CA2315024C - Apparatus and method for injecting treatment fluids into an underground formation - Google Patents
Apparatus and method for injecting treatment fluids into an underground formation Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2315024C CA2315024C CA002315024A CA2315024A CA2315024C CA 2315024 C CA2315024 C CA 2315024C CA 002315024 A CA002315024 A CA 002315024A CA 2315024 A CA2315024 A CA 2315024A CA 2315024 C CA2315024 C CA 2315024C
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- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- tool
- fluid
- annular space
- formation
- surrounding
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
- E21B17/20—Flexible or articulated drilling pipes, e.g. flexible or articulated rods, pipes or cables
- E21B17/203—Flexible or articulated drilling pipes, e.g. flexible or articulated rods, pipes or cables with plural fluid passages
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/62—Compositions for forming crevices or fractures
- C09K8/72—Eroding chemicals, e.g. acids
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
- E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
- E21B33/12—Packers; Plugs
- E21B33/124—Units with longitudinally-spaced plugs for isolating the intermediate space
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/02—Subsoil filtering
- E21B43/025—Consolidation of loose sand or the like round the wells without excessively decreasing the permeability thereof
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
Abstract
A tool and method are disclosed for injecting various treatment fluids into a formation surrounding an underground borehole. The tool (1) comprises at least three axially spaced swab assemblies (7, 8, 9) which define at least two annular spaces (10, 11) between the tool body (5) and the wellbore (12). In use the tool (1) is moved through the wellbore (12) whilst a first treatment fluid (18) such as a sand consolidation agent or production stimulation chemical is pumped via a first annular space (10) into the formation (16) and a second treatment fluid (19), such as an overflush fluid, is pumped via a second annular space (11) into the formation (16). The tool (1) allows accurate and continuous injection of various treatment fluids over long intervals into the formation (16) without requiring cycling to new fluids.
Description
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR INJECTING TREATMENT FLUIDS INTO AN UNDERGROUND
FORMATION
Backcxround of the Invention The invention relates to a tool and method for injecting treatment fluids, such as a sand consolidation agent or production stimulation chemical and an overflush fluid, into a formation surrounding an underground borehole.
It is known from US patent specification No. 3,765,484 to treat an unconsolidated e.g. sandy subsurface earth formation surrounding an underground borehoie by introducing a treatment fluid which comprises a consolidation agent into the pore spaces of the formation in the vicinity of the wellbore.
The tool known from this prior art reference is designed to inject a treatment fluid into the formation via perforations in a well casing. Other tools for injecting a treatment fluid into a formation via perforations in a well casing are disclosed in US patent specifications Nos. 3,487,877; 3,593,910 and 3,861,465.
The known tools generally comprise a pair of axially ~ spaced packers which define an. annular space via which the treatment fluid is injected into the surrounding perforations.
A limitation of the known tools is that they are designed to inject a batch of treatment fluid over a limited length interval via perforations into the formation. If parts of the formation surrounding perforations at different levels in a well are to be treated then the tool is moved to another level and the injection of a batch of treatment fluid is repeated once the tool has been positioned adjacent the perforations.
FORMATION
Backcxround of the Invention The invention relates to a tool and method for injecting treatment fluids, such as a sand consolidation agent or production stimulation chemical and an overflush fluid, into a formation surrounding an underground borehole.
It is known from US patent specification No. 3,765,484 to treat an unconsolidated e.g. sandy subsurface earth formation surrounding an underground borehoie by introducing a treatment fluid which comprises a consolidation agent into the pore spaces of the formation in the vicinity of the wellbore.
The tool known from this prior art reference is designed to inject a treatment fluid into the formation via perforations in a well casing. Other tools for injecting a treatment fluid into a formation via perforations in a well casing are disclosed in US patent specifications Nos. 3,487,877; 3,593,910 and 3,861,465.
The known tools generally comprise a pair of axially ~ spaced packers which define an. annular space via which the treatment fluid is injected into the surrounding perforations.
A limitation of the known tools is that they are designed to inject a batch of treatment fluid over a limited length interval via perforations into the formation. If parts of the formation surrounding perforations at different levels in a well are to be treated then the tool is moved to another level and the injection of a batch of treatment fluid is repeated once the tool has been positioned adjacent the perforations.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a tool and method which are able to inject treatments fluids, such as a sand consolidation agent, stimulation chemicals and/or overflush fluids over a long interval into a formation surrounding an underground borehole.
Summary of the Invention The tool according to the invention thereto comprises - a tool body which defines a longitudinal axis that extends in use in a longitudinal direction within an underground wellbore:
- at least three axially spaced swab assemblies which are carried by the tool body such that in use at least two axially spaced annular spaces are formed between the tool body and the wellbore:
- at least two treatment fluid supply conduits which are each connectable in fluid communication with one of the annular spaces: and - means for moving the tool body in a longitudinal direction at a controlled speed through the borehole while different treatment fluids are injected simultaneously via the supply conduits and annular spaces into the surrounding formation.
Preferably the fluid supply conduits comprise a pair of concentric coiled tubings and each fluid supply conduit is connectable to a pump which is adapted to pump fluid at a controlled flow rate via the supply conduit and associated annular space into the pore spaces of the earth formation surrounding the annular space.
The method in accordance with the invention of injecting fluids into a formation surrounding an underground borehole using the above-described tool comprises moving the tool in a longitudinal direction through the wellbore: and simultaneously pumping a first treatment fluid via one of the fluid supply conduits into the pore spaces of the formation surrounding one of the WO 99134092 PCT~~
Summary of the Invention The tool according to the invention thereto comprises - a tool body which defines a longitudinal axis that extends in use in a longitudinal direction within an underground wellbore:
- at least three axially spaced swab assemblies which are carried by the tool body such that in use at least two axially spaced annular spaces are formed between the tool body and the wellbore:
- at least two treatment fluid supply conduits which are each connectable in fluid communication with one of the annular spaces: and - means for moving the tool body in a longitudinal direction at a controlled speed through the borehole while different treatment fluids are injected simultaneously via the supply conduits and annular spaces into the surrounding formation.
Preferably the fluid supply conduits comprise a pair of concentric coiled tubings and each fluid supply conduit is connectable to a pump which is adapted to pump fluid at a controlled flow rate via the supply conduit and associated annular space into the pore spaces of the earth formation surrounding the annular space.
The method in accordance with the invention of injecting fluids into a formation surrounding an underground borehole using the above-described tool comprises moving the tool in a longitudinal direction through the wellbore: and simultaneously pumping a first treatment fluid via one of the fluid supply conduits into the pore spaces of the formation surrounding one of the WO 99134092 PCT~~
annular spaces whilst a second treatment fluid is pumped via another fluid supply conduit into the pore spaces of the formation surrounding another annular space.
Preferably, the tool is pulled or pushed through the borehole by the supply lines and a preflush fluid is injected into the pore spaces of the formation surrounding the wellbore in front of the tool via an annular space surrounding the supply lines.
It is also preferred that the first treatment fluid is injected via the foremost annular space surrounding the tool body which carries the swab assemblies and a second treatment fluid is injected via the rearmost annular space surrounding the tool body.
If in that case the fluid supply lines comprise a pair of concentric coiled tubings it is furthermore preferred that the first treatment fluid is injected into the foremost annular space via the outer coiled tubing and the second treatment fluid is injected into the rearmost annular space via the inner coiled tubing, which inner tubing extends through the centre of the tool body such that it is in fluid communication with the rearmost annular space.
Furthermore it is preferred that the first and second treatment fluids are pumped into the annular spaces at controlled pump rates which are proportional to the speed at which the tool is moved through the wellbore.
The tool and method according to the present invention enable injection of treatment fluids over any length of an underground formation surrounding a wellbore in an accurate, simple and reliable manner.
The tool according to the invention allows continuous pumping of treatment fluids into the formation while the tool is moved along the target completion zone. The treatment fluids are pumped continuously via the annular spaces between the swab-assemblies into the formation. At any one time only a limited zone is treated, resulting in improved placement. No wellbore cycling to new fluids is necessary because the annular spaces between the swab assemblies remain filled with one type of fluid thus further improving placement. As a result of more efficient placement treatment volumes can be reduced. The interval length which can be treated is increased at significantly reduced cost.
The tool and method according to the invention can be used for any matrix treatment of longer completion intervals in which more than one treatment fluid needs to be placed into the formation.
It is observed that US patent specification No.
3,935,910 discloses a method for moulding a protective sleeve and tubing onto the bore-hole wall during drilling. The known sleeve and tubing, however, form an impermeable internal lining of the wellbore which protect the borehole against caving in and no material is injected into the surrounding formation.
Furthermore, it is observed that Australian patent AU 548335 discloses a well sampling device which comprises a series of resilient packer elements between which two annular spaces can be created via which pore fluids can be sampled simultaneously from different levels in the well. The known device is, however, not moved through the well during the sampling activity.
Finally it is observed that German gebrauchsmuster DE 8801702 U discloses a water purification well in which water is injected radially into an annular sandy layer surrounding the well via an upper annular space and subsequently sucked into the well via a lower annular space. Also this device is not moved through the well during the water purification process.
WO 99134092 PGTIEP98~8548 Brief Description of the Drawing The method and tool according to the invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawing in which Fig. 1 shows a diagrammatic longitudinal 5 sectional view of a preferred embodiment of the tool in an underground borehole.
Detailed Description of the Invention In Fig. 1 there is shown a fluid injection tool 1 according to the invention which is pulled through an underground borehole 2 by a pair of co-axial coiled tubings 3 and 4.
The tool comprises an elongate tool body 5 which defines a longitudinal axis 6 that coincides with a central axis of the borehole 2.
The tool body 5 carries three axially spaced swab assemblies 7, 8 and 9 which form two axially spaced annular spaces 10 and 11 between the tool body 5 and the wall 12 of the borehole 2.
The first annular space 10 is in fluid communication with the interior of the outer coiled tubing 3 via perforations 13 that are drilled through the wall of the tool body 5.
The second annular space 11 is in fluid communication with the interior of the inner coiled tubing 4 via perforations 14 that are drilled through the wall of the tool body 5.
In the example shown the wall 12 of the borehole is formed by a steel casing I2 into which a series of perforations 15 have been shot using a perforation gun.
These perforations also extend through a cement annulus (not shown), if any, surrounding the casing I2 and into the surrounding oil and/or gas bearing formation 16.
As illustrated by arrow 1? the tool 1 is pulled through the borehole 2 by the coiled tubings 3 and 4.
WO 99134092 ~T~~
s At the same time a first fluid 18 is pumped at a controlled rate via the outer coiled tubing 3, the first annular space 10 and perforations 15 into the pore spaces of the surrounding formation 16. Simultaneously a second fluid 19 is pumped at a controlled rate via the inner coiled tubing, the second annular space 11 and perforations 15 into the pore spaces of the surrounding formation.
Also at the same time a preflush fluid 20 is pumped down via the annulus 21 between the outer coiled tubing 3 and the casing 12 and perforations 15 into the formation 16.
In this manner three concentric annular fluid layers are injected into the formation 16 while the tool 1 is pulled through the borehole 2. The most outward annular fluid layer contains the preflush fluid 20 and the most inward annular fluid layer contains the second fluid 19, which suitably is an overflush fluid.
The intermediate annular fluid layer contains the first fluid 18 which suitably contains a formation consolidation agent or a chemical for stimulating production of oil and/or gas via the pore space of the formation 16.
The tool 1 according to the invention can be used for any matrix treatment of longer completion intervals in which more than one treatment fluid needs to be placed into the formation 16.
The swab assemblies 7, 8 and 9 can comprise single or multiple swab cup assemblies that are known per se.
Instead of using the tool 1 in a cased borehole 2 it may be used in an open i.e. uncased borehole as well, provided that in such case the swab assemblies 7, 8 and 9 are sufficiently flexible to provide effective seals between the subsequent annular spaces 21, 10 and 11.
The tool (1) allows accurate and continuous injection of various treatment fluids (18, 19, 20) over long intervals and at well defined depths into the formation (16) surrounding the borehole (2) without requiring cycling to new fluids.
Preferably, the tool is pulled or pushed through the borehole by the supply lines and a preflush fluid is injected into the pore spaces of the formation surrounding the wellbore in front of the tool via an annular space surrounding the supply lines.
It is also preferred that the first treatment fluid is injected via the foremost annular space surrounding the tool body which carries the swab assemblies and a second treatment fluid is injected via the rearmost annular space surrounding the tool body.
If in that case the fluid supply lines comprise a pair of concentric coiled tubings it is furthermore preferred that the first treatment fluid is injected into the foremost annular space via the outer coiled tubing and the second treatment fluid is injected into the rearmost annular space via the inner coiled tubing, which inner tubing extends through the centre of the tool body such that it is in fluid communication with the rearmost annular space.
Furthermore it is preferred that the first and second treatment fluids are pumped into the annular spaces at controlled pump rates which are proportional to the speed at which the tool is moved through the wellbore.
The tool and method according to the present invention enable injection of treatment fluids over any length of an underground formation surrounding a wellbore in an accurate, simple and reliable manner.
The tool according to the invention allows continuous pumping of treatment fluids into the formation while the tool is moved along the target completion zone. The treatment fluids are pumped continuously via the annular spaces between the swab-assemblies into the formation. At any one time only a limited zone is treated, resulting in improved placement. No wellbore cycling to new fluids is necessary because the annular spaces between the swab assemblies remain filled with one type of fluid thus further improving placement. As a result of more efficient placement treatment volumes can be reduced. The interval length which can be treated is increased at significantly reduced cost.
The tool and method according to the invention can be used for any matrix treatment of longer completion intervals in which more than one treatment fluid needs to be placed into the formation.
It is observed that US patent specification No.
3,935,910 discloses a method for moulding a protective sleeve and tubing onto the bore-hole wall during drilling. The known sleeve and tubing, however, form an impermeable internal lining of the wellbore which protect the borehole against caving in and no material is injected into the surrounding formation.
Furthermore, it is observed that Australian patent AU 548335 discloses a well sampling device which comprises a series of resilient packer elements between which two annular spaces can be created via which pore fluids can be sampled simultaneously from different levels in the well. The known device is, however, not moved through the well during the sampling activity.
Finally it is observed that German gebrauchsmuster DE 8801702 U discloses a water purification well in which water is injected radially into an annular sandy layer surrounding the well via an upper annular space and subsequently sucked into the well via a lower annular space. Also this device is not moved through the well during the water purification process.
WO 99134092 PGTIEP98~8548 Brief Description of the Drawing The method and tool according to the invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawing in which Fig. 1 shows a diagrammatic longitudinal 5 sectional view of a preferred embodiment of the tool in an underground borehole.
Detailed Description of the Invention In Fig. 1 there is shown a fluid injection tool 1 according to the invention which is pulled through an underground borehole 2 by a pair of co-axial coiled tubings 3 and 4.
The tool comprises an elongate tool body 5 which defines a longitudinal axis 6 that coincides with a central axis of the borehole 2.
The tool body 5 carries three axially spaced swab assemblies 7, 8 and 9 which form two axially spaced annular spaces 10 and 11 between the tool body 5 and the wall 12 of the borehole 2.
The first annular space 10 is in fluid communication with the interior of the outer coiled tubing 3 via perforations 13 that are drilled through the wall of the tool body 5.
The second annular space 11 is in fluid communication with the interior of the inner coiled tubing 4 via perforations 14 that are drilled through the wall of the tool body 5.
In the example shown the wall 12 of the borehole is formed by a steel casing I2 into which a series of perforations 15 have been shot using a perforation gun.
These perforations also extend through a cement annulus (not shown), if any, surrounding the casing I2 and into the surrounding oil and/or gas bearing formation 16.
As illustrated by arrow 1? the tool 1 is pulled through the borehole 2 by the coiled tubings 3 and 4.
WO 99134092 ~T~~
s At the same time a first fluid 18 is pumped at a controlled rate via the outer coiled tubing 3, the first annular space 10 and perforations 15 into the pore spaces of the surrounding formation 16. Simultaneously a second fluid 19 is pumped at a controlled rate via the inner coiled tubing, the second annular space 11 and perforations 15 into the pore spaces of the surrounding formation.
Also at the same time a preflush fluid 20 is pumped down via the annulus 21 between the outer coiled tubing 3 and the casing 12 and perforations 15 into the formation 16.
In this manner three concentric annular fluid layers are injected into the formation 16 while the tool 1 is pulled through the borehole 2. The most outward annular fluid layer contains the preflush fluid 20 and the most inward annular fluid layer contains the second fluid 19, which suitably is an overflush fluid.
The intermediate annular fluid layer contains the first fluid 18 which suitably contains a formation consolidation agent or a chemical for stimulating production of oil and/or gas via the pore space of the formation 16.
The tool 1 according to the invention can be used for any matrix treatment of longer completion intervals in which more than one treatment fluid needs to be placed into the formation 16.
The swab assemblies 7, 8 and 9 can comprise single or multiple swab cup assemblies that are known per se.
Instead of using the tool 1 in a cased borehole 2 it may be used in an open i.e. uncased borehole as well, provided that in such case the swab assemblies 7, 8 and 9 are sufficiently flexible to provide effective seals between the subsequent annular spaces 21, 10 and 11.
The tool (1) allows accurate and continuous injection of various treatment fluids (18, 19, 20) over long intervals and at well defined depths into the formation (16) surrounding the borehole (2) without requiring cycling to new fluids.
Claims (10)
1. A tool for injecting treatment fluids into a formation surrounding an underground borehole, the tool comprising:
- a tool body which defines a longitudinal axis that extends in use in a longitudinal direction within an underground wellbore;
- at least three axially spaced swab assemblies which are carried by the tool body such that in use at least two axially spaced annular spaces are formed between the tool body and the wellbore;
- at least two treatment fluid supply conduits which are each connectable in fluid communication with one of the annular spaces; and - means for moving the tool body in a longitudinal direction at a controlled speed through the borehole while different treatment fluids are injected simultaneously via the supply conduits and the annular spaces into the surrounding formation.
- a tool body which defines a longitudinal axis that extends in use in a longitudinal direction within an underground wellbore;
- at least three axially spaced swab assemblies which are carried by the tool body such that in use at least two axially spaced annular spaces are formed between the tool body and the wellbore;
- at least two treatment fluid supply conduits which are each connectable in fluid communication with one of the annular spaces; and - means for moving the tool body in a longitudinal direction at a controlled speed through the borehole while different treatment fluids are injected simultaneously via the supply conduits and the annular spaces into the surrounding formation.
2. The tool of claim 1 wherein each fluid supply conduit is connectable to a pump which is adapted to pump fluid at a controlled flow rate via the supply conduit and associated annular space into the pore spaces of the earth formation surrounding the annular space.
3. The tool of claim 1 wherein the fluid supply conduits comprise a pair of concentric coiled tubings.
4. A method for injecting treatment fluids into formation surrounding an underground borehole using the tool of claim 1, the method comprising:
moving the tool in a longitudinal direction through the wellbore; and simultaneously pumping a first treatment fluid via one of the fluid supply conduits into the pore spaces of the formation surrounding one of the annular spaces whilst a second treatment fluid is pumped via another fluid supply conduit into the pore spaces of the formation surrounding another annular space.
moving the tool in a longitudinal direction through the wellbore; and simultaneously pumping a first treatment fluid via one of the fluid supply conduits into the pore spaces of the formation surrounding one of the annular spaces whilst a second treatment fluid is pumped via another fluid supply conduit into the pore spaces of the formation surrounding another annular space.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the tool is pulled or pushed through the borehole by the supply lines and a preflush fluid is injected into the pore spaces of the formation surrounding the wellbore in front of the tool via an annular space surrounding the supply lines.
6. The method of claim 4 wherein the first treatment fluid is injected via the foremost annular space surrounding the tool body which carries the swab assemblies and an second treatment fluid is injected via the rearmost annular space surrounding the tool body.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the fluid supply lines comprise a pair of concentric coiled tubings, the first treatment fluid is injected into the foremost annular space via the outer coiled tubing and the second treatment fluid is injected into the rearmost annular space via the inner coiled tubing, which inner tubing extends through the centre of the tool body such that it is in fluid communication with the rearmost annular space.
8. The method of claim 4 wherein the first and second treatment fluids are pumped into the annular spaces at controlled pump rates which are proportional to the speed at which the tool is moved through the wellbore.
9. The method of claim 4 wherein the first treatment fluid comprises a sand consolidation agent and the second treatment fluid is an overflush fluid.
10. The method of claim 4 wherein the first treatment fluid comprises a chemical for stimulating the production of oil and/or gas from the underground formation and the second treatment fluid is an overflush fluid.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP97310613.1 | 1997-12-24 | ||
| EP97310613A EP0926310A1 (en) | 1997-12-24 | 1997-12-24 | Apparatus and method for injecting treatment fluids into an underground formation |
| PCT/EP1998/008548 WO1999034092A1 (en) | 1997-12-24 | 1998-12-23 | Apparatus and method for injecting treatment fluids into an underground formation |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2315024A1 CA2315024A1 (en) | 1999-07-08 |
| CA2315024C true CA2315024C (en) | 2006-02-07 |
Family
ID=8229686
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002315024A Expired - Lifetime CA2315024C (en) | 1997-12-24 | 1998-12-23 | Apparatus and method for injecting treatment fluids into an underground formation |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6260622B1 (en) |
| EP (2) | EP0926310A1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU739175B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2315024C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69804017T2 (en) |
| GC (1) | GC0000013A (en) |
| NO (1) | NO320304B1 (en) |
| OA (1) | OA11436A (en) |
| RU (1) | RU2209296C2 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1999034092A1 (en) |
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1998
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| EP0926310A1 (en) | 1999-06-30 |
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| EP1042583A1 (en) | 2000-10-11 |
| US6260622B1 (en) | 2001-07-17 |
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