CA2341653C

CA2341653C - An intubation device

Info

Publication number: CA2341653C
Application number: CA002341653A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Amer Shaikh
Original assignee: Intavent Orthofix Ltd
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1998-09-19
Filing date: 1999-09-15
Publication date: 2005-06-14
Anticipated expiration: 2019-09-15
Also published as: CN1225295C; EP1113834B1; PT1113834E; CA2341653A1; JP2002526213A; GB2328879A; AU5876799A; DE69913170T2; DK1113834T3; US6722368B1; ATE254943T1; JP4227732B2; EP1113834A1; ES2212630T3; DE69913170D1; WO2000016841A1; GB9820358D0; AU751251B2; GB2328879B; CN1319025A

Abstract

An intubation device comprises an airway tube (10) a distal end of which is surrounded by an inflatable cuff (12) which is shaped and dimensioned to lie, in use, between the soft palate and the laryngeal inlet posteriorly of the palatopharyngeal folds. When inflated the cuff (12) has roughly the shape of the frustum of a four-sided pyramid with rounded corners and tapers away from its distal end. The distal end of the tube (10) is recessed into the distal end of the cuff so that the latter is an annular protrusion (13) adapted to straddle the upper region of but not to surround the elliptical epiglottis (14) and to fill the piriform fossae (15) on either side thereof.

Description

1 .
"AN INTUBATION DEVICE"
This invention relates to an improved intubation device for use in assisting the breathing of a patient and in administering anaesthetics to a patient, for example during a surgical procedure.
To prevent asphyxiation it is essential to maintain a patent airway to the larynx but it is also essential to prevent penetration of blood and other secretions to the lungs. For purposes of maxillary, facial, oral, dental, nasal, ear and throat surgery it has therefore been common to use an endotracheal tube, which has an inflated cuff which seals the trachea below the vocal cords. However an endotracheal tube cannot be used without first inducing neuromuscular paralysis in the patient, as otherwise touching the vocal cords will induce a reflex spasm which will close the larynx.
International Patent Application publication No. WO 95/33506 and the British patent publications to which it refers disclose a laryngeal mask which, because it is located around the epiglottis and outside the laryngeal inlet, may be used without neuromuscular paralysis. However this mask is a relatively large object and because of its shape presents problems of location which give rise to dangers of injury to the patient.
International Patent Application publication No. WO 95/06492 discloses an alternative to the laryngeal mask, the so-called COPA, which is located higher in the throat and which seals it by forcing forward the tongue and closing the naso-pharynx by lifting the soft palate. Both of these devices must be introduced orally, the laryngeal mask because it is too large to be introduced through the nose and the COPA not only for this reason but because it must close the back of the nose. Therefore both are unsuitable when access to the mouth is required and the COPA device is particularly unsuitable for operations on the back of the mouth or the throat, such as tonsilectomy, because its cuff projects into the oral cavity obscuring both the red tonsils and the uvula.
The principal object of the present invention is to improve upon prior art devices by providing a cuffed tube which although small enough to be introduced through the nose will effectively seal the throat above the epiglottis, at the same time providing access to the back of the mouth.

2.
In accordance with the present invention there is provided an intubation device comprising an airway tube one end of which is surrounded by an inflatable cuff the dimensions of which, when uninflated, are such as to permit its introduction into the throat through the nose, wherein the said end of the tube opens as an annular recess in a distal surface of the cuff so as to provide the cuff with a distal annular protrusion beyond the tube dimensioned to enter the vallecula and seat over an up-per region only of the elliptical epiglottis and to seal the piriform fossae on either side thereof, the cuff being elongated along the airway tube away from said angle to a longest side of the cuff which is generally parallel with the airway tube and is adapted to seal against the posterior pharyngeal wall, the anterior surface of the cuff being domed with a highest point near said annular protrusion, the cuff reducing in cross sectional area away from said annular protrusion such that when inflated the cuff will span the oropharynx in the region behind the palatopharyngeal folds below the solf paoate and above the laryngeal inlet substantially without intrusion into the oral cavity.
It will of course be understood that the fact that the device of the invention can be introduced nasally in no way prevents its insertion orally if that is the preferred option in general airway management.
References to a " cuff" are used herein to denote both a balloon surrounding the tube and a tubular membrane sealed at opposite ends to the tube periphery.
When inflated the cuff is preferable a generally polyhedral body all the corners of which are rounded.
Preferably the plane of said annular protrusion forms an acute angle of approximately 45° with respect to said longest side in the inflated condition of the cuff.
In a preferred embodiment the cuff when inflated has generally the shape of a frustum of a four-sided pyramid of which said longest side is the base, the plane of a proximal surface of the cuff being generally at right angles to the plane of the base.

3.
Preferably the cuf f is provided both with a one-way inflation valve and with a pressure-relief valve, the latter being preset to prevent pressure within the cuff rising above a predetermined value. The pressure-relief valve may be adjustable to vary the predetermined pressure within the cuff which will open the pressure-relief valve. The pressure-relief valve is desirable to prevent over expansion of the cuff, with consequent harm to the patient, which may occur during anaesthesia if anaesthetic gases migrate into the cuff through its membrane material.
The said valves are preferably in a com;non housing which is associated with a pilot balloon, the interior of the pilot balloon com~mmi.cating with the interior of the cuff via an auxiliary line at least part of the length of which is within the wall of the tube.
When the device is to be introduced orally it may further comprise a combined bite-block and connector element insertable in a proximal end of the tube and an apertured mouth surround element which extends from opposite sides of the connector element, the aperture or apertures of the mouth surround element permitting insertion into the mouth of suction equipment alongside said tube when the mouth surround element extends over the mouth of a patient.
The mouth surround element may have an elliptical aperture in the centre of which is a circular component adapted to surround the combined bite-block and connector element.
Opposite ends of the mouth surround element are preferably engageable by opposite ends of an elastic head band, the connection between each end of the band and the mouth surround being by means of components which can be snapped off to permit quick removal of the mouth surround from the face.
A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying Drawings, in which:
Figures 1A and 1B illustrate the distal end of an airway tube provided with a cuff in accordance with the invention AMENDED SHEET

4 .
respectively in side sectional elevation and in ' perspective, Figure 2 is a sectional elevation through the face and throat showing the device of the invention inserted through the nose into the throat, Figure 3 is a posterior view of the mouth and tongue taken ..
generally on the line II-II of Figure 2.
Figure 4A is an enlarged view of the distal end of the airway tube illustrating the connection to a pilot balloon equipped with two valves, Figure 4B is an enlarged view of the valves of Figure 4A, and Figures 5A and 5B illustrate a face mouth surround and associated components at the proximal end of the airway tube.
The device illustrated comprises an airway tube 10 a distal end region 11 of which is surrounded by an inflatable cuf f 12 . The inflation medium may be of any known suitable kind, whether liquid or gaseous and is introduced to the cuff 12 via an auxiliary line 17 (Figure 4A) which in known manner is embedded in the wall of the tube 10 and opens at one end to the interior of the cuff. At its other end the line 17 opens to a pilot balloon 78 equipped with two valves 19 and 20 the function of which will be described later.
The dimensions both of tube 10 and cuff 12 are such as to permit nasal intubation and cuff 12 is shaped and dimensioned to fill the oro-pharynx, when suitably inflated, between the laryngeal inlet and the soft palate behind the palatopharyngeal folds. To achieve this it has the shape illustrated and in particular the distal end of the tube 10 is recessed in a distal surface of the cuff, so that the end of the tube is surrounded by an annular protrusion 13 of the cuff. This annular protrusion is adapted to seat over the upper half only of the elliptical epiglottis 14, extending into the groove of the Vallecula and bilaterally into both Piriform Fossae, forming an effective seal up to an anterior margin level between the Hyoid bone and the Superior Cornua of the Thyroid cartilage (depending on anatomical variations which occur with age and sex). Also to facilitate this the plane of the annular protrusion 13 forms an acute angle of 45~ or more with the plane of the longer side 16 of the cuff which in use will press against the posterior pharyngeal wall. The effect of this is that in use of the device the plane of the protrusion 13 will form an angle of 45~

5.
or less with the axis x-x of the throat (Figure 2). In contrast to this longer side 16 the anterior side 17 of the cuff is domed, the dome having a highest point near the annular protrusion 13 and tapering toward the proximal end 18 of the cuff, so that the cuff reduces in cross sectional area away from the annular protrusion 13.
As will be clearest from Figures lA and 1B the inflated cuff has roughly the shape of the frustum of a four-sided pyramid of which side 16 represents the base and side 17 the frustum surface, although it will be understood that all corners are rounded and all the surfaces which connect them are slightly domed so that the cuff presents no straight edges potentially harmful to throat tissue. In use of the device surfaces D and E (Figure lA) sit below the soft palate and surface C protrudes into the arches on either side of the back of the tongue known as the palatopharyngeal folds from which the gelatinous uvula is suspended. This leaves the red tonsils open and available for removal. The relatively long, relatively straight surface 16 presses against the posterior pharyngeal wall 28 (Figure 2), helping to locate the device and prevent any tendency to rotate about a horizontal axis.
The annular protrusion 13 is shaped and dimensioned to enter and locate over the Vallecula groove on top of the elliptical epiglottis and to extend into the gutter-like Piriform Fossae 15 on either side of the latter to provide a blood and secretion-tight seal across the throat which will prevent such material reaching the larynx from the nose or mouth. It is to be noted that the device of the invention achieves this without surrounding the elliptical epiglottis in the manner of a laryngeal mask and consequently without deep penetration of the throat, without substantial displacement of the tongue and without closing or filling either the nasal or the oral cavity. These features and the relatively small size of the device reduce the dangers of damage to tissue present when using prior art devices.
In use of the device of the invention first it is introduced into the throat with the cuff in a deflated condition, either through the nose or the mouth. Gas is introduced into the pilot balloon 78 through non-return valve 19, typically using a syringe 21 (Figure 4B). The pressure relief valve 20 is also spring-biassed to the closed position, the loading of the spring and hence the setting at which the valve opens being adjustable by means of a screw 22. It is intended that the relief valve 20 should have a restricted gas escape passage such that excess pressure is relieved quite slowly, the resulting hiss or some auditory signal associated with the escaping gas alerting the operator to the existence of excess pressure.
Initially the cuff 12 is slightly over inflated (relative to the setting of the relief valve 20) so as to accommodate the cuff to the particular patient's throat. The pressure relief valve 20 opens to bring the ~, pressure within cuff 12 down to the selected operating pressure to which valve 20 has been set by the screw 22. Thereafter if the cuff expands through diffusion into it of anaesthetic gases the pressure relief valve 20 will again open to reduce the excess pressure.
Figures 5A and 5B illustrate a face mouth surround 23 and a combined bite-block and connector element 24 which are used when the device of the invention is inserted orally. The mouth surround 23 has an elliptical opening 25 in the centre of which is located a circular element 29.
Element 24 has a tubular bite-block component 26 insertable as a friction fit within the proximal end of the airway 10 and a relatively larger diameter connector component 27 adapted for connection to standard anaesthetic and breathing equipment. The circular component 29 is dimensioned to fit over the bite block 26 and seat against the step between the latter and the connector component.
At opposite ends of the mouth surround 23 are small openings 30 through which can be pushed arrow-head-shaped formations 31 at opposite ends of an elastic head band 32. The head band 32 will pass round the head of the patient to hold the mouth surround 23 in front of the mouth, but the formations 31 are designed to snap off if subjected to unusual force for rapid removal of the mouth surround, and hence the tube 10, in the event of an emergency.
The elliptical opening 25 of the mouth surround 23 provides spaces on both sides of the connector 24 through which suction apparatus can be inserted into the mouth alongside the tube 10.

Claims

7.

CLAIMS:

1. An intubation device comprising an airway tube (10) one end (11) of which is surrounded by an inflatable cuff (12) the dimensions of which, when uninflated, are such as to permit its introduction into the throat through the nose, characterised in that the said end (11) of the tube (10) opens as anannular recess in a distal surface of the cuff so as to provide the cuff with a distal annular protrusion (13) beyond the tube (10) dimensioned to enter the vallecula and seat over an upper region only of the elliptical epiglottis (14) and to seal the piriform fossae (15) on either side thereof, the cuff (12) being elongated along the airway tube (10) away from said annular protrusion (13), the plane of said annular protrusion (13) forming an acute angle to a longest side (16) of the cuff which is generally parallel with the airway tube (10) and is adapted to seal against the posterior pharyngeal wall (28), the anterior surface (17) of the cuff being domed with a highest point near said annular protrusion (13), the cuff (12) reducing in cross sectional area away from said annular protrusion (13) such that when inflated the cuff will span the oro-pharynx in the region behind the palatopharyngeal folds below the soft palate and above the laryngeal inlet substantially without intrusion into the oral cavity.

2. A device as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that when inflated the cuff (12) is a generally polyhedral body all the corners of which are rounded.

3. A device as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the plane of said annular protrusion (13) forms an angle of approximately 45° with respect said longest side (16) in the inflated condition of the cuff (12).

4. A device as claimed in any one of claims, 1 to 3, characterised in that the cuff (12) when inflated has generally the shape of a frustum of a four-sided pyramid of which said longest side (16) is the base, the plane of a proximal surface (18) of the cuff being generally at right angles to the plane of the base (16).

8.

5. A device as claimed in any one of claim 1 to 4, characterised in that the cuff (12) is provided both with a one-way inflation valve (19) and with a pressure-relief valve (20), the latter (20) being preset to prevent pressure within the cuff (12) remaining above a predetermined value.

6. A device as claimed in claim 5, characterised in that the pressure-relief valve (20) is adjustable to vary the predetermined pressure within the cuff which will open the pressure-relief valve (20).

7. A device as claimed in the claim 5 or 6, characterised in that said valves (19,20) are in a common housing which is associated with a pilot balloon (78), the interior of the pilot balloon (78) communicating with the interior of the cuff (12) via an auxiliary line (77) at least part of the length of which is within the wall of the tube (10).

8. A device as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7 characterised in that it further comprises a combined bite-block and connector element (24) insertable in a proximal end of the tube (10) and an apertured mouth surround element (23) which extends from opposite sides of the connector element (24), the aperture (25) or apertures of the mouth surround element (23) permitting insertion into the mouth of suction equipment alongside said tube (10) when the mouth surround element (23) extends over the mouth of a patient.

9. A device as claimed in claim 8, characterised in that the mouth surround element (23) has an elliptical aperture (25) in the center of which is a circular component (29) adapted to surround the combined bite-block and connector element (24).

10. A device as claimed in claim 8 or claim 9, characterised in that opposite ends of the mouth surround element (23) are engageable by opposite ends of an elastic head band (32), the connection between each end of the band (32) and the mouth surround (23) being by means of components (31) which can be snapped off to permit quick removal of the mouth surround (23) from the face.