CA2336447A1 - Continuous bulk polymerization and esterification process and compositions including the polymeric product - Google Patents
Continuous bulk polymerization and esterification process and compositions including the polymeric product Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2336447A1 CA2336447A1 CA002336447A CA2336447A CA2336447A1 CA 2336447 A1 CA2336447 A1 CA 2336447A1 CA 002336447 A CA002336447 A CA 002336447A CA 2336447 A CA2336447 A CA 2336447A CA 2336447 A1 CA2336447 A1 CA 2336447A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- polymeric
- ethylenically unsaturated
- functional monomer
- unsaturated acid
- polymeric product
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract 4
- 238000012662 bulk polymerization Methods 0.000 title abstract 2
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 title abstract 2
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 title abstract 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title abstract 2
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 abstract 5
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 abstract 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 abstract 2
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000693 micelle Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
- C08F2/02—Polymerisation in bulk
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K23/00—Use of substances as emulsifying, wetting, dispersing, or foam-producing agents
- C09K23/017—Mixtures of compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F20/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride, ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F20/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms, Derivatives thereof
- C08F20/04—Acids, Metal salts or ammonium salts thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F22/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical and containing at least one other carboxyl radical in the molecule; Salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof
- C08F22/04—Anhydrides, e.g. cyclic anhydrides
- C08F22/06—Maleic anhydride
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F220/04—Acids; Metal salts or ammonium salts thereof
- C08F220/06—Acrylic acid; Methacrylic acid; Metal salts or ammonium salts thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F220/10—Esters
- C08F220/12—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols
- C08F220/16—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols of phenols or of alcohols containing two or more carbon atoms
- C08F220/18—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols of phenols or of alcohols containing two or more carbon atoms with acrylic or methacrylic acids
- C08F220/1818—C13or longer chain (meth)acrylate, e.g. stearyl (meth)acrylate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09G—POLISHING COMPOSITIONS; SKI WAXES
- C09G1/00—Polishing compositions
- C09G1/06—Other polishing compositions
- C09G1/14—Other polishing compositions based on non-waxy substances
- C09G1/16—Other polishing compositions based on non-waxy substances on natural or synthetic resins
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K23/00—Use of substances as emulsifying, wetting, dispersing, or foam-producing agents
- C09K23/16—Amines or polyamines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K23/00—Use of substances as emulsifying, wetting, dispersing, or foam-producing agents
- C09K23/52—Natural or synthetic resins or their salts
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
- D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
- D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D21H17/34—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D21H17/37—Polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof, e.g. polyacrylates
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
- D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
- D21H17/21—Macromolecular organic compounds of natural origin; Derivatives thereof
- D21H17/24—Polysaccharides
- D21H17/28—Starch
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
- D21H21/14—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties characterised by function or properties in or on the paper
- D21H21/16—Sizing or water-repelling agents
Abstract
A continuous bulk polymerization and esterification process includes continuously charging into a reaction zone at least one ethylenically unsaturated acid-functional monomer and at least one linear or branched chain alkanol having greater than 11 carbon atoms.
The process includes including maintaining a flow rate. through the reaction zone sufficient to provide an average residence time of less than .50 minutes and maintaining a temperature in the reaction zone sufficient to produce a polymeric product incorporating at least some of the alkanol as an ester of the polymerized ethylenically unsaturated acid-functional monomer. The polymeric product is used in various processes to produce water-based compositions including emulsions and dispersions such as oil emulsions, wax dispersions, pigment dispersions, surfactants and coatings which contain the polymeric product. A
polymeric surfactant includes at least one ethylenically unsaturated acid-functional monomer which has been radically incorporated into the polymeric surfactant and at least one ester of the incorporated ethylenically unsaturated acid-functional monomer which has a linear or branched chain alkyl group with greater than 11 carbon atoms. The molar critical micelle concentration of the polymeric surfactant is less than 1.0 × 10 -2 moles/liter. Aqueous 2 percent neutralized solutions of certain polymeric surfactants have a surface tension of less than 45 mN/m at 30°C and exhibit a decrease in surface tension of at least 5 mN/m as the temperature warms from 30 °C to 50 °C.
The process includes including maintaining a flow rate. through the reaction zone sufficient to provide an average residence time of less than .50 minutes and maintaining a temperature in the reaction zone sufficient to produce a polymeric product incorporating at least some of the alkanol as an ester of the polymerized ethylenically unsaturated acid-functional monomer. The polymeric product is used in various processes to produce water-based compositions including emulsions and dispersions such as oil emulsions, wax dispersions, pigment dispersions, surfactants and coatings which contain the polymeric product. A
polymeric surfactant includes at least one ethylenically unsaturated acid-functional monomer which has been radically incorporated into the polymeric surfactant and at least one ester of the incorporated ethylenically unsaturated acid-functional monomer which has a linear or branched chain alkyl group with greater than 11 carbon atoms. The molar critical micelle concentration of the polymeric surfactant is less than 1.0 × 10 -2 moles/liter. Aqueous 2 percent neutralized solutions of certain polymeric surfactants have a surface tension of less than 45 mN/m at 30°C and exhibit a decrease in surface tension of at least 5 mN/m as the temperature warms from 30 °C to 50 °C.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US9240598P | 1998-07-10 | 1998-07-10 | |
US60/092,405 | 1998-07-10 | ||
PCT/US1999/015163 WO2000002934A1 (en) | 1998-07-10 | 1999-07-02 | Continuous bulk polymerization and esterification process and compositions including the polymeric product |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2336447A1 true CA2336447A1 (en) | 2000-01-20 |
CA2336447C CA2336447C (en) | 2007-08-21 |
Family
ID=22233058
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA002336447A Expired - Lifetime CA2336447C (en) | 1998-07-10 | 1999-07-02 | Continuous bulk polymerization and esterification process and compositions including the polymeric product |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (3) | US6355727B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1097177B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4685239B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR100619648B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1150224C (en) |
AU (1) | AU4969199A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2336447C (en) |
DE (1) | DE69937610T2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2297929T3 (en) |
MX (1) | MXPA01000320A (en) |
TW (1) | TWI237642B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2000002934A1 (en) |
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JP4336442B2 (en) * | 2000-05-23 | 2009-09-30 | キヤノン株式会社 | Solar cell module |
US6906164B2 (en) * | 2000-12-07 | 2005-06-14 | Eastman Chemical Company | Polyester process using a pipe reactor |
US6689200B2 (en) | 2001-07-25 | 2004-02-10 | The Sherwin-Williams Company | Film-forming water-based water repellent coating compositions |
US6667023B2 (en) * | 2002-03-01 | 2003-12-23 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Preparation of MFI type crystalline zeolitic aluminosilicate |
US7585924B2 (en) * | 2002-07-11 | 2009-09-08 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Pressurized high temperature polymerization process and polymerization system used therein |
DE10326630A1 (en) * | 2003-06-11 | 2005-01-05 | Basf Ag | Use of aqueous dispersions containing ethylene copolymer waxes |
US8329807B2 (en) * | 2003-08-18 | 2012-12-11 | Columbia Insurance Company | Latex paint film resistant to adverse effects of water, and compositions and methods for making same |
US7402627B2 (en) * | 2003-08-18 | 2008-07-22 | Columbia Insurance Company | Precursor colorant composition for latex paint |
US9139676B2 (en) | 2003-08-18 | 2015-09-22 | Benjamin Moore & Co. | Environmentally friendly colorant compositions and latex paints/coatings |
US7572863B2 (en) * | 2004-12-28 | 2009-08-11 | Countil Of Scientific And Industrial Research | Hydrophobically modified poly(acrylic acid) [PAA] and process of preparation thereof |
KR100745901B1 (en) * | 2005-05-19 | 2007-08-02 | 주식회사 하이닉스반도체 | Composition for Coating Photoresist Pattern and Method for Forming Fine Pattern Using the Same |
CA2600288A1 (en) * | 2005-09-19 | 2007-04-12 | Combe Incorporated | Stable emulsion systems with high salt tolerance |
CN101395507A (en) * | 2006-03-09 | 2009-03-25 | 柯尼卡美能达精密光学株式会社 | Polarizer protection film, polarizing plate and vertically aligned liquid crystal display |
EP2074182A4 (en) * | 2006-10-13 | 2011-04-27 | Sun Chemical Corp | Stable offset emulsion inks containing non-water soluble polymeric surfactants |
CN101535257A (en) * | 2006-11-03 | 2009-09-16 | 太阳化学公司 | Water tolerant emulsion stabilizers |
US7943094B2 (en) * | 2006-12-07 | 2011-05-17 | Grupo Petrotemex, S.A. De C.V. | Polyester production system employing horizontally elongated esterification vessel |
US20080139780A1 (en) * | 2006-12-07 | 2008-06-12 | Debruin Bruce Roger | Polyester production system employing short residence time esterification |
US7649109B2 (en) * | 2006-12-07 | 2010-01-19 | Eastman Chemical Company | Polyester production system employing recirculation of hot alcohol to esterification zone |
US8089474B2 (en) * | 2006-12-28 | 2012-01-03 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Location sensing system and method employing adaptive drive signal adjustment |
US7863477B2 (en) * | 2007-03-08 | 2011-01-04 | Eastman Chemical Company | Polyester production system employing hot paste to esterification zone |
US7872090B2 (en) * | 2007-07-12 | 2011-01-18 | Eastman Chemical Company | Reactor system with optimized heating and phase separation |
US7847053B2 (en) * | 2007-07-12 | 2010-12-07 | Eastman Chemical Company | Multi-level tubular reactor with oppositely extending segments |
US7829653B2 (en) * | 2007-07-12 | 2010-11-09 | Eastman Chemical Company | Horizontal trayed reactor |
US7842777B2 (en) * | 2007-07-12 | 2010-11-30 | Eastman Chemical Company | Sloped tubular reactor with divided flow |
US7872089B2 (en) | 2007-07-12 | 2011-01-18 | Eastman Chemical Company | Multi-level tubular reactor with internal tray |
US7858730B2 (en) * | 2007-07-12 | 2010-12-28 | Eastman Chemical Company | Multi-level tubular reactor with dual headers |
US7868129B2 (en) * | 2007-07-12 | 2011-01-11 | Eastman Chemical Company | Sloped tubular reactor with spaced sequential trays |
US7868130B2 (en) * | 2007-07-12 | 2011-01-11 | Eastman Chemical Company | Multi-level tubular reactor with vertically spaced segments |
EP2310483B1 (en) | 2008-07-07 | 2016-03-16 | Basf Se | Enzyme composition comprising enzyme containing polymer particles |
CN101575397B (en) * | 2009-06-02 | 2011-12-14 | 中山大学 | Method for preparing water-soluble solid styrene/acrylic resin and application thereof |
US8044140B2 (en) * | 2009-06-12 | 2011-10-25 | Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc | Methods and compositions for pigmented self-stratifying coatings |
CA2779173A1 (en) | 2009-10-30 | 2011-05-05 | Fln Feuerloeschgeraete Neuruppin Vertriebs Gmbh | Composition suitable for production of foam extinguishants |
DE102009046922A1 (en) | 2009-11-20 | 2011-05-26 | Evonik Röhm Gmbh | Bulk polymerization of (meth) acrylate copolymers, which are soluble in the aqueous-alkaline |
KR101409208B1 (en) | 2011-04-13 | 2014-06-20 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | Method for synthesizing a resin composition for optical film using continuous bulk polymerization and method for manufacturing an optical film and polarizing plate using the same |
KR101495211B1 (en) * | 2013-01-08 | 2015-02-24 | 한화케미칼 주식회사 | Resin for blister package and preparation method thereof |
EP2960262A1 (en) * | 2014-06-23 | 2015-12-30 | Henkel AG&Co. KGAA | Polymer system based on hydrophobically modified water soluble polymers |
EP2960261A1 (en) * | 2014-06-23 | 2015-12-30 | Henkel AG&Co. KGAA | Polymer system based on hydrophobically modified water soluble polymers |
SG11201701878TA (en) * | 2014-09-17 | 2017-04-27 | Vito Nv | Reaction process with membrane separation |
FR3027308B1 (en) * | 2014-10-15 | 2018-01-26 | Lvmh Recherche | AMPHIPHILIC ACRYLIC COPOLYMERS, PROCESS FOR PREPARATION AND USES |
US11365757B2 (en) | 2016-08-12 | 2022-06-21 | Lisi Aerospace | Fastener with lubricating ring for interference fitting, and assembly method using such a fastener |
CN107262292B (en) * | 2017-06-14 | 2019-02-22 | 广西壮族自治区地质矿产测试研究中心 | Preparation method and application of fine-grain cassiterite collecting agent |
WO2019139396A1 (en) | 2018-01-11 | 2019-07-18 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | Method for preparing low-molecular weight acryl-based resin |
JP7079061B2 (en) * | 2018-02-07 | 2022-06-01 | リシー・エアロスペース | Fasteners with a lubrication ring for tightening and assembly methods using the fasteners |
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DE19538607A1 (en) * | 1995-10-18 | 1997-04-24 | Hoechst Ag | Polymer thickened deicing and anti-icing agent for aircraft |
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DE19632202A1 (en) * | 1996-08-09 | 1998-02-12 | Basf Ag | Pressure-sensitive adhesives based on multi-stage polymers |
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MX200986B (en) | 1997-07-29 | 2001-03-07 | Rohm & Haas | Solubilized hydrophobically-modified alkali-soluble emulsion polymers |
-
1999
- 1999-07-02 JP JP2000559163A patent/JP4685239B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-07-02 ES ES99933691T patent/ES2297929T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-07-02 EP EP99933691A patent/EP1097177B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-07-02 WO PCT/US1999/015163 patent/WO2000002934A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1999-07-02 CN CNB998095206A patent/CN1150224C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-07-02 US US09/347,035 patent/US6355727B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-07-02 KR KR1020017000335A patent/KR100619648B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-07-02 AU AU49691/99A patent/AU4969199A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-07-02 DE DE69937610T patent/DE69937610T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-07-02 CA CA002336447A patent/CA2336447C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-09-18 TW TW088111600A patent/TWI237642B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2001
- 2001-01-10 MX MXPA01000320 patent/MXPA01000320A/en active IP Right Grant
- 2001-10-29 US US10/013,752 patent/US6858678B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2004
- 2004-10-13 US US10/964,219 patent/US20050059782A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1312824A (en) | 2001-09-12 |
EP1097177A1 (en) | 2001-05-09 |
EP1097177B1 (en) | 2007-11-21 |
DE69937610T2 (en) | 2008-09-25 |
CN1150224C (en) | 2004-05-19 |
US6858678B2 (en) | 2005-02-22 |
MXPA01000320A (en) | 2001-07-31 |
US20050059782A1 (en) | 2005-03-17 |
JP4685239B2 (en) | 2011-05-18 |
CA2336447C (en) | 2007-08-21 |
JP2002520430A (en) | 2002-07-09 |
KR20010053452A (en) | 2001-06-25 |
DE69937610D1 (en) | 2008-01-03 |
AU4969199A (en) | 2000-02-01 |
WO2000002934A1 (en) | 2000-01-20 |
US20020082375A1 (en) | 2002-06-27 |
TWI237642B (en) | 2005-08-11 |
ES2297929T3 (en) | 2008-05-01 |
US6355727B1 (en) | 2002-03-12 |
KR100619648B1 (en) | 2006-09-05 |
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