converting in vivo to a gas, and pre~erably, to an inert gas.
Preferred gases are gases which are inert and which are biocompatible, that is, gases which are not injurious to biological ~unction. Preferable gases include those selected ~rom the group consisting o~ air, noble gases, such as helium, neon, argon and xenon, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, ~luorine, oxygen, sulfur hexa~luoride, ~luorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and mixtures thereo~.
Other gases, including the gases exemplified above, would be readily apparent to one skilled in the art based on the present disclosure.
In pre~erred embodiments, the gas comprises a perfluorocarbon. Preferably, the per~luorocarbon is selected from the group consisting o~ perfluoromethane, per~luoroethane, per~luoropropane, per~luorobutane, perfluorocyclobutane, and mixtures thereo~. More preferably, the perfluorocarbon gas is per~luoropropane or perfluorobutane, with perfluoropropane being particularly pre~erred.
As noted above, it may also be desirable to incorporate in the cationic lipid compositions a precursor to a gaseous substance. Such precursors include materials that are capable o~ being converted in vivo to a gas.

W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 Preferably, the gaseous precursor is biocompatible, and the gas produced in vivo is biocompatible also.
Among the gaseous precursors which are suitable for use in the present compositions are pH sensitive agents.
These agents include materials that are capable of evolving gas, for example, upon being exposed to a pH that is neutral or acidic. Examples of such pH sensitive agents include salts of an acid which is selected from the group consisting of inorganic acids, organic acids and mixtures thereof.
Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is an example of a suitable inorganic acid, and aminomalonic acid is an example of a suitable organic acid. Other acids, including inorganic and organic acids, would be readily apparent to one skilled in the art based on the present disclosure.
Preferably, the gaseous precursor is a salt which is selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal salt, an ammonium salt and mixtures thereof. More preferably, the salt is selected from the group consisting of carbonate, bicarbonate, sesquecarbonate, aminomalonate and mixtures thereo~.
Examples of gaseous precursor materials for use in the cationic lipid compositions of the present invention include lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, lithium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ~mmnn; um bicarbonate, ~mmnn; um sesquecarbonate, sodium sesquecarbonate, sodium aminomalonate and ammonium W O96126179 PCTrUS96/01474 - 56 -aminomalonate. Aminomalonate is well known in the art, and its preparation is described, for example, in Thanassi, Biochemistry, Vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 525-532 (1970); Fitzpatrick et al., Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 13, no. 3 pp. 568-574 (1974); and Stelmashok et al., Koordinatsionnaya Khimiya, Vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 524-527 (1977). The disclosures o~ these publications are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
In addition to, or instead of, being sensitive to changes in pH, the gaseous precursor materials may also comprise compounds which are sensitive to changes in temperature. Such temperature sensitive agents include materials which have a boiling point of greater than about 37~C. Exemplary temperature sensitive agents are methyl lactate, perfluoropentane and perfluoroh~n~. The gaseous precursor materials may be also photoactivated materials, such as diazonium ion and aminomalonate. As discussed more ~ully hereinafter, certain lipid compositions, and particularly vesicular compositions, may be designed so that gas is formed at the target tissue or by the action of sound on the particle. Examples of gaseous precursors are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,088,499 and 5,149,319. These patents are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Other gaseous precursors, in addition to those exemplified above, will be apparent to one skilled in the art based on the present disclosure.
In certain preferred embodiments, a gaseous agent, for example, air or a perfluorocarbon gas, is combined with a liquid perfluorocarbon, such as perfluorohexane, W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/0147 perfluoroheptane, perfluorooctylbromide (PFOB), perfluorodecalin, perfluorododecalin, perfluorooctyliodide, perfluorotripropylamine and perfluorotributylamine.
A preferred composition for use in the S intracellular delivery of a bioactive agent, for example, genetic material, comprises a bioactive agent, a perfluorocarbon gas and a gaseous precursor which has a boiling point of greater than about 37~C, such as perfluoropentane. As discussed in detail below, energy, for example, heat or ultrasound, is preferably applied to the patient after the administration of the composition and to assist in the intracellular delivery of the bioactive agent.
The gaseous substances and/or gaseous precursors are preferably incorporated in the cationic lipid compositions of the present invention irrespective of the physical nature of the composition. Thus, it is contemplated that the gaseous substances and/or precursors thereto are incorporated in compositions which are suspensions/emulsions or vesicular compositions, including micelles and liposomes. Incorporation of the gaseous substances and/or precursors thereto in the cationic lipid compositions may be achieved by using any o~ a number of methods. For example, the ~ormation of gas-filled vesicles can be achieved by shaking or otherwise agitating an aqueous mixture which comprises a gas or gas precursor and the cationic lipids of the present invention. This promotes the formation of stabilized vesicles within which the gas or gas precursor is encapsulated. Gas or gaseous precursor W O96/26179 PCT~US96/01474 cationic lipid compositions may be prepared in other manners similar to those discussed in connection with the incorporation of bioactive agents in vesicular compositions as earlier discussed.
The gaseous substances and/or precursors thereto may also be incorporated in the cationic lipid compositions using any conventional and well-known techniques. For example, a gas may be bubbled directly into an aqueous mixture of the present cationic lipid compounds, optionally in the presence of a bioactive agent. Alternatively, a gas instillation method can be used as disclosed, ~or example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,352,435 and 5,228,446, the disclosures of each of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Suitable methods for incorporating the gas or gas precursor in cationic lipid compositions are disclosed also in U.S. Patent No. 4,865,836, the disclosure o~ which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Other methods would be apparent to one skilled in the art based on the present disclosure.
In preferred embodiments, the gaseous substances and/or gaseous precursor materials are incorporated in vesicular compositions, with micelles and liposomes being preferred. Liposomes are particularly pre~erred because of their high stability and biocompatability. As discussed in detail below, vesicles in which a gas or gas precursor or both are encapsulated are advantageous in that they can be more easily monitored in vivo, for example, by monitoring techniques which involve ultrasound. Thus, the circulation CA 022l34l7 l997-08-20 W O 96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 and delivery o~ the vesicles to the targeted tissue and/or cells can be observed via a non-invasive procedure. Gas precursor- or gas-filled vesicles are preferred also because the application of high energy ultrasound, radio frequency, optical energy, for example, laser light, and/or heat, to produce areas of hyperthermia, can be used to rupture in vivo the vesicles and thereby promote release of the entrapped gas (or precursor thereto) and bioactive agent.
Thus, vesicular compositions permit the controlled release of a bioactive agent in vivo.
In addition to being entrapped within the vesicle, it is contemplated that the bioactive agent may be located also, or instead o~, outside of the vesicles or in the lipid membranes. Thus, in certain embodiments, the bioactive agent may be coated on the surface of the liposomes or micelles and/or in the lipid membranes, in addition to, or instead of, being entrapped within the vesicles.
The bioactive agent which is incorporated in the present cationic lipid compositions is preferably a substance which is capable o~ exerting a therapeutic biological effect in vitro and/or in vivo. Particularly suitable bioactive agents for use in the methods and compositions of the present invention is genetic material.
Examples of genetic materials include, for example, genes carried on expression vectors, such as plasmids, phagemids, cosmids, yeast arti~icial chromosomes (YACs) and defective-or ~helper~ viruses; anti-sense and sense oligonucleotides;
phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides; antigene nucleic CA 022l34l7 l997-08-20 W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 acids; and single and double stranded RNA and DNA, including DNA which encodes at least a portion of a gene, for example, DNA which encodes for human leukocyte antigen (HLA), dystrophin, cystic fibrosis transmembrane receptor (CFTR), interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF).
The DNA can also encode certain proteins which may be used in the treatment of various types of pathologies or conditions, including those which are associated with the loss or deterioration of immune competence. Such pathologies or conditions involving immune competence include, for example, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer, chronic viral infections, and autoimmune disease.
Specifically, DNA may be selected which expresses adenosine de~min~e (ADA) for the treatment of ADA
deficiency; growth hormone for the treatment of growth deficiency or to aid in the healing of tissues; insulin for the treatment of diabetes; luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) antagonist as a birth control agent; LHRH for the treatment of prostate or breast cancer; tumor necrosis factor and/or interleukin-2 for the treatment of advanced cancers; high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor for the treatment of liver disease; thymidine kinase for the treatment of ovarian cancer, brain tumors, or human immunode~iciency virus (HIV) in~ection; HLA-B7 for the treatment of malignant melanoma; IL-2 for the treatment of neuroblastoma, malignant melanoma or kidney cancer;

-W O 96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 - 61 -interleukin-4 (IL-4) for the treatment of cancer; HIV env for the treatment of HIV infection; antisense ras/pS3 for the treatment of lung cancer; and Factor VIII for the treatment of Hemophilia B. Such therapies are described, for example, in Science, Vol. 258, pp. 744-746 (1992), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
As noted above, the present invention provides cationic lipid formulations which comprise cationic lipid compositions in combination with one or more bioactive agents. The cationic lipid compositions may comprise cationic suspensions/emulsions and/or cationic vesicular compositions, including cationic liposome compositions and/or cationic micelle compositions. In addition, the cationic lipid compositions can comprise one or more cationic lipid compounds optionally in combination with a stabilizing material, such as an amphipathic compound, and a gas or precursor thereto. These cationic lipid formulations may be prepared according to any of a variety o~ techniques.
For example, the cationic lipid formulations may be prepared ~rom a mixture of cationic lipid compounds, bioactive agent and gas or gaseous precursor. In the case of vesicular compositions, it is contemplated that the bioactive agent is entrapped within the vesicle of the liposome or micelles.
In certain cases, the bioactive agent can be incorporated _ also into the membrane walls o~ the vesicle. In the case of a suspension/emulsion, it is contemplated that the bioactive agent is generally dispersed homogeneously throughout the W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 suspension/emulsion. Alternatively, the cationic lipid compositions may be preformed ~rom cationic lipid compounds and gas or gaseous precursor. In the latter case, the bioactive agent is then added to the lipid composition prior to use. For example, an aqueous mixture of liposomes and gas may be prepared to which the bioactive agent is added and which is agitated to provide the cationic liposome ~ormulation. The cationic liposome formulation is readily isolated also in that the gas- and/or bioactive agent-filled liposome vesicle generally float to the top of the aqueous solution. Excess bioactive agent can be recovered from the remaining aqueous solution.
The formulations of the present invention can be used in either in vi tro or in vivo applications. In the case of in vitro applications, including cell culture applications, the cationic lipid formulations can be added to the cells in cultures and then incubated. If desired, where liposomes are employed, energy, such as sonic energy, may be applied to the culture media to burst the liposomes and release any therapeutic agents.
With respect to in vivo applications, the ~ormulations o~ the present invention can be administered to a patient in a variety o~ forms adapted to the chosen route o~ administration, namely, parenterally, orally, or 2~ intraperitoneally. Parenteral administration, which is preferred, includes ~m; n; stration by the ~ollowing routes: -intravenous; intramuscular; interstitially; intra-arterially; subcutaneous; intraocular; intrasynovial;

CA 022l34l7 l997-08-20 W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 transepithelial, including transdermal; pulmonary via inhalation; ophthalmic; sublingual and buccal; topically, including ophthalmic; dermal; ocular; rectal; and nasal inhalation via insufflation. Intravenous administration is preferred among the routes o~ parenteral administration.
It is contemplated that the present cationic lipid formulations can be administered also by coating a medical device, for example, a catheter, such as an angioplasty balloon catheter, with a cationic lipid formulation.
Coating may be achieved, ~or example, by dipping the medical device into a cationic lipid formulation or a mixture of a cationic lipid formulation and a suitable solvent, for example, an aqueous-based buffer, an aqueous solvent, ethanol, methylene chloride, chloroform and the like. An 1~ amount of the formulation will naturally adhere to the sur~ace of the device which is subsequently administered to a patient, as appropriate. Alternatively, a lyophilized mixture o~ a cationic lipid ~ormulation may be speci~ically bound to the surface of the device. Such binding techniques are described, for example, in K. Ishihara et al., Journal of Biomedical Materials ~esearch, Vol. 27, pp. 1309-1314 (1993), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The useful dosage to be administered and the particular mode of administration will vary depending upon such ~actors as the age, weight and the particular animal and region thereo~ to be treated, the particular bioactive agent and cationic lipid compound used, the therapeutic or W 096t26179 PCTAUS96/01474 diagnostic use contemplated, and the form of the formulation, for example, suspension, emulsion, micelle or liposome, as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Typically, dosage is administered at lower levels and increased until the desirable therapeutic effect is achieved. The amount of cationic lipid compound that is administered can vary and generally depends upon the amount of bioactive agent being administered. For example, the weight ratio of cationic lipid compound to bioactive agent is pre~erably from about 1:1 to about 15:1, with a weight ratio of about 5:1 to about 10:1 being more pre~erred.
Generally, the amount of cationic lipid compound which is administered will vary from between about 0.1 milligram (mg) to about 1 gram (g) By way of general guidance, typically between about 0.1 mg and about 10 mg of the particular bioactive agent, and about 1 mg to about loO mg of the cationic lipid compositions, each per kilogram of patient body weight, is administered, although higher and lower amounts can be used.
After vesicular lipid formulations which comprise a gas or gaseous precursor and bioactive agent have been administered to a patient, energy, preferably in the ~orm o~
ultrasonic energy, can be applied to the target tissue to identify the location of the vesicles containing gas or gaseous precursor and bioactive agent. The applied energy may also be employed to effect release of the bioactive agent and facilitates cellular uptake of the bioactive agent. As one skilled in the art would recognize, this .

W O 96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 method of mediating cellular transfection with ultrasonic energy is preferably effected with tissues whose acoustic window permits the transmission of ultrasonic energy. This is the case for most tissues in the body, including muscle and organ tissues, such as the heart and liver, as well as most other vital structures. With respect to brain tissue, it may be necessary to create a "surgical window" by removing part of the skull, inasmuch as ultrasonic energy generally does not transmit through bone. Intravascular and/or endoluminal ultrasound transducers may be used to apply the ultrasound energy to selected tissues and/or sites in the body, for example, the aorta and the esophagus.
Cationic lipid formulations can be formulated to be sufficiently stable in the vasculature such that they circulate throughout the body and provide blood pool equilibration. As one skilled in the art would recognize, the lipid formulations, including those which comprise suspensions/emulsions and vesicles, such as liposomes and micelles, may be coated with certain materials to minimize uptake by the reticuloendothelial system. Suitable coatings include, for example, gangliosides and glycolipids which bind saccharide moieties, such as glucuronate, galacturonate, guluronate, poly(ethylene glycol), poly(propylene glycol), polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly(vinyl alcohol), dextran, starch, phosphorylated and sulfonated mono-, di-, tri-, oligo- and polysaccharides and albumin.
Provided that the circulation half-life of the cationic lipid formulations is of a sufficient period of time, they W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/0147 will generally pass through the target tissue while passing through the body. In the case of lipid formulations which comprise gas or gaseous precursors, energy, for example, sonic energy, may be focused on the tissue to be treated, for example, diseased tissue. The bioactive agent will then be released locally in the target tissue. The inventors have found also that antibodies, carbohydrates, peptides, glycopeptides, glycolipids and lectins also assist in the targeting of tissue with the lipid formulations and the bioactive agents. Accordingly, these materials may be incorporated into the lipid formulations also.
Ultrasound can be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In general, the levels of energy from diagnostic ultrasound are insufficient to cause rupture of vesicular species and to facilitate release and cellular uptake of the bioactive agents. Moreover, diagnostic ultrasound involves the application of one or more pulses of sound. Pauses between pulses permits the reflected sonic signals to be received and analyzed. The limited number of pulses used in diagnostic ultrasound limits the effective energy which is delivered to the tissue that is being studied.
On the other hand, higher energy ultrasound, for example, ultrasound which is generated by therapeutic ultrasound equipment, is generally capable of causing rupture of the vesicular species. In general, therapeutic ultrasound machines use from about 10 to about 100~ duty cycles, depending on the area of tissue to be treated with W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 the ultrasound. Areas of the body which are generally characterized by larger amounts of muscle mass, for example, backs and thighs, as well as highly vascularized tissues, such as heart tissue, may require a larger duty cycle, for S example, up to about 100~.
In therapeutic ultrasound, continuous wave ultrasound is used to deliver higher energy levels. For the rupture of vesicular species, continuous wave ultrasound is pre~erred, although the sound energy may be pulsed also. If pulsed sound energy is used, the sound will generally be pulsed in echo train lengths of about 8 to about 20 or more pulses at a time. Preferably, the echo train lengths are about 20 pulses at a time. In addition, the frequency of the sound used may vary from about 0. 25 to about 100 megahertz (MHz). In general, frequency ~or therapeutic ultrasound ranges between about 0. 75 and about 3 MHz are pre~erred with about 1 and about 2 MHz being more preferred.
In addition, energy levels may vary from about 0. 05 Watt (W) to about 5.0 W, with energy levels of about 0.1 to about 0.5 W being preferred. For very small vesicular species, for example, species in which the vesicles have a diameter o~ less than about O .5 micron, higher ~requencies of sound are generally preferred. This is because smaller vesicular species are capable of absorbing sonic energy more e~ectively at higher ~requencies o~ sound. When very high frequencies are used, ~or example, greater than about 10 MHz, the sonic energy will generally penetrate fluids and tissues to a limited depth only. Thus, external application W O96/26179 PCTÇUS96/01471 - 68 -of the sonic energy may be suitable for skin and other superficial tissues. However, for deep structures it is generally necessary to focus the ultrasonic energy so that it is preferentially directed within a focal zone.
Alternatively, the ultrasonic energy may be applied via interstitial probes, intravascular ultrasound catheters or endoluminal catheters. Such probes or catheters may be used, for example, in the esophagus for the diagnosis and/or treatment of esophageal carcinoma.
The present invention is further described in the following examples. In these examples, examples 1 to 9 are actual examples. Examples 10 to 12 are prophetic examples.
These examples are for illustrative purposes only, and are not to be construed as limiting the appended claims.
Various of the starting materials used in the following examples are commercially available. N,N-dimethylethylenediamine and iodomethane were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, WI).

W O96/26179 PCT~US96/01474 Exa~nple 1 Synthesis of N,N'-Bis(dodecylaminocarbonylmethylene)-N,N'-bis(~-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumethyl-aminocarbonylmethylene)-N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine tetraiodide (EDTA-LA-TMA tetraiodide) H25C12~ NH

~3 ~ ~
ICH3 NH ~ O CH3 CH3 CH3 Cl2H2s 4I-Synthetic Route (i) Synthesis of N,N'-Bis(dodecylaminocarbonylmethylene)-ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetic acid (EDTA-LA) H25Cl2~ NH
0//~ 0 ~~ N~--N~Jl'oH
OH ~ O
~ N H
H25Cl2 Dodecylamine (3.71 g, 0.02 mole) in dry methanol (60 mL) was added to a suspension of ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid dianhydride (2.56 g, 0.01 mole) in dry methanol (30 mL). The mixture was stirred at 50~C ~or 6 hours. The resulting white solid precipitate was isolated by ~iltration CA 022l34l7 l997-08-20 W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/0l474 and dried under vacuum at room temperature to yield 3.43 g (64~) of the title compound. m.p. 156-158~ C.

IR: 3320 cm~l ~or OH; 1670cm~l f~or -C(=O)-.

(ii) Synthesis o~
5 N, N' -Bis(dodecylaminocarbonylmethylene)-N, N' -bis(~-N, N-dimethylaminoethylaminocarbonylmethylene)ethylenediamine (EDTA-LA-DMA) H25CI2~ NH
0~ 0 ~ N~ ,N ~ NH CIH3 H3C~ , ~_, ~ ~ o ~ CH3 CH3 ~ ~
C12H2s EDTA-LA (3.14 g, 0.005 mole) ~rom step (i), N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (0. 88 g, 0.01 mole) and CHCl3 (100 mL) were combined. A~ter dissolution of the solid materials, the solution was cooled to 5~C and a solution o~
1,3 -dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) (2.227 g, 0.011 mole) in CHCl3 (20 mL) was added dropwise. A precipitate was observed. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature ~or about 24 hours. The reaction mixture was ~iltered and the ~iltrate was washed with 0. 5~ acetic acid (100 mL) to decompose any excess DCC. A white milky solution was ~ormed which separated into two layers. The bottom organic layer was dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo to yield 3.81 g of the title compound as a so~t solid.
IR: 3280 cm-1; 2900 cm-l; 1640 cm-l; 1530 cm-l.

W O 96/26179PCTrUS96/01474 (iii) Synthesis o~ EDTA-LA-TMA Tetraiodide A solution o~ EDTA-LA-DMA (3.66 g, 4.77 mmole) from step (ii), iodomethane (3.41 g, 24 mmole) and ethanol (30 mL) was re~luxed ~or 2 hours. The ethanolic solution was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting residue was lyophilized overnight. 3.98 g o~ EDTA-LA-TMA tetraiodide, a compound within the scope of the invention, was obtained as a yellow solid.
IR: 3260 cm~l; 1650 cm~1.

Example 2 Synthesis o~
N,N' '-Bis(hexadecylaminocarbonylmethylene)-N,N',N' '-tris(~-N,N,N-trimethylammonium-ethylaminocarbonylmethylene)-N,N',N''-trimethyl-diethylenetriamine hexaiodide (DTPA-HA-TME Hexaiodide) Cl H3 H3C-- I ~NH
CH3 f,~ 6I-o ICH3 ~ N ICH3 ÇH3 ~ CH3 I CH3 H3C--I ~-- ~ 0~ ~ I--CH3 CH3 HN~C ~H NH-Cl6H33 CH3 W O96/26179 PCTfUS96/01474 Synnthetic Route (i) Synthesis of N,N''-Bis(hexadecylaminocarbonylmethylene)-diethylenetriamine-N,N',N''-triacetic acid (DTPA-HA) OH
~bo ,~ ,N~ "-~N ~ O

OH ~ O O ~ OH

NH HN~

Hexadecylamine (4.82 g, 0.02 mole) in dry methanol(60 mL) was added to a suspension of diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid dianhydride (3. 57 g, 0.01 mole) in dry methanol (30 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 50~C for 6 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and the resulting white solid precipitate was collected by filtration. The white solid was dried under ~acuum to yield 5.9 g of the title compound.

W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01471 (ii) Synthesis of N,N''-Bis(hexadecylaminocarbonylmethylene)-N,N',N''-tris(~-N,N-dimethylaminoethylamino-carbonylmethylene)diethylenetriamine (DTPA-HA-DMA) Cl H3 H3C ~/--NH
~bo q'~ N~ N~ N~O
H3C~N~\~NH l~o Oq~J HN~ IN,CH3 CH3 HN~ HN~ CH3 C~ 33 Cl6H33 A solution o~ DTPA-HA (4.2 g, 0.005 mole) ~rom step (i), N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (0.88 g, 0.01 mole) and CHCl3 (100 mL) was cooled to 0-5~ C. To this solution was added dropwise a solution o~ DCC (2.23 g, 0.011 mole) in CHCl3 (20 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred ~or 24 hours at room temperature. The resulting precipitate was removed by filtration and was washed with 0.5~ acetic acid (100 mL).
A white, milky solution was obtained which was ~iltered again, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated in vacuo. The title compound was obtained as a soft solid (3. 5 g).

(iii) Synthesis o~ DTPA-HA-TMA Hexaiodide A solution o~ DTPA-HA-DMA (4. 7 g, 4.8 mmole) ~rom step (ii), iodomethane (3.41 g) and methanol (50 mL) was re~luxed ~or 2 hours. The methanolic solution was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting residue was lyophilized overnight. 6 g o~ DTPA-HA-TME hexaiodide, a W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 compound within the scope o~ the invention, was obtained as a yellow solid.

Example 3 Synthesis of 5 N, N' -Bis (dodecylaminocarbonylmethylene) -N, N'-bis (~-N, N, N-trimethylammoniumethylaminocarbonylmethylene)-N,N'-dimethyl-cyclohexylene-1,4-diamine tetraiodide (CDTA-LA-TMA Tetraiodide) ICH3 NH ~ ~ ~ Nl-CH3 CH3~ ~ ~ CH3 H3C-<N ~ N> CH3 ~0 ~
H2sClf N N-C12H25 H H

S~nthetic Route (i) Synthesis of N,N'-Bis(dodecylaminocarbonylmethylene)-cyclohexylene-1,4-diamine-N,N'-diacetic acid (CDTA-LA) O O
~\ / \ /~
HO N ~ ~ N OH
~/ >
)co 0~
H2sClf N N-CI2H25 H H

A solution of dodecylamine (3.71 g, 0.02 mole) in dry methanol (60 ml) was added to a suspension of cyclohexane-1,4-diamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid dianhydride (3.1 g, 0.01 mole) in dry methanol (30 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 50~C for 6 hours.
Filtration yielded the title compound (4.8 g) as a white solid.

5(ii) Synthesis o~
N, N' - Bi s ( dodecylaminocarbonylmethylene)-N, N' -bis(~-N,N-dimethylaminoethylaminocarbonyl methylene)cyclohexylene-1,4-diamine (CDTA-LA-DMA) O O
~\ / \ ~ </
\N ~ H ~ ~ > H ~ N\
H3C O O ~ CH3 H2sCl2- N N-Cl2H2s H H

A solution o~ CDTA-LA (3.4 g, 0.005 mole) ~rom 10step (i), N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (0.88 g, 0.01 mole) and CHCl3 (100 mL) was cooled to 0-5~C. To this solution was added dropwise a solution of DCC (2.23 g, 0.011 mole) in CHCl3 (20 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 24 hours at room temperature and ~iltered. The ~iltrate was washed 15with 0.5~ acetic acid (100 mL) to decompose any excess DCC
and was ~iltered again. The filtrate was dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo to yield the title compound (4.2 g) as a so~t solid.

W O96126179 PCTrUS96101474 (iii) Synthesis of CDTA-LA-TMA Tetraiodide A solution o~ CDTA-LA-DMA (3 g) ~rom step (ii), iodomethane (3.5 g) and methanol (30 mL) was re~luxed ~or 2 hours. The methanolic mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting residue was lyophilized overnight. 3.1 g o~
CDTA-LA-TMA tetraiodide, a compound within the scope o~ the invention, was obtained as a solid.

Example 4 Synthesis o~
1,1,7,7-tetra(~-N,N,N,N-tetramethylammonium-ethylaminocarbonylmethylene)-4-hexadecylaminocarbonyl-methylene-N,N',N''-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazaheptane heptaiodide (DTPA-MHA-TTMA Heptaiodide) H33Cl6~ NH
~ 7I-H3C~ H3CH3 CH3 --\ fH3 N--CH3 ~ --CH3 W O96/26179 PCTrUS96101471 Sy~lthetic Route (i) Synthesis o~
4- hexadecylaminocarbonylmethylene-1, 4,7-triazaheptane-1,1, 7,7 -tetraacetic acid (DTPA-MHA) H33C16~NH
~0 ,~ ,N~ "-~N ~ O

OH ~ O ~ OH

OH OH

A solution of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (3.93 g, 0.01 mole), hexadecylamine (2. 4 g, 0.01 mole) and CHCl3 (200 mL) was cooled to 0-5~C. To this solution was added dropwise a solution o~ DCC (2.23 g, 0.011 mole) in CHCl3 (15 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 24 hours at room temperature and ~iltered. The ~iltrate was washed with 0.5~ acetic acid (100 mL) and ~iltered again. The ~iltrate was dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo.
Recrystallization o~ the resulting residue ~rom water yielded the title compound as a white solid (3. 7 g).

W O96/26179PCTrUS96/0147 (ii) Synthesis of 1,1,7,7-tetra(~-N,N-dimethylamino-ethylaminocarbonylmethylene)-4-hexadecyl-aminocarbonylmethylene)-1,4, 7- triazaheptane (DTPA-MHA-TDMA) H33Cl6~NH
f~o ~ N,~ ,N~ "-~N ~ O
H3C~N~ NH ~~ ~~ HN~ N,CH3 CH3 HN ~ NH CH3 -~3 ~ N' 3 A solution o~ DTPA-MHA (3 g) ~rom step (i), N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (1.76 g) and CHCl3 (200 mL) was cooled to 0-5~ C. To this solution was added dropwise a solution o~ DCC (4.5 g, 0.02 mole) in CHCl3 (20 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature.
The resulting precipitate was collected by ~iltration and the ~iltrate was washed with 0.5~ acetic acid (100 mL) and ~iltered again. The ~iltrate was dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was puri~ied on a silica gel column. The title compound was obtained as a soft solid (2.8 g).

(iii) Synthesis o~ DTPA-MHA-TTMA Heptaiodide A solution o~ DTPA-MHA-TDMA (2.24 g), iodomethane (3.5 g, 0.03 mole) and methanol (30 mL) was re~luxed ~or 2 hours. The methanolic solution was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting residue was lyophilized overnight to yield W O 96/26179 PCTrUS96/0147 2.4 g of DTPA-MHA-TTMA heptaiodide, a compound within the scope of the present invention.

Example 5 Using procedures similar to those in Examples 1 to 4, the following compounds within the scope of the invention were prepared.

Exam~le 5A

N, N' -Bis(dodecyloxycarbonylmethylene) -N, N' -bis(~- N, N, N- trimethylammoniumethylaminocarbonyl-methylene)ethylenediamine diiodide H25Cl2~
( ~

CH3 ~ ~NI CH3 W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 Exaunple 5B
N,N,N'',N''-Tetra(~-N,N,N-trimethylammonium-ethylaminocarbonylmethylene)-N'-(1,2 -dioleoylglycero-3-phosphoethanolaminocarbonylmethylene)diethylenetriamine tetraiodide O
0--~0--IOH - OCO(CH2)7CH= CH(CH2)7CH3 O~ ~--OCO(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CH3 '~ ~ N ~ / ~ N ~ NIH3CH3 CH3 ~ ICH3~ 1 3 CH3 Ex ~ ple 5C
N,N' -Bis(hexadecylaminocarbonylmethylene-N,N'-bis (trimethylammoniumethylaminocarbonyl methylene)ethylenediamine diiodide H33C16~ ~
0~ 0 CIH3 ~ ~ O CH3 E~ 2I-C1~33 W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01471 Example 5D
N, N' -bis(hexadecyloxycarbonylmethylene) -N- (~-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumethylaminocarbonylmethylene)-N-methyl -N' -(carboxymethylene)ethylenediamine diiodide r OH

Oq~f~ ~NJ~o,Cl6H33 CH3 ~~ 2I-C1~33 Ex ~ ple 5E

N, N' - bis(hexadecylaminocarbonylmethylene)- N, N ' -bis(~-N, N, N-trimethylammoniumethylaminocarbonyl methylene)-N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine tetraiodide H33C16~ ~

o~ ~r~ - ~ NH C~3 Formulations o~ this invention are subjected to various biological tests, the results of which correlate to use~ul therapeutic activity. These tests are use~ul in determ;n;ng the ability o~ the present ~ormulations to deliver intracellularly bioactive agents, including genetic material. These tests are use~ul also in determ;n;ng the W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 ability o~ the present ~ormulations to treat genetic diseases, including diseases which involve a pathology or condition which is associated with loss or deterioration o~
immune competence.

Exam~le 6 The following examples are directed to the intracellular delivery of genetic material with cationic lipid compounds of the present invention and compounds disclosed in the prior art. The genetic material involved in these trans~ection studies is DNA that codes ~or Chloramphenicol Acetyl Transferase ("CAT"). The amount of expressed CAT (nanograms per mL (ng/mL)) was assayed using the Boehringer Mannheim CAT ELISATM kit, the results of which are tabulated in FIGS. 1 and 2.
LIPOFECTAMINETM and LIPOFECTIN~ were purchased ~rom Gibco BRL, a division o~ Life Technologies, Inc.
(Gaithersburg, MD). LIPOFECTAMINETM is a 3:1 liposome formulation of N-[2-({2,5-bis(3-aminopropyl)amino]-1-oxypentyl}amino)ethyl-N,N-dimethyl-2,3-bis(9-octadecenyloxy)-1-prop~n~m;n'um trifluoroacetate and dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine ("DOPE"). LIPOFECTIN~ is a liposome formulation of N- [1- (2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl] -N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride ("DOTMA") and DOPE. (See Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 84, p. 7413 (1987).) TRANSFECTAMTM was purchased ~rom Promega Corp (Madison, WI).
TRANSFECTAMTM is a cationic lipopolyamine compound which comprises a spermine headgroup. (See Proc . Na tl . Acad .

CA 022l34l7 l997-08-20 W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 Sci., Vol. 86, p. 6982 (1989); ~. Neurochem., Vol. 54, p.
1812 (1990); and DNA and Cell Biology, Vol. 12, p. 553 (1993).) "DOTAP" re~ers to 1,2-dioleoyl-3-propyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium halide.

Example 6A
This example describes the biological testing of the compounds prepared in Examples 5C and 5D, Lipofectin, Lipofectamine and DOTAP and Transfectam in the absence of serum.
HeLa cells (American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD) were cultured in EMEM media (Mediatech, Washington, DC). The cells were grown in 6-well plates (Becton Dickinson, Lincoln Park, NJ) and at a density of 4X10s cells/well until they were 60-80~ confluent in a VWR
15 model 2500 CO2 incubator (VWR, Philadelphia, PA). DNA (1.7 ~g) was diluted to 50 ~L in HEPES bu~fered saline (HBS) (HEPES 20 mM, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4) for each well to be in~ected. 10 ~L solutions of the cationic lipid compounds prepared in Examples 5C and 5D, Lipofectin, Lipofectamine, DOTAP and Transfectam were each diluted to 50 ~L in HBS.
The DNA and lipid solutions were mixed by inverting and incubated at room temperature ~or 15 minutes. After incubating, each of the mixtures o~ DNA and cationic lipid (100 ~L) was added to 1.9 mL of media without serum and mixed by inverting. The media was removed ~rom the 6-well plates and replaced with the media containing lipid and DNA.
The cells were then incubated in a CO2 atmosphere at 37~C ~or W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01471 5-6 hours After incubating, the lipid/DNA media was removed and replaced with complete media. The cells were then incubated ~or 48-72 hours and the level o~ expressed protein was assayed. The results o~ the assay were measured using an SLT Labinstruments SPECTRA Shell plate reader (ShT, Salzburg, Austria) which was linked to a Centris 650 computer (Apple Computer, Inc., Cupertino, CA) and controlled using DeltaSo~t II version 4.13s (Biometallics, Inc., Princeton, NJ). The results o~ the assay are depicted in FIG. l which show increased expression of CAT when the cationic lipid compounds o~ the present invention are used to trans~ect cells, relative to compounds o~ the prior art.
Accordingly, the experiments per~ormed in this example demonstrate that the cationic lipid compounds o~ the present invention provide use~ul and improved trans~ection o~ cells with bioactive agents as compared to compounds o~ the prior art.

Example 6B
This example describes the biological testing o~
the compound prepared in Example 5D, Lipo~ectin and Lipo~ectamine in the presence o~ serum.
HeLa cells were cultured in 4 mL o~ culture media as described above, except that the media was supplemented with enriched cal~ serum (Gibco BRL Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD) and Penicillin/Streptomycin (Boehringer Mannheim Biochemicals (BMB), Indianapolis, IN). The cells were grown in 6-well plates (Becton Dickinson, Lincoln Park, CA 022l34l7 l997-08-20 W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 NJ) and at a density of 4Xl05 cells/well until they were 60-80~ confluent in a VWR model 2500 CO2 incubator (VWR, Philadelphia, PA). DNA (3.3 ~Lg) was diluted to 100 ~L in HEPES buffered saline (HBS) (HEPES 20 mM, 150 mM NaCl, pH
7.4) for each well to be infected. 20 ~LL solutions were prepared of (1) the cationic lipid compound of Example 5D in combination with varying amounts of DOPE; (2) Lipofectin;
and (3) Lipofectamine. These were diluted to 100 ,LL in HBS
for each well. The compound of Example 5D and DOPE were combined in weight ratios of 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 9:1, 11:1 and 14:1. The DNA and lipid solutions were mixed by inverting and incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes. After incubating, the mixtures of DNA and cationic lipid (200 ~L) were added to each well (except for a HeLa (CELLS) standard to which no DNA with cationic lipid was added) and the mixtures were agitated by pipetting several times upwards and downwards. The cells were then incubated in a CO2 atmosphere at 37~C for 48-72 hours. After incubating, the protein level was assayed as described above.
The results of the assay are depicted in FIG. 2 which show increased expression of CAT when the cationic lipid compounds of the present invention are used to transfect cells, relative to compounds of the prior art.
Particularly desirable transfection is observed in compositions which comprise a 6:1 ratio of the compound of Example 5D to DOPE. The experiments performed in this example demonstrate that the cationic lipid compounds of the present invention provide improved transfection of cells W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 with bioactive agents as compared to compounds of the prior art.

Example 7 In vivo experiments in rats were performed which demonstrate the high effectiveness of the present cationic lipid compounds to deliver intracellularly genetic material.
The experiments demonstrate also the effectiveness of using ultrasound energy for targeting specific tissue in vivo with vesicular compositions containing genetic material.
Plasmid pSV ~-gal (Promega, Madison, WI) which contains the ~-galactosidase gene was combined with the cationic lipid compound prepared in Example 5D by mixing.
The resulting mixture was injected into each of three Sprague Dawley rats (rats (A), (B) and (C)) via the tail vein. Rat (A) was not subjected to ultrasound. Ultrasonic energy was applied to the inside of the hind leg during injection for each o~ rats (B) and (C). After 48 hours, the rats were euthanized and the tissues were removed. The tissues were fixed for 72 hours in 2~ formalin, sliced thin and placed in an X-gal solution. After 16 hours at 37~C, the tissues were inspected. The tissue ~rom rat (A) exhibited a blue color which is indicative of general transfection. The tissue from rats (B) and (C) exhibited blue color only at the site where ultrasound energy was applied. This indicates that localization of gene expression can be achieved with the compounds and methods of the present invention.

W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 Exaunp~e 8 A cationic lipid composition according to the present invention was prepared ~rom six parts o~ the compound prepared in Example 5D and 1 part dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE) labeled with rhodamine (Avanti Polarlipids, Alabaster, AL). The cationic lipid composition was dissolved in ethanol and a Mansfield angioplasty catheter tip (Boston Scienti~ic Corp., Watertown, MA) was dipped into the ethanolic formulation, removed and allowed to dry. This procedure was repeated three times. The coated catheter tips were then placed onto a Nikon light microscope equipped with a ~ilter for rhodamine ~luorescence. A control catheter, which was not coated with the cationic lipid composition, was also placed onto the light microscope. Fluorescence o~ the coated catheter tips was observed, whereas the control catheter tips did not ~luoresce. This con~irmed the presence o~ a coating o~ the lipid composition on each o~ the coated catheters. The coated catheter tips were then dipped into 2~ normal saline, water and human serum ~or varying periods o~
time and viewed under the light microscope. Fluorescence o~
the catheter tips was observed again. This demonstrated that the coating of the rhodamine-labeled lipid composition adhered to the sur~ace o~ the catheters. Accordingly, lipid compositions o~ the present invention can be delivered to speci~ic locations within the body by coating the compositions onto catheters which are then administered to a patient, as appropriate.

W O96/26179PCTrUS96101474 Ex ~ ple 9 A cationic lipid formulation according to the present invention was prepared from DNA (5 ~g) fluorescently labelled with fluorescein-12 DUTP (deoxyuracil triphosphate, S commercially available from Boehringer Mannheim Biochemicals (BMB), Indianapolis, IN) using PCR, six parts of the compound prepared in Example 5D and 1 part DPPE. Catheters were subse~uently dipped into ethanolic solutions of the cationic lipid formulation as described (for the compositions) in Example 8. A control catheter was not coated with the subject cationic lipid formulation.
Fluorescence was induced and observed for~the coated catheters as described in Example 8. No fluorescence was observed with the control catheter. This demonstrated that lS the cationic lipid formulations of the present invention adhere to the surface of catheters. Accordingly, lipid formulations of the present invention can be delivered to specific locations within the body by coating the formulations onto catheters which are then administered to a patient, as appropriate.

Ex ~ ple 10 A cationic lipid formulation according to the present invention will be prepared from 6 parts of the compound of Example 5D, 1 part DPPE (dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine) and 10 ~g of plasmid DNAcontaining the gene for endothelial cell growth factor and a Respiratory Syncytial Virus RSV) growth factor. The CA 022l34l7 l997-08-20 W O96/26179 PCTrUS96101474 formulation will be lyophilized, and 1 to 10 ~g of the lyophilized formulation will be coated on a balloon o~ an angioplasty catheter. Coating will be accomplished by r simply dipping the balloon into the formulation. The 5 angioplasty catheter will be introduced into the left anterior descending coronary artery of a patient to cross the region of a hemodynamically significant stenosis. The catheter will be inflated to 6 atmospheres of pressure with the coated balloon. The stenosis will be alleviated and the 10 lyophilized coating on the balloon will be deposited on the arterial wall. Transfection of endothelial cells results in localized production of endothelial cell growth factor.
Healing of the arterial wall will be improved and fibroblast proliferation will be reduced, resulting also in lessened 15 restenosis.

Example 11 The procedure described in Example 10 will be repeated except that the surface of the catheter balloon will be modified to improve the binding of the lyophilized 20 cationic lipid ~ormulation according to the procedure described in K. Ishihara et al., Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Vol. 27, pp. 1309-1314 (1993).

Example 12 The procedure described in Example 10 will be 25 repeated except that a vascular stent comprising, ~or example, Dacron~ and/or wire mesh, is substituted ~or the W O96/26179 PCTrUS96/01474 angioplasty catheter Improved endothelialization is obtained along the sur~ace o~ the stent.

Claims

1. A cationic lipid compound of the formula:

(I) wherein:
each of x, y and z is independently an integer from 0 to about 100;
each X1 is independently -O-, -S-, -NR5-, -C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-N(R5)-, -N(R5)-C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-O-, -O-C(=X2)- or -X2-(R5X2)P(=X2)-X2-;
each X2 is independently O or S;
each Y1 is independently a phosphate residue, N(R6)a-, S(R6)a-, P(R6)a- or -CO2R6, wherein a is an integer from 1 to 3;
each Y2 is independently -N(R6)b- , -S(R6)b- or -P(R6)b- , wherein b is an integer from 0 to 2;
each Y3 is independently a phosphate residue, N(R6)a-, S(R6)a-, P(R6)a- or -CO2R6, wherein a is an integer from 1 to 3;
each of R1, R2, R3 and R4 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons;
each R5 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 10 carbons; and each R6 is independently -[R7-X3]c-R8 or -R9-[X4-R10]d-Q, wherein:
each of c and d is independently an integer from 0 to about 100;
each Q is independently a phosphate residue, -N(R11)q, -S(R11)q, -P(R11)q or -CO2R11, wherein q is an integer from 1 to 3;
each of X3 and X4 is independently -O-, -S-, -NR5-, -C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-N(R5)-, -N(R5)-C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-O-, -O-C(=X2)- or -X2-(R5X2)P(=X2)-X2-;
each R7 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons;
each R8 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 60 carbons;
each of R9 and R10 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons; and each R11 is independently -[R7-X3]c-R8 or -R9-[X4-R10]d-W, wherein:
each W is independently a phosphate residue, -N(R12)w, -S(R12)w, -P(R12)w or -CO2R12, wherein w is an integer from 1 to 3; and R12 is -[R7-X3]c-R8; with the proviso that the compound of formula (I) comprises at least two quaternary salts.

2. A compound according to claim 1 wherein said quaternary salt comprises a pharmaceutically-acceptable counter ion.

3. A compound according to claim 2 wherein said counter ion is selected from the group consisting of halide, Rl3SO3-, Rl3CO2-, phosphate, sulfite, nitrate, gluconate, guluronate, galacturonate, estolate and mesylate, wherein Rl3 is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to about 20 carbons or aryl of about 6 to about 10 carbons.

4. A compound according to claim 1 wherein:
each of c, d, x, y and z is independently an integer from O to about 50;
each Q is independently a phosphate residue, -CO2Rll or -N(Rll)q, wherein q is 2 or 3; and each W is independently a phosphate residue, -C02Rl2 or -N(Rl2)W~ wherein w is 2 or 3.

5. A compound according to claim 4 wherein:
each of q and w is 3.

6. A compound according to claim 5 wherein:
each of c, d, x, y and z is independently an integer from O to about 20; and X2 is 0.

7. A compound according to claim 6 wherein:
each of c, d, x, y and z is independently an integer from O to about 10; and each of Xl, X3 and X4 iS independently -C(=O)-NR5-, -NR5-C(=O)-, -C(=O)-O- or -O-C(=O)-.

8. A compound according to claim 7 wherein:
each of c, d, x, y and z is an integer from 0 to about 5.

9. A compound according to claim 8 wherein:
each of R1, R2, R3 and R4 is independently straight chain alkylene of 1 to about 10 carbons or cycloalkylene of about 4 to about 10 carbons;
each R5 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 4 carbons;
each R7 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 10 carbons;
each R8 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 40 carbons; and each of R9 and R10 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 10 carbons.

10. A compound according to claim 9 wherein:
each of R1, R2, R3 and R4 is independently straight chain alkylene of 1 to about 4 carbons or cycloalkylene of about 5 to about 7 carbons;
R5 is hydrogen;
each R7 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 4 carbons;
each R8 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 20 carbons; and each of R9 and R10 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 4 carbons.

11. A compound according to claim 10 wherein:
each Y1 is independently a phosphate residue, N(R6)a- or -CO2R6;
Y2 is -N (R6)b-; and each Y3 is independently a phosphate residue, N (R6)a- or -CO2R6.

12. A compound according to claim 11 wherein:
x is 1.

13. A compound according to claim 12 wherein:
y is 2 and z is 0.

14. A compound according to claim 13 wherein:
each Y1 is independently N(R6)a- or -CO2R6; and R6 is -[R7-X3]c-R8.

15. A compound according to claim 14 wherein:
each of R1, R2, R3, R4 and R7 is independently methylene, ethylene or cyclohexylene; and each R8 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of about 1 to about 16 carbons.

16. A compound according to claim 15 wherein:

a is 3; and each c is independently 0 or 1.

17. A compound according to claim 16 wherein:
b is 1.

18. A compound according to claim 17 which is N,N'-bis(dodecyloxycarbonylmethylene)-N,N'-bis (.beta.-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumethylaminocarbonylmethylene)ethylenediamine dihalide.

19. A compound according to claim 18 wherein said halide is chloride, bromide or iodide.

20. A compound according to claim 17 which is N,N'-bis(hexadecylaminocarbonylmethylene-N,N'-bis(trimethyl-ammoniumethylaminocarbonylmethylene)ethylenediamine dihalide.

21. A compound according to claim 20 wherein said halide is chloride, bromide or iodide.

22. A compound according to claim 16 wherein:
b is 2.

23. A compound according to claim 22 which is N,N'-bis(dodecylaminocarbonylmethylene)-N,N'-bis(.beta.-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumethylaminocarbonylmethylene)-N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine tetrahalide.

24. A compound according to claim 23 wherein said halide is chloride, bromide or iodide.

25. A compound according to claim 22 which is N, N' -bis(dodecylaminocarbonylmethylene) -N, N' -bis (.beta.-N, N, N-trimethylammoniumethylaminocarbonylmethylene)-N, N' - dimethyl-cyclohexylene-1,4-diamine tetrahalide.

26. A compound according to claim 25 wherein said halide is chloride, bromide or iodide.

27. A compound according to claim 22 which is N, N' -bis(hexadecylaminocarbonylmethylene)-N,N'-bis (.beta.-N, N, N-trimethylammoniumethylaminocarbonylmethylene)-N, N' -dimethylethylenediamine tetrahalide.

28. A compound according to claim 27 wherein said halide is chloride, bromide or iodide.

29. A compound according to claim 16 wherein:
each b is independently 1 or 2.

30. A compound according to claim 29 which is N,N'-bis(hexadecyloxycarbonylmethylene) -N- (.beta.-N, N, N-trimethylammoniumethylaminocarbonylmethylene)-N-methyl-N'-(carboxymethylene)ethylenediamine dihalide.

31. A compound according to claim 30 wherein said halide is chloride, bromide or iodide.

32. A compound according to claim 12 wherein:
y is 2 and z is 0 or 1.

33. A compound according to claim 32 wherein:
a is 3;
b is 2;
each c is independently 0 or 1; and d is 1.

34. A compound according to claim 33 wherein:
R11 is -[R7-X3]c-R8

35. A compound according to claim 34 wherein:
each of R1, R2, R3, R4 and R7 is independently methylene or ethylene; and each R8 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 16 carbons.

36. A compound according to claim 35 which is N,N''- bis(hexadecylaminocarbonylmethylene)- N,N',N''- tris(.beta.-N, N, N- trimethylammoniumethylaminocarbonylmethylene)-N, N', N'' - trimethyldiethylenetriamine hexahalide.

37. A compound according to claim 36 wherein said halide is chloride, bromide or iodide.

38. A compound according to claim 12 wherein:
y is 3 and z is 0.

39. A compound according to claim 38 wherein:
a is 3;
b is 2;
each c is independently 0 or 1; and d is 1.

40. A compound according to claim 39 wherein:
each of R1, R2, R3, R4 and R7 is independently methylene or ethylene;
each R8 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 16 carbons;
each of R9 and R10 is independently methylene or ethylene; and R11 is methyl.

41. A compound according to claim 40 which is 1,1,7,7-tetra(.beta.-N,N,N,N-tetramethylammoniumethylamino-carbonylmethylene)-4-hexadecylaminocarbonylmethylene-N, N', N''-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazaheptane heptahalide.

42. A compound according to claim 41 wherein said halide is chloride, bromide or iodide.

43. A compound according to claim 12 wherein:
y is 3 and z is 0.

44. A compound according to claim 43 wherein:
a is 3;
b is 1;
c is 0; and d is 1.

45. A compound according to claim 44 wherein:
each of R1, R2 and R3 is independently methylene or ethylene;
each R8 is independently hydrogen or methyl;
each of R9 and R10 is independently methylene or ethylene; and R11 is methyl.

46. A compound according to claim 45 which is N, N, N'', N''-tetra(.beta.-N, N, N- trimethylammoniumethylamino-carbonyl-methylene)-N' - (1,2-dioleoylglycero-3-phosphoethanolaminocarbonylmethylene)diethylenetriamine tetrahalide.

47. A compound according to claim 46 wherein said halide is chloride, bromide or iodide.

48. A cationic lipid compound of the formula (II) wherein:

each Y1 is independently a phosphate residue, N(R2)a-, S(R2)a-, P(R2)a- or -CO2R2, wherein a is an integer from 1 to 3;
R1 is alkylene of 1 to about 60 carbons containing 0 to about 30 -O-, -S-, -NR3- or -X2-(R3X2)P(=X2)-X2- heteroatoms or heteroatom groups;
R2 is a residue of the formula -R4- [(X1-R5)x-Y2]y-R6, wherein:
each of x and y is independently an integer from 0 to about 100;
each X1 is independently a direct bond, -O-, -S-, -NR3-, -C (=X2) -, -C (=X2) -N (R3) -, -N (R3) -C (=X2) -, -C (=X2) -O-, -O-C (=X2) - or -X2- (R3X2) P (=X2) -X2-;
each X2 is independently O or S;
each Y2 is independently -O-, -S(R2) b-, -N (R2) b- or -P (R2) b-, wherein b is an integer from 0 to 2;
each R3 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 10 carbons;
each of R4 and R5 is independently a direct bond or alkylene of 1 to about 30 carbons containing 0 to about 15 -O-, -S-, -NR3- or -X2-(R3X2)P(=X2)-X2- heteroatoms or heteroatom groups; and each R6 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 60 carbons containing 0 to about 30 -O-, -S-, -NR3- , -X2-(R3X2)P(=X2)-X2- heteroatoms or heteroatom groups;
with the proviso that the compound of formula (II) comprises at least two quaternary salts.

49. A compound according to claim 48 wherein said quaternary salt comprises a pharmaceutically-acceptable counter ion.

50. A compound according to claim 49 wherein said counter ion is selected from the group consisting of halide, R7SO3-, R7CO2-, phosphate, sulfite, nitrate, gluconate, guluronate, galacturonate, estolate and mesylate, wherein R7 is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to about 20 carbons or aryl of 6 to about 10 carbons.

51. A compound according to claim 48 wherein:
each of x and y is independently an integer from 0 to about 50.

52. A compound according to claim 51 wherein:
each Y1 is independently a phosphate residue, N(R2)a- or -CO2R2.

53. A compound according to claim 52 wherein:
each Y1 is independently N(R2)a- or -CO2R2.

54. A compound according to claim 53 wherein:
each of x and y is independently an integer from 0 to about 20; and X2 is O.

55. A compound according to claim 54 wherein:
each of x and y is independently an integer from 0 to about 10.

56. A compound according to claim 55 wherein:
each X1 is independently -C(=X2)-N(R3)-, -N(R3)-C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-O- or -O-C(=X2)-.

57. A compound according to claim 56 wherein:
R1 is alkylene of 1 to about 40 carbons;
each R3 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 4 carbons;
each of R4 and R5 is independently a direct bond or alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons; and each R6 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 40 carbons.

58. A compound according to claim 57 wherein:
R1 is alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons;
R3 is hydrogen; and each R6 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 20 carbons.

59. A compound according to claim 58 wherein:
R1 is independently straight chain alkylene of 1 to about 10 carbons or cycloalkylene of about 4 to about 10 carbons; and each of R4 and R5 is independently a direct bond, straight chain alkylene of 1 to about 10 carbons or cycloalkylene of 4 to about 10 carbons.

60. A compound according to claim 59 wherein:
R1 is independently straight chain alkylene of 1 to about 4 carbons or cylcoalkylene of about 5 to about 7 carbons; and each of R4 and R5 is independently a direct bond, straight chain alkylene of 1 to about 4 carbons or cylcoalkylene of about 5 to about 7 carbons.

61. A cationic lipid compound of the formula (III) wherein:
each of x, y and z is independently an integer from 0 to about 100;
each X1 is independently -O-, -S-, -NR5-, -C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-N(R5)-, -N(R5)-C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-O-, -O-C(=X2)- or -X2-(R5X2)p(=x2)-x2-;
each X2 is independently O or S;

each Y1 is independently -O-, -N(R6)a-, -S(R6)a- or -P(R6)a-, wherein a is an integer from 0 to 2;
each Y2 is independently -N(R6)a-, -S(R6)a- or -P(R6)a-, wherein a is an integer from 0 to 2;
each Y3 is independently a phosphate residue, N(R6)b-, S(R6)b-, P(R6)b- or -CO2R6, wherein b is an integer from 1 to 3;
each of R1, R2, R3 and R4 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons;
each R5 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 10 carbons; and each R6 is independently -[R7-X3]c-R8 or -R9-[X4-R10]d-Q , wherein:
each of c and d is independently an integer from 0 to about 100;
each Q is independently a phosphate residue, -N(R11)q, -S(R11)q, -P(R11)q or -CO2R11, wherein q is an integer from 1 to 3;
each of X3 and X4 is independently -O-, -S-, -NR5-, -C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-N(R5)-, -N(R5)-C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-O-, -O-C(=X2)- or -X2-(R5X2)P(=X2)-X2-;
each R7 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons;
each R8 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 60 carbons;
each of R9 and R10 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons; and each R11 is independently -[R7-X3]c-R8 or -R9-[X4-R10] d-W, wherein:
each W is independently a phosphate residue, -N(R12)w, -S(R12)w, -P(R12)w or -CO2R12, wherein w is an integer from 1 to 3; and R12 is -[R7-X3]c-R8; with the proviso that the compound of formula (III) comprises at least two quaternary salts.

62. A compound according to claim 61 wherein said quaternary salt comprises a pharmaceutically-acceptable counter ion.

63. A compound according to claim 62 wherein said counter ion is selected from the group consisting of halide, R13SO3-, R13CO2-, phosphate, sulfite, nitrate, gluconate, guluronate, galacturonate, estolate and mesylate, wherein R13 is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to about 20 carbons or aryl of about 6 to about 10 carbons.

64. A compound according to claim 61 wherein:
each of c, d, x, y and z is independently an integer from 0 to about 50; and each Q is independently a phosphate residue, -N(R11)q or -CO2R11, wherein q is 2 or 3; and each W is independently a phosphate residue, -N(R12)w or -CO2R12, wherein w is 2 or 3.

65. A compound according to claim 64 wherein:
each of q and w is 3.

66. A compound according to claim 65 wherein:
each of c, d, x, y and z is independently an integer from 0 to about 20; and X2 is O.

67. A compound according to claim 66 wherein:
each of c, d, x, y and z is independently an integer from 0 to about 10; and each of X1, X3 and X4 is independently -C(=O)-NR5-, -NR5-C(=O)-, -C(=O)-O- or -O-C(=O)-.

68. A compound according to claim 67 wherein:
each of c, d, x, y and z is independently an integer from 0 to about 5.

69. A compound according to claim 68 wherein:
each of R1, R2, R3 and R4 is independently straight chain alkylene of 1 to about 10 carbons or cycloalkylene of about 4 to about 10 carbons;
each R5 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 4 carbons;
each R7 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 10 carbons;
each R8 is independently alkyl of 1 to about 40 carbons; and each of R9 and R10 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 10 carbons.

70. A compound according to claim 69 wherein:
each of R1, R2, R3 and R4 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 4 carbons or cycloalkylene of about 5 to about 7 carbons;
R5 is hydrogen;
R7 is alkylene of 1 to about 4 carbons;
each R8 is independently alkyl of 1 to about 20 carbons; and each of R9 and R10 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 4 carbons.

71. A compound according to claim 70 wherein:
Y1 is -N(R6)a-;
Y2 is -N (R6) a- ; and each Y3 is independently a phosphate residue, N(R6) b- or -CO2R6.-

72. A cationic lipid compound which comprises at least two cationic groups.

73. A cationic lipid composition comprising a cationic lipid compound according to claim 1.

74. A cationic lipid composition according to claim 73 which is selected from the group consisting of micelles, liposomes and mixtures thereof.

75. A cationic lipid composition according to claim 74 further comprising an amphipathic compound for stabilizing the composition.

76. A cationic lipid composition according to claim 75 further comprising a gas, a precursor to a gas or a mixture thereof.

77. A cationic lipid composition according to claim 76 wherein said gas is selected from the group consisting of perfluoromethane, perfluoroethane, perfluoropropane, perfluorobutane, perfluorocyclobutane, and mixtures thereof.

78. A cationic lipid composition according to claim 76 which comprises a mixture of a gas and a precursor to a gas.

79. A cationic lipid composition comprising a cationic lipid compound according to claim 48.

80. A cationic lipid composition according to claim 79 which is selected from the group consisting of micelles, liposomes and mixtures thereof.

81. A cationic lipid composition according to claim 80 further comprising an amphipathic compound for stabilizing the composition.

82. A cationic lipid composition according to claim 81 further comprising a gas, a precursor to a gas or a mixture thereof.

83. A cationic lipid composition according to claim 82 wherein said gas is selected from the group consisting of perfluoromethane, perfluoroethane, perfluoropropane, perfluorobutane, perfluorocyclobutane, and mixtures thereof.

84. A cationic lipid composition according to claim 82 which comprises a mixture of a gas and a precursor to a gas.

85. A cationic lipid composition comprising a cationic lipid compound according to claim 61.

86. A cationic lipid composition according to claim 85 which is selected from the group consisting of micelles, liposomes and mixtures thereof.

87. A cationic lipid composition according to claim 86 further comprising an amphipathic compound for stabilizing the composition.

88.. A cationic lipid composition according to claim 87 further comprising a gas, a precursor to a gas or a mixture thereof.

89. A cationic lipid composition according to claim 88 wherein said gas is selected from the group consisting of perfluoromethane, perfluoroethane, perfluoropropane, perfluorobutane, perfluorocyclobutane, and mixtures thereof.

90. A cationic lipid composition according to claim 88 which comprises a mixture of a gas and a precursor to a gas.

91. A cationic lipid formulation for the intracellular delivery of a bioactive agent which comprises, in combination with a bioactive agent, a cationic lipid compound that comprises at least two cationic groups.

92. A lipid formulation according to claim 91 which is selected from the group consisting of micelles, liposomes and mixtures thereof.

93. A lipid formulation according to claim 92 wherein said bioactive agent is substantially entrapped within said micelles or liposomes.

94. A cationic lipid formulation according to claim 91 wherein said bioactive agent comprises a genetic material.

95. A cationic lipid formulation for the intracellular delivery of a bioactive agent comprising, in combination with a bioactive agent, a cationic lipid composition which comprises a cationic lipid compound according to claim 1.

96. A lipid formulation according to claim 95 which is selected from the group consisting of micelles, liposomes and mixtures thereof.

97. A lipid formulation according to claim 96 wherein said bioactive agent is substantially entrapped within said micelles or liposomes.

98. A lipid formulation according to claim 95 wherein said bioactive agent comprises genetic material.

99. A cationic lipid formulation for the intracellular delivery of a bioactive agent comprising, in combination with a bioactive agent, a cationic lipid composition which comprises a cationic lipid compound according to claim 48.

100. A lipid formulation according to claim 99 which is selected from the group consisting of micelles, liposomes and mixtures thereof.

101. A lipid formulation according to claim 100 wherein said bioactive agent is substantially entrapped within said micelles or liposomes.

102. A lipid formulation according to claim 99 wherein said bioactive agent comprises genetic material.

103. A cationic lipid formulation for the intracellular delivery of a bioactive agent comprising, in combination with a bioactive agent, a cationic lipid composition which comprises a cationic lipid compound according to claim 61.

104. A lipid formulation according to claim 103 which is selected from the group consisting of micelles, liposomes and mixtures thereof.

105. A lipid formulation according to claim 104 wherein said bioactive agent is substantially entrapped within said micelles or liposomes.

106. A lipid formulation according to claim 103 wherein said bioactive agent comprises genetic material.

107. A cationic lipid formulation for the intracellular delivery of a bioactive agent comprising, in combination with a bioactive agent, a cationic lipid composition according to claim 72.

108. A lipid formulation according to claim 107 which is selected from the group consisting of micelles, liposomes and mixtures thereof.

109. A lipid formulation according to claim 108 wherein said bioactive agent is substantially entrapped within said micelles or liposomes.

110. A lipid formulation according to claim 107 wherein said bioactive agent comprises genetic material.

111. A process for the preparation of a cationic lipid formulation for the intracellular delivery of a bioactive agent comprising combining together a bioactive agent and a composition which comprises a cationic lipid compound having at least two cationic groups.

112. A process according to claim 111 wherein said composition is selected from the group consisting of micelles, liposomes and mixtures thereof.

113. A process according to claim 112 comprising substantially entrapping said bioactive agent within said micelles or liposomes.

114. A process according to claim 111 wherein said bioactive agent comprises genetic material.

115. A process for the preparation of a cationic lipid formulation for the intracellular delivery of a bioactive agent comprising combining together a bioactive agent and a cationic lipid composition which comprises a cationic lipid compound according to claim 1.

116. A process according to claim 115 wherein said composition is selected from the group consisting of micelles, liposomes and mixtures thereof.

117. A process according to claim 116 comprising substantially entrapping said bioactive within said micelles or liposomes.

118. A process according to claim 115 wherein said bioactive agent comprises genetic material.

119. A process for the preparation of a cationic lipid formulation for the intracellular delivery of a bioactive agent comprising combining together a bioactive agent and a cationic lipid composition which comprises a cationic lipid compound according to claim 48.

120. A process according to claim 119 wherein said composition is selected from the group consisting of micelles, liposomes and mixtures thereof.

121. A process according to claim 120 comprising substantially entrapping said bioactive within said micelles or liposomes.

122. A process according to claim 119 wherein said bioactive agent comprises genetic material.

123. A process for the preparation of a cationic lipid formulation for the intracellular delivery of a bioactive agent comprising combining together a bioactive agent and a cationic lipid composition which comprises a cationic lipid compound according to claim 61.

124. A process according to claim 123 wherein said composition is selected from the group consisting of micelles, liposomes and mixtures thereof.

125. A process according to claim 124 comprising substantially entrapping said bioactive within said micelles or liposomes.

126. A process according to claim 123 wherein said bioactive agent comprises genetic material.

127. A method for delivering intracellularly a bioactive agent comprising contacting a cell with a cationic lipid composition which comprises a cationic lipid compound comprising at least two cationic groups and a bioactive agent.

128. A method of claim 127 wherein said composition is selected from the group consisting of micelles, liposomes and mixtures thereof.

129. A method of claim 128 wherein said bioactive agent is substantially entrapped within said micelles or liposomes.

130. A method of claim 127 wherein said bioactive agent comprises genetic material.

131. A method of claim 130 wherein said genetic material is selected from the group consisting of polynucleotide, DNA, RNA, polypeptide and mixtures thereof.

132. A method for delivering intracellularly a bioactive agent comprising contacting a cell with a cationic lipid composition which comprises a cationic lipid compound according to claim 1 and a bioactive agent.

133. A method of claim 132 wherein said composition is selected from the group consisting of micelles, liposomes and mixtures thereof.

134. A method of claim 133 wherein said bioactive agent is substantially entrapped within said micelles or liposomes.

135. A method of claim 132 wherein said bioactive agent comprises genetic material.

136. A method for delivering intracellularly a bioactive agent comprising contacting a cell with a cationic lipid composition which comprises a cationic lipid compound according to claim 48 and a bioactive agent.

137. A method of claim 136 wherein said composition is selected from the group consisting of micelles, liposomes and mixtures thereof.

138. A method of claim 137 wherein said bioactive agent is substantially entrapped within said micelles or liposomes.

139. A method of claim 136 wherein said bioactive agent comprises genetic material.

140. A method for delivering intracellularly a bioactive agent comprising contacting a cell with a cationic lipid composition which comprises a cationic lipid compound according to claim 61 and a bioactive agent.

141. A method of claim 140 wherein said composition is selected from the group consisting of micelles, liposomes and mixtures thereof.

142. A method of claim 141 wherein said bioactive agent is substantially entrapped within said micelles or liposomes.

143. A method of claim 140 wherein said bioactive agent comprises genetic material.

144. A method for the treatment of a genetic disease in a patient suffering from such disorder comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a formulation according to claim 91.

145. A method according to claim 144 wherein the disorder involves a pathology or condition which is associated with loss or deterioration of immune competence.

146. A method according to claim 144 wherein said administration comprises administering to the patient a catheter that is coated with said formulation.

147. A method for the treatment of a genetic disease in a patient suffering from such disorder comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a formulation according to claim 95.

148. A method according to claim 147 wherein the disorder involves a pathology or condition which is associated with loss or deterioration of immune competence.

149. A method for the treatment of a genetic disease in a patient suffering from such disorder comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a formulation according to claim 99.

150. A method according to claim 149 wherein the disorder involves a pathology or condition which is associated with loss or deterioration of immune competence.

151. A method for the treatment of a genetic disease in a patient suffering from such disorder comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a formulation according to claim 103.

152. A method according to claim 151 wherein the disorder involves a pathology or condition which is associated with loss or deterioration of immune competence.

153. A cationic lipid compound of the formula wherein:
each of x, y and z is independently an integer ~rom O to about 100;
each X1 is independently -O-, -S-, -NRs-, -C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-N(R5)-, -N(R5)-C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-O-, -O-C(=X2)- or -X2-(R5x2)P(=x2)-x2-i each X2 is independently O or S;
each Yl is independently a phosphate residue, N(R6)a-, S(R6)a-, P(R6)a- or -C02R6, wherein a is an integer from 1 to 3;
each Y2 is independently -N(R6) b- ~ -S (R6) b- or -P(R6) b- ~ wherein b is an integer ~rom O to 2;
each Y3 is independently a phosphate residue, N(R6)a-, S(R6~a-, P(R6)a- or -C02R6, wherein a is an integer from 1 to 3;
each of Rl, R2, R3 and R4 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons;
each R5 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 10 carbons; and each R6 is independently -[R7-X3]C-R8 or -R9-[X4-Rlo] d- Q, wherein:

each of c and d is independently an integer from 0 to about 100;
each Q is independently a phosphate residue, -N(R11)q, -S(R11)q, -P(R11)q or -CO2R6, wherein q is an integer from 1 to 3;
each of X3 and X4 is independently -O-, -S-, -NR5-, -C(=X2)-, -C(=X2) -N(R5)-, -N(R5) -C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-O-, -O-C(=X2)- or -X2-(R5X2)P(=X2)-X2-;
each R7 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons;
each R8 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 40 carbons;
each of R9 and R10 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons; and each R11 is independently -[R7-X3]c-R8 or -R9-[X4-R10]d-W, wherein:
each W is independently a phosphate residue, -N(R12)w, -S(R12)w, -P(R12)w or -CO2R6, wherein w is an integer from 1 to 3; and R12 is -[R7-X3]c-R8; with the proviso that the compound of formula (I) comprises at least one quaternary salt.

154. A cationic lipid compound of the formula (II) wherein:

each Y1 is independently a phosphate residue, N(R2)a-, S(R2)a-, P(R2)a- or -CO2R2, wherein a is an integer from 1 to 3;
R1 is alkylene of 1 to about 60 carbons containing 0 to about 30 -O-, -S-, -NR3- or -X2-(R3X2)P(=X2)-X2- heteroatoms or heteroatom groups;
R2 is a residue of the formula -R4-[(X1-R5)x-Y2]y-R6, wherein:
each of x and y is independently an integer from 0 to about 100;
each X1 is independently a direct bond, -O-, -S-, -NR3-, -C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-N(R3)-, -N(R3)-C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-O-, -O-C(=X2)- or -X2-(R3X2)P(=X2)-X2-;
each X2 is independently O or S;
each Y2 is independently -S(R2)b-, -N(R2)b- or -P(R2)b- , wherein b is an integer from 0 to 2;
each R3 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 10 carbons;
each of R4 and R5 is independently a direct bond or alkylene of 1 to about 30 carbons containing 0 to about 15 -O-, -S-, -NR3- or -X2-(R3X2)P(=X2)-X2- heteroatoms or heteroatom groups; and each R6 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 60 carbons containing 0 to about 30 -O-, -S-, -NR3- or -X2-(R3X2)P(=X2)-X2- heteroatoms or heteroatom groups;
with the proviso that the compound of formula (II) comprises at least one quaternary salt.

155. A cationic lipid compound of the formula (III) wherein:
each of x, y and z is independently an integer from 0 to about 100;
each X1 is independently -O-, -S-, -NR5-, -C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-N(R5)-, -N(R5)-C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-O-, -O-C(=X2)- or -X2-(R5X2)p(=X2)-X2-;
each X2 is independently O or S;
each Y1 is independently -O-, -N(R6) a-,-S(R6) a- or -P(R6) a-, wherein a is an integer from 0 to 2;
each Y2 is independently -N(R6) a-, -S(R6) a- or -P (R6) a-, wherein a is an integer from 0 to 2;
each Y3 is independently a phosphate residue, N(R6)b-, S(R6)b-, P(R6)b- or -CO2R6, wherein b is an integer from 1 to 3;
each of R1, R2, R3 and R4 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons;
each R5 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 10 carbons; and each R6 is independently -[R,-X3]c-R8 or -R9-[X4-R10]d-Q, wherein:
each of c and d is independently an integer from 0 to about 100;
each Q is independently a phosphate residue, -N(R11)q, -S(R11)q, -P(R11)q or -CO2R11, wherein q is an integer from 1 to 3;
each of X3 and X4 is independently -O-, -S-, -NR5-, -C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-N(R5)-, -N(R5)-C(=X2)-, -C(=X2)-O-, -O-C(=X2)- or -X2-(R5X2)P(=X2)-X2-;
each R7 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons;
each R8 is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to about 60 carbons;
each of R9 and R10 is independently alkylene of 1 to about 20 carbons; and each R11 is independently -[R7-X3]c-R8 or -R9-[X4-R10]d-W, wherein:
each W is independently a phosphate residue, -N(R12)w, -S(R12)w, -P(R12)w or -CO2R12, wherein w is an integer from 1 to 3; and R12 is -[R7-X3]c-R8; with the proviso that the compound of formula (III) comprises at least one quaternary salt.