CA2271448A1 - Energy distribution network - Google Patents

Energy distribution network Download PDF

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Publication number
CA2271448A1
CA2271448A1 CA002271448A CA2271448A CA2271448A1 CA 2271448 A1 CA2271448 A1 CA 2271448A1 CA 002271448 A CA002271448 A CA 002271448A CA 2271448 A CA2271448 A CA 2271448A CA 2271448 A1 CA2271448 A1 CA 2271448A1
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CA
Canada
Prior art keywords
hydrogen
network
energy
user
fuel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
CA002271448A
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Matthew J. Fairlie
William J. Stewart
Steven J. Thorpe
Charlie Dong
Andrew T. B. Stuart
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hydrogenics Test Systems Inc
Original Assignee
Stuart Energy Systems Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Stuart Energy Systems Corp filed Critical Stuart Energy Systems Corp
Priority to CA002271448A priority Critical patent/CA2271448A1/en
Priority to US09/387,828 priority patent/US6745105B1/en
Priority to KR1020017014318A priority patent/KR20020024585A/en
Priority to AU42820/00A priority patent/AU778327B2/en
Priority to IL14627200A priority patent/IL146272A0/en
Priority to BR0010509-0A priority patent/BR0010509A/en
Priority to CA2862221A priority patent/CA2862221C/en
Priority to ES00922391T priority patent/ES2267521T3/en
Priority to KR1020057011813A priority patent/KR20050084477A/en
Priority to AT00922391T priority patent/ATE332284T1/en
Priority to EP05110579.9A priority patent/EP1623955A3/en
Priority to CNA2005100795033A priority patent/CN1733597A/en
Priority to MXPA01011403A priority patent/MXPA01011403A/en
Priority to EP00922391A priority patent/EP1177154B1/en
Priority to DE60029214T priority patent/DE60029214T2/en
Priority to CNB008074712A priority patent/CN100343162C/en
Priority to PCT/CA2000/000488 priority patent/WO2000069773A1/en
Priority to JP2000618198A priority patent/JP2002544389A/en
Priority to CA2370031A priority patent/CA2370031C/en
Publication of CA2271448A1 publication Critical patent/CA2271448A1/en
Priority to ZA200108897A priority patent/ZA200108897B/en
Priority to IS6146A priority patent/IS6146A/en
Priority to NO20015415A priority patent/NO20015415L/en
Priority to HK02108413.0A priority patent/HK1046894A1/en
Priority to US10/740,853 priority patent/US7565224B2/en
Priority to US10/829,435 priority patent/US6912450B2/en
Priority to US10/829,434 priority patent/US20040199294A1/en
Priority to US10/829,436 priority patent/US7181316B2/en
Priority to US11/056,129 priority patent/US7062360B2/en
Priority to JP2005174261A priority patent/JP2006037226A/en
Priority to US11/706,402 priority patent/US7519453B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/30—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/30—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells
    • B60L58/32—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells for controlling the temperature of fuel cells, e.g. by controlling the electric load
    • B60L58/34—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells for controlling the temperature of fuel cells, e.g. by controlling the electric load by heating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
    • C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
    • C01B3/36—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using oxygen or mixtures containing oxygen as gasifying agents
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/0438—Pressure; Ambient pressure; Flow
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
    • H01M8/04746—Pressure; Flow
    • H01M8/04753—Pressure; Flow of fuel cell reactants
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
    • H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
    • H01M8/0656—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants by electrochemical means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2260/00—Operating Modes
    • B60L2260/40—Control modes
    • B60L2260/50—Control modes by future state prediction
    • B60L2260/54—Energy consumption estimation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2260/00—Operating Modes
    • B60L2260/40—Control modes
    • B60L2260/50—Control modes by future state prediction
    • B60L2260/56—Temperature prediction, e.g. for pre-cooling
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0205—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step
    • C01B2203/0227—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step
    • C01B2203/0233—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step the reforming step being a steam reforming step
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/025—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a partial oxidation step
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/12—Feeding the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/1205—Composition of the feed
    • C01B2203/1211—Organic compounds or organic mixtures used in the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/1217—Alcohols
    • C01B2203/1223—Methanol
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/12—Feeding the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/1205—Composition of the feed
    • C01B2203/1211—Organic compounds or organic mixtures used in the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/1235—Hydrocarbons
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/12—Feeding the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/1205—Composition of the feed
    • C01B2203/1211—Organic compounds or organic mixtures used in the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/1235—Hydrocarbons
    • C01B2203/1241—Natural gas or methane
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/80—Aspect of integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas not covered by groups C01B2203/02 - C01B2203/1695
    • C01B2203/84—Energy production
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
    • H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
    • H01M2250/40—Combination of fuel cells with other energy production systems
    • H01M2250/402—Combination of fuel cell with other electric generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
    • H01M8/04201—Reactant storage and supply, e.g. means for feeding, pipes
    • H01M8/04216—Reactant storage and supply, e.g. means for feeding, pipes characterised by the choice for a specific material, e.g. carbon, hydride, absorbent
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02B90/10—Applications of fuel cells in buildings
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
    • Y02P20/133—Renewable energy sources, e.g. sunlight
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
    • Y02P90/60—Electric or hybrid propulsion means for production processes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells

Abstract

An energy distribution network for providing hydrogen fuel to a user comprising: energy source means; hydrogen production means to receive said energy for said energy resource means; hydrogen fuel user storage means to receive hydrogen from said hydrogen production means; and date collection, storage, control and supply means linked to said energy resource means, said hydrogen production means and said hydrogen fuel user means to determine, control and supply hydrogen from said hydrogen production means. Preferably, the network comprises one or more water electrolysers. The network provides for the distribution of hydrogen, for use mainly as a fuel for vehicles.

Description

ENERGY DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to an energy network for providing hydrogen generated at a production site, particularly by one or more water electrolysers, for use particularly, as a fuel for vehicles and as a source for metal hydride production. The invention relates to the use of hydrogen for combustion as an auxiliary energy source for the generation of electricity, particularly, as part of an electrical distribution system.
BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION
In planning the production capacity of a large chemical plant, for example, for methanol production or a large electricity production site, correct knowledge of expected demand of the product is critical with regard to the optimization of capital deployment and certainty of a return on investment in the large facility. Most often millions of dollars are required to finance the construction. Thus, measuring and predicting the supply and demand for the end product is highly desirable.
Applying techniques to predict future demand on a real time short, medium or long term basis, commercially, is extremely important.
Currently, the widespread deployment of a network of hydrogen supply systems for hydrogen-fueled vehicles does not exist. At present, there is a widespread network of hydrocarbon-fueled vehicles complete with an optimized fuel supply infrastructure network based on the limits of known technology, society's standards and consumer acceptance. Many believe to put a widespread, geographic network of hydrogen vehicles with a network of hydrogen supply encompassing production, storage, transportation and delivery would involve such a large investment and be so challenging, that the task is believed essentially impossible to do in any economic method. Although, there are numerous examples of hydrogen production from electricity close to where it can be used to fuel a vehicle, such individual sites are not interconnected so as to optimize performance and asset deployment.
2 There are a number of shortcomings of the current hydrocarbon-fueled vehicle distribution networks, which shortcomings include a finite resource of the hydrocarbon fuel per se and an uneven distribution of the world's resources. In fact, much of the world's resources are focused in just a few geographical areas, such that many nations do not have a substantive supply of indigenous fuel. This has led to global and regional conflict. In addition, there is uncertainty about the impact of greenhouse gas emissions.
Furthermore, the very use of hydrocarbon fuels, or the processing for use of hydrocarbon fuels, leads to ground level pollution of smog and ozone as well as regional environmental challenges, such as acid rain. Airborne pollutants, either directly or indirectly formed due to the combustion or processing of hydrocarbon fuels, lead to reduced crop output, potentially reduced lifespan and other health issues for all living beings.
A network of fuel supply systems which could provide as good, if not better, consumer service and reduce or eliminate fuel resource disparity, negative environmental aspects of hydrocarbon fuels and their combustion or processing which can be introduced in a manner which mitigates the investment risk, optimizes the capacity factor of all equipment in the system and encourages the use of non-carbon energy sources. Hydrogen fuel, produced from energy sources which are lower in carbon content than conventional coal and oil, or hydrogen fuel produced from coal and oil in which the carbon is sequestered below the surface of the earth, would be an ideal fuel for this network.
One aspect of the delivery of a product from a production site to a utilization site involves the use of storage. Storage of the product, sometimes a commodity, can efficiently allow for supply and demand to meet in a manner which optimizes the utilization of production. Two examples of this is the supply of hydrogen produced (a) from methanol on board a vehicle and used in a car, where on board it is reformed into a hydrogen containing gas; and (b) by electricity off board a vehicle and used to fill a compressed gas storage tank either on the vehicle or on the ground for subsequent transfer to the vehicle.
In latter case (b), the hydrogen is produced off board the vehicle and is stored in a compressed gas tank, or similar container. The accumulation of hydrogen disconnects the production of electricity for hydrogen production with the real-time demand for
3 hydrogen. This load shifting effect on electricity production, enabled by storage of hydrogen, enables better and more predictable utilization of electricity -particularly when the hydrogen demand is of some significance percentage, say 1 % to 100%
with regard to the electricity being produced. This enables decisions to be made on a real time basis as to where to direct the electricity, for example, to hydrogen production by electrolysis or other uses. This is only part of the equation as it enables measurement of the supply of electricity, i.e. at times where incremental production of electricity is available or advantageous and includes may aspects of operating an electrical generator, transmission, and distribution system which creates improved asset utilization is for hydrogen production not the demand. The second half of the equation is the measurement of hydrogen demand in essentially real time. This involves planning for production of hydrogen. When the hydrogen production is from electrolysis sources and the hydrogen is transferred to the storage tank on board the vehicle from a storage tank or directly from an electrolyser base on the need by the market place for hydrogen, measurement on a moment by moment basis is possible of the hydrogen demand.
The demand can be understood by those familiar in the art by techniques such as temperature/pressure measurements as well as electrical energy consumption. In addition, measurement of the amount of hydrogen energy on board the vehicle can enable information to be provided to the controller for hydrogen supply from electricity production. 'These measurements complete the equation for supply and demand with detailed measurement. This enables the following:-(a) real time predictions of the amount of electricity required in the following time periods: instantaneous and (when combined with previous date) the rate of growth of demand for electricity for hydrogen production;
(b) the deferred use of electricity for hydrogen production and the supply of electricity to a demand of a higher priority (economic or technical);
(c) the safe curtailment of electricity supply for the use of hydrogen production as sufficient storage exists in the 'system network' of storage tanks; and (d) the ability to develop 'virtual' storage reservoirs where by priority/cost/manner of supply of electricity can be determined based on the status of the storage reservoir.
4 A system which connects electricity production decision making to stored hydrogen, either on board a vehicle or on the ground to hydrogen markets enables better decision making with regard to when, where, and how much electricity to provide. This information, available on essentially an instantaneous basis through measurement, is critical to asset deployment and increase asset utilization and risk mitigation. By collecting this information through appropriate means a novel and inventive measurement system is created which incorporate the features incorporating one or more of a,b,c,d above.
It can, thus, be seen that the decisions concerning a chemical plant for, say, methanol production which then is used for many applications including on-board or off board reforming of methanol can not provide instantaneous and daily information to influence production decisions.
It is thus an object of the present invention to provide an energy distribution network which provides for effective deployment and utilization of electrical generation, transmission and distribution capacity and enhanced economic performance of such assets.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention in its general aspect embodies a network of (a) primary energy sources transmitted from their production sources to a hydrogen production site;
(b) hydrogen production and delivery equipment with or without by-product sequestration equipment, with or without on-ground hydrogen storage equipment; and (c) collection, storage and supply controllers for the communication of data.
By combining the above elements together, a network that measures real-time and computed expected demand for hydrogen fuel provides product hydrogen accordingly is realized. This network may be linked with standard projection models to predict future demand requirements by location. A preferred feature of this hydrogen network is that it does not rely on the construction of large scale hydrogen production facilities of any kind. Instead, preferred hydrogen production facilities provided herein S
are small as technically/commercially feasible and include scaled-down apparatus to meet the needs of a single consumer or a plurality of customers from a single commercial, retail or industrial site.
Accordingly, in its broadest aspect, the invention provides an energy distribution network for providing hydrogen fuel to a user comprising:- hydrogen fuel production means; raw material supply means to said production means; hydrogen fuel storage means; and information and supply control means linked to said production means and said storage means.
The raw material includes, for example, natural gas, a liquid hydrocarbon or, in the case of an electrolyser, electrical current and current and water.
With reference to the practice of the invention relating to natural gas, natural gas from a remote field, is put in a pipeline and transported to a retail outlet or fuel supply location for a hydrogen fuel. At or near the retail outlet or fuel supply location, the natural gas is steam/methane reformed with purification to produce hydrogen gas. The carbon dioxide by-product is vented or handled in another manner that leads to its sequestration. The hydrogen produced may be fed, for example, into a car's compressed hydrogen gas storage tank through use of compression. Alternatively, the compressor may divert the flow to a storage tank, nominally on the ground near the steam methane reformer/compressor system. The amount of hydrogen produced in a given day is determined in many ways familiar in the art and includes natural gas consumption, hydrogen production, storage pressure, rate of change, and the like. This information is electronically or otherwise transferred to the operator of the network according to the invention. This information over time constitutes demand information for hydrogen from which supply requirements can be foreseen as well as future demand predicted.
As the demand for hydrogen grows, the network operator may install a larger natural gas reformer or add more storage tanks to make better use of the existing generator when demand is low. The ability to measure and store hydrogen, enables better decisions to be made than with the current liquid hydrocarbon (gasoline) infrastructure.
The measuring ability enables predictions for the raw material (natural gas in this case) to be determined. If the natural gas comes from a pipeline, the supply demand characteristics provides useful information on how to better manage the pipeline of natural gas as well as plan for purchases and even discoveries of natural gas.
The measuring ability of the system also provides key information on predictions for vehicle demand as the growth rate of hydrogen demand for vehicle use be a significant leading indicator.
With reference to a network according to the invention based on the current popular fuel, gasoline, produced from a network of oil wells, and refineries, this fuel is shipped to a retail outlet or fuel supply location. As needed, the gasoline is reformed or partially oxidized, or other chemical steps taken to produce hydrogen. After sufficient purification, the hydrogen is either stored directly on to the vehicle or at off vehicle storage sites for latter on-vehicle transfer. The amount of hydrogen produced in a given day is determined by those in the art based on gasoline consumption, hydrogen production, storage levels or pressures of gas storage, rates of change, and the like. This information is electronically or otherwise transferred to the operator of the network according to the invention. This information over time constitutes demand information for hydrogen from which supply requirements are foreseen as well as future demand predicted. As the demand for hydrogen grows, the network operator may install a larger gasoline reformer or add more storage tanks to make better use of the existing generator when demand is low. The ability to measure and store hydrogen, enables better decisions to be made with regard to deployment of assets, such as storage tanks and more hydrogen production equipment, than with the current liquid hydrocarbon (gasoline) infrastructure. The measuring ability enables predictions for the raw material to be determined. This is particularly important if the gasoline is specifically produced for low pollution/zero emission vehicles and there is a unique capital structure to the assets used to produce, transport and distribute this special grade of gasoline. The measuring ability of the system according to the invention also provides key information on predictions for vehicle demand as the growth rate of hydrogen demand for vehicle use is a very significant leading indicator.
With reference to a network according to the invention based on a liquid hydrocarbon, such as methanol, methanol produced from a network of generating plants spread locally or globally, is shipped to a retail outlet or fuel supply station location. As needed, the methanol is reformed, partially oxidized, or other chemical steps taken to produce hydrogen. After sufficient purification, the hydrogen may be stored directly on to the vehicle or non-vehicle storage for latter vehicle transfer. The amount of hydrogen produced in a given day could be determined as described hereinabove with reference to natural gas and gasoline.
However, a most preferred network is based on using electricity for water electrolysis. Electricity travelling in a conductor, produced from a network of generating plants spread locally or globally, is fed to a residence, home and the like, a commercial or industrial retail outlet or other fuel supply location. As needed, the electricity is used in an electrolysis process that produces hydrogen and oxygen that is of value. After sufficient purification and compression if required, the hydrogen may be stored directly on to a vehicle or fed to non-vehicle storage.
Electricity can come from many different types of primary energies, each with their own characteristics and optimal ways to produce. Once electricity is produced, it is difficult to store effectively and must be transmitted through some form of distribution/transmission system. Such systems must respond to many different circumstances of users, multiple users more so than from a natural gas pipeline, time of use variation, load density, primary electrical input source, status of primary electrical input source, weather conditions, unique aspects of dealing with the nature of electricity, vs. a gas or a liquid.
An electrolysis unit, particularly an appropriately designed water electrolysis system, has unique advantages in how it can be connected to electricity supplies and does not have to operate continuously. An electrolyser can be made to start, stop or modulate in partial load steps more readily than the typical methods to produce hydrogen from hydrocarbons. This factor is a key element in that electricity may be dynamically "switched" from hydrogen production to other electrical loads based on a priority schedule. This feature enables an electrolyser to obtain lower cost electricity than higher priority electrical loads. Further, since electrolysis is a very scalable technology for <1 Kw to over 100,000 kW, the same system, variant only in size, has the potential to be distributed, as needed.
In the practice of the present invention in a preferred embodiment, the wires that deliver the electrical energy to the electrolyser are used to communicate useful information about the state of the electrolysis process to related devices.
This eliminates the need for an additional connection or a " telemetry device" to collect necessary information in an electronic fashion.

g Thus, a hydrogen fuel network incorporating electricity and electrolysis offers useful opportunities with intermittent renewable energy sources, e.g.
photovoltaics and wind turbines, even though these may be located hundreds of miles away from a network of electrolysis-based hydrogen generators. The hydrogen generators can be sequenced to produce hydrogen at a rate proportional to the availability of renewable energy sources. In addition, by measuring price signals, the electrolysers can be reduced or shut down if the market price for electricity from a particular generation source is beyond a tolerance level for fuel supply. The electrolysis system can also be readily shut down in the case of emergency within the electrical system.
Only a natural gas distribution system is close to an electricity system in the concept of a continuous trickle supply of the energy source to the hydrogen generator.
When gasoline or methanol arrives at a hydrogen production and fuel supply site, it is generally by large shipment and the gasoline or methanol would be stored in a tank of some 50,000 gallons size. The trickle charge is a critical feature of the hydrogen fuel network and is clearly preferred. The distributed storage of hydrogen - either on the vehicle which itself may be trickle charged or for an on ground storage tank which can be trickle charged, accumulate sufficient hydrogen and then deliver that hydrogen to a car at a power rate measured in GW. The ability to take a kW trickle charge and convert to a GW rapid fuel power delivery system through effective storage is a key element in building an effective fuel supply service as a product of the network.
The ability to measure supply and demand as well as estimate the total stored in the network, including ground storage or storage on board vehicles, provides a most useful benefit of the network of the invention. The integrated whole of the network is analogous to a giant fuel gauge and, thus, predictions of the amount of electricity required to fuel the system and the rate of fueling required can be made. This provides electricity power generators/ marketers information from which they can help better predict supply and demand real time. Uniquely, the location as to where the fuel is most needed can also be determined on a near continuous basis.
In addition, distributed hydrogen storage, a consequence of the network according to the invention, is similar to distributed electricity storage or, if integrated together, a large hydroelectric storage reservoir. 'The hydrogen storage reservoir, may optionally, be converted back to electricity for the grid using an appropriate conversion device. Most objectives of energy management obtained with hydroelectric water reservoirs may be practiced with hydrogen reservoirs. Given the distributed network of hydrogen reservoirs, the priority of practicing a particular energy management technique can be performed. This prioritization capability is unique to the network of the invention.
As a network incorporating distributed electrolysis-based hydrogen supply systems with distributed reservoirs is developed, the planning for the addition of new electricity generation systems can be made based on information from the network. The uniqueness of knowing the supply, demand and energy storage aspects of the network provides information about the optimal specification of new electrical generating systems. The creation of energy storage encourages selection of electrical generators previously challenged by the lack of energy storage. Such generators including wind turbines and photovoltaic panels may be encouraged. This should optimize the ability to implement these types of generators which are be mandated by governments as necessary to combat perceived environmental challenges.
The hydrogen network in the further preferred embodiments enables money payments to be made for services provided in real time as for preferred forms of energy sources based on environmental impact.
Thus, the network of energy sources of use in the practice of the invention produces hydrogen through various techniques, such as steam methane reforming, partial oxidation or water electrolysis, at, or very near, the intended user site so that no further processing beyond appropriate purification and pressurization for the specific storage tank/energy application. In the case where the hydrogen energy comes directly or indirectly from a carbon source which is deemed by society to be too high in carbon content (C02 production) or where other pollutants may exist, these are captured at source and sequestered to the extent society deems necessary. In addition, a method to measure, or reasonably estimated the flow of hydrogen into a storage (compressed gas, liquid H2, hydrides, etc.) on the ground or an appropriate storage system on board a car is helpful in to obtain information which can lead to decisions as to when, where and how to produce fuel as well as when to deploy more assets in the process of producing fuel or on board a vehicle measurements.

Thus, the invention in one most preferred embodiment provides a hydrogen fuel vehicle supply infrastructure which is based on a connected network of hydrogen fuel electrolysers. The electrolysers and control associated means on the network communicate electrical current demand of and receive from the electrical system
5 operator /scheduler the amount of hydrogen fuel needed to be produced and related data such as the time period for refueling. For example, based on the pressure of the storage volume and the rate at which the pressure rises, the storage volume needed to be filled can be calculated. The time period for fueling may also be communicated to the fuel scheduler, for example, by the setting of a timer on the electrolyser appliance and/or the 10 mode of operation, e.g. to be a quick or slow fuel fill. The electrical system operator/fuel delivery scheduler may preferably aggregate the electrical loads on the network and optimize the operation of the electrical system by controlling the individual operation of fuel appliance, using 'scheduled' hydrogen production as a form of virtual storage to manage and even control the electrical system; and employ power load leveling to improve transmission and generating utilization, and dynamic control for controlling line frequency.
It is, therefore, a most preferred object of the present invention to provide a real time hydrogen based network of multiple hydrogen fuel transfer sites based on either primary energy sources which may or may not be connected in real time.
There is preferably a plurality of such electrolysers on the energy network according to the invention and/or a plurality of users per electrolysers on the system.
In a preferred aspect, the network of the invention comprises on or more hydrogen replenishment systems for providing hydrogen to a user, said systems comprising (i) an electrolytic cell for providing source hydrogen;
(ii) a compression means for providing outlet hydrogen at an outlet pressure;
(iii) means for feeding said source hydrogen to said compressor means;
(iv) means for feeding said outlet hydrogen to said user;
(v) control means for activating said cell to provide said hydrogen source when said outlet pressure fall to a selected minimum value; and (vi) user activation means for operably activating said control means.

The aforesaid replenishment system may comprise wherein said electrolytic cell comprises said compression means whereby said outlet hydrogen comprises source hydrogen and said step (iii) is constituted by said cell and, optionally, wherein a hydrogen fuel appliance apparatus comprising the system as aforesaid wherein said means (iv) comprises vehicle attachment means attachable to a vehicle to provide said outlet hydrogen as fuel to said vehicle.
The invention in a further broad aspect provides a network as hereinbefore defined further comprising energy generation means linked to said user storage means to provide energy from said stored hydrogen to said user.
The energy generation means is preferably one for generating electricity from the stored hydrogen for use in relatively small local area electricity distribution networks, e.g. residences, apartment complexes, commercial and industrial buildings or sites, or for feeding the auxiliary generated electrical power back into a wide area electricity distribution network, like national, state or provincial grids, on demand, when 1 S conventional electricity power supply is provided at peak periods.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
In order that the invention may be better understood, preferred embodiments will now be described by way of example, only, wherein Fig. 1 is a schematic block diagram of one embodiment according to the invention;
Fig.2 is a logic block diagram of a control and supply data controller of one embodiment according to the invention;
Fig. 3 is a block diagram of an alternative embodiment according to the invention.
Fig. 4 is a block diagram showing the major features of a hydrogen fuel refurbishment system of use in the practice of a preferred embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 5 is a logic block diagram of the control program of one embodiment of the system according to the invention;
Fig. 6 is a logic block diagram of a cell block control loop of the control program of Fig. 6;
Fig. 7 is a block diagram of an electrolyser according to the invention;

Fig. 8 is an alternative embodiment of an electrolyser according to the invention; and wherein the same numerals denote like parts.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT ACCORDING TO
THE INVENTION
Fig. 1 shows generally as 100 an energy network according to the invention having a plurality of hydrogen fuel generating electrolysers 120, 140 and 160 connected to corresponding user facilities, above, below ground or vehicle storage 180, 200 and 220, respectively. Electrical energy is provided to cells 120, 140 and 160 by leads 280, 300 and320 hydrogen conduits 190, 210 and 230, respectively on demand, individually or collectively from, say, power grid source 240 under the control of controller 260, and supplies hydrogen through conduits 140, 210 and 230, respectively to said users 180, 200 and 220 through leads 280, 300 and 320, respectively. Control and supply controller 260 receives information from cells 120, 140 and 160 and user facilities 180, 200, 220, respectively, as the fuel requirement and loading situation requires. Controller 260 further effects activation of the required electrical feed to a cell for hydrogen generation as required. The time of commencement, duration and electric power levels to a cell are also controlled by central controller 260. Information as to volume of hydrogen fuel container, hydrogen pressure therein and rate of pressure change on refurbishment are measured in real-time. Controller 260 further comprises data storage means from which information may be taken and read or added. Iteration and algorithmic treatment of real time and stored data can be made and appropriate process control can be realized by acting on such data in real time.
Fig. 2 represents a logic block diagram of the operating control steps for the embodiment of Fig. 1; Fig. 3 represents an embodiment providing a broader aspect of the embodiment of Fig.l, having a hydrogen production source 101, supplied by energy source 102 which may be an electricity generating power plant, or natural gas, gasoline or methanol reforming plant. The control unit 104 and users 106 are suitably linked by hardware input and output distribution conduits 108, 110, respectively, and electrical data transmission lines 112.

With reference to Fig. 4, this shows a system according to the invention shown generally as 400 having an electrolyser cell 412 which produces source hydrogen at a desired pressure P1 fed to compressor 414 through conduit 416. Compressor 414 feeds compressed outlet hydrogen through conduit 418 to user 420 at pressure P2, exemplified as a vehicle attached by a fitting 421. Cell 412, compressor 414 and user 420 are linked to a computer processor unit control means 422.
With reference to Fig. 5 this shows the logic control steps effective in the operation of the system as a whole, and in Fig. 6 the specific cell control loop, sub-unit wherein a logical block diagram of the control program of one embodiment of the system according to the invention; wherein PMS - Compressor start pressure;
PL - Compressor stop pressure;
PLL - Inletlow pressure;
PMO - Tank full pressure;
1 S 0 P - Pressure switch dead band;
P~ - Maximum allowable cell pressure; and LL - Minimum allowable cell liquid level.
With reference to Fig. 7, this shows generally as 10 an electrolyser having an oxygen gas product chamber 11 above anolyte 12, a hydrogen gas product chamber above catholyte 14, cell membrane 15, electrical connections 16 to a solar energy power source 18, oxygen and hydrogen pressure release vents 20 and 22, respectively.
Oxygen product line 24 has a regulator check valve 26 set at a desired pre-selected value. While hydrogen product line 28 has an outlet 30 to receive a bobber or float ball 32 on the catholyte surface in sealing engagement therewith as explained hereinbelow.
Hydrogen outlet product line 28 leads, in the embodiment shown, to a metal hydride chamber 34, through a disconnect fitting 36. Anolyte cell half 38 has a safety low liquid level electrical switch 40 connected through electrical conduit 42 to power source 18.
In operation, oxygen gas builds up in chamber 11, since oxygen release is controlled by regulator 26, set at a desired pressure, typically up to 100 psi and preferably about 60 psi. Hydrogen produced escapes chamber 13 through open outlet 30 while the oxygen pressure in chamber 11 builds up to cause liquid anolyte level to fall from its initial start-up level P1 to lower operating level P2 with a concomitant rise in catholyte level from start-up Q~ to sealing level Q2, whereby float 32 seals outlet 30.
However, since hydrogen gas is produced twice as fast by volume than oxygen gas in cell 10, hydrogen pressure builds up to a value which forces a lowering of catholyte level to a degree which causes bobber 32 to partially disengage outlet 30 and release of hydrogen at that value pre-determined by regulator 26.
Accordingly, a steady state supply of hydrogen at the desired minimum pressure is provided to metal hydride production unit 34, or elsewhere as desired.
Oxygen product may be taken-off at pressure through valve 26 or vent 20.
Pressure release features are provided by bellows system 42, vents 20, 22 and low level switch 40 which cuts off power to cell 10 if oxygen pressure build up in chamber 11 is excessive.
Thus, notwithstanding the ability of cell 10 according to the invention to provide hydrogen and oxygen at desired minimum pressures, the pressure differential across cell membrane 15 is low.
With reference now to alternative embodiment shown in Fig. 8 this shows, basically cell 10 having hydrogen production line 28 under a valve control not by floating bobber means 32 but by actual anolyte level sensing and associated control means.
In more detail, in this embodiment cell 10 has a pair of anolyte level sensors 50, 52 operably connected through control means 54 which controls a solenoid value 56 so positioned that upper sensor 50 maintains valve 56 open, until oxygen pressure build up in chamber 11 forces the anolyte level to drop to a desired pre-selected level "L" where it activates sensor 52 and control 54 which overrides sensor 50 to close valve 56. Build up of hydrogen pressure causes sensor 52 to be inactived by an incremental rise in anolyte level and defer to sensor 50, which causes valve 56 to open and release product hydrogen at the desired minimum value. A steady state of activation and deactivation may ensure if liquid level pressure differentials fluctuate otherwise hydrogen gas is continuously provided at the requisite minimum pressure set by oxygen regulator 26.
Although this disclosure has described and illustrated certain preferred embodiments of the invention, it is to be understood that the invention is not restricted to those particular embodiments. Rather, the invention includes all embodiments which are functional or mechanical equivalence of the specific embodiments and features that have been described and illustrated.

Claims (19)

Claims
1. An energy distribution network for providing hydrogen fuel to a user comprising (a) energy resource means;
(b) hydrogen production means to receive said energy from said energy resource means;
(c) hydrogen fuel user storage means to receive hydrogen from said hydrogen production means; and (d) data collection, storage, control and supply means linked to said energy resource means, said hydrogen production means and said hydrogen fuel user means to determine, control and supply hydrogen from said hydrogen production means.
2. A network as defined in claim 1 wherein said energy resource means comprises electricity supply means.
3. A network as defined in claim 2 wherein said hydrogen production means comprises one or more water electrolysers.
4. A network as defined in claims 1 wherein said water electrolyser means comprises a plurality of water electrolysers.
5. A network as defined in claim 4 wherein said hydrogen fuel user means is connected to each of said water electrolysers.
6. A network as defined in any one of claims 1 - 5 wherein said information control and supply means is linked to said water electrolyser means.
7. A network as defined in any one of claims 1 - 6 wherein said data means is linked to said hydrogen fuel user means.
8. A network as defined in any one of claims 1 - 7 wherein said data and information control is linked to the energy resource means.
9. A network as defined in any one of claims 1 - 8 comprising data storage means.
10. A network as defined in claim 1 wherein said data means comprises means for providing information data selected from the group consisting of the amount, time and duration of delivery of said energy resource to, and hydrogen production from, said hydrogen production means; hydrogen pressure of and rate of change thereof within said user storage means; and volume of user storage means.
11. A network as defined in any one of claims 3 - 9 wherein said data means comprises means for providing information selected from the group consisting of (a) the amount of hydrogen required from said electrolyser by said user;
(b) time of delivery of electrical energy to said electrolyser means;
(c) duration of period said energy is to be delivered to at said electrolyser means;
(d) energy level to be sent to said electrolyser means;
(e) hydrogen pressure of said user storage means;
(f) rate of change in hydrogen pressure within said user storage means; and (g) volume of user storage means.
12. A network as defined in claim 11 wherein said information comprises:
(i) rate of energy level or the type of modulation of said energy resource means to said electrolyser means; and (ii) types of electrical energy selected from fossil fuels, hydro, nuclear, solar and wind generated.
13. A network as defined in any one of claims 1 - 3 comprising (i) an electrolytic cell for providing source hydrogen;
(ii) a compression means for providing outlet hydrogen at an outlet pressure;
(iii) means for feeding said source hydrogen to said compressor means;
(iv) means for feeding said outlet hydrogen to said user;
(v) control means for activating said cell to provide said hydrogen source when said outlet pressure fall to a selected minimum value; and (vi) user activation means for operably activating said control means.
14. A network as defined in claim 13 wherein said electrolytic cell comprises said compression means whereby said outlet hydrogen comprises source hydrogen and said step (iii) is constituted by said cell.
15. A network as defined in claim 13 wherein said eletrolytic cell comprises a hydrogen fuel appliance apparatus wherein said means (iv) comprises vehicle attachment means attachable to a vehicle to provide said outlet hydrogen as fuel to said vehicle.
16. A network as defined in any one of claims 1 -15 further comprising energy generation means linked to said user storage means to provide energy from said stored hydrogen to said user.
17. A network as defined in claim 16 wherein said energy generation means comprises electricity generating means to generate electricity.
18. A network as defined in claim 17 wherein said network comprises electrical conduits of a local area, wide area or national area electricity distribution network.
19. A network as defined in claim 16 where said energy means comprises hydrogen combustion means for providing thermal energy.
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CA002271448A CA2271448A1 (en) 1999-05-12 1999-05-12 Energy distribution network
US09/387,828 US6745105B1 (en) 1999-05-12 1999-09-01 Energy distribution network
CNB008074712A CN100343162C (en) 1999-05-12 2000-04-28 Energy distribution network
JP2000618198A JP2002544389A (en) 1999-05-12 2000-04-28 Energy distribution network
AU42820/00A AU778327B2 (en) 1999-05-12 2000-04-28 Energy distribution network
BR0010509-0A BR0010509A (en) 1999-05-12 2000-04-28 Power distribution network for the supply of hydrogen fuel to a user
CA2862221A CA2862221C (en) 1999-05-12 2000-04-28 Energy distribution network
ES00922391T ES2267521T3 (en) 1999-05-12 2000-04-28 ENERGY DISTRIBUTION NETWORK.
KR1020057011813A KR20050084477A (en) 1999-05-12 2000-04-28 Hydrogen fuel supply system, hydrogen fueling station, process for controlling hydrogen fueling station, hydrogen fueling process, and hydrogen energy system
AT00922391T ATE332284T1 (en) 1999-05-12 2000-04-28 ENERGY DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
EP05110579.9A EP1623955A3 (en) 1999-05-12 2000-04-28 Energy distribution network
CNA2005100795033A CN1733597A (en) 1999-05-12 2000-04-28 Energy distribution network
MXPA01011403A MXPA01011403A (en) 1999-05-12 2000-04-28 Energy distribution network.
EP00922391A EP1177154B1 (en) 1999-05-12 2000-04-28 Energy distribution network
DE60029214T DE60029214T2 (en) 1999-05-12 2000-04-28 ENERGY DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
KR1020017014318A KR20020024585A (en) 1999-05-12 2000-04-28 Energy distribution network
PCT/CA2000/000488 WO2000069773A1 (en) 1999-05-12 2000-04-28 Energy distribution network
IL14627200A IL146272A0 (en) 1999-05-12 2000-04-28 Energy distribution network
CA2370031A CA2370031C (en) 1999-05-12 2000-04-28 Energy distribution network
ZA200108897A ZA200108897B (en) 1999-05-12 2001-10-29 Energy distribution network.
IS6146A IS6146A (en) 1999-05-12 2001-11-06 Orkudreifingarnet
NO20015415A NO20015415L (en) 1999-05-12 2001-11-06 Energy distribution network
HK02108413.0A HK1046894A1 (en) 1999-05-12 2002-11-20 Energy distribution network
US10/740,853 US7565224B2 (en) 1999-05-12 2003-12-22 Energy distribution network
US10/829,435 US6912450B2 (en) 1999-05-12 2004-04-22 Energy distribution network
US10/829,436 US7181316B2 (en) 1999-05-12 2004-04-22 Energy distribution network
US10/829,434 US20040199294A1 (en) 1999-05-12 2004-04-22 Energy distribution network
US11/056,129 US7062360B2 (en) 1999-05-12 2005-02-14 Energy distribution network
JP2005174261A JP2006037226A (en) 1999-05-12 2005-06-14 Energy distribution network
US11/706,402 US7519453B2 (en) 1999-05-12 2007-02-15 Energy distribution network

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