CA2225072A1 - Fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composite - Google Patents
Fiber reinforced aluminum matrix compositeInfo
- Publication number
- CA2225072A1 CA2225072A1 CA002225072A CA2225072A CA2225072A1 CA 2225072 A1 CA2225072 A1 CA 2225072A1 CA 002225072 A CA002225072 A CA 002225072A CA 2225072 A CA2225072 A CA 2225072A CA 2225072 A1 CA2225072 A1 CA 2225072A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- fiber reinforced
- matrix composite
- aluminum matrix
- reinforced aluminum
- elemental aluminum
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C47/00—Making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C47/00—Making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
- C22C47/02—Pretreatment of the fibres or filaments
- C22C47/025—Aligning or orienting the fibres
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C47/00—Making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
- C22C47/08—Making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments by contacting the fibres or filaments with molten metal, e.g. by infiltrating the fibres or filaments placed in a mould
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C49/00—Alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
- C22C49/02—Alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments characterised by the matrix material
- C22C49/04—Light metals
- C22C49/06—Aluminium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C49/00—Alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
- C22C49/14—Alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments characterised by the fibres or filaments
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/02—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of metals or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/02—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of metals or alloys
- H01B1/023—Alloys based on aluminium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
- Y10S428/923—Physical dimension
- Y10S428/924—Composite
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
- Y10S977/84—Manufacture, treatment, or detection of nanostructure
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
- Y10S977/902—Specified use of nanostructure
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
- Y10S977/902—Specified use of nanostructure
- Y10S977/904—Specified use of nanostructure for medical, immunological, body treatment, or diagnosis
- Y10S977/926—Topical chemical, e.g. cosmetic or sunscreen
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12007—Component of composite having metal continuous phase interengaged with nonmetal continuous phase
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
- Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
- Y10T428/12035—Fiber, asbestos, or cellulose in or next to particulate component
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
- Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
- Y10T428/12063—Nonparticulate metal component
- Y10T428/12097—Nonparticulate component encloses particles
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
- Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
- Y10T428/12063—Nonparticulate metal component
- Y10T428/12104—Particles discontinuous
- Y10T428/12111—Separated by nonmetal matrix or binder [e.g., welding electrode, etc.]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
- Y10T428/1216—Continuous interengaged phases of plural metals, or oriented fiber containing
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12181—Composite powder [e.g., coated, etc.]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12486—Laterally noncoextensive components [e.g., embedded, etc.]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
- Y10T428/2933—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
- Y10T428/2933—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
- Y10T428/294—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core including metal or compound thereof [excluding glass, ceramic and asbestos]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
- Y10T428/2933—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
- Y10T428/294—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core including metal or compound thereof [excluding glass, ceramic and asbestos]
- Y10T428/2942—Plural coatings
- Y10T428/2944—Free metal in coating
Abstract
A composite metal matrix formed of polycrystalline .alpha.-Al2O3 fibers encapsulated within a matrix of substantially pure elemental aluminum, or an alloy elemental aluminum and up to about 2 % copper is disclosed. The resulting materials are characterized by their high strength and low weight are particularly well suited for applications in various industries including high voltage power transmission.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/492,960 US6245425B1 (en) | 1995-06-21 | 1995-06-21 | Fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composite wire |
US08/492960 | 1995-06-21 | ||
PCT/US1996/007286 WO1997000976A1 (en) | 1995-06-21 | 1996-05-21 | Fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composite |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2225072A1 true CA2225072A1 (en) | 1997-01-09 |
CA2225072C CA2225072C (en) | 2008-07-29 |
Family
ID=23958306
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA002225072A Expired - Lifetime CA2225072C (en) | 1995-06-21 | 1996-05-21 | Fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composite |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (6) | US6245425B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP0833952B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4284444B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR100420198B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1101483C (en) |
AT (1) | ATE199412T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU707820B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2225072C (en) |
DE (1) | DE69611913T2 (en) |
MY (1) | MY120884A (en) |
NO (1) | NO321706B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1997000976A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (110)
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US6245425B1 (en) * | 1995-06-21 | 2001-06-12 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composite wire |
US5720246A (en) * | 1996-07-23 | 1998-02-24 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing | Continuous fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composite pushrod |
AT405295B (en) * | 1997-07-18 | 1999-06-25 | Oesterr Forsch Seibersdorf | Process and plant for producing reinforced wire filaments or wires |
JP3978301B2 (en) * | 1999-09-30 | 2007-09-19 | 矢崎総業株式会社 | High strength lightweight conductor, stranded wire compression conductor |
JP2001101929A (en) * | 1999-09-30 | 2001-04-13 | Yazaki Corp | Flexible high strength and light weight conductor |
ATE411607T1 (en) * | 2000-02-08 | 2008-10-15 | Brandt Goldsworthy & Associate | ELECTRICAL REINFORCED TRANSMISSION COMPOUND CONDUCTOR |
SE0001748D0 (en) * | 2000-03-30 | 2000-05-12 | Abb Ab | Induction Winding |
SE0001123L (en) * | 2000-03-30 | 2001-10-01 | Abb Ab | Power cable |
US6629557B2 (en) * | 2000-04-04 | 2003-10-07 | Northeastern University | Method and apparatus for manufacturing composite materials |
US6329056B1 (en) * | 2000-07-14 | 2001-12-11 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Metal matrix composite wires, cables, and method |
US6723451B1 (en) * | 2000-07-14 | 2004-04-20 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Aluminum matrix composite wires, cables, and method |
US6559385B1 (en) * | 2000-07-14 | 2003-05-06 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Stranded cable and method of making |
US6344270B1 (en) * | 2000-07-14 | 2002-02-05 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Metal matrix composite wires, cables, and method |
US6485796B1 (en) * | 2000-07-14 | 2002-11-26 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Method of making metal matrix composites |
US20020079604A1 (en) | 2000-09-28 | 2002-06-27 | Davis Sarah J. | Ceramic oxide pre-forms, metal matrix composites, and methods for making the same |
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- 1996-05-21 JP JP50383997A patent/JP4284444B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-05-21 CA CA002225072A patent/CA2225072C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-05-21 KR KR1019970709523A patent/KR100420198B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-05-21 DE DE69611913T patent/DE69611913T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-05-21 CN CN96194957A patent/CN1101483C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-05-21 AU AU58661/96A patent/AU707820B2/en not_active Expired
- 1996-05-21 WO PCT/US1996/007286 patent/WO1997000976A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1996-05-21 AT AT96920315T patent/ATE199412T1/en active
- 1996-06-03 MY MYPI96002131A patent/MY120884A/en unknown
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1997
- 1997-12-19 NO NO19976010A patent/NO321706B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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1999
- 1999-03-31 US US09/282,843 patent/US6180232B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-03-31 US US09/282,858 patent/US6336495B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2000
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- 2000-03-20 US US09/531,045 patent/US6544645B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-04-11 US US09/546,944 patent/US6460597B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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DE69611913D1 (en) | 2001-04-05 |
CN1101483C (en) | 2003-02-12 |
ATE199412T1 (en) | 2001-03-15 |
MY120884A (en) | 2005-12-30 |
NO976010D0 (en) | 1997-12-19 |
DE69611913T2 (en) | 2001-10-04 |
JP4284444B2 (en) | 2009-06-24 |
AU5866196A (en) | 1997-01-22 |
US6544645B1 (en) | 2003-04-08 |
JPH11508325A (en) | 1999-07-21 |
EP0833952A1 (en) | 1998-04-08 |
WO1997000976A1 (en) | 1997-01-09 |
CN1188514A (en) | 1998-07-22 |
AU707820B2 (en) | 1999-07-22 |
US6447927B1 (en) | 2002-09-10 |
US6180232B1 (en) | 2001-01-30 |
US6336495B1 (en) | 2002-01-08 |
NO976010L (en) | 1998-02-23 |
CA2225072C (en) | 2008-07-29 |
KR19990028212A (en) | 1999-04-15 |
NO321706B1 (en) | 2006-06-26 |
US6460597B1 (en) | 2002-10-08 |
KR100420198B1 (en) | 2004-07-23 |
EP0833952B1 (en) | 2001-02-28 |
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