CA2262855C

CA2262855C - A cementitious mixture containing high pozzolan cement replacement and compatibilizing admixtures therefor

Info

Publication number: CA2262855C
Application number: CA 2262855
Authority: CA
Inventors: John Moreau; Runhai Lu; Jeffrey R. Bury
Original assignee: Construction Research and Technology GmbH
Current assignee: Construction Research and Technology GmbH
Priority date: 1997-05-15
Filing date: 1998-05-14
Publication date: 2007-11-20
Anticipated expiration: 2018-05-14
Also published as: JP5140215B2; JP2010132547A; EP0925262B1; DE69839176D1; CA2262855A1; EP0925262A1; WO1998051640A1; JP2000516191A; ATE387412T1; DE69839176T2; US6008275A; ES2299208T3

Abstract

A cementitious mixture comprises a hydraulic cement; greater than about 10 % by weight of a pozzolanic cement replacement selected from fly ash, slag, natural pozzolans, and mixtures thereof, based on the weight of said hydraulic cement and cement replacement; and a compatibilizing admixture, wherein the compatibilizing admixture comprises a compatibilizing polycarboxylate polymer dispersant capable of acting as a water reducer, in combination with an accelerator.

Description

A CEMENTITIOUS MIXTURE CONTAINING HIGH POZZOLAN CEMENT
REPLACEMENT AND COMPATABILIZING ADMIXTURES THEREFOR.
TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention is directed to cementitious mixtures containing pozzolanic cement replacement materials. More particularly, the present invention is directed to cementitious mixtures containing high percentages of pozzolan cement replacement, and compatabilizing admixtures therefor.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Over the years, the use of cementitious materials as a partial replacement for portland cement in concrete has become an increasingly attractive alternative to portland cement alone.
The desire to increase the use of fly ash, blast furnace slag, and natural pozzolanic cement in concrete mixtures can be attributed to several factors. These include cement shortages, economic advantages of portland cement replacement, improvements in permeability of the concrete product, and lower heats of hydration.
The growth in the use of higher amounts of pozzolanic cement replacements, such as fly ash for example, in concrete has been impaired by the potential incompatibility exhibited by these materials, especially when used at high percentages, in combination with water reducing admixtures. Water reducers are desirable to decrease the amount of water required in the preparation of the cementitious mixtures, and to increase the strength of the resulting concrete. However, the incompatibility of the pozzolan replacement materials with water reducing admixtures can result in the significant retardation of the initial and final setting of the concrete containing both these materials.

Despite the cost and performance advantages of fly ash, slag, and natural pozzolans as partial replacements of portland cement in concrete, there are practical limitations to the amount at which they can be used in the cementitious mixture. Using these materials at higher levels, such as above about 10 to 15 weight percent based on the weight of the portland cement, can result in the retarded setting time of the concrete up to several hours, and perhaps longer depending upon the ambient temperature. This incompatibility puts a burden of increased costs and time on the end user which is unacceptable.

While it is known to use set time accelerators in concrete mixtures, these accelerator admixtures have been ineffective in solving the compatibility problem that exists in high pozzolan replacement/portland cement mixtures, particularly when used with water reducing admixtures, so that set time is not able to be decreased to an acceptable level. The use of accelerators with water reducers, such as naphthalene sulfonates, lignin and substituted lignins, melaniine and the like, has been ineffective to produce an acceptable high pozzolanic replacement containing hydraulic cement based cementitious mixture with normal setting characteristics and an acceptable resulting concrete.

U.S. Patent Nos. 4,373,956 and 4,473,405 discloses various admixture compositions for incorporation into hydraulic cement mixes to accelerate the rate of hardening and setting. U.S. Patent No. 4,337,094 discloses combinations of additives which can be used to accelerate the setting time of portland type cements.
These additives, when used in cementitious mixtures containing portland cement and liigh proportions of pozzolan cement replacements, as well as a water reducer, cannot compensate for the retardation of setting time induced in the mixtures by the cement replacement and water reducer, and thus do not acceptably accelerate the mixture to setting.

U.S. Patent No. 5,556,458 discloses a cementitious composition containing a high percentage of fly ash and hydraulic cement, but in which a fly ash containing a particular calcium oxide content is required and a water reducing admixture is not present. The composition is useful for quick setting repair mortar type products.
What is required by the industry, however, is a cementitious mixture capable of forming concrete, which contains a significant percentage of cement replacement material (to replace a portion of the hydraulic cement, such as portland cement) for performance and cost considerations, and water reducers to decrease water usage and increase compressive strength, the components in such cementitious mixtures being compatible and which mixtures set in an industry-acceptable time period.

U.S. Patent No. 5,158,996 and patent publication EP 0753488 disclose polymer additives useful as additives, such as dispersants, for cement mixtures, but their use with high pozzolan replacement/portland cement mixtures has not previously been considered.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a cementitious mixture which contains a significant proportion of pozzolan cement replacement materials for hydraulic cement, such as portland cement, as well as water reducing materials, which have acceptable or improved compressive strength.

It is a further object of the invention to provide a cementitious mixture which contains a significant proportion of pozzolan cement replacement materials for hydraulic cement, such as portland cement, as well as water reducing materials, which set in an industry-acceptable time period.

It is a further object of the invention to provide a method for preparing a cementitious material which contains a significant proportion of pozzolan cement replacement materials for hydraulic cement, such as portland cement, as well as water reducing materials, which have acceptable or improved compressive strength and which set in an industry-acceptable time period.

It is a further object of the invention to provide a compatabilizing admixture for cementitious mixtures which contain a significant proportion of pozzolan cement replacement materials for hydraulic cement, such as portland cement, which admixtures provide water reducing means for imparting acceptable or improved compressive strength, and set accelerating means for inducing the mixture to set in an industry-acceptable time period.

The pozzolan cement replacement for a portion of the portland cement, according to the present invention, includes fly ash (both Class C fly ash and Class F fly ash), blast furnace slag, and natural pozzolanic materials. Preferably, up to 50 percent of the portland cement in the cementitious product is replaced by the pozzolanic cement replacement material.

The present invention therefore provides a cementitious mixture comprising a hydraulic cement; greater than about 10% by weight of a pozzolanic cement replacement selected from fly ash, slag, natural pozzolans, and mixtures thereof, based on the weight of said hydraulic cement and cement replacement; and a compatabilizing admixture, wherein the compatabilizing admixture comprises a polycarboxylate water reducing dispersant, in combination with an accelerator for concrete.

In one particular embodiment there is provided a compatabilizing admixture for cementitious mixtures containing hydraulic portland cement and greater than about 10 percent pozzolanic cement replacement by weight of the portland cement and cement replacement, comprising a polycarboxylate dispersant, in combination with an accelerator for concrete, wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polycarboxylate backbone polymer containing polyoxyalkylene group side chains.

In one embodiment, the cementitious mixture of the present invention contains a polycarboxylate dispersant comprising a polymer of general formula I:

i3 14 C H-C H2~ C H-C H~ C H-C H H~C~ C H2-C
H. 'I 'v I I'x \ I Y
C=0 C=0 =0 i=O COoM 'Rlq-{t6 O OM O
(Ri-O-~RZ
P in D
wherein R, and R5 are each independently C2 - C3 alkyl, R2, R3, R4, and R6 are each independently H, C, - C5 alkyl, and R7 is one of O(R50), CH2O(R50), COO(R50), and CONH(R50);
M is at least one of H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH4, alkylamine and hydroxyalkylamine;
n + m = 3 to about 100, preferably n + m = about 5 to about 50, when m 0, n = about 5 to about 100, preferably n about 20 to about 50, when n 0, m = about 3 to about 100, preferably m about 5 to about 15;
p and q are each independently 1 to about 100, preferably about 15 to about 50;
u, v, and w, are each independently 1 to about 100, preferably 20 to about 50, with the proviso that when both n> 0 and m> 0, one of u, v or w may be zero, when present, the ratio of u to (v + w) is from about 1:10 to about 10:1, the ratio of u to v is from about 1:1 to about 100:1, m + p = about 10 to about 400;
x, and y are each independently 1 to about 100, preferably 20 to about 50, with the proviso that when both n> 0 and m > 0, one of x or y may be zero, when both are present, the ratio of x to y is about 1:10 to about 10:1, n + q = about 10 to about 400, and corresponding acid and alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or ammorrium salt derivatives thereof.

Preferably, the accelerator comprises at least one of a) a nitrate salt of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
b) a nitrite salt of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
c) a thiocyanate of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
d) an alkanolamine;
e) a thiosulfate of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
f) a hydroxide of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
g) a carboxylic acid salt of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum; or, h) a polyhydroxylalkylamine.

The present invention further provides a method for preparing a cementitious material comprising mixing a hydraulic cement with a pozzolanic cement replacement selected from fly ash, slag, natural pozzolans, and mixtures thereof, and a compatabilizing admixture, wherein the compatabilizing admixture comprises a polycarboxylate water reducing dispersant, in combination with an accelerator for concrete. In one embodiment, the method uses a compatabilizing admixture which comprises a polycarboxylate dispersant comprising a polymer of the general formula I:

i' fi C H-C HZ C H-C H C H-C H H f-C C H2-C
I ~I i~ il) y \ ~ 0 i=0 0 t6 (Rr-OPRz n wherein R, and RS are each independently C2 - C3 alkyl, R2, R3, R4, and R6 are each independently H, C, - C5 alkyl, and R7 is one of O(R50), CHZO(RSO), COO(R50), and CONH(R50);
M is at least one of H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH4, alkylamine and hydroxyalkylamine;
n + m 3 to about 100, preferably n + m = about 5 to about 50, when m 0, n = about 5 to about 100, preferably n = about 20 to about 50, when n = 0, m = about 3 to about 100, preferably m = about 5 to about 15;
p and q are each independently 1 to about 100, preferably about 15 to about 50;
u, v, and w, are each independently 1 to about 100, preferably 20 to about 50, with the proviso that when both n> 0 and m> 0, one of u, v or w may be zero, when present, the ratio of u to (v + w) is from about 1:10 to about 10:1, the ratio of u to v is from about 1:1 to about 100:1, m + p = about 10 to about 400;
x, and y are each independently 1 to about 100, preferably 20 to about 50, with the proviso that when both n> 0 and m> 0, one of x or y may be zero, when both are present, the ratio of x to y is about 1:10 to about 10:1, n + q = about 10 to about 400, and corresponding acid and alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or ammonium salt derivatives thereof; in combination with an accelerator.

The present invention further comprises a compatabilizing admixture for cementitious mixtures containing hydraulic cement and greater than about 10 percent pozzolanic cement replacement based on total weight of the cement and cement replacement, comprising a polycarboxylate water reducing dispersant, in combination with an accelerator for concrete. In one embodiment, the compatabilizing admixture comprises a polycarboxylate dispersant comprising a polymer of the general formula I:

C H-C H ~ :C H-C H H, C I H-C H Hr-C HC HZ- IC y ~
~
C=O C=O i=O C0 W COOM ~R,q-tb O OM O
~ Rj-O~-R' P m n wherein R, and RS are each independently C2 - C3 alkyl, R2, R3, R4, and R6 are each independently H, C, - C5 alkyl, and R, is one of O(R50), CH2O(R50), COO(R50), and CONH(R50);
M is at least one of H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH4, alkylaniine and hydroxyalkylamine;

n + m = 3 to about 100, preferably n + m = about 5 to about 50, when m 0, n = about 5 to about 100, preferably n about 20 to about 50, when n 0, m = about 3 to about 100, preferably m about 5 to about 15;
p and q are each independently 1 to about 100, preferably about 15 to about 50;
u, v, and w, are each independently 1 to about 100, preferably 20 to about 50, with the proviso that when both n> 0 and m> 0, one of u, v or w may be zero, when present, the ratio of u to (v + w) is from about 1:10 to about 10:1, the ratio of u to v is from about 1:1 to about 100:1, m + p = about 10 to about 400;
x, and y are each independently 1 to about 100, preferably 20 to about 50, with the proviso that when both n> 0 and m> 0, one of x or y may be zero, when both are present, the ratio of x to y is about 1:10 to about 10:1, n + q = about 10 to about 400, and corresponding acid and alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or ammonium salt derivatives thereof; in combination with an accelerator, preferably at least one of a) a nitrate salt of an allcali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
b) a nitrite salt of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
c) a thiocyanate of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
d) an alkanolamine;
e) a thiosulfate of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
f) a hydroxide of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
g) a carboxylic acid salt of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum; or, h) a polyhydroxylalkylamine.
Further objects of the invention, and how the present invention accomplishes these objects, is described in the specification which follows.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is an additive formulation, or an admixture, for incorporation in hydraulic cement mixtures, such as concretes, mortars and grouts, containing pordand cement and pozzolanic cement replacement. By "portland cement" is meant all cementitious compositions which have a high content of tricalcium silicate, and thus are portland cement or are chemically similar or analogous to portland type cement, the specification for which is set forth in ASTM specification C-150-80.

Pozzolanic replacement materials for hydraulic, or portland-type, cement which can be used in high proportion according to the present invention include fly ash, both Class C and Class F, blast furnace slag, and natural pozzolan materials. These replacement materials can be used in a proportion, based on the weight of the hydraulic cement and the cement replacement, of greater than 10 weight percent, preferably greater than 15 weight percent, and most preferably greater than 20 weight percent. It is most preferred, however, that the cementitious mix contain at least 50 weight percent portland cement, based upon the total weight of portland cement and pozzolanic replacement material, combined.

As discussed above, the addition of high proportions of the pozzolanic material to the cementitious mixture in combination with a conventional water reducing admixture (which water reducer increases compressive strength), results in a significant retarding of the setting time for the cementitious mixture.

The present invention provides a novel compatabilizing admixture for the high pozzolanic replacement material containing hydraulic cement, as well as a novel cementitious mixture containing the pozzolanic replacement and the compatabilizing admixture, and a method for preparing the cementitious material. The present invention significantly reduces, and in many instances eliminates the retardation of concrete containing high proportions of pozzolanic replacement materials for the hydraulic, or portland type, cement.

The invention includes a cementitious mixture comprising a hydraulic cement;
greater than about 10% by weight of a pozzolanic cement replacement selected from fly ash, slag, natural pozzolans, and mixtures thereof based on the total of said hydraulic cement and cement replacement; and a compatabilizing admixture, wherein the compatabilizing admixture comprises a polycarboxylate water reducing dispersant, in combination with an accelerator for concrete.

The water reducing, polycarboxylate dispersants according to the present invention are generally comprised of polyvinyl carboxylate polymers, derivatized with at least one of carboxyl, sulfonate, and phosphonate functional moeities, and additionally containing non-ionic polymer units comprising, or containing mixtures of, hydrophilic ethylene oxide units, and/or hydrophobic propylene oxide units, as side chains.
Representative side chains for the polymers include but are not limited to alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, sulfonated phenyl, carboxylic acid or salt, sulfonic acid or salt, phosphonic acid or salt, polyoxyalkylene, -CH2O-polyoxyalkylene, -C(O)O-polyoxyalkylene, C(O)NH-polyoxyalkylene, -C(O)NH(CH?)õSOjM, and the like.

In one embodiment, the compatabilized admixture includes a polycarboxylate dispersant comprising a polymer of the general formula I:

i' fi' C H-C H UC H-C H IC H-C H Hr-C~ C H2--C
'x \ Y
~0 iIO COOM (R-,q-R6 C=0 Lov p OM O
(R 0~-RZ
p m n wherein Ri and R5 are each independently C2 - C3 alkyl, R2, R3, R4, and R6 are each independently H, C, - C5 alkyl, and R7 is one of O(R50), CHZO(R50), COO(R50), and CONH(R50);
M is at least one of H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH4, alkylamine and hydroxyalkylamine;
n + m = 3 to about 100, preferably n + m = about 5 to about 50, when m = 0, n = about 5 to about 100, preferably n = about 20 to about 50, when n = 0, m = about 3 to about 100, preferably m = about 5 to about 15;
p and q are each independently 1 to about 100, preferably about 15 to about 50;
u, v, and w, are each independently 1 to about 100, preferably 20 to about 50, with the proviso that when both n> 0 and m> 0, one of u, v or w may be zero, when present, the ratio of u to (v + w) is from about 1:10 to about 10:1, the ratio of u to v is from about 1:1 to about 100:1, m + p = about 10 to about 400;
x, and y are each independently 1 to about 100, preferably 20 to about 50, with the proviso that when both n> 0 and m> 0, one of x or y may be zero, when both are present, the ratio of x to y is about 1:10 to about 10:1, n + q = about 10 to about 400, and corresponding acid and alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or ammonium salt derivatives thereof; in combination with an accelerator.

By way of example but not limitation, in the general formula I of the polymer useful in the compatabilizing admixture of the present invention, R, is preferably an ethylene moeity, and most preferably all R, moeities are the same. R2 is preferably methyl or ethyl, and more preferably is methyl. R3 is preferably a hydrogen atom or methyl, and independently R4 is preferably a hydrogen atom or methyl. R50 may be one species or a mixture of two species of C2 and C3 oxyalkylene groups in block or random form. The polymer of formula I generally has a molecular weight of about 1000 to about 1,000,000, preferably about 2,000 to about 100,000. (Molecular weights herein are number average molecular weights.) The anhydride group shown in the polymer general formula I may be replaced by the corresponding free carboxylic acid as illustrated by the formula II:

CH 'H---v c=o c=o I I
OH OH

or alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or ammonium salts thereof, preferably Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, or NI-14, most preferably Na, as illustrated by the formula III:

CH iH-~-v c=o c=o I I
ONa ONa The polymers used in the compatabilizing admixture of the present invention can be made by methods known in the art, such as those referenced in U.S. Patent No.
5,158,996 and EP 753,488.

Monomers (as identified by the associated subscript designation in the general polymer formula I) which can be used to form the polycarboxylate polymer include by way of example but not limitation, styrene as monomer (u); maleic anhydride, maleic acid or salts thereof as monomer (v); polyalkylene glycol such as those obtained by the addition of alkylene oxides to alkyl or cycloalkylalcohols or phenols as monomer (w); acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or salts thereof as monomer (x); and, as monomer (y), polyethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, polyethylene glycol polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, methoxy polyethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, methoxy polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, methoxy polyethylene glycol polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, ethoxy polyethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, ethoxy polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, and ethoxy polyethylene glycol polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, either singly or in the form of a mixture of two or more.
In one embodiment, a polycarboxylate dispersant useful in combination with an accelerator to form a compatabilizing admixture for a high pozzolanic replacement cementitious mixture according to the present invention comprises a polymer of the general formula IV:

C H-C HC H-C HC H-C H~C HZ C H

u I I V I W Y
f=0 ~=0 i=0 i=0 ( R7q"-R6 ~ OM OH OM
(Ri OpRZ

wherein the constituents are as defined in formula I. Preferably, the constituents are defined as follows: (R,-O)P R2 is a polyalkylene glycol chain, R5 is CH2CH2, R6 is CH3, and R7 is CHZO(R50).

Other polycarboxylate dispersants useful in combination with an accelerator to form a compatabilizing admixture according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, the following.
A methacrylic graft polymer of the general formula V:

~ H3 i 8 C H3 CHZ i (CHt CHCHa b c I d rO O x OM O C H3 6iCH2CH2OR8 S03M
r S

wherein preferably R8 is H or CH3 1 X is CH2 or CHZ Q}, and Y is CH2 or C= O, M is as defined in Formula I, with Na being preferred, a+ b+ c+ d= 1, preferably in a ratio of a: b: c: d: = 1:1:1:1, r is about 10 to about 1000, and s = 2 to about 500, having a molecular weight of about 1000 to about 1,000,000, preferably about 2,000 to about 100,000.

A methacrylic graft polymer of the general formula VI:

i lo (f1cH2)f ( ~ -e I g I h f=C f~:=C i il i 12 OM O R1o O--(C H2CH2O-~RIo SO3M
k wherein preferably Rlo is H or CH3, R11 is CH2 or C=O, R12 is CH2 or CH2-Q}, e + f + g + h = 1, j is about 10 to about 1000, k = 2 to about 500, having a molecular weight of about 1000 to about 1,000,000, preferably about 2,000 to about 100,000.

A methacrylic graft copolymer of the general formula VII:

i lo i 1o LCH2) lo R1oRr- H-CH -a z CHZ-H

, fH2 i =0 C=0 i CH2 S03M OM HC H2CH2Od'~R10 SO3M
k wherein Z is a monomer capable of copolymerizing with the monomers of groups a' and b', such as, for example but not by way of limitation, maleic anhydride, or an ethylenically unsaturated compound such as CH2=CHRl0-CH2SO3M or CH2=CHR,o CON-CHR,o(CH2OCH2CH2)d,-(OCH-CH2Rlo)-OCH3, preferably Rlo is H or CH31 M is as defined above, a' + b' + c' = 1, d' is about 10 to about 10,000, and k = 2 to about 500, having a molecular weight of about 1000 to about 1,000,000, preferably about 2,000 to about 100,000.

A methacrylic graft polymer of the general formula VIII
i 10 i 10 H-f -CHZ C CHI-C-~.-H
I I
C=0 C=0 OM ~jCH2CH2O~.-R13 wherein preferably Rlo is H or CH3, R13 is CH3, M is as defined above, e' : f is about 2: 1 to about 100 : 1, and g' is about 10 to about 1000, having a molecular weight of about 1000 to about 1,000,000, preferably about 2,000 to about 100,000.

A succinic anhydride graft copolymer of the general formula IX:
H-{- H H-CHz CHH

O\\OO I )m' CHTtOCH2CH2 Rlq n' wherein preferably R14 is CH3 or t-butylene, m'=1 to about 100, and n' = about 10 to about 1000, having a molecular weight of about 1000 to about 1,000,000, preferably about 2,000 to about 100,000.

While the use of the polycarboxylate polymer dispersants with conventional accelerators, including calcium chloride, is effective to overcome the set time retarding effects of the high pozzolan content cementitious mixture, the present invention is particularly effective in avoiding the use of chloride containing accelerators, and thus avoids corrosion problems often associated with them in the embodiment wherein the compatabilizing admixture is chloride free.

Preferably, the accelerator according to the present invention comprises at least one of a) a nitrate salt of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
b) a nitrite salt of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
c) a thiocyanate of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
d) an alkanolamine;
e) a thiosulfate of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
f) a hydroxide of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
g) a carboxylic acid salt of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum; or, h) a polyhydroxylalkylamine.

The salts of nitric acid have the general formula M(NO3)a where M is an alkali metal, or an alkaline earth metal or aluminum, and where a is 1 for alkali metal salts, 2 for alkaline earth salts, and 3 for aluminum salts. Preferred are nitric acid salts of Na, K, Mg, Ca and Al.

Nitrite salts have the general formula M(NOZ)a where M is an alkali metal, or an alkaline earth metal or aluminum, and where a is 1 for alkali metal salts, 2 for alkaline earth salts, and 3 for aluminum salts. Preferred are nitric acid salts of Na, K, Mg, Ca and Al.

The salts of the thiocyanic acid have the general formula M(SCN)b, where M is an alkali metal, or an alkaline earth metal or aluminum, and where b is 1 for alkali metal salts, 2 for alkaline earth salts and 3 for aluminum salts. These salts are variously known as sulfocyanates, sulfocyanides, rhodanates or rhodanide salts. Preferred are thiocyanic acid salts of Na, K, Mg, Ca and Al.

Alkanolamine is a generic term for a group of compounds in which trivalent nitrogen is attached directly to a carbon atom of an alkyl alcohol. A
representative formula is NH,[(CH2)dCH2OH]e, where c is 1 to 2, d is 1 to about 5 and e is 1 to about 3.

Examples include, but are not limited to, are monoethanoalamine, diethanolamine and triethanolamine.

The thiosulfate salts have the general formula M,(S2O3)g where M is alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal or aluminum, and f is 1 or 2 and g is 1, 2 or 3, depending on the valencies of the M metal elements. Preferred are thiosulfate acid salts of Na, K, Mg, Ca and Al.

The carboxylic acid salts have the general formula RCOOM wherein R is H or C 1 to about CIo alkyl, and M is alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal or aluminum.
Preferred are carboxylic acid salts of Na, K, Mg, Ca and Al. A preferred carboxylic acid salt is calcium formate.

A preferred polyhydroxylalkylamine has the general formula (HO)jNHk(CHZ),NHk(OH)j, wherein j is 1 to 2, k is 1 to about 3, and 1 is 1 to about 5.
Preferred is tetrahydroxyethylenediamine.

A conventional chloride-containing accelerator may be used in combination with the polycarboxylate dispersant to form a compatabilizing admixture according to the present invention, for product applications in which corrosion of reinforcing steel is not an issue, for example, in concrete block production.

The cementitious mixture additionally may contain water in an amount sufficient to effect hydraulic setting of the cement and aggregate mixture, and if desired, an additional material such as silica fume or metakaolin. The term aggregate includes both fine aggregate such as sand and coarse aggregate such as gravel as is common in the art.
The proportion of fine and coarse aggregate will vary depending on the desired properties of the mortar or concrete. The amount of water generally should be enough to effect hydraulic setting of the cement component and to provide a desired degree of workability to the mix before hardening.

In the practice of the present invention, the compatabilizing admixture components described above are incorporated into hydraulic cement mixes in amounts sufficient to compatabilize the pozzolanic replacement material and the hydraulic cement, to accelerate the rate of hardening and setting of the mixes and to reduce water to increase compressive 5. strength after hardening, thereby enhancing overall durability of the product. The admixture is preferably incorporated into the mix as an aqueous solution comprising a portion of the water used in mixing the hydraulic cement, pozzolanic replacement material, aggregate, and any additional additives. Representative admixture formulations are set forth in Table 1A, below. (Percentages are by weight.) Table 1 A
Component Percentage Preferred Nitrate salt 0- 60 20 - 40 Nitrite salt 0- 60 20 - 40 Thiocyanate 0- 10 1-4 Alkanolamine 0- 10 0-1 Polyhydroxylalkylamine 0-5 0-4 Polymer 1- 20 3-8 Thiosulfate 0 - 10 Carboxylic acid salt 0- 20 Hydroxide 0 - 10 The remainder of the adniixture solution comprises water. By way of example, but not of limitation, the amount of active admixture material delivered per 100 pounds of cementitious material (cement + cement replacement) in aqueous solution is preferably calculated as follows in Table 1B.

Table 1B
Admixture Solution Active Components (pounds) (Fl. oz.) (ml/100 kg) (% by wt. cementitious material) 2.5 160 0.09 5 320 0.18 650 0.36 1300 0.72 1960 1.08 2600 1.44 10 50 3260 1.80 SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

For the purpose of illustrating the advantages obtained by the practice of the 15 present invention, plain concrete mixes were prepared and compared with similar mixes containing the compatabilizing admixture described above. The methods and details of testing were in accordance with current applicable ASTM standards, and in each series of tests the individual mixes were on a comparable basis with respect to cement +
cement replacement content and degree of workability as measured in accordance with ASTM C
20 143-78. The test used for compressive strength was ASTM C39, and the test for set time was ASTM C403.

Compatabilizing admixtures according to the present invention were prepared by introducing into aqueous solution, a polycarboxylate polyalkenoxide copolymer 25 (Polymer A) of the formula:

CH-CH2~i H-C H~CH-i H W H1-C~CHZ-i Y

I ~ \0C-- 0 i=0 0 COOM R')-R6 i (RF-O-~RZ
p m n wherein R3, R4 and R6 are methyl, R5 is ethyl, R7 is a polyethylene glycol moiety with q = about 75 (M.W.=1000), M is Na, m is 0, n is about 10-20, x and y are each 1 and accelerator compounds listed in Table 1C below. Components are reported in pounds delivered per 100 pounds of cementitious material (cement + cement replacement).
Table 1C
Components Admixture A Admixture B
Calcium nitrate 0.296 - 0.593 0.296 - 0.593 Sodium Thiocyanate 0.023 - 0.047 0.023 - 0.047 Tetrahydroxyethylene Diamine 0 0.016 - 0.032 Triethanolamine 0.005 - 0.01 0.005 - 0.01 Copolymer (Polymer A) 0.035 - 0.07 0.035 - 0.07 The admixture solutions above were utilized in the mix designs set forth in the Tables below. Cementitious mixtures resulting from the mixtures were tested for set time, compressive strength, and workability.

Examples 1 - 6 The cementitious material mix design prepared for examples 1 - 6 is set forth in Table A, below.

Admixture A was used in examples 1, 2 and 4, and admixture B was used in example 5.
Control examples 3 and 6 had no fly ash replacement for the portland cement, and thus no compatabilizing admixture was used. Set times are reported in Table 2 below.

.r Table A: Mix Design information for Table 2:
Weights are in pounds per cubic yard, weights in parenthesis are in Kg/m3.

Ex. (Mix) Cement Fly ash Stone Sand Water 1 and 2 388 (230) Class C 169 (100) 1791 (1063) 1372 (814) 211 (125) 3C 559 (332) 0 1960 (1163) 1372 (814) 264 (157) 4 and 5 380 (225) Class F 160 (95) 1896 (1125) 1273 (755) 265 (157) 6C 540 (320) 0 1896 (1125) 1253 (743) 305 (181) O
ao Table 2 oA
Fly Ash Containing Concrete Treated with Admixture vs Untreated Plain Concrete Example Class of % Replacement by Dose of admixture in Initial 28-Day Compressive Number Fly Ash weight of cement fl. oz/1001bs of Set Time Strength cementitious material (hrs:min) PSI MPa >
(ml/ 100kg) ON
1 C 30% 10 (650) 5:26 6610 45.6 2 C 30% 15 (978) 4:59 7260 50.1 3C None N/A N/A 5:05 6930 47.8 4 F 30% 10 (650) 5:04 4150 28.6 F 30% 15 (978) 5:44 3910 27.0 6C None N/A N/A 6:30 4480 30.9 a ~
~

Set time for inventive example 2, containing 30% fly ash replacement for portland cement, was slightly faster compared to comparative example 3, while inventive examples 4 and 5 were faster than comparative example 6. The use of the inventive, compatabilizing admixture pennitted a reduction in the amount of water used in the mix design, and set times were not retarded, but rather were accelerated for the inventive mixtures. Compressive strength was slightly less for example 1 than for example 3C, and slightly less for examples 4 and 5 than for example 6C. This is because the concretes being compared are plain concrete in 3C and 6C, versus concrete with cement replacement in the inventive examples. By increasing admixture dosage (and enhancing water reduction) for the inventive mixtures, compressive strength can exceed that for even plain concrete, as in example 2.

Examples 7 - 12 The cementitious material mix design prepared for examples 7 - 12 is set forth in Table B, below.

Admixture A was used in examples 8, 9 and 11, while admixture B was used in example 12. Comparative examples 7 and 10 contained 30% fly ash by weight of cement, as did the examples according to the invention, but contained no compatabilizing admixture. Results of the tests are set forth in Table 3.

Iz w ...
oA
Table B: Mix Design information for Table 3:
Weights are in pounds per cubic yard, weights in parenthesis are in Kg/m3.

Ex. (Mix) Cement Fly ash Stone Sand Water 7 392 (233) Class C 167 (99) 1788 (1061) 1366 (810) 228 (135) 8 and 9 388 (230) Class C 169 (100) 1791 (1063) 1372 (814) 211 (125) 380 (225) Class F 160 (95) 1896 (1125) 1256 (745) 285(169) ~, 11 and 12 380 (225) Class F 160 (95) 1896 (1125) 1273 (755) 265 (157) ~

Cd O
~o co Table 3 Fly Ash Containing Concrete Treated with Admixture vs Untreated Fly Ash Example Class of % Replacement by Dose of admixture in Initial 28-Day Compresssive Number Fly Ash weight of cement fl. oz/1001bs of Set Time Strength cementitious material (hrs:min) PSI MPa >
(rnl/100kg) 7C C 30% N/A 7:24 7230 49.8 8 C 30% 10 (650) 5:26 6610 45.6 9 C 30% 15 (978) 4:59 7260 50.1 I OC F 30% N/A 7:07 3490 24.1 11 F 30% 10 (650) 5:04 4150 28.6 12 F 30% 15 (978) 5:44 3910 27.0 %0 ~

The set times of the fly ash containing cementitious mixtures which did not contain the compatabilizing admixture were significantly retarded, while the set times of the inventive mixes compared favorably with the comparative examples that did not contain the retarding fly ash replacement component. Compressive strength greater than the comparative fly ash containing concrete was achieved by the use of the compatabilizing admixture, as shown in example 9 as compared to 7C, and examples 11 and 12 as compared to 10C.

Examples 13 - 16 The cementitious material mix design prepared for examples 13 - 16 is set forth in Table C, below.

Admixture B was used in examples 14 and 16. Comparative example 13 contained 25 % blast furnace slag by weight of cement, as did example 14 according to the invention, but contained no compatabilizing admixture. Comparative example 15 contained 50% blast furnace slag by weight of cement, as did example 16 according to the invention, but contained no compatabilizing admixture. Results of the tests are set forth in Table 4.

O

Table C: Mix Design information for Table 4:
Weights are in pounds per cubic yard, weights in parenthesis are in Kg/m3.

Ex. (Mix) Cement Slag Stone Sand Water 13C 413 (245) 138(82) 1842(1093) 1381 (819) 326(193) 14 416 (247) 140 (83) 1845 (1095) 1387 (823) 290 (172) 15C 269 (160) 269 (160) 1785 (1059) 1357 (805) 349 (207) 16 281 (167) 279 (166) 1840 (1092) 1396 (828) 295 (175) ao Table 4 a Blast Furnace Slag Containing Concrete Treated with Admixture vs Untreated Slag Example % Replacement by Dose of admixture in Initial 28-Day Compressive Number weight of cement fl. oz/100lbs of Set Time Strength (PSI) >
cementitious material (hrs:min) PSI MPa (rttl/100kg) 13C 25% N/A 7:10 6165 42.51 ~
14 25% 14.6 (952) 4:55 7343 50.63 15C 50% N/A 7:44 5396 37.20 16 50% 14.6 (952) 6:22 7291 50.27 to ~a In the examples of the invention, water reduction was achieved with the use of the inventive compatabilizing admixture, while the set times of the inventive cementitious mixtures were significantly lower than their corresponding uncompatabilized comparative examples.

Examples 17 - 19 The cementitious material mix design prepared for example.s 17 - 19 is set forth in Table D, below.
Table D: Mix Design information for Table 5:
Weights are in pounds per cubic yard, weights in parenthesis are in Kg/m3 Ex. (Mix) Cement Stone Sand Water 17C 517 (307) 1800 (1068) 1474 (875) 292 (173) 18 517 (307) 1800 (1068) 1480 (878) 285 (169) 19 517 (307) 1800 (1068) 1490 (884) 269 (160) In the mix design for examples 17C, 18 and 19, the cement contained 24%
natural pozzolanic materials. Comparative example 17 contained no compatabilizing admixture, while Admixture A was introduced into the niix for examples 18 and 19. Results of the tests are set forth in Table 5.
Table 5. Pozzolanic Cement Concrete Treated with Admixture vs Untreated Pozzolanic Example Dose of admixture in fl. Initial 28-Day Compressive Number oz/100lbs of cementitious Set Time Strength material (ml/100kg) (hrs:min) (PSI) (MPa) 17C N/A 4:41 4500 31.0 18 10(650) 5:21 4990 34.4 19 20(1300) 3:55 5200 35.9 Water reduction was achieved by the inventive examples 18 and 19, while the set time for exalnple 19 was significantly accelerated over the corresponding comparative example 17.

*rB

Examples 20 - 24 The following mix design was prepared:
Component lbs./cubic yard Kg/m3 Portland Cement 420 249 Stone 1800 1068 Sand 1350 801 Class C fly ash 180 107 The cementitious mixture was tested for set times with the addition of no compatabilizing admixture, and with the addition of various compatabilizing polymer containing admixtures. Test results are set forth in Table 6. Polymer A used in examples 21 and 22 had the formula:

C H-C H C H-C H C H-C H Hr--C~ C Hx-C
u I I v I I~x \ I y ~ C=O C=O i=0 f=O COOM R,)9 i (Ri 0~-RZ
P m n where the constituents are as defmed above for polymer A.
Polymer B used in example 23 had the formula:
i C H-C H2 C H-C Hy-- ~ C H-C H Hr-C C HZ-C
u I /v 'I I w x I Y
\~ O i=O ~O C OOM (R

( Rj O~-R2 I
P Iu n wherein R, is ethyl, with p = 24 to 25, R2 is methyl, M is Na, m is about 16 to about 25, n is zero, u to (v + w) = 1:1, and v to w is 1:1.

Table 6: Results for Compatabilizing Polymer with 30% Class C fly ash:
Example Admixture Initial Set Time (hrs:min) 20C None 9:06 21C Polymer A @ 3oz (no accelerator) 9:20 22 Polymer A@ 17oz. in Admixture A 6:19 23 Polymer B@ 17oz. in Admixture A 6:24 24C None 7:19 The following further mix designs were prepared and tested at 50 F, using the polymer and accelerator Admixture A according to the present invention, or as controls, without the admixture. Components and test results are set forth in Tables 7 A
(English units) and 7 B (SI units).
Table 7 A
Example # 25C 26C 27C 28 29 30 31 Admixture --- --- --- 10 20 10 20 (Fl. oz/ 1001bs) Cement (lb) 608 423 417 423 426 422 422 Class C Fly Ash (lb) --- 180 --- 181 182 --- ---Class F Fly Ash (lb) --- --- 178 --- --- 180 180 Sand (lb) 1329 1341 1322 1364 1376 1314 1321 Stone(lb) 1824 1813 1787 1815 1826 1807 1807 Water (lb) 319 292 315 276 259 303 293 W /C + Fly Ash .525 .485 .530 .456 .426 .504 .486 % W ater Reduction --- --- --- 6.0 12.2 5.0 8.3 Air % 0.6 1.2 1.0 1.6 2.0 1.3 1.8 Slump (in.) 6.0 6.5 6.5 6.5 7.0 6.25 6.75 Compressive Strength (PSI) 1 Day 2090 1160 1090 1420 1920 1190 1380 7 Day 3450 2690 1915 3600 4250 2400 2840 28 Day 5420 4820 3420 5140 6460 3750 4570 Initial Set Time 7:48 12:15 10:21 9:22 6:54 7:27 6:10 Table 7 B
Example # 25C 26C 27C 28 29 30 31 Admixture --- --- --- 650 1300 650 1300 (ml/ 100kg) Cement (kg/m3) 361 251 247 251 253 250 250 Class C Fly Ash (kg/m3) --- 107 --- 107 108 ---Class F Fly Ash (kg/m3) --- --- 106 --- --- 107 107 Sand (kg/m3) 788 796 784 809 816 780 784 Stone(kg/m3) 1082 1077 1060 1077 1083 1072 1072 Water (kg/m3) 189 173 187 164 154 180 174 W/C+Fly Ash .525 .485 .530 .456 .426 .504 .486 %Water Reduction --- --- --- 6.0 12.2 5.0 8.3 Air % 0.6 1.2 1.0 1.6 2.0 1.3 1.8 Slump (mm) 150 165 165 165 180 160 170 Compressive Strength (MPa) 1 Day 14.4 8.0 7.5 9.8 13.2 8.2 9.5 7 Day 23.8 18.5 13.2 24.8 29.3 16.5 19.6 28 Day 37.4 33.2 23.6 35.4 44.5 25.9 31.5 Initial Set Time 7:48 12:15 10:21 9:22 6:54 7:27 6:10 As demonstrated above, the present invention achieves the objects of the invention. A cementitious mixture is provided which contains a significant proportion of pozzolan cement replacement materials for hydraulic cement, such as portland cement, as well as water reducing materials, which have acceptable or improved compressive 2 5 strength, and which set in an industry-acceptable time period. A method is provided for preparing a cementitious material which contains a significant proportion of pozzolan cement replacement materials for hydraulic cement, such as portland cement, as well as water reducing materials, which have acceptable or improved compressive strength and which set in an industry-acceptable time period. The objects are achieved through the inventive compatabilizing admixture for cementitious mixtures which contain a significant proportion of pozzolan cement replacement.

The compatabilizing admixture acts as a mid-range water reducer (permitting a reduction of mix water of from about 5% to about 15 %. Compressive strength and durability of the resulting product are improved. Significant replacement of hydraulic cement by pozzolanic materials is achieved, with setting times for the cementitious mixture containing the replacement, such as both Class C and Class F fly ash, equivalent to or less than set times for conventional mixtures without the replacement materials. Set times of the inventive cementitious mixtures are significantly accelerated over untreated concrete containing high amounts of fly ash, blast furnace slag or pozzolanic cement.
It should be appreciated that the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described above, but includes variations, modifications and equivalent embodiments defined by the following claims.

Claims

We claim:

1. A compatabilizing admixture for cementitious mixtures containing hydraulic portland cement and greater than 10 percent pozzolanic cement replacement by weight of the portland cement and cement replacement, comprising a polycarboxylate dispersant, in combination with an accelerator for concrete, wherein the polycarboxylate polymer dispersant comprises a polycarboxylate backbone polymer containing polyoxyalkylene group side chains.

2. The admixture of claim 1 wherein the compatabilizing admixture is chloride free.

3. The admixture of claim 1 wherein the accelerator comprises at least one of:

a) a nitrate salt of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
b) a nitrite salt of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
c) a thiocyanate of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
d) an alkanolamine;

e) a thiosulphate of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
f) a hydroxide of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;

g) a carboxylic acid salt of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum;
or, h) a polyhydroxylalkylamine.

4. The admixture of claim 1 wherein the polycarboxylate dispersant comprises a polyvinyl carboxylate polymer, derivatized with at least one of carboxyl, sulfonate, or phosphonate functional moeities.

5. The admixture of claim 4 wherein the polymer contains non-ionic polymer side chains comprising at least one of i) hydrophilic ethylene oxide units, or ii) hydrophobic propylene oxide units.

6. The admixture of claim 1 wherein the polycarboxylate dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula I:

wherein R1 and R5 are each independently C2 - C3 alkyl, R2, R3, R4, and R6 are each independently H or C1- C5 alkyl, and R7 is one of O(R5O), CH2O(R5O), COO(R5O), and CONH(R5O);

M is at least one of H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH4, alkylamine or hydroxyalkylamine;
n + m = 3 to about 100, when m 0, n = about 5 to about 100, when n 0, m = about 3 to about 100, p and q are each independently 1 to about 100, u, v, and w, are each independently 1 to about 100, with the proviso that when both n>0 and m>0, one of u, v or w may be zero, when present, the ratio of u to (v + w) is from about 1:10 to about 10:1, the ratio of u to v is from about 1:1 to about 100:1, m+ p= about 10 to about 400;

x and y are each independently 1 to about 100, with the proviso that when both n>0 and m>0, one of x or y may be zero, when both are present, the ratio of x to y is about 1:10 to about 10:1, n + q= about 10 to about 400, and corresponding acid and alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or ammonium derivatives of the anhydride group "v".

7. The admixture of claim 6 wherein the polycarboxylate polymer includes styrene as monomer (u); at least one of maleic anhydride, maleic acid or salts thereof as monomer (v);
polyalkylene glycol as monomer (w); at least one of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or salts thereof as monomer (x); and, as monomer (y), at least one of polyethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, polyethylene glycol polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, methoxy polyethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, methoxy polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, methoxy polyethylene glycol polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, ethoxy polyethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, ethoxy polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, ethoxy polyethylene glycol polypropylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, or mixtures thereof.

8. The admixture of claim 6 wherein the polycarboxylate dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula IV:

wherein (R1-O)p -R2 is a polyalkylene glycol chain, R5 is CH2CH2, R6 is CH3, and R7 is CH2O(R5O).

9. The admixture of claim 1 wherein the polycarboxylate dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula V:

wherein R8 is H or CH3, X is CH2 or CH2-.SLZERO., and Y is CH2 or C=O, M is at least one of H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH4, alkylamine or hydroxyalkylamine;
a+ b+ c+ d= 1, r is about 10 to about 1000, and s= 2 to about 500.

10. The admixture of claim 1 wherein the polycarboxylate dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula VI:

wherein R10 is H or CH3, R11 is CH2 or C=O, R12 is CH2 or CH2- .SLZERO., M is at least one of H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH4, alkylamine or hydroxyalkylamine;
e+ f+ g+ h= 1, j is about 10 to about 1000, k= 2 to about 500.

11. The admixture of claim 1 wherein the polycarboxylate dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula VII:

wherein Z is a monomer capable of copolymerizing with the monomers of groups a' and b', R10 is H or CH3, M is at least one of H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH4, alkylamine or hydroxyalkylamine;
a' + b' + c' = 1, d' is about 10 to about 10,000, and k = 2 to about 500.

12. The admixture of claim 1 wherein the polycarboxylate dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula VIII:

wherein R10 is H or CH3, R13 is CH3, M is at least one of H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH4, alkylamine or hydroxyalkylamine;
e' : f' is about 2 : 1 to about 100 : 1, and g' is about 10 to about 1000.

13. The admixture of claim 1 wherein the polycarboxylate dispersant comprises a polymer of the general formula IX:

wherein R14 is CH3 or t-butylene, m'=1 to about 100, and n' = about 10 to about 1000.

14. A method for preparing a cementitious material comprising mixing a hydraulic cement with a pozzolanic cement replacement selected from fly ash, slag, natural pozzolans, and mixtures thereof, and a compatabilizing admixture as defined in any one of claims 1-13.

15. The method of claim 14 including additionally mixing at least one of silica fume or metakaolin with the cement and cement replacement.

16. A cementitious mixture comprising a hydraulic cement; greater than 10% by weight of a pozzolanic cement replacement selected from fly ash, slag, natural pozzolans, and mixtures thereof based on the weight of said hydraulic cement and cement replacement; and a compatabilizing admixture as defined in any one of claims 1- 13.

17. The cementitious mixture of claim 16 wherein the hydraulic cement comprises portland cement.

18. The cementitious mixture of claim 16 including greater than 15% of the cement replacement by weight of hydraulic cement and cement replacement.

19. The cementitious mixture of claim 16 wherein the cement replacement comprises one of i) slag in the amount of at least 25% by weight of hydraulic cement and cement replacement, or ii) natural pozzolan in the amount of at least 24% by weight of hydraulic cement and cement replacement.

20. The cementitious mixture of claim 16 wherein the active components of the compatabilizing admixture are present in an amount of about 0.09 to about 2 parts per 100 parts by weight of hydraulic cement and cement replacement.

21. The cementitious mixture of claim 16 containing at least 50% portland cement based on the weight of said hydraulic cement and cement replacement.

22. The admixture of claim 6 wherein one of m or n is zero.

23. The method of claim 14 including additionally mixing aggregate with the cement and cement replacement and including additionally mixing water in an amount sufficient to effect hydraulic setting of the cement, cement replacement and aggregate mixture.

24. The cementitious mixture of claim 16, including at least one of aggregate, silica fume or metakaolin.

25. The cementitious mixture of claim 18, wherein the cement replacement comprises at least one of Class C fly ash or Class F fly ash.