CA2304664C - An apparatus for facilitating the connection of tubulars using a top drive - Google Patents
An apparatus for facilitating the connection of tubulars using a top drive Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2304664C CA2304664C CA002304664A CA2304664A CA2304664C CA 2304664 C CA2304664 C CA 2304664C CA 002304664 A CA002304664 A CA 002304664A CA 2304664 A CA2304664 A CA 2304664A CA 2304664 C CA2304664 C CA 2304664C
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- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- tubular
- gripping
- fluid
- top drive
- recess
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 35
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 241000239290 Araneae Species 0.000 description 6
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013536 elastomeric material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B19/00—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables
- E21B19/02—Rod or cable suspensions
- E21B19/06—Elevators, i.e. rod- or tube-gripping devices
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B19/00—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables
- E21B19/16—Connecting or disconnecting pipe couplings or joints
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B23/00—Apparatus for displacing, setting, locking, releasing, or removing tools, packers or the like in the boreholes or wells
- E21B23/04—Apparatus for displacing, setting, locking, releasing, or removing tools, packers or the like in the boreholes or wells operated by fluid means, e.g. actuated by explosion
- E21B23/0421—Apparatus for displacing, setting, locking, releasing, or removing tools, packers or the like in the boreholes or wells operated by fluid means, e.g. actuated by explosion using multiple hydraulically interconnected pistons
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
- E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
- E21B33/12—Packers; Plugs
- E21B33/126—Packers; Plugs with fluid-pressure-operated elastic cup or skirt
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/02—Subsoil filtering
- E21B43/10—Setting of casings, screens, liners or the like in wells
Abstract
An apparatus for facilitating the connection of tubulars using a top drive, which apparatus comprises a body (2; 102) connectable to said top drive, said body (2; 102) comprising at least one gripping element (5; 105) radially displaceable by hydraulic or pneumatic fluid to drivingly engage said tubular (30; 110) to permit a screw connection between said tubular and a further tubular to be tightened to the required torque.
Description
M&C Folio No P50717GB 1 "An Apparatus for Facilitating the Connection of Tubulars Using a Top Drive"
This invention relates to an apparatus for facilitating the connection of tubulars using a top drive and is more particularly, but not exclusively, intended for facilitating the connection of a section or stand of casing to a string of casing.
In the construction of oil or gas wells it is usually necessary to line the borehole with a string of tubulars known as casing. Because of the length of the casing required, sections or stands of say two sections of casing are progressively added to the string as it is lowered into the well from a drilling platform. In particular, when it is desired to add a section or stand of casing the string is usually restrained from falling into the well 1 S by applying the slips of a spider located in the floor of the drilling platform. The new section or stand of casing is then moved from a rack to the well centre above the spider.
The threaded pin of the section or stand of casing to be connected is then located over the threaded box of the casing in the well and the connection is made up by rotation therebetween. An elevator is then connected to the top of the new section or stand and the whole casing string lifted slightly to enable the slips of the spider to be released.
The whole casing string is then lowered until the top of the section is adjacent the spider whereupon the slips of the spider are re-applied, the elevator disconnected and the process repeated.
It is common practice to use a power tong to torque the connection up to a predetermined torque in order to make the connection. The power tong is located on the platform, either on rails, or hung from a derrick on a chain. However, it has recently been proposed to use a top drive for making such connection. A "top drive" is a top driven rotational system substantially used for drilling purposes, assigned to the drawworks at a higher level than the elevator, as is previously known.
Because of the high costs associated with the construction of oil and gas wells time is critical and it has been observed by the applicants that the time to connect a tubular to a top drive using existing equipment could be reduced.
This invention relates to an apparatus for facilitating the connection of tubulars using a top drive and is more particularly, but not exclusively, intended for facilitating the connection of a section or stand of casing to a string of casing.
In the construction of oil or gas wells it is usually necessary to line the borehole with a string of tubulars known as casing. Because of the length of the casing required, sections or stands of say two sections of casing are progressively added to the string as it is lowered into the well from a drilling platform. In particular, when it is desired to add a section or stand of casing the string is usually restrained from falling into the well 1 S by applying the slips of a spider located in the floor of the drilling platform. The new section or stand of casing is then moved from a rack to the well centre above the spider.
The threaded pin of the section or stand of casing to be connected is then located over the threaded box of the casing in the well and the connection is made up by rotation therebetween. An elevator is then connected to the top of the new section or stand and the whole casing string lifted slightly to enable the slips of the spider to be released.
The whole casing string is then lowered until the top of the section is adjacent the spider whereupon the slips of the spider are re-applied, the elevator disconnected and the process repeated.
It is common practice to use a power tong to torque the connection up to a predetermined torque in order to make the connection. The power tong is located on the platform, either on rails, or hung from a derrick on a chain. However, it has recently been proposed to use a top drive for making such connection. A "top drive" is a top driven rotational system substantially used for drilling purposes, assigned to the drawworks at a higher level than the elevator, as is previously known.
Because of the high costs associated with the construction of oil and gas wells time is critical and it has been observed by the applicants that the time to connect a tubular to a top drive using existing equipment could be reduced.
2 Accordingly there is provided an apparatus for facilitating the connection of tubulars using a top drive, which apparatus comprises a body connectable to said top drive, said body comprising at least one gripping element radially displaceable by hydraulic or pneumatic fluid to drivingly engage a tubular to permit a screw connection between said tubular and a further tubular to be tightened to the required torque.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for connecting tubulars using a top drive, comprising a body connectable to the top drive, a plurality of rigid gripping pistons radially displaceable by hydraulic or pneumatic fluid directly applied to an inner surface of each gripping piston to drivingly engage a tubular to permit a screw connection between the tubular and a further tubular to be tightened to a required torque, the plurality of gripping pistons disposed within the body in substantially the same axial plane with one another, and a sealing packer to inhibit, in use, fluid in the tubular from escaping therefrom.
According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for connecting tubulars, comprising a top drive, a body connectable to the top drive, and at least one recess disposed within an outer surface of the body, wherein the at least one recess houses at least one gripping element, wherein the at least one gripping element is at least one piston radially displaceable outward from the at least one recess by fluid applied to an inner surface thereof to engage a first tubular.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for connecting tubulars, comprising, a top drive, a body having a first and second section, a plurality of recesses disposed within an outer diameter of the second section and disposed in substantially the same axial plane with one another, and a rigid gripping element disposed within each recess, wherein each gripping element is a piston radially extendable from its respective recess with pressurized hydraulic or pneumatic fluid directly applied to its inner surface.
According to yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an 2a apparatus for connecting tubulars using a top drive, comprising a body connectable to the top drive, a plurality of rigid pistons disposed in substantially the same axial plane and radially displaceable from a plurality of recesses within the body by pressurized fluid directly applied to an inner surface thereof, the plurality of pistons gripping a tubular torsionally to tighten a screw thread on the tubular and gripping the tubular axially to carry the weight of the tubular, and a sealing packer to prohibit pressurized fluid in the tubular from escaping therefrom.
According to still another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for connecting tubulars using a top drive, comprising a body connectable to the top drive, a plurality of rigid, fluid-actuated pistons disposed within a plurality of recesses within an outer surface of the body in substantially the same axial plane with one another, a fluid communication path for delivering fluid pressure directly to the inner surfaces of the plurality of fluid-actuated pistons, the fluid pressure radially displacing the plurality of fluid-actuated pistons to grip an inner surface of a tubular, and a sealing packer to prohibit pressurized fluid in the tubular from escaping therefrom.
According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for manipulating tubulars, comprising providing a gripping apparatus comprising a body having at least one recess therein, and at least one gripping piston disposed within the at least one recess, radially displacing the at least one gripping piston to grippingly engage an inner surface of a tubular by introducing pressurized fluid behind the at least one gripping piston, and rotating the tubular with a top drive connected to the body.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for connecting tubulars using a top drive, comprising a body connectable to the top drive, a plurality of rigid gripping elements disposed within a plurality of recesses within an outer surface of the body in substantially the same axial plane with one another, a sealing packer to prohibit pressurized fluid in the tubular from escaping therefrom, and a fluid communication path for delivering fluid pressure directly to the inner surfaces of the plurality of gripping elements, the fluid pressure radially displacing the plurality of gripping 2b elements to grip an inner surface of a tubular, wherein the fluid communication path is further capable of delivering fluid pressure directly to the sealing packer to radially displace the sealing packer into contact with the inner surface of the tubular.
According to yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for connecting tubulars using a top drive, comprising a body connectable to the top drive, a plurality of rigid gripping elements disposed within a plurality of recesses within an outer surface of the body in substantially the same axial plane with one another, a sealing packer to prohibit pressurized fluid in the tubular from escaping therefrom, the sealing packer disposed within a second recess within the outer surface of the body and radially extendable from the recess to contact the inner surface of the tubular, and a fluid communication path for delivering fluid pressure directly to the inner surfaces of the plurality of gripping elements, the fluid pressure radially displacing the plurality of gripping elements to grip an inner surface of a tubular and the fluid pressure further deliverable directly from the fluid communication path to the sealing packer.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus wherein at least one gripping element can have an elastomeric gripping surface incorporating projecting metal inserts or saw blades capable of transmitting torque. The at least one gripping element may be movable radially outwardly from a body to engage an inside wall of a tubular. Said body may be connectable to a rotor of a top drive in order to rotate said apparatus. Further, the apparatus may comprise a sealing packer for engagement with said tubular. Said sealing packer may be activated by hydraulic or pneumatic fluid.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the apparatus has a body which may be provided with a passage therethrough to allow excess fluid in a tubular to escape therefrom. The apparatus may further comprise a support for supporting the weight of said tubular during driving engagement of the tubular by at least one gripping element.
Said support can be connectable to a stator of a top drive. The support can be carried by compensating pistons connectable to said top drive. Said compensating pistons 2c can be pneumatically operable and can be adjustable to compensate for different weights of the tubular.
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided an apparatus wherein an upper part of a body comprises a splined recess into which a splined rotor or splined connecting member may be located. A support can be arranged circumjacent the upper part of the body with a bearing arranged therebetween to allow the body to rotate with respect to the support. The apparatus may further comprise a rotary transmission to allow hydraulic or pneumatic fluid to pass through said body.
'The present invention also provides an apparatus for facilitating the connection of tubulars using a top drive, said apparatus comprising a body connectable to said top drive, said body comprising at least one gripping element radially displaceable to drivingly engage said tubular and a sealing packer to inhibit, in use, fluid in said tubular from escaping therefrom.
Preferably, said sealing packer can be actuated by hydraulic or pneumatic fluid.
Une advantage of at least preferred embodiments of the invention is that the gripping elements transfer the full torque capacity of the top drive to the casing without damaging the pipe surface_ Elastomeric jaws greatly reduce the marks made by the dies as compared to simple metal dies. Elastomeric jaws also enable pipes with differing inside diameters to be clamped with only one set of jaws.
The present invention also provides a top drive having an apparatus in accordance with the present invention attached thereto.
Some preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure I is a cross-sectional side view of a first embodiment of an apparatus in accordance with the present invention inserted in a section of casing;
M&C Folio No P50717GB 3 Figure 2 shows the apparatus of Figure 1 connected to a top drive and inserted in a section of casing; and Figure 3 shows a cross-sectional side view in perspective of part of a second embodiment of an apparatus in accordance with the present invention.
Referring to Figure 1 there is shown an apparatus which is generally identified by reference numeral 1.
The apparatus 1 comprises a cylindrical body 2 which has a central passage 3 therethrough. The cylindrical body 2 has circumferentially spaced recesses 4 thereabout in which respective gripping elements 5 are located.
The upper part 6 of the cylindrical body 2 is of a reduced outer diameter. The 1 S upper part 6 passes through a rotary transmission 7 and is rotatably supported by two bearings 8, 9 which are arranged in corresponding channels 10, 11 in an annular support 12. A circumferentially raised portion 13 between the two bearings 8, 9 is provided in the upper part 6 to inhibit longitudinal movement of the cylindrical body 2.
The rotary transmission 7 is mounted fast on the annular support 12 and is in sealing tight relation with the upper part 6 which is rotatable relative thereto. The rotary transmission 7 is provided with a feed passage 15 in the annular support 12 and with a feed line 16. The other end of the feed passage 14 is in fluid communication with a radial channel 17. Feed passages 18 are provided in the cylindrical body 2 to link the radial channel 17 with the circumferential recesses 4 behind each gripping element 5.
The upper part 6 is provided with internal splines 19 along the upper part of the passage 3. The lower end of a connecting member 20 is provided with corresponding external splines and is located in the upper part of the passage 3. The upper end of the connecting member 20 is provided with a circulating canal 22 and threads 23 for connection to a top drive (Figure 2).
The support member 12 is provided with two axles 24, 25 to which compensating cylinders 26, 27 are attached, the corresponding pistons 28, 29 being, in use, connected to the body of the top drive (Figure 2).
Gripping elements S are preferably based on the construction described in PCT
Publication No. WO 94/05894 which is sold by the applicants under the trade mark "MICRO-GRIP".
The gripping elements S comprise a plurality of longitudinally extending strips (not shown) which are embedded side by side in an elastomeric base member (not shown). Each strip projects out from said elastomeric base member, and each strip has a pipe gripping edge (not shown) facing away from the elastomeric base member, so that channels are formed between adjacent strips to accommodate debris from the surface of the casing to be gripped. The pipe gripping edge may, for example, comprise teeth, so that the strips resemble saw blades, or may comprise particulate material bonded to the strips. This type of gripping element allows rotational torque to be applied to the tubular and longitudinal forces produced by circulating fluid within the tubular and the weight of the tubular to be taken.
The cylindrical body 2 is shown in Figure 1 in a section of casing 20 with gripping elements 5 in a radially extended position, engaging the inner wall 31 of the section of casing 30 beneath a threaded box 32.
In use, the pistons 28, 29 are connected to the stator 34 of the top drive 33 (Figure 2). The rotor 35 of the top drive 33 is connected to the connecting member 20.
The section of casing 30 is positioned over the upper portion of a casing string using, for example, a pipe positioning device. The top drive 33 with the attached apparatus 1 is lowered so that the cylindrical body 2 thereof enters the casing 30.
Alternatively, the section or stand of casing may be brought towards the apparatus 1 using the methods and apparatus disclosed in co-pending UK Patent Application No. 9818366.8 entitled "Methods and Apparatus for Facilitating the Connection of Tubulars Using a Top Drive" filed by the applicant for the present application on 24 August 1998.
If the M&C Folio No P50717GB
support member 12 hits the top of the threaded box 32, the compensating cylinders 26, 27, which contain compressed air, cushion the impact whilst the splines 19, 21 in the upper part 6 of the cylindrical body 2 will allow relative longitudinal movement between the apparatus 1 and the top drive 33 whilst being able to transmit rotation therebetween.
Hydraulic pressure is applied through feed line 16, feed passage 1 S, feed passage 14, radial channel 17, and feed passage 18 into recess 4 behind gripping elements 5, forcing the gripping elements 5 radially outwardly to engage the inner wall.
31 of the casing 30.
The top drive 33 may now be used to rotate the rotor 35 which in tum rotates the connecting member 20, the cylindrical body 2 and hence the casing 30. The compensating cylinders 26, 27 will allow a small downward movement as the threaded pin on the bottom of the casing enters the box on the top of the string, and may be controlled remotely. The compensating cylinders 26, 27 may be of the pneumatic compensating type, i.e. their internal pressure may be adjusted to compensate for the weight of the casing 30 so that movement of the tubular may be conducted with minimal force. Pneumatic compensating cylinders also reduce the risk of damage to the threads of the tubulars. This can conveniently be achieved by introducing pneumatic fluid into the cylinders 26, 27 and adjusting the pressure therein. Hydraulic cylinders may, however, be used or hydraulic cylinders provided with a pneumatic bellows system.
Once the joint is correctly tightened the elevator 37 is swung into position and the elevator slips therein (not shown) are actuated to grip the casing 30 beneath the box 32. The top drive 33 is then raised a small amount using the drawworks to enable the slips in the spider to be released and the top drive and casing string is then lowered.
As the casing is lowered liquid may be introduced into the casing 30 via the connecting canal 22 and the central passage 3. The introduction of such liquid is often desirable to facilitate the lowering of the casing.
M&C Folio No P50717GB 6 Referring to Figure 3 there is shown an apparatus in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention which is generally identified by the reference numeral 1 O1.
'The apparatus 101 is generally similar to that of Figure 1, in that it comprises a cylindrical body 102 which has a central passage 103 therethrough. The cylindrical body 102 has recesses 104 thereabout in which gripping elements 105 are located. The gripping elements 105 are provided with recesses 106.
The cylindrical body 102 is also provided with a cylindrical sealing packer arranged below the gripping elements 105. The cylindrical sealing packer 107 is provided with a recess 108. The cylindrical sealing packer 107 which is made from an elastomeric material is fast with the cylindrical body 102.
The cylindrical body 102 is provided with a feed passage 109 which is at the upper end connected to a hydraulic fluid supply, and at the other, to the recesses 106 and 108 in the gripping elements 1 CIS and the cylindrical sealing packer 107 respectively.
In use, the apparatus 101 is connected to a top drive, such as that shown in Figure 2, and is inserted into the top of a section or stand of casing 110.
Hydraulic fluid pressure is applied through feed passage 109 into recesses 106 and 108 which moves the gripping elements 105 into engagement with the inner wall 111 and the cylindrical sealing packer 107 into contact with the inner wall 111. The gripping elements engage with the inner wall 111 of the casing 110 so that rotational force can be transmitted from the apparatus 101 to the casing 110. The sealing packer 107 substantially prevents any fluids such as mud from escaping between the apparatus 101 and the casing 110. This is particularly advantageous where it is desired to circulate fluid to facilitate running the casing. In particular, if the casing string becomes lodged on an obstruction, liquid can be pumped down the casing string under high pressure to remove the obstruction. The sealing packer 10? facilitates this operation by inhibiting liquid under high pressure escaping through the top of the casing 30.
It is envisaged that the apparatus as described above could be used in S conjunction with any of the apparatus and used with any of the methods as described in the co-pending International Applications based on GB Patent Nos. 2 340 857, 2 and 2 340 859 (each published March l, 2000) entitled "An Apparatus for Facilitating the Connection of Tubulars Using a Top Drive", "Method and Apparatus for Facilitating the Connection of Tubulars using a Top Drive" and "Method and Apparatus for Facilitating the Connection of Tubulars using a Top Drive" respectively.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for connecting tubulars using a top drive, comprising a body connectable to the top drive, a plurality of rigid gripping pistons radially displaceable by hydraulic or pneumatic fluid directly applied to an inner surface of each gripping piston to drivingly engage a tubular to permit a screw connection between the tubular and a further tubular to be tightened to a required torque, the plurality of gripping pistons disposed within the body in substantially the same axial plane with one another, and a sealing packer to inhibit, in use, fluid in the tubular from escaping therefrom.
According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for connecting tubulars, comprising a top drive, a body connectable to the top drive, and at least one recess disposed within an outer surface of the body, wherein the at least one recess houses at least one gripping element, wherein the at least one gripping element is at least one piston radially displaceable outward from the at least one recess by fluid applied to an inner surface thereof to engage a first tubular.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for connecting tubulars, comprising, a top drive, a body having a first and second section, a plurality of recesses disposed within an outer diameter of the second section and disposed in substantially the same axial plane with one another, and a rigid gripping element disposed within each recess, wherein each gripping element is a piston radially extendable from its respective recess with pressurized hydraulic or pneumatic fluid directly applied to its inner surface.
According to yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an 2a apparatus for connecting tubulars using a top drive, comprising a body connectable to the top drive, a plurality of rigid pistons disposed in substantially the same axial plane and radially displaceable from a plurality of recesses within the body by pressurized fluid directly applied to an inner surface thereof, the plurality of pistons gripping a tubular torsionally to tighten a screw thread on the tubular and gripping the tubular axially to carry the weight of the tubular, and a sealing packer to prohibit pressurized fluid in the tubular from escaping therefrom.
According to still another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for connecting tubulars using a top drive, comprising a body connectable to the top drive, a plurality of rigid, fluid-actuated pistons disposed within a plurality of recesses within an outer surface of the body in substantially the same axial plane with one another, a fluid communication path for delivering fluid pressure directly to the inner surfaces of the plurality of fluid-actuated pistons, the fluid pressure radially displacing the plurality of fluid-actuated pistons to grip an inner surface of a tubular, and a sealing packer to prohibit pressurized fluid in the tubular from escaping therefrom.
According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for manipulating tubulars, comprising providing a gripping apparatus comprising a body having at least one recess therein, and at least one gripping piston disposed within the at least one recess, radially displacing the at least one gripping piston to grippingly engage an inner surface of a tubular by introducing pressurized fluid behind the at least one gripping piston, and rotating the tubular with a top drive connected to the body.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for connecting tubulars using a top drive, comprising a body connectable to the top drive, a plurality of rigid gripping elements disposed within a plurality of recesses within an outer surface of the body in substantially the same axial plane with one another, a sealing packer to prohibit pressurized fluid in the tubular from escaping therefrom, and a fluid communication path for delivering fluid pressure directly to the inner surfaces of the plurality of gripping elements, the fluid pressure radially displacing the plurality of gripping 2b elements to grip an inner surface of a tubular, wherein the fluid communication path is further capable of delivering fluid pressure directly to the sealing packer to radially displace the sealing packer into contact with the inner surface of the tubular.
According to yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for connecting tubulars using a top drive, comprising a body connectable to the top drive, a plurality of rigid gripping elements disposed within a plurality of recesses within an outer surface of the body in substantially the same axial plane with one another, a sealing packer to prohibit pressurized fluid in the tubular from escaping therefrom, the sealing packer disposed within a second recess within the outer surface of the body and radially extendable from the recess to contact the inner surface of the tubular, and a fluid communication path for delivering fluid pressure directly to the inner surfaces of the plurality of gripping elements, the fluid pressure radially displacing the plurality of gripping elements to grip an inner surface of a tubular and the fluid pressure further deliverable directly from the fluid communication path to the sealing packer.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus wherein at least one gripping element can have an elastomeric gripping surface incorporating projecting metal inserts or saw blades capable of transmitting torque. The at least one gripping element may be movable radially outwardly from a body to engage an inside wall of a tubular. Said body may be connectable to a rotor of a top drive in order to rotate said apparatus. Further, the apparatus may comprise a sealing packer for engagement with said tubular. Said sealing packer may be activated by hydraulic or pneumatic fluid.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the apparatus has a body which may be provided with a passage therethrough to allow excess fluid in a tubular to escape therefrom. The apparatus may further comprise a support for supporting the weight of said tubular during driving engagement of the tubular by at least one gripping element.
Said support can be connectable to a stator of a top drive. The support can be carried by compensating pistons connectable to said top drive. Said compensating pistons 2c can be pneumatically operable and can be adjustable to compensate for different weights of the tubular.
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided an apparatus wherein an upper part of a body comprises a splined recess into which a splined rotor or splined connecting member may be located. A support can be arranged circumjacent the upper part of the body with a bearing arranged therebetween to allow the body to rotate with respect to the support. The apparatus may further comprise a rotary transmission to allow hydraulic or pneumatic fluid to pass through said body.
'The present invention also provides an apparatus for facilitating the connection of tubulars using a top drive, said apparatus comprising a body connectable to said top drive, said body comprising at least one gripping element radially displaceable to drivingly engage said tubular and a sealing packer to inhibit, in use, fluid in said tubular from escaping therefrom.
Preferably, said sealing packer can be actuated by hydraulic or pneumatic fluid.
Une advantage of at least preferred embodiments of the invention is that the gripping elements transfer the full torque capacity of the top drive to the casing without damaging the pipe surface_ Elastomeric jaws greatly reduce the marks made by the dies as compared to simple metal dies. Elastomeric jaws also enable pipes with differing inside diameters to be clamped with only one set of jaws.
The present invention also provides a top drive having an apparatus in accordance with the present invention attached thereto.
Some preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure I is a cross-sectional side view of a first embodiment of an apparatus in accordance with the present invention inserted in a section of casing;
M&C Folio No P50717GB 3 Figure 2 shows the apparatus of Figure 1 connected to a top drive and inserted in a section of casing; and Figure 3 shows a cross-sectional side view in perspective of part of a second embodiment of an apparatus in accordance with the present invention.
Referring to Figure 1 there is shown an apparatus which is generally identified by reference numeral 1.
The apparatus 1 comprises a cylindrical body 2 which has a central passage 3 therethrough. The cylindrical body 2 has circumferentially spaced recesses 4 thereabout in which respective gripping elements 5 are located.
The upper part 6 of the cylindrical body 2 is of a reduced outer diameter. The 1 S upper part 6 passes through a rotary transmission 7 and is rotatably supported by two bearings 8, 9 which are arranged in corresponding channels 10, 11 in an annular support 12. A circumferentially raised portion 13 between the two bearings 8, 9 is provided in the upper part 6 to inhibit longitudinal movement of the cylindrical body 2.
The rotary transmission 7 is mounted fast on the annular support 12 and is in sealing tight relation with the upper part 6 which is rotatable relative thereto. The rotary transmission 7 is provided with a feed passage 15 in the annular support 12 and with a feed line 16. The other end of the feed passage 14 is in fluid communication with a radial channel 17. Feed passages 18 are provided in the cylindrical body 2 to link the radial channel 17 with the circumferential recesses 4 behind each gripping element 5.
The upper part 6 is provided with internal splines 19 along the upper part of the passage 3. The lower end of a connecting member 20 is provided with corresponding external splines and is located in the upper part of the passage 3. The upper end of the connecting member 20 is provided with a circulating canal 22 and threads 23 for connection to a top drive (Figure 2).
The support member 12 is provided with two axles 24, 25 to which compensating cylinders 26, 27 are attached, the corresponding pistons 28, 29 being, in use, connected to the body of the top drive (Figure 2).
Gripping elements S are preferably based on the construction described in PCT
Publication No. WO 94/05894 which is sold by the applicants under the trade mark "MICRO-GRIP".
The gripping elements S comprise a plurality of longitudinally extending strips (not shown) which are embedded side by side in an elastomeric base member (not shown). Each strip projects out from said elastomeric base member, and each strip has a pipe gripping edge (not shown) facing away from the elastomeric base member, so that channels are formed between adjacent strips to accommodate debris from the surface of the casing to be gripped. The pipe gripping edge may, for example, comprise teeth, so that the strips resemble saw blades, or may comprise particulate material bonded to the strips. This type of gripping element allows rotational torque to be applied to the tubular and longitudinal forces produced by circulating fluid within the tubular and the weight of the tubular to be taken.
The cylindrical body 2 is shown in Figure 1 in a section of casing 20 with gripping elements 5 in a radially extended position, engaging the inner wall 31 of the section of casing 30 beneath a threaded box 32.
In use, the pistons 28, 29 are connected to the stator 34 of the top drive 33 (Figure 2). The rotor 35 of the top drive 33 is connected to the connecting member 20.
The section of casing 30 is positioned over the upper portion of a casing string using, for example, a pipe positioning device. The top drive 33 with the attached apparatus 1 is lowered so that the cylindrical body 2 thereof enters the casing 30.
Alternatively, the section or stand of casing may be brought towards the apparatus 1 using the methods and apparatus disclosed in co-pending UK Patent Application No. 9818366.8 entitled "Methods and Apparatus for Facilitating the Connection of Tubulars Using a Top Drive" filed by the applicant for the present application on 24 August 1998.
If the M&C Folio No P50717GB
support member 12 hits the top of the threaded box 32, the compensating cylinders 26, 27, which contain compressed air, cushion the impact whilst the splines 19, 21 in the upper part 6 of the cylindrical body 2 will allow relative longitudinal movement between the apparatus 1 and the top drive 33 whilst being able to transmit rotation therebetween.
Hydraulic pressure is applied through feed line 16, feed passage 1 S, feed passage 14, radial channel 17, and feed passage 18 into recess 4 behind gripping elements 5, forcing the gripping elements 5 radially outwardly to engage the inner wall.
31 of the casing 30.
The top drive 33 may now be used to rotate the rotor 35 which in tum rotates the connecting member 20, the cylindrical body 2 and hence the casing 30. The compensating cylinders 26, 27 will allow a small downward movement as the threaded pin on the bottom of the casing enters the box on the top of the string, and may be controlled remotely. The compensating cylinders 26, 27 may be of the pneumatic compensating type, i.e. their internal pressure may be adjusted to compensate for the weight of the casing 30 so that movement of the tubular may be conducted with minimal force. Pneumatic compensating cylinders also reduce the risk of damage to the threads of the tubulars. This can conveniently be achieved by introducing pneumatic fluid into the cylinders 26, 27 and adjusting the pressure therein. Hydraulic cylinders may, however, be used or hydraulic cylinders provided with a pneumatic bellows system.
Once the joint is correctly tightened the elevator 37 is swung into position and the elevator slips therein (not shown) are actuated to grip the casing 30 beneath the box 32. The top drive 33 is then raised a small amount using the drawworks to enable the slips in the spider to be released and the top drive and casing string is then lowered.
As the casing is lowered liquid may be introduced into the casing 30 via the connecting canal 22 and the central passage 3. The introduction of such liquid is often desirable to facilitate the lowering of the casing.
M&C Folio No P50717GB 6 Referring to Figure 3 there is shown an apparatus in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention which is generally identified by the reference numeral 1 O1.
'The apparatus 101 is generally similar to that of Figure 1, in that it comprises a cylindrical body 102 which has a central passage 103 therethrough. The cylindrical body 102 has recesses 104 thereabout in which gripping elements 105 are located. The gripping elements 105 are provided with recesses 106.
The cylindrical body 102 is also provided with a cylindrical sealing packer arranged below the gripping elements 105. The cylindrical sealing packer 107 is provided with a recess 108. The cylindrical sealing packer 107 which is made from an elastomeric material is fast with the cylindrical body 102.
The cylindrical body 102 is provided with a feed passage 109 which is at the upper end connected to a hydraulic fluid supply, and at the other, to the recesses 106 and 108 in the gripping elements 1 CIS and the cylindrical sealing packer 107 respectively.
In use, the apparatus 101 is connected to a top drive, such as that shown in Figure 2, and is inserted into the top of a section or stand of casing 110.
Hydraulic fluid pressure is applied through feed passage 109 into recesses 106 and 108 which moves the gripping elements 105 into engagement with the inner wall 111 and the cylindrical sealing packer 107 into contact with the inner wall 111. The gripping elements engage with the inner wall 111 of the casing 110 so that rotational force can be transmitted from the apparatus 101 to the casing 110. The sealing packer 107 substantially prevents any fluids such as mud from escaping between the apparatus 101 and the casing 110. This is particularly advantageous where it is desired to circulate fluid to facilitate running the casing. In particular, if the casing string becomes lodged on an obstruction, liquid can be pumped down the casing string under high pressure to remove the obstruction. The sealing packer 10? facilitates this operation by inhibiting liquid under high pressure escaping through the top of the casing 30.
It is envisaged that the apparatus as described above could be used in S conjunction with any of the apparatus and used with any of the methods as described in the co-pending International Applications based on GB Patent Nos. 2 340 857, 2 and 2 340 859 (each published March l, 2000) entitled "An Apparatus for Facilitating the Connection of Tubulars Using a Top Drive", "Method and Apparatus for Facilitating the Connection of Tubulars using a Top Drive" and "Method and Apparatus for Facilitating the Connection of Tubulars using a Top Drive" respectively.
Claims (32)
1. An apparatus for connecting tubulars using a top drive, comprising:
a body connectable to the top drive;
a plurality of rigid gripping pistons radially displaceable by hydraulic or pneumatic fluid directly applied to an inner surface of each gripping piston to drivingly engage a tubular to permit a screw connection between the tubular and a further tubular to be tightened to a required torque, the plurality of gripping pistons disposed within the body in substantially the same axial plane with one another; and a sealing packer to inhibit, in use, fluid in the tubular from escaping therefrom.
a body connectable to the top drive;
a plurality of rigid gripping pistons radially displaceable by hydraulic or pneumatic fluid directly applied to an inner surface of each gripping piston to drivingly engage a tubular to permit a screw connection between the tubular and a further tubular to be tightened to a required torque, the plurality of gripping pistons disposed within the body in substantially the same axial plane with one another; and a sealing packer to inhibit, in use, fluid in the tubular from escaping therefrom.
2. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said sealing packer is actuated by hydraulic or pneumatic fluid.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of gripping pistons are circumferentially spaced from one another in substantially the same axial plane.
4. An apparatus for connecting tubulars, comprising:
a top drive;
a body connectable to the top drive; and at least one recess disposed within an outer surface of the body, wherein the at least one recess houses at least one gripping element, wherein the at least one gripping element is at least one piston radially displaceable outward from the at least one recess by fluid applied to an inner surface thereof to engage a first tubular.
a top drive;
a body connectable to the top drive; and at least one recess disposed within an outer surface of the body, wherein the at least one recess houses at least one gripping element, wherein the at least one gripping element is at least one piston radially displaceable outward from the at least one recess by fluid applied to an inner surface thereof to engage a first tubular.
5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the at least one gripping element transfers rotational torque from the top drive to permit a screw connection between the first tubular and a second tubular.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the screw connection is tightened to a prescribed moment.
7. The apparatus of any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein the at least one recess comprises a plurality of recesses and the at least one gripping element comprises a plurality of gripping elements, each of the plurality of recesses housing each of the plurality of gripping elements.
8. The apparatus of any one of claims 4 to 7, wherein the fluid is directly applied to the inner surface.
9. The apparatus of any one of claims 4 to 8, wherein the at least one recess acts as a cylinder from which the at least one gripping element is displaced radially outward.
10. The apparatus of any one of claims 4 to 9, wherein the at least one gripping element is displaceable radially outward substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the body.
11. The apparatus of any one of claims 4 to 10, further comprising a sealing packer disposed within the outer surface of the body to inhibit fluid in the first tubular from escaping therefrom.
12. An apparatus for connecting tubulars, comprising:
a top drive;
a body having a first and second section;
a plurality of recesses disposed within an outer diameter of the second section and disposed in substantially the same axial plane with one another; and a rigid gripping element disposed within each recess, wherein each gripping element is a piston radially extendable from its respective recess with pressurized hydraulic or pneumatic fluid directly applied to its inner surface.
a top drive;
a body having a first and second section;
a plurality of recesses disposed within an outer diameter of the second section and disposed in substantially the same axial plane with one another; and a rigid gripping element disposed within each recess, wherein each gripping element is a piston radially extendable from its respective recess with pressurized hydraulic or pneumatic fluid directly applied to its inner surface.
13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the first section comprises a splined recess into which a splined connecting member may be located.
14. The apparatus of claim 12 or 13, wherein the gripping elements are radially extendable to engage an inner surface of a tubular.
15. The apparatus of claim 14, further comprising one or more compensating pistons, wherein the compensating pistons are pneumatically operable and adjustable to compensate for different weights of the tubular.
16. The apparatus of claim 14 or 15, wherein the body is connected to the top drive.
17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the top drive provides rotational torque to permit a screw connection between one or more tubulars.
18. An apparatus for connecting tubulars using a top drive, comprising:
a body connectable to the top drive;
a plurality of rigid pistons disposed in substantially the same axial plane and radially displaceable from a plurality of recesses within the body by pressurized fluid directly applied to an inner surface thereof, the plurality of pistons gripping a tubular torsionally to tighten a screw thread on the tubular and gripping the tubular axially to carry the weight of the tubular; and a sealing packer to prohibit pressurized fluid in the tubular from escaping therefrom.
a body connectable to the top drive;
a plurality of rigid pistons disposed in substantially the same axial plane and radially displaceable from a plurality of recesses within the body by pressurized fluid directly applied to an inner surface thereof, the plurality of pistons gripping a tubular torsionally to tighten a screw thread on the tubular and gripping the tubular axially to carry the weight of the tubular; and a sealing packer to prohibit pressurized fluid in the tubular from escaping therefrom.
19. The apparatus of claim 18, further comprising one or more compensating pistons, wherein the compensating pistons are pneumatically operable and adjustable to compensate for different weights of the tubular.
20. An apparatus for connecting tubulars using a top drive, comprising:
a body connectable to said top drive;
a plurality of rigid, fluid-actuated pistons disposed within a plurality of recesses within an outer surface of the body in substantially the same axial plane with one another;
a fluid communication path for delivering fluid pressure directly to the inner surfaces of the plurality of fluid-actuated pistons, the fluid pressure radially displacing the plurality of fluid-actuated pistons to grip an inner surface of a tubular; and a sealing packer to prohibit pressurized fluid in the tubular from escaping therefrom.
a body connectable to said top drive;
a plurality of rigid, fluid-actuated pistons disposed within a plurality of recesses within an outer surface of the body in substantially the same axial plane with one another;
a fluid communication path for delivering fluid pressure directly to the inner surfaces of the plurality of fluid-actuated pistons, the fluid pressure radially displacing the plurality of fluid-actuated pistons to grip an inner surface of a tubular; and a sealing packer to prohibit pressurized fluid in the tubular from escaping therefrom.
21. The apparatus of claim 20, further comprising one or more compensating pistons, wherein the compensating pistons are pneumatically operable and adjustable to compensate for different weights of the tubular.
22. The apparatus of claim 20 or 21, wherein the sealing packer is disposed within a second recess within the outer surface of the body and radially extendable from the second recess to contact the inner surface of the tubular.
23. A method for manipulating tubulars, comprising:
providing a gripping apparatus comprising:
a body having at least one recess therein, and at least one gripping piston disposed within the at least one recess;
radially displacing the at least one gripping piston to grippingly engage an inner surface of a tubular by introducing pressurized fluid behind the at least one gripping piston; and rotating the tubular with a top drive connected to the body.
providing a gripping apparatus comprising:
a body having at least one recess therein, and at least one gripping piston disposed within the at least one recess;
radially displacing the at least one gripping piston to grippingly engage an inner surface of a tubular by introducing pressurized fluid behind the at least one gripping piston; and rotating the tubular with a top drive connected to the body.
24. The method of claim 23, further comprising introducing fluid through the tubular while lowering the tubular.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein the tubular is sealingly engaged by a sealing packer disposed on the body.
26. The method of claim 25, wherein the sealing packer provides a sealed fluid path through the apparatus and the tubular.
27. The method of any one of claims 23 to 26, wherein radially displacing the at least one gripping piston to grippingly engage the inner surface of the tubular is accomplished by introducing pressurized fluid directly behind the at least one gripping piston.
28. The method of claim 27, wherein radially displacing the at least one gripping piston to grippingly engage the inner surface of the tubular by introducing pressurized fluid behind the at least one gripping piston comprises extending the at least one gripping piston radially outward in a line substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the body.
29. An apparatus for connecting tubulars using a top drive, comprising:
a body connectable to the top drive;
a plurality of rigid gripping elements disposed within a plurality of recesses within an outer surface of the body in substantially the same axial plane with one another;
a sealing packer to prohibit. pressurized fluid in the tubular from escaping therefrom; and a fluid communication path for delivering fluid pressure directly to the inner surfaces of the plurality of gripping elements, the fluid pressure radially displacing the plurality of gripping elements to grip an inner surface of a tubular, wherein the fluid communication path is further capable of delivering fluid pressure directly to the sealing packer to radially displace the sealing packer into contact with the inner surface of the tubular.
a body connectable to the top drive;
a plurality of rigid gripping elements disposed within a plurality of recesses within an outer surface of the body in substantially the same axial plane with one another;
a sealing packer to prohibit. pressurized fluid in the tubular from escaping therefrom; and a fluid communication path for delivering fluid pressure directly to the inner surfaces of the plurality of gripping elements, the fluid pressure radially displacing the plurality of gripping elements to grip an inner surface of a tubular, wherein the fluid communication path is further capable of delivering fluid pressure directly to the sealing packer to radially displace the sealing packer into contact with the inner surface of the tubular.
30. An apparatus for connecting tubulars using a top drive, comprising:
a body connectable to the top drive;
a plurality of rigid gripping elements disposed within a plurality of recesses within an outer surface of the body in substantially the same axial plane with one another;
a sealing packer to prohibit pressurized fluid in the tubular from escaping therefrom, the sealing packer disposed within a second recess within the outer surface of the body and radially extendable from the recess to contact the inner surface of the tubular; and a fluid communication path for delivering fluid pressure directly to the inner surfaces of the plurality of gripping elements, the fluid pressure radially displacing the plurality of gripping elements to grip an inner surface of a tubular and the fluid pressure further deliverable directly from the fluid communication path to the sealing packer.
a body connectable to the top drive;
a plurality of rigid gripping elements disposed within a plurality of recesses within an outer surface of the body in substantially the same axial plane with one another;
a sealing packer to prohibit pressurized fluid in the tubular from escaping therefrom, the sealing packer disposed within a second recess within the outer surface of the body and radially extendable from the recess to contact the inner surface of the tubular; and a fluid communication path for delivering fluid pressure directly to the inner surfaces of the plurality of gripping elements, the fluid pressure radially displacing the plurality of gripping elements to grip an inner surface of a tubular and the fluid pressure further deliverable directly from the fluid communication path to the sealing packer.
31. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the at least one recess comprises a plurality of recesses circumferentially spaced within the body and the at least one gripping piston comprises a plurality of gripping pistons, each of the plurality of gripping pistons disposed within each of the plurality of recesses.
32. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the plurality of recesses are circumferentially spaced around the body in substantially the same axial plane.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA002357544A CA2357544A1 (en) | 1998-07-22 | 1999-07-22 | An apparatus for running tubulars into a borehole |
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GBGB9815809.0A GB9815809D0 (en) | 1998-07-22 | 1998-07-22 | Casing running tool |
GB9815809.0 | 1998-07-22 | ||
GB9818358.5 | 1998-08-24 | ||
GB9818358A GB2340856A (en) | 1998-08-24 | 1998-08-24 | An apparatus for facilitating the connection of tubulars using a top drive |
PCT/GB1999/002203 WO2000005483A1 (en) | 1998-07-22 | 1999-07-22 | Connection of tubulars using a top drive |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA002357544A Division CA2357544A1 (en) | 1998-07-22 | 1999-07-22 | An apparatus for running tubulars into a borehole |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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CA2304664A1 CA2304664A1 (en) | 2000-02-03 |
CA2304664C true CA2304664C (en) | 2005-07-12 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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CA002304664A Expired - Lifetime CA2304664C (en) | 1998-07-22 | 1999-07-22 | An apparatus for facilitating the connection of tubulars using a top drive |
Country Status (8)
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US (4) | US20010042625A1 (en) |
EP (2) | EP1015729B1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU770288B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2304664C (en) |
DE (1) | DE69921283D1 (en) |
GB (2) | GB9815809D0 (en) |
NO (2) | NO317223B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2000005483A1 (en) |
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1998
- 1998-07-22 GB GBGB9815809.0A patent/GB9815809D0/en active Pending
- 1998-09-25 GB GBGB9820802.8A patent/GB9820802D0/en not_active Ceased
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1999
- 1999-07-22 EP EP99934833A patent/EP1015729B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-07-22 AU AU50479/99A patent/AU770288B2/en not_active Expired
- 1999-07-22 WO PCT/GB1999/002203 patent/WO2000005483A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1999-07-22 CA CA002304664A patent/CA2304664C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-07-22 EP EP01115964A patent/EP1152119A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-07-22 DE DE69921283T patent/DE69921283D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2000
- 2000-03-16 NO NONO/SPC/2A patent/NO317223B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2001
- 2001-07-06 NO NO20013348A patent/NO20013348D0/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-07-30 US US09/918,233 patent/US20010042625A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2004
- 2004-10-18 US US10/967,387 patent/US20050051343A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2005
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2006
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US20010042625A1 (en) | 2001-11-22 |
NO20001393D0 (en) | 2000-03-16 |
US20070074876A1 (en) | 2007-04-05 |
EP1152119A3 (en) | 2002-11-20 |
NO20013348L (en) | 2000-05-15 |
AU770288B2 (en) | 2004-02-19 |
EP1015729A1 (en) | 2000-07-05 |
NO317223B3 (en) | 2004-09-20 |
DE69921283D1 (en) | 2004-11-25 |
CA2304664A1 (en) | 2000-02-03 |
GB9820802D0 (en) | 1998-11-18 |
NO317223B1 (en) | 2004-09-20 |
NO20013348D0 (en) | 2001-07-06 |
GB9815809D0 (en) | 1998-09-16 |
EP1015729B1 (en) | 2004-10-20 |
US7137454B2 (en) | 2006-11-21 |
AU5047999A (en) | 2000-02-14 |
WO2000005483A1 (en) | 2000-02-03 |
EP1152119A2 (en) | 2001-11-07 |
US20050051343A1 (en) | 2005-03-10 |
US20050269105A1 (en) | 2005-12-08 |
NO20001393L (en) | 2000-05-15 |
US7665531B2 (en) | 2010-02-23 |
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