CA2299935C - Bioabsorbable materials and medical devices made therefrom - Google Patents
Bioabsorbable materials and medical devices made therefrom Download PDFInfo
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- CA2299935C CA2299935C CA2299935A CA2299935A CA2299935C CA 2299935 C CA2299935 C CA 2299935C CA 2299935 A CA2299935 A CA 2299935A CA 2299935 A CA2299935 A CA 2299935A CA 2299935 C CA2299935 C CA 2299935C
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- lactide
- molar percent
- terpolymer
- glycolide
- alpha
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- 0 C1C2=CC3*(C4)CCC*4C3C=C12 Chemical compound C1C2=CC3*(C4)CCC*4C3C=C12 0.000 description 2
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/56—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
- A61B17/58—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
- A61B17/68—Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
- A61B17/80—Cortical plates, i.e. bone plates; Instruments for holding or positioning cortical plates, or for compressing bones attached to cortical plates
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
- A61L31/04—Macromolecular materials
- A61L31/06—Macromolecular materials obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S606/00—Surgery
- Y10S606/907—Composed of particular material or coated
- Y10S606/91—Polymer
Abstract
A bioabsorbable material such as a terpolymer of poly-(L-lactide/D- lactide/glycolide). The material may consist of 85 molar percent L-lactide, 5 molar percent D- lactide, and 10 molar percent glycolide. The material may have a heat of fusion of about 15-25 J/G, tensile strength retention at 26 weeks of incubation of at least about 50%, and tensile strength retention at 52 weeks of incubation of at most about 25%. The material may be used in implantable devices such as bone fixation devices.
Description
BIOABSORBABLE MATERIALS AND
MEDICAL DEVICES MADE THEREFROM
Field of the Invention This invention relates to bioabsorbable materials such as a terpolymer of poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide), methods of making and using such materials, and to medical devices made from such materials.
Background of the Invention Commercially available bone fixation devices are often made of metal alloys which must be surgically removed after bone healing. The removal of such devices causes additional trauma to the patient as well as increased medical costs. Metallic devices also have moduli of elasticity which are 10-20 times higher than that of cortical bone, thus preventing the loading of the bone and possibly causing osteopenia due to stress shielding.
U.S. Patent Nos. 4,539,981 and 4,550,449 to Tunc (the inventor of the present invention) relate to absorbable bone fixation devices made from high molecular weight polymer of L-lactide. However, such fixation devices have a relatively low rate of absorption and retain relatively high tensile strength after the bone fully heals.
U.S. Patent No. 5,569,250 to Sarver et al. relates to a biocompatible osteosynthesis plate for securing a plurality of adjacent bone portions. It purportedly discloses, inter alia, non-reinforced lactide and glycolide copolymer (see, e.g., col. 6, lines 63 et seq.). However, such materials exhibit relatively low tensile strengths.
Summary of the Invention It is an object of this invention to obtain an implantable medical device having relatively high strength retention during the early periods of bone healing, but with a sufficiently high absorption rate so that the material is at least substantially absorbed at the time that the bone is fully healed. Preferably the device will be contourable before use (e.g., its shape can be modified to more closely complement the shape of the bone to which it will be attached) and preferably it will provide a closer match of mechanical properties of bone as compared to known devices.
To that end, a novel material has been invented which contains poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide) also referred to hereinafter as p-(LLA/DLA/GA). This material provides mechanical properties which are desirable for certain implantable medical devices such as bone fixation devices.
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MEDICAL DEVICES MADE THEREFROM
Field of the Invention This invention relates to bioabsorbable materials such as a terpolymer of poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide), methods of making and using such materials, and to medical devices made from such materials.
Background of the Invention Commercially available bone fixation devices are often made of metal alloys which must be surgically removed after bone healing. The removal of such devices causes additional trauma to the patient as well as increased medical costs. Metallic devices also have moduli of elasticity which are 10-20 times higher than that of cortical bone, thus preventing the loading of the bone and possibly causing osteopenia due to stress shielding.
U.S. Patent Nos. 4,539,981 and 4,550,449 to Tunc (the inventor of the present invention) relate to absorbable bone fixation devices made from high molecular weight polymer of L-lactide. However, such fixation devices have a relatively low rate of absorption and retain relatively high tensile strength after the bone fully heals.
U.S. Patent No. 5,569,250 to Sarver et al. relates to a biocompatible osteosynthesis plate for securing a plurality of adjacent bone portions. It purportedly discloses, inter alia, non-reinforced lactide and glycolide copolymer (see, e.g., col. 6, lines 63 et seq.). However, such materials exhibit relatively low tensile strengths.
Summary of the Invention It is an object of this invention to obtain an implantable medical device having relatively high strength retention during the early periods of bone healing, but with a sufficiently high absorption rate so that the material is at least substantially absorbed at the time that the bone is fully healed. Preferably the device will be contourable before use (e.g., its shape can be modified to more closely complement the shape of the bone to which it will be attached) and preferably it will provide a closer match of mechanical properties of bone as compared to known devices.
To that end, a novel material has been invented which contains poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide) also referred to hereinafter as p-(LLA/DLA/GA). This material provides mechanical properties which are desirable for certain implantable medical devices such as bone fixation devices.
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In sum, the present invention relates to material comprising poly-(L-Iactide/D-lactide/glycolide), preferably comprising at least about 2 molar percent D-lactide and more preferably comprising at least about 4 molar percent D-lactide. The material may have about 2 to about 10 molar percent D-lactide and/or about 80-90 molar percent L-lactide and/or about 5-15 molar percent glycolide. Espically preferred is a material comprising about 83-87 molar percent L-lactide, about 3-7 molar percent D-lactide, and about 8-12 molar percent glycolide.
The material may further comprise about 0.1-5 molar percent of a polymer formed from alpha-hydroxy-alpha-ethylbutyric acid; alpha-hydroxy-beta-methylvaleric acid; alpha-hydroxyacetic acid; alpha-hydroxybutyric acid; alpha-hydroxycaproic acid; alpha-hydroxydecanoic acid;
alpha-hydroxyheptanoic acid; alpha-hydroxyisobutyric acid; alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid;
alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid; alpha-hydroxymyristic acid; alpha-hydroxyoctanoic acid; alpha-hydroxystearic acid; alpha-hydroxyvaleric acid; beta-butyrolactone; beta-propiolactide;
gamma-butyrolactone; pivalolactone; or tetramethylglycolide; or combinations thereof.
The invention also relates to a process of making a material, and the material so made, the process comprising: a) combining L-lactic acid monomer, glycolic acid monomer and at least about 2 molar percent D-lactic acid monomer to form a mixture;
and b) polymerizing substantially all of the mixture. The polymerization may be preformed in the presence of a catalyst and for between 24 and 72 hours.
The invention also relates to an implantable medical device comprising poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide). The medical device may be a bone plate, bone screw, mesh, suture anchor, tack, pin or intramedullary rod. The medical device can consist essentially of unreinforced poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide) or reinforced poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide).
The invention also relates to a method of using a bioabsorbable bone fixation device, the method comprising: a) providing a bioabsorbable bone fixation device comprising poly-(L-Iactide/D-lactide/glycolide), the device disposed in a first shape in a free state; then b) heating the bone fixation device; and then c) applying force to the device so that the device obtains a second shape in a free state which is different than the first shape and which approaches the shape of a bone surface to which it will be attached. The heating may be preformed at between about 55 C to about 130 C for between about 2 to about 10 seconds.
The invention also relates to polymeric resin having a heat of fusion of about 0.4-10, preferably 0.5-5 J/G, and/or a molded polymeric material having a heat of fusion of about 15 to about 25 J/G, and tensile strength retention at 26 weeks of incubation of at least about 50%, and tensile strength retention at 52 weeks of incubation of at most about 25%. The USERS\DOCS\LA21932\LPPCS\2_HY01!.DOC / 125062 / PCIO166.PCS
.
The material may further comprise about 0.1-5 molar percent of a polymer formed from alpha-hydroxy-alpha-ethylbutyric acid; alpha-hydroxy-beta-methylvaleric acid; alpha-hydroxyacetic acid; alpha-hydroxybutyric acid; alpha-hydroxycaproic acid; alpha-hydroxydecanoic acid;
alpha-hydroxyheptanoic acid; alpha-hydroxyisobutyric acid; alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid;
alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid; alpha-hydroxymyristic acid; alpha-hydroxyoctanoic acid; alpha-hydroxystearic acid; alpha-hydroxyvaleric acid; beta-butyrolactone; beta-propiolactide;
gamma-butyrolactone; pivalolactone; or tetramethylglycolide; or combinations thereof.
The invention also relates to a process of making a material, and the material so made, the process comprising: a) combining L-lactic acid monomer, glycolic acid monomer and at least about 2 molar percent D-lactic acid monomer to form a mixture;
and b) polymerizing substantially all of the mixture. The polymerization may be preformed in the presence of a catalyst and for between 24 and 72 hours.
The invention also relates to an implantable medical device comprising poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide). The medical device may be a bone plate, bone screw, mesh, suture anchor, tack, pin or intramedullary rod. The medical device can consist essentially of unreinforced poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide) or reinforced poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide).
The invention also relates to a method of using a bioabsorbable bone fixation device, the method comprising: a) providing a bioabsorbable bone fixation device comprising poly-(L-Iactide/D-lactide/glycolide), the device disposed in a first shape in a free state; then b) heating the bone fixation device; and then c) applying force to the device so that the device obtains a second shape in a free state which is different than the first shape and which approaches the shape of a bone surface to which it will be attached. The heating may be preformed at between about 55 C to about 130 C for between about 2 to about 10 seconds.
The invention also relates to polymeric resin having a heat of fusion of about 0.4-10, preferably 0.5-5 J/G, and/or a molded polymeric material having a heat of fusion of about 15 to about 25 J/G, and tensile strength retention at 26 weeks of incubation of at least about 50%, and tensile strength retention at 52 weeks of incubation of at most about 25%. The USERS\DOCS\LA21932\LPPCS\2_HY01!.DOC / 125062 / PCIO166.PCS
.
polymeric material may comprise poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide) preferably comprising at ~ least about 2 molar percent D-lactide.
The present invention also relates to a polymeric material having tensile strength at 0 weeks of incubation of about 65-101 MPa, tensile strength at 26 weeks of incubation of about 50-75 MPa, tensile strength at 44 weeks of incubation of about 0-37 MPa, and tensile strength at 60 weeks of incubation of 0 MPa. The polymeric material may comprise poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide) and may had a heat of fusion of about 15-25 J/G preferably about 18-21 J/G.
The polymeric material may have a tensile strength at 0 weeks of incubation of about 74-92 MPa, tensile strength at 26 weeks of incubation of about 56-69 MPa, and tensile strength at 44 weeks of incubation of about 9-27 MPa.
Brief Description of the Drawings The following figures are provided to illustrate, but not limit, the present invention:
FIG. 1 graphically compares tensile strength as a function of incubation time of a first sample of the present invention to PLA, p-(LLAIDLA), and p-(DLAIGA);
FIG. 2 graphically compares maximum fiber strength as a function of incubation time of a second sample of the present invention to PLA, p-(LLAIDLA), and p-(DLA/GA);
FIG. 3 graphically compares inherent viscosity as a function of incubation time of a third sample of the present invention to p-(DLA/GA);
:.~ FIG. 4 graphically compares the heat of fusion as a function of percent lactide of a fourth sample of the present invention to p-(LLAIGA) and p-(DLA/GA);
FIG. 5 graphically illustrates additional embodiments of the present invention in terms of tensile strength as a function of incubation time;
FIGS. 6(a) et seq., 7, 8, and 9 illustrate certain devices which can be made of the material of the present invention;
FIG. 10 illustrates bone fixation devices of the present invention attached to bone fragments; and FIG. 11 illustrates a method of contouring a bone fixation device of the present invention.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments A bioabsorbable polymer was made having 85 molar percent L-lactide,' 5 molar percent D-lactide, and 10 molar percent glycolide. The polymer was a terpolymer having repeating units of L-lactide, D-lactic[e and glycolide. As used herein, molar percentage of polymeric material is defined as the molar amount of a component's repeating units per molar amount of total repeating units (therefore excluding unreacted monomer and other non-polymeric materials). The terpolymer as obtained was non-reinforced and not blended or USEJtS1DOCS1LA21952U.PPCS12 HY01!.DOC / 125062 / PCt0166.PC5 ~ CA 02299935 2000-03-03 otherwise combined with other polymers. The polymer is depicted by the following chemical formula:
0 % CO CO O-CH2 CD
CH3 " H p 4 1 where n = 0.85, p = 0.05, and q = 0.10.
The polymer of the present invention is preferably a terpolymer of L-lactide, D-lactide, and glycolide. However, additional compatible polymeric repeating units may be included in the materials of the present invention. Such polymeric repeating units, which will preferably be included in amounts of less than about 5 molar percent, more preferably less than about 2.5 molar percent, can be made by including the following monomers in the reactants, alone or in combination:
alpha-hydroxy-alpha-ethylbutyric acid;
aipha-hydroxy-beta-methylvateric acid;
alpha-hydroxyacetic acid;
alpha-hydroxybutyric acid;
alpha-hydroxycaproic acid;
alpha-hydroxydecanoic acid;
alpha-hydroxyheptanoic acid;
alpha-hydroxyisobutyric acid;
alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid;
alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid;
alpha-hydroxymyristic acid;
alpha-hydroxyoctanoic acid;
alpha-hydroxystearic acid;
alpha-hydroxyvaleric acid;
beta-butyrolactone;
beta-propiolactide;
gamma-butyrolactone;
pivalolactone; and tetramethylglycolide.
USERSIDOCSIL\21932\i.PPC512_HY01!.DOC / 12l062 / PC10466.PCS
rr ;
The present invention also relates to a polymeric material having tensile strength at 0 weeks of incubation of about 65-101 MPa, tensile strength at 26 weeks of incubation of about 50-75 MPa, tensile strength at 44 weeks of incubation of about 0-37 MPa, and tensile strength at 60 weeks of incubation of 0 MPa. The polymeric material may comprise poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide) and may had a heat of fusion of about 15-25 J/G preferably about 18-21 J/G.
The polymeric material may have a tensile strength at 0 weeks of incubation of about 74-92 MPa, tensile strength at 26 weeks of incubation of about 56-69 MPa, and tensile strength at 44 weeks of incubation of about 9-27 MPa.
Brief Description of the Drawings The following figures are provided to illustrate, but not limit, the present invention:
FIG. 1 graphically compares tensile strength as a function of incubation time of a first sample of the present invention to PLA, p-(LLAIDLA), and p-(DLAIGA);
FIG. 2 graphically compares maximum fiber strength as a function of incubation time of a second sample of the present invention to PLA, p-(LLAIDLA), and p-(DLA/GA);
FIG. 3 graphically compares inherent viscosity as a function of incubation time of a third sample of the present invention to p-(DLA/GA);
:.~ FIG. 4 graphically compares the heat of fusion as a function of percent lactide of a fourth sample of the present invention to p-(LLAIGA) and p-(DLA/GA);
FIG. 5 graphically illustrates additional embodiments of the present invention in terms of tensile strength as a function of incubation time;
FIGS. 6(a) et seq., 7, 8, and 9 illustrate certain devices which can be made of the material of the present invention;
FIG. 10 illustrates bone fixation devices of the present invention attached to bone fragments; and FIG. 11 illustrates a method of contouring a bone fixation device of the present invention.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments A bioabsorbable polymer was made having 85 molar percent L-lactide,' 5 molar percent D-lactide, and 10 molar percent glycolide. The polymer was a terpolymer having repeating units of L-lactide, D-lactic[e and glycolide. As used herein, molar percentage of polymeric material is defined as the molar amount of a component's repeating units per molar amount of total repeating units (therefore excluding unreacted monomer and other non-polymeric materials). The terpolymer as obtained was non-reinforced and not blended or USEJtS1DOCS1LA21952U.PPCS12 HY01!.DOC / 125062 / PCt0166.PC5 ~ CA 02299935 2000-03-03 otherwise combined with other polymers. The polymer is depicted by the following chemical formula:
0 % CO CO O-CH2 CD
CH3 " H p 4 1 where n = 0.85, p = 0.05, and q = 0.10.
The polymer of the present invention is preferably a terpolymer of L-lactide, D-lactide, and glycolide. However, additional compatible polymeric repeating units may be included in the materials of the present invention. Such polymeric repeating units, which will preferably be included in amounts of less than about 5 molar percent, more preferably less than about 2.5 molar percent, can be made by including the following monomers in the reactants, alone or in combination:
alpha-hydroxy-alpha-ethylbutyric acid;
aipha-hydroxy-beta-methylvateric acid;
alpha-hydroxyacetic acid;
alpha-hydroxybutyric acid;
alpha-hydroxycaproic acid;
alpha-hydroxydecanoic acid;
alpha-hydroxyheptanoic acid;
alpha-hydroxyisobutyric acid;
alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid;
alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid;
alpha-hydroxymyristic acid;
alpha-hydroxyoctanoic acid;
alpha-hydroxystearic acid;
alpha-hydroxyvaleric acid;
beta-butyrolactone;
beta-propiolactide;
gamma-butyrolactone;
pivalolactone; and tetramethylglycolide.
USERSIDOCSIL\21932\i.PPC512_HY01!.DOC / 12l062 / PC10466.PCS
rr ;
The polymers of the present invention will preferably have a low unreacted monomer content. Generally, the presence of monomer increases the rate of degradation of the polymer. The solid polymer will preferably contain less than about 1.0 weight percent unreacted monomers, more preferably less than about 0.3 weight percent.
Although pure poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide) is preferred for most applications, the terpolymer can be blended with additional materials such as poly-L-lactide, poly-D-lactide, polyglycolide, poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide), poly-(D-lactide/glycolide), or polymers made from the monomers listed above. Such blending could be obtained by co-extruding the terpolymer with the additional polymeric material or by blending the polymeric materials prior to extrusion.
The resulting blended material will preferably have less than 5.0 weight percent of the additional polymeric material.
The invention will preferably be a terpolymer of p-(LLA/DLA/GA) with the following specifications:
Characteristic Specification Appearance Granular, free of foreign contaminants Color Light tan Odor Odorless or nearly odorless Co-Monomers, D&L-lactide 88-91 mole %
Co-Monomer, glycolide 9-12 mole %
Inherent Viscosity 5.0-6.5 dl/g (c=0.1g/dl in chloroform at 25 C, capillary #4W viscosity method) Specific Rotation >-130 in 10 cm cuvet, 0.6 g/100 ml. in Chloroform; - X=589 nm Melting Range of resin 110 - 1500 C (onset-peak, 100 C/min, Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)) Heat of Fusion 12 - 30 J/g Water Content <0.6%
Tin Max. 50ppm by Sulphated Ash Method Heavy Metals (excluding Tin) <10ppm Residual Monomer Max. 0.3%
Residual Solvent (total) Max. 0.1% by Head Space, Gas Chromatography method (G.C.) The intrinsic viscosity (I.V.) of the materials of the present invention is preferably between about 4.0 and 7.5 dl/g, more preferably between about 6.0 and 6.5 di/g. The glass USERMDOCS\LA219521LPPCSl2_HY01!.DOC i 125062 / PC10466.PCS
Although pure poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide/glycolide) is preferred for most applications, the terpolymer can be blended with additional materials such as poly-L-lactide, poly-D-lactide, polyglycolide, poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide), poly-(D-lactide/glycolide), or polymers made from the monomers listed above. Such blending could be obtained by co-extruding the terpolymer with the additional polymeric material or by blending the polymeric materials prior to extrusion.
The resulting blended material will preferably have less than 5.0 weight percent of the additional polymeric material.
The invention will preferably be a terpolymer of p-(LLA/DLA/GA) with the following specifications:
Characteristic Specification Appearance Granular, free of foreign contaminants Color Light tan Odor Odorless or nearly odorless Co-Monomers, D&L-lactide 88-91 mole %
Co-Monomer, glycolide 9-12 mole %
Inherent Viscosity 5.0-6.5 dl/g (c=0.1g/dl in chloroform at 25 C, capillary #4W viscosity method) Specific Rotation >-130 in 10 cm cuvet, 0.6 g/100 ml. in Chloroform; - X=589 nm Melting Range of resin 110 - 1500 C (onset-peak, 100 C/min, Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)) Heat of Fusion 12 - 30 J/g Water Content <0.6%
Tin Max. 50ppm by Sulphated Ash Method Heavy Metals (excluding Tin) <10ppm Residual Monomer Max. 0.3%
Residual Solvent (total) Max. 0.1% by Head Space, Gas Chromatography method (G.C.) The intrinsic viscosity (I.V.) of the materials of the present invention is preferably between about 4.0 and 7.5 dl/g, more preferably between about 6.0 and 6.5 di/g. The glass USERMDOCS\LA219521LPPCSl2_HY01!.DOC i 125062 / PC10466.PCS
transition temperature may be approximately 60 C, and -the melting point may be approximately 133 C. Samples of medical devices made of the material of the present invention have been found to have a Young's modulus of approximately 4,000 MPa and a flexural modulus of about 4,800 MPa.
Altemative embodiments of the present invention include the following terpolymers:
LLA Molar % DLA Molar % GA Molar %
(1) 88 2 10 (2) 80 10 10 (3) 80 5 15 (4) 85 10 5 ~ (5) 90 5 5 The polymers of the present invention may be made by known processes. For instance, they may be made by ring opening polymerization by charging L-lactic acid, glycolic acid, and D-lactic acid in molar percentages of 85/10/5. As used herein, molar percentage of monomers is defined as the molar amount of a monomer per molar amount of the resulting polymer. A desired amount of catalyst is also induded (such as stannous octoate or zinc oxide). The reactants may be charged into a reactor under dry conditions, such as under a flow of dry nitrogen in a glovebox. The reactor is then evacuated for 15 minutes at extremely low pressures, such as 0.02 millimeters of mercury. The reactor is then refilled with dry nitrogen, and the evacuation is repeated twice. After the reactor is evacuated for the third time, it is sealed. The polymerization is then carried out in a controlled temperature oil bath at temperatures suitably between 110 C-165 C while the.contents of the reactor are stirred. As the polymerization proceeds, the viscosity of the reaction product increases until the point is reached that the stirrer can no longer be turned. At this point, the stirrer is then shut off and the reaction is continued. Generally, the reaction time, in order to produce a polymer of the present invention, is between 24 and 72 hours. After the reaction is completed, the solid polymer is removed from the reaction vessel, cut into strips or chunks, ground, purified, and then molded or extruded to shape.
The polymers of the present invention can be produced by several commercial polymer manufacturers, such as Purac Biochem B.V., Gorinchen, the Netherlands.
USERS\DOCS'\LA2t932\LPPCS\2 HY01!.DOC I I2S062 / PC10466.PCS
Altemative embodiments of the present invention include the following terpolymers:
LLA Molar % DLA Molar % GA Molar %
(1) 88 2 10 (2) 80 10 10 (3) 80 5 15 (4) 85 10 5 ~ (5) 90 5 5 The polymers of the present invention may be made by known processes. For instance, they may be made by ring opening polymerization by charging L-lactic acid, glycolic acid, and D-lactic acid in molar percentages of 85/10/5. As used herein, molar percentage of monomers is defined as the molar amount of a monomer per molar amount of the resulting polymer. A desired amount of catalyst is also induded (such as stannous octoate or zinc oxide). The reactants may be charged into a reactor under dry conditions, such as under a flow of dry nitrogen in a glovebox. The reactor is then evacuated for 15 minutes at extremely low pressures, such as 0.02 millimeters of mercury. The reactor is then refilled with dry nitrogen, and the evacuation is repeated twice. After the reactor is evacuated for the third time, it is sealed. The polymerization is then carried out in a controlled temperature oil bath at temperatures suitably between 110 C-165 C while the.contents of the reactor are stirred. As the polymerization proceeds, the viscosity of the reaction product increases until the point is reached that the stirrer can no longer be turned. At this point, the stirrer is then shut off and the reaction is continued. Generally, the reaction time, in order to produce a polymer of the present invention, is between 24 and 72 hours. After the reaction is completed, the solid polymer is removed from the reaction vessel, cut into strips or chunks, ground, purified, and then molded or extruded to shape.
The polymers of the present invention can be produced by several commercial polymer manufacturers, such as Purac Biochem B.V., Gorinchen, the Netherlands.
USERS\DOCS'\LA2t932\LPPCS\2 HY01!.DOC I I2S062 / PC10466.PCS
STRENGTH RETENTION
The following four polymers were synthesized by ring opening polymerization:
(1) Homopolymer of 100 molar percent poly-L-lactide (also referred to as ~ PLA and L);
(2) Copolymer of poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide) in a 50/50 molar ratio (also referred to as p-(LLA/DLA)and UD);
(3) Copolymer of poly-(D-lactide/glycolide) in a 82/18 molar ratio (also referred to as p-(DLA/GA) and D/G); and (4) Terpolymer of poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide /glycolide) in a 85/5/10 molar ratio (also referred to as p-(LLA/DLA/GA) and UD/G).
AII four polymers were converted into ASTM test specimens by injection molding.
These ASTM specimens were incubated in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution, which was maintained at pH 7.4 and 37 C throughout the experiment period. At 0, 4, 8, 12, 26, and 52 weeks of incubation 6-10 samples of each material were taken out of the incubation vessel, tested immediately according to ASTM Method No. D638M-93 for tensile strength, and the resulting values were averaged. The averaged values are shown in Table 1 and in Figure 1.
Table 1 Tensile Strength as a Function of Incubation Time Weeks of Incubation Tensile Strengths, Mega Pasquals (MPa) Homopolymer Copolymer Copolymer Terpolymer PLA p-(LLA/DLA) p-(DLA/GA) p-(LLA/DLA/GA) 0 72.7 1.07 61.3 1.84 82.0 0.67 83.0 2.36 4 67.0t1.28 45.4t1.70 64.5t1.15 68.1 1.28 8 64.7t0.50 46.2t0.88 65.4t1.63 67.9t0.87 12 64.1 1.6 45.4 t 1.28 65.8 1.81 69.8 t 1.26 $ 26 60.0 4.5 43.1 1.72 3.6 1.85 62.5 1.63 This data illustrates that the terpolymer had improved tensile strength retention as compared to either of the copolymers. The terpolymer also had relatively fast absorption after 26 weeks as compared to the homopolymer.
USERSMDOCSLA21952%LPPCS\2_HY01!.DOC / 125062 / PC10466.PCS
, ,= .
~
~ -8-BENDING STRENGTH
ASTM bending samples were prepared from the four polymers discussed in Example 1 by the same process as used in Example 1. The specimens were incubated in phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) Solution, which was maintained at Ph 7.4 and.37 C
throughout the experiment period. At 0, 4, 8, 12, 26, and 52 weeks of incubation 6-10 samples of each material were taken out of the incubation vessel, tested immediately according to ASTM
Method No. D638 M-93 for maximum fiber strengths, and the resutting values were averaged.
The averaged values are shown in Table 2 and Figure 2.
BENDING STRENGTH AS A FUNCTION OF INCUBATION TIME
Weeks of Incubation Bending Strength, Mega Pasquals (MPA) Homopolymer Copolymer Copolymer (p- Terpolymer (p-PLA p-(LLA/DLA) (DLAIGA)) (LLA/DLAIGA)) 0 126.4 1.69 113.9t 0.9 129.4t 1.5 140.8t 4.3 4 118.9t 2.7 86.4t 2.72 132.8t 8.1 123.2t 3.9 8 117.5 1.9 92.3 2.18 92.0 11.3 127.2 1.3 12 114.4 2.1 103.7 t 3.64 15.3 t 8.1 122.3 t 6.3 26 92.5 14.26 97.9 4.34 0 98.6 9.2 This data illustrates that the terpolymer retains its bending strength for a greater period of time as compared to the p-(DLAIGA) copolymer. The present invention will preferably have a bending strength (Mpa) of at least 120 at 0 weeks incubation, at least 110 at 4 weeks of incubation, at least 110 at 8 weeks of incubation, at least 70 at 12 weeks of incubation, and at least 45 at 26 weeks incubation.
INHERENT VISCOSITY TESTS
Specimens were prepared for the terpolymer (also referred to as (p-(LLA/DLA/GA) and L/D/G)) and the copolymer (also referred to as (p-(DLA/GA))) of Example 1 by the same process as used in Example 1. Inherent viscosities of the tensile specimens were determined by the capilary viscosity method as'0.001 g/mi solution of the polymer in chloroform in a thermostated bath at 25 0.01 C. Results are given in Table 3 below and in Figure 3.
USERMDOCS1LA219521LPPCSI2-HY01!.DOC / 125062 / PC10466.PCS
The following four polymers were synthesized by ring opening polymerization:
(1) Homopolymer of 100 molar percent poly-L-lactide (also referred to as ~ PLA and L);
(2) Copolymer of poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide) in a 50/50 molar ratio (also referred to as p-(LLA/DLA)and UD);
(3) Copolymer of poly-(D-lactide/glycolide) in a 82/18 molar ratio (also referred to as p-(DLA/GA) and D/G); and (4) Terpolymer of poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide /glycolide) in a 85/5/10 molar ratio (also referred to as p-(LLA/DLA/GA) and UD/G).
AII four polymers were converted into ASTM test specimens by injection molding.
These ASTM specimens were incubated in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution, which was maintained at pH 7.4 and 37 C throughout the experiment period. At 0, 4, 8, 12, 26, and 52 weeks of incubation 6-10 samples of each material were taken out of the incubation vessel, tested immediately according to ASTM Method No. D638M-93 for tensile strength, and the resulting values were averaged. The averaged values are shown in Table 1 and in Figure 1.
Table 1 Tensile Strength as a Function of Incubation Time Weeks of Incubation Tensile Strengths, Mega Pasquals (MPa) Homopolymer Copolymer Copolymer Terpolymer PLA p-(LLA/DLA) p-(DLA/GA) p-(LLA/DLA/GA) 0 72.7 1.07 61.3 1.84 82.0 0.67 83.0 2.36 4 67.0t1.28 45.4t1.70 64.5t1.15 68.1 1.28 8 64.7t0.50 46.2t0.88 65.4t1.63 67.9t0.87 12 64.1 1.6 45.4 t 1.28 65.8 1.81 69.8 t 1.26 $ 26 60.0 4.5 43.1 1.72 3.6 1.85 62.5 1.63 This data illustrates that the terpolymer had improved tensile strength retention as compared to either of the copolymers. The terpolymer also had relatively fast absorption after 26 weeks as compared to the homopolymer.
USERSMDOCSLA21952%LPPCS\2_HY01!.DOC / 125062 / PC10466.PCS
, ,= .
~
~ -8-BENDING STRENGTH
ASTM bending samples were prepared from the four polymers discussed in Example 1 by the same process as used in Example 1. The specimens were incubated in phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) Solution, which was maintained at Ph 7.4 and.37 C
throughout the experiment period. At 0, 4, 8, 12, 26, and 52 weeks of incubation 6-10 samples of each material were taken out of the incubation vessel, tested immediately according to ASTM
Method No. D638 M-93 for maximum fiber strengths, and the resutting values were averaged.
The averaged values are shown in Table 2 and Figure 2.
BENDING STRENGTH AS A FUNCTION OF INCUBATION TIME
Weeks of Incubation Bending Strength, Mega Pasquals (MPA) Homopolymer Copolymer Copolymer (p- Terpolymer (p-PLA p-(LLA/DLA) (DLAIGA)) (LLA/DLAIGA)) 0 126.4 1.69 113.9t 0.9 129.4t 1.5 140.8t 4.3 4 118.9t 2.7 86.4t 2.72 132.8t 8.1 123.2t 3.9 8 117.5 1.9 92.3 2.18 92.0 11.3 127.2 1.3 12 114.4 2.1 103.7 t 3.64 15.3 t 8.1 122.3 t 6.3 26 92.5 14.26 97.9 4.34 0 98.6 9.2 This data illustrates that the terpolymer retains its bending strength for a greater period of time as compared to the p-(DLAIGA) copolymer. The present invention will preferably have a bending strength (Mpa) of at least 120 at 0 weeks incubation, at least 110 at 4 weeks of incubation, at least 110 at 8 weeks of incubation, at least 70 at 12 weeks of incubation, and at least 45 at 26 weeks incubation.
INHERENT VISCOSITY TESTS
Specimens were prepared for the terpolymer (also referred to as (p-(LLA/DLA/GA) and L/D/G)) and the copolymer (also referred to as (p-(DLA/GA))) of Example 1 by the same process as used in Example 1. Inherent viscosities of the tensile specimens were determined by the capilary viscosity method as'0.001 g/mi solution of the polymer in chloroform in a thermostated bath at 25 0.01 C. Results are given in Table 3 below and in Figure 3.
USERMDOCS1LA219521LPPCSI2-HY01!.DOC / 125062 / PC10466.PCS
INHERENT VISCOSITY
Weeks of Inherent Viscosity, deciliter/gram (dl/g) Incubation .
Copolymer (p-(DLA/GA)) Terpolymer (p-(LLA/DLA/GA)) 0 3.67 0.17 4.44 0.05 4 2.75 0.16 3.76 0.23 iw 8 2.00 0:39 3.24 0.08 12 1.43t0.08 2.65t0.06 26 0.28t0.11 1.19 0.11 52 0.10 0.01 0.14 This data indicates that the rate of loss of inherent viscosity of the terpolymer is :-~
somewhat slower than the copolymer. Therefore it is expected that the terpolymer would retain its strength for a longer period of time than the copolymer.
The present invention will preferably have an inherent viscosity (dI/g) of at least 4 at 0 weeks incubation, at least 3.2 at 4 weeks incubation, at least 2.6 at 8 weeks incubation, at least 2.0 at 12 weeks incubation, and at least 0.5 at 26 weeks incubation.
HEAT OF FUSION TESTS
The heat of fusion of polymers generally correlates to their crystallinity.
Crystallinity of the polymer defines how easily the polymeric device will be contoured at temperatures below its melting point but above its glass transition temperature. High crystallinity in a polymer results in a lesser amount of contourability. Contouring of the bioabsorbable devices in the operating room is desirable to make the device, such as a bone plate or mesh, conform the surface of the bone so that the bone fracture can be reduced without leaving a gap between the two fragments of the bone. Therefore it is desirable to increase the ease at which a plate can be contoured.
Several resin specimens were prepared by ring opening polymerization. The heat of fusion of the specimens was determined by differential scanning calorimetry, and the results are listed in the following Table 4 and plotted in Figure 4.
USERS\DOC51(a219S2LLPPCS\2-HY01l.DOC / 123062 / PC10466.PCS
. .
Weeks of Inherent Viscosity, deciliter/gram (dl/g) Incubation .
Copolymer (p-(DLA/GA)) Terpolymer (p-(LLA/DLA/GA)) 0 3.67 0.17 4.44 0.05 4 2.75 0.16 3.76 0.23 iw 8 2.00 0:39 3.24 0.08 12 1.43t0.08 2.65t0.06 26 0.28t0.11 1.19 0.11 52 0.10 0.01 0.14 This data indicates that the rate of loss of inherent viscosity of the terpolymer is :-~
somewhat slower than the copolymer. Therefore it is expected that the terpolymer would retain its strength for a longer period of time than the copolymer.
The present invention will preferably have an inherent viscosity (dI/g) of at least 4 at 0 weeks incubation, at least 3.2 at 4 weeks incubation, at least 2.6 at 8 weeks incubation, at least 2.0 at 12 weeks incubation, and at least 0.5 at 26 weeks incubation.
HEAT OF FUSION TESTS
The heat of fusion of polymers generally correlates to their crystallinity.
Crystallinity of the polymer defines how easily the polymeric device will be contoured at temperatures below its melting point but above its glass transition temperature. High crystallinity in a polymer results in a lesser amount of contourability. Contouring of the bioabsorbable devices in the operating room is desirable to make the device, such as a bone plate or mesh, conform the surface of the bone so that the bone fracture can be reduced without leaving a gap between the two fragments of the bone. Therefore it is desirable to increase the ease at which a plate can be contoured.
Several resin specimens were prepared by ring opening polymerization. The heat of fusion of the specimens was determined by differential scanning calorimetry, and the results are listed in the following Table 4 and plotted in Figure 4.
USERS\DOC51(a219S2LLPPCS\2-HY01l.DOC / 123062 / PC10466.PCS
. .
=
HEAT OF FUSION AS A FUNCTION OF POLYMER COMPOSITION
% Lactide in the oH,, J/gm oH,, J/gm AH,, J/gm Polymer (Joules/gram) (Joules/gram) (Joules/gram) UG UD/G D/G
100 67.9 not determined not determined 95 50.1 not determined not determined 90 43.2 19.5 not determined 82 not determined not determined 26.8 80 24.8 not determined not determined This data shows that as the percent lactide in the L or D form decrease, the Heat of Fusion, OH, of the polymer decreases. Furthermore, by replacing as much as 82%
of the L-lactide with D-Iactide in the polymer the same slope as L-lactide/glycolide polymer trend continues. However by copolymerizing only 5% D-lactide in forming a terpolymer of poly-(L-Iactide/D-Iactide/glycolide) in 85/5/10 molar ratio lowers the OHf substantially.
Thus, the addition of poly-glycolide into the poymer, while decreasing the crystallinity of the copolymer, also decreases the strength retention of the polymer.
Unexpectedly, however, the introduction of poly-D-lactide can reduce the crystallinity by an amount more than one would get by introducing mere glycolide monomer, but without a corresponding reduction of strength.
Once molded, the polymeric terpolymer of the present invention will generally have a heat of fusion of about 0.4-10 J/G, preferably 0.5-5 J/G.
Figure 5 graphically depicts alternative embodiments of a polymeric material of the present invention defined as the shaded area between a low-end curve and a high-end curve.
The coordinates of the range are as follows:
Tensile Strength (MPA) Weeks of Incubation USERS\DOCS\LA21932\LPpCS12_HY01!.DOC / 125062 / PC10466.PCS
=
~
Tensile Strength (MPA) Weeks of Incubation Preferably the range of tensile strength would be as follows:
Tensile Strength (MPA) Weeks of Incubation In general, the tensile strengths can be made relatively low by including relatively large amounts of PGA, by injection molding at high temperatures (e.g. 250 C) and/or by gamma sterilizing. Conversely, the tensile strengths can be made relatively high by including relatively small amounts of PGA, by injection molding at low temperatures (e.g. 210 C) and/or by sterilizing with ethylene oxide sterilization methods.
Figures 6(a) et seq. illustrate certain bone fixation devices which can be made of the material of the present inventions. Figures 6(a) illustrates a 12-hole straight plate having suitable dimensions of length 75 mm, width 7.0 mm, thickness 1.5mm, and hole to hole spacing 6.2 mm. Alternative dimensions include width 5.5 mm, thickness 0.9 mm, and hole to hole spacing 4.5 mm. Figure 6(b) illustrates a 6-hole straight plate. Figure 6(c) illustrates an 8-hole curved plate. Figure 6(d) illustrates a 12-hole ladder plate. Figure 6(e) illustrates a 5-hole Y-plate. Figure 6(f) illustrates an X-plate. Figure 6(g) illustrates a 16-hole ladder plate.
Figure 6(h) illustrates a 7-hole Y-plate. Figure 6(1) illustrates a square plate. Figures 6(J) and 6(k) illustrate L-plates (100 degree). Figure 7 illustrates a 10x10 mesh which can be, e.g., 1.0 or 2.0mm thick. Figures 8 and 9 illustrate profiles of screws in plates.
Screws may include 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm and, 2.5mm tapered self tapping screws.
Figure 10 illustrates bone fixation devices, in this case an eight-hole curved plate as illustrated in Fig. 6c attached to bone around an orbit and a six-hole straight plate as USERS\DOCSiLA21952\LPPCS\2_HY01!.DOC / 125062 / PC10466.PCS
.
illustrated in Fig 6(b) attached to mandibular bone segments. Ta. implant, an incision is made and soft tissue is separated exposing the bone. The device may be contoured (described below). The device is then placed across the fracture, holes are drilled, and then screws are inserted to hold the bone plate against the bone.
Figure 11 illustrates a method of contouring a device of the present invention. In this case, a bone fixation device (of the type illustrated in Fig. 6a) has an original flat shape depicted in solid line. This original shape is maintained in a free state, i.e., where no force is applied to the device. However, the device may be contoured by heating it to a temperature between its glass transition temperature and its melting point, e.g., between 55 C and 130 C, preferably about 70 C, and then applying forces to the device. The arrows indicate approximate points where force can be applied after heating, such as by a doctor's fingers and thumbs in an operating room. Alternatively, after heating the device, it could be pushed against the bone fracture to be fixed in order to take its contour. Heating of the device can be done with hot water, hot air, infrared radiation, or by other heat sources, and the device is typically heated for about 2-10 seconds. The dotted lines indicate the post-contoured curved shape which would be maintained in a free state. Such a curved shape would complement the shape of certain bone segments to allow for better fixation and less gaps between the bone segments to be attached.
The foregoing figures, embodiments, and examples have been presented for purposes of illustration and not for limitation. Alternative embodiments will become apparent to one skilled in the art. For instance, in addition to the aforementioned polymers, the present invention may include additional materials such as colorants, fillers, pharmaceutical agents, and/or radiopacifying agents. In certain embodiments the material may be reinforced with a different material (polymeric or inorganic), although a non-reinforced material is preferred for most applications. The material may also be used for sutures, suture anchors, tacks, pins, plates, intramedullary rods of the upper extremity, and other implantable devices. Other uses include devices where environmental degradation would be advantageous such as fishing line, fishing nets, and in agricultural devices such as seed strips.
USERS\DOC51ta:I932\LPPCS\2 HY01!.DOC / 125062 / PC10466.PCS
HEAT OF FUSION AS A FUNCTION OF POLYMER COMPOSITION
% Lactide in the oH,, J/gm oH,, J/gm AH,, J/gm Polymer (Joules/gram) (Joules/gram) (Joules/gram) UG UD/G D/G
100 67.9 not determined not determined 95 50.1 not determined not determined 90 43.2 19.5 not determined 82 not determined not determined 26.8 80 24.8 not determined not determined This data shows that as the percent lactide in the L or D form decrease, the Heat of Fusion, OH, of the polymer decreases. Furthermore, by replacing as much as 82%
of the L-lactide with D-Iactide in the polymer the same slope as L-lactide/glycolide polymer trend continues. However by copolymerizing only 5% D-lactide in forming a terpolymer of poly-(L-Iactide/D-Iactide/glycolide) in 85/5/10 molar ratio lowers the OHf substantially.
Thus, the addition of poly-glycolide into the poymer, while decreasing the crystallinity of the copolymer, also decreases the strength retention of the polymer.
Unexpectedly, however, the introduction of poly-D-lactide can reduce the crystallinity by an amount more than one would get by introducing mere glycolide monomer, but without a corresponding reduction of strength.
Once molded, the polymeric terpolymer of the present invention will generally have a heat of fusion of about 0.4-10 J/G, preferably 0.5-5 J/G.
Figure 5 graphically depicts alternative embodiments of a polymeric material of the present invention defined as the shaded area between a low-end curve and a high-end curve.
The coordinates of the range are as follows:
Tensile Strength (MPA) Weeks of Incubation USERS\DOCS\LA21932\LPpCS12_HY01!.DOC / 125062 / PC10466.PCS
=
~
Tensile Strength (MPA) Weeks of Incubation Preferably the range of tensile strength would be as follows:
Tensile Strength (MPA) Weeks of Incubation In general, the tensile strengths can be made relatively low by including relatively large amounts of PGA, by injection molding at high temperatures (e.g. 250 C) and/or by gamma sterilizing. Conversely, the tensile strengths can be made relatively high by including relatively small amounts of PGA, by injection molding at low temperatures (e.g. 210 C) and/or by sterilizing with ethylene oxide sterilization methods.
Figures 6(a) et seq. illustrate certain bone fixation devices which can be made of the material of the present inventions. Figures 6(a) illustrates a 12-hole straight plate having suitable dimensions of length 75 mm, width 7.0 mm, thickness 1.5mm, and hole to hole spacing 6.2 mm. Alternative dimensions include width 5.5 mm, thickness 0.9 mm, and hole to hole spacing 4.5 mm. Figure 6(b) illustrates a 6-hole straight plate. Figure 6(c) illustrates an 8-hole curved plate. Figure 6(d) illustrates a 12-hole ladder plate. Figure 6(e) illustrates a 5-hole Y-plate. Figure 6(f) illustrates an X-plate. Figure 6(g) illustrates a 16-hole ladder plate.
Figure 6(h) illustrates a 7-hole Y-plate. Figure 6(1) illustrates a square plate. Figures 6(J) and 6(k) illustrate L-plates (100 degree). Figure 7 illustrates a 10x10 mesh which can be, e.g., 1.0 or 2.0mm thick. Figures 8 and 9 illustrate profiles of screws in plates.
Screws may include 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm and, 2.5mm tapered self tapping screws.
Figure 10 illustrates bone fixation devices, in this case an eight-hole curved plate as illustrated in Fig. 6c attached to bone around an orbit and a six-hole straight plate as USERS\DOCSiLA21952\LPPCS\2_HY01!.DOC / 125062 / PC10466.PCS
.
illustrated in Fig 6(b) attached to mandibular bone segments. Ta. implant, an incision is made and soft tissue is separated exposing the bone. The device may be contoured (described below). The device is then placed across the fracture, holes are drilled, and then screws are inserted to hold the bone plate against the bone.
Figure 11 illustrates a method of contouring a device of the present invention. In this case, a bone fixation device (of the type illustrated in Fig. 6a) has an original flat shape depicted in solid line. This original shape is maintained in a free state, i.e., where no force is applied to the device. However, the device may be contoured by heating it to a temperature between its glass transition temperature and its melting point, e.g., between 55 C and 130 C, preferably about 70 C, and then applying forces to the device. The arrows indicate approximate points where force can be applied after heating, such as by a doctor's fingers and thumbs in an operating room. Alternatively, after heating the device, it could be pushed against the bone fracture to be fixed in order to take its contour. Heating of the device can be done with hot water, hot air, infrared radiation, or by other heat sources, and the device is typically heated for about 2-10 seconds. The dotted lines indicate the post-contoured curved shape which would be maintained in a free state. Such a curved shape would complement the shape of certain bone segments to allow for better fixation and less gaps between the bone segments to be attached.
The foregoing figures, embodiments, and examples have been presented for purposes of illustration and not for limitation. Alternative embodiments will become apparent to one skilled in the art. For instance, in addition to the aforementioned polymers, the present invention may include additional materials such as colorants, fillers, pharmaceutical agents, and/or radiopacifying agents. In certain embodiments the material may be reinforced with a different material (polymeric or inorganic), although a non-reinforced material is preferred for most applications. The material may also be used for sutures, suture anchors, tacks, pins, plates, intramedullary rods of the upper extremity, and other implantable devices. Other uses include devices where environmental degradation would be advantageous such as fishing line, fishing nets, and in agricultural devices such as seed strips.
USERS\DOC51ta:I932\LPPCS\2 HY01!.DOC / 125062 / PC10466.PCS
Claims (33)
1. A terpolymer having random repeating units of L-lactide, D-lactide and glycolide having a content of D-lactide of from about 2 to about 10 molar percent.
2. The terpolymer of claim 1, having a content of L-lactide of from about 80 to about 90 molar percent and a content of glycolide of from about 5 to about 15 molar percent.
3. The terpolymer of claim 2, wherein the content of L-lactide is from about 83 to about 87 molar percent, the content of D-lactide is from about 3 to about 7 molar percent and the content of glycolide is from about 8 to about 12 molar percent.
4. The terpolymer of claim 2, wherein the content of L-lactide is about 85 molar percent, the content of D-lactide is about 5 molar percent and the content of glycolide is about 10 molar percent.
5. The terpolymer of any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising about 0.1-5 molar percent of a polymer formed from alpha-hydroxy-alpha-ethylbutyric acid;
alpha-hydroxy-beta-methylvaleric acid; alpha-hydroxyacetic acid; alpha-hydroxybutyric acid; alpha-hydroxycaproic acid;
alpha-hydroxydecanoic acid; alpha-hydroxyheptanoic acid;
alpha-hydroxyisobutyric acid; alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid;
alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid; alpha-hydroxymyristic acid;
alpha-hydroxyoctanoic acid; alpha-hydroxystearic acid;
alpha-hydroxyvaleric acid; beta-butyrolactone;
beta-propiolactide; gamma-butyrolactone; pivalolactone; or tetramethylglycolide; or combinations thereof.
alpha-hydroxy-beta-methylvaleric acid; alpha-hydroxyacetic acid; alpha-hydroxybutyric acid; alpha-hydroxycaproic acid;
alpha-hydroxydecanoic acid; alpha-hydroxyheptanoic acid;
alpha-hydroxyisobutyric acid; alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid;
alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid; alpha-hydroxymyristic acid;
alpha-hydroxyoctanoic acid; alpha-hydroxystearic acid;
alpha-hydroxyvaleric acid; beta-butyrolactone;
beta-propiolactide; gamma-butyrolactone; pivalolactone; or tetramethylglycolide; or combinations thereof.
6. The terpolymer of any one of claims 1 to 4, which contains no more than about 0.1 weight percent of unreacted monomers.
7. The terpolymer of any one of claims 1 to 4, made only of L-lactide, D-lactide and glycolide.
8. A blend of the terpolymer as defined in any one of claims 1 to 7, with at least one additional polymer which is poly-L-lactide, poly-D-lactide, polyglycolide, poly-(L-lactide/D-lactide) or poly-(D-lactide/glycolide) in an amount of less than 5.0 weight percent based on the blend.
9. A process of making a terpolymer having random repeating units of L-lactide, D-lactide and glycolide, which comprises:
a) combining L-lactic acid monomer, glycolic acid monomer and from about 2 to about 10 molar percent D-lactic acid monomer to form a mixture; and b) polymerizing substantially all of the mixture.
a) combining L-lactic acid monomer, glycolic acid monomer and from about 2 to about 10 molar percent D-lactic acid monomer to form a mixture; and b) polymerizing substantially all of the mixture.
10. The process of claim 9, wherein the mixture formed in step a) contains from about 80 to about 90 molar percent of L-lactic acid monomer, from about 2 to about 10 molar percent of D-lactic acid monomer and from about 5 to about 15 molar percent of glycolide.
11. The process of claim 9 or 10, wherein the polymerization is performed in the presence of a catalyst.
12. The process of claim 11, wherein the catalyst is stannous octoate or zinc oxide.
13. The process of any one of claims 9 to 12, wherein the polymerization is performed for between 24 and 72 hours.
14. The process of any one of claims 9 to 13, wherein the polymerization is performed at a temperature controlled between 110°C - 165°C.
15. An implantable medical device comprising a terpolymer having random repeating units of L-lactide, D-lactide and glycolide having a content of D-lactide of from about 2 to about 10 molar percent.
16. The medical device of claim 15, wherein the terpolymer has content of L-lactide of from about 80 to about 90 molar percent and a content of glycolide of from about 5 to about 15 molar percent.
17. The medical device of claim 16, wherein the content of L-lactide is from about 83 to about 87 molar percent, the content of D-lactide is from about 3 to about 7 molar percent and the content of glycolide is from about 8 to about 12 molar percent.
18. The medical device of any one of claims 15 to 17, which is a bone plate, a bone screw, a mesh, a suture anchor, a tack, a pin or an intramedullary rod.
19. The medical device of any one of claims 15 to 18, made essentially only of the terpolymer which is unreinforced.
20. The medical device of any one of claims 15 to 18, made essentially only of the terpolymer which is reinforced.
21. A method of using a bioabsorbable bone fixation device, the method comprising:
a) providing a bioabsorbable bone fixation device comprising a terpolymer having random repeating units of L-lactide, D-lactide and glycolide having a content of D-lactide of from about 2 to about 10 molar percent, the device disposed in a first shape in a free state; then b) heating the bone fixation device; and then c) applying force to the device so that the device obtains a second shape in a free state which is different than the first shape and which approaches the shape of a bone surface to which it will be attached.
a) providing a bioabsorbable bone fixation device comprising a terpolymer having random repeating units of L-lactide, D-lactide and glycolide having a content of D-lactide of from about 2 to about 10 molar percent, the device disposed in a first shape in a free state; then b) heating the bone fixation device; and then c) applying force to the device so that the device obtains a second shape in a free state which is different than the first shape and which approaches the shape of a bone surface to which it will be attached.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the heating is performed at between about 55°C to about 130°C for between about 2 to about 10 seconds.
23. A polymeric material which has a heat of fusion of about 0.4-10 J/G, a tensile strength retention at 26 weeks of incubation of at least about 50% and a tensile strength retention at 52 weeks at incubation of at most about 25%, and which comprises a terpolymer having random repeating units of L-lactide, D-lactide and glycolide having a content of D-lactide of from about 2 to about 10 molar percent.
24. The polymeric material of claim 23, wherein the terpolymer contains about 80-90 molar percent L-lactide, about 2-10 molar percent D-lactide, and about 5-15 molar percent glycolide.
25. A polymeric resin which has a heat of fusion of about 15 to about 25 J/G, which upon molding has a tensile strength retention at 26 weeks of incubation of at least about 50% and a tensile strength retention at 52 weeks of incubation of at most about 25% and which is a terpolymer having random repeating units of L-lactide, D-lactide and glycolide having a content of D-lactide of from about 2 to about 10 molar percent.
26. The polymeric resin of claim 25, wherein the terpolymer contains about 80-90 molar percent L-lactide, about 2-10 molar percent D-lactide, and about 5-15 molar percent glycolide.
27. A polymeric material which has a tensile strength at 0 weeks of incubation of about 65-101 MPa, a tensile strength at 26 weeks of incubation of about 50-75 MPa, a tensile strength at 44 weeks of incubation of about 0-37 MPa, and a tensile strength at 60 weeks of incubation of 0 MPa, and which comprises a terpolymer having random repeating units of L-lactide, D-lactide and glycolide having a content of D-lactide of from about 2 to about molar percent.
28. The polymeric material of claim 27, having a heat of fusion of about 0.4-10 J/G.
29. The polymeric material of claim 28, wherein the heat of fusion is about 0.5-5 JIG.
30. The polymeric material of any one of claims 27 to 29, wherein the terpolymer has a heat of fusion of about 15-25 J/G.
31. The polymeric material of any one of claims 27 to 29, wherein the terpolymer has a heat of fusion of about 18-21 J/G.
32. The polymeric material of any one of claims 27 to 31, wherein the tensile strength at 0 weeks of incubation is about 74-92 MPa, the tensile strength at 26 weeks of incubation is about 56-69 MPa, and the tensile strength at 44 weeks of incubation is about 9-27 MPa.
33. A material for producing an implantable medical device, which comprises a terpolymer having random repeating units of L-lactide, D-lactide and glycolide made by a process comprising:
a) combining L-lactic acid monomer, glycolic acid monomer and from about 2 to about 10 molar percent D-lactic acid monomer to make a mixture; and b) polymerizing substantially all of the mixture.
a) combining L-lactic acid monomer, glycolic acid monomer and from about 2 to about 10 molar percent D-lactic acid monomer to make a mixture; and b) polymerizing substantially all of the mixture.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US09/263,268 | 1999-03-05 | ||
| US09/263,268 US6206883B1 (en) | 1999-03-05 | 1999-03-05 | Bioabsorbable materials and medical devices made therefrom |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2299935A1 CA2299935A1 (en) | 2000-09-05 |
| CA2299935C true CA2299935C (en) | 2010-02-23 |
Family
ID=23001052
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2299935A Expired - Lifetime CA2299935C (en) | 1999-03-05 | 2000-03-03 | Bioabsorbable materials and medical devices made therefrom |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US6206883B1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1034806B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2000300660A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU766678B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2299935C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE60011687T2 (en) |
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| AU2063400A (en) | 2000-09-07 |
| US20010012940A1 (en) | 2001-08-09 |
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