CA2349763C - Standoff compensation for nuclear measurements - Google Patents
Standoff compensation for nuclear measurements Download PDFInfo
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- CA2349763C CA2349763C CA002349763A CA2349763A CA2349763C CA 2349763 C CA2349763 C CA 2349763C CA 002349763 A CA002349763 A CA 002349763A CA 2349763 A CA2349763 A CA 2349763A CA 2349763 C CA2349763 C CA 2349763C
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- standoff
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V5/00—Prospecting or detecting by the use of nuclear radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
- G01V5/04—Prospecting or detecting by the use of nuclear radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging
- G01V5/08—Prospecting or detecting by the use of nuclear radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging using primary nuclear radiation sources or X-rays
- G01V5/12—Prospecting or detecting by the use of nuclear radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging using primary nuclear radiation sources or X-rays using gamma or X-ray sources
- G01V5/125—Prospecting or detecting by the use of nuclear radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging using primary nuclear radiation sources or X-rays using gamma or X-ray sources and detecting the secondary gamma- or X-rays in different places along the bore hole
Abstract
A nuclear logging-while-drilling measuring systems, and the correction of the formation property measurements for adverse effects of instrument standoff from the borehole wall, is disclosed. Detector responses for one or more downhole detectors are sampled and recorded over a time segment. The response samples are then sorted by magnitude, and a running integral of the sorted samples as a function of time is performed over the time segment. Linear segments are then fitted to the running integral, wherein each straight line segment is a function of one or more formation properties, and also a function of the standoff distance of the detector from the borehole wall. Segments are then combined to obtain a measure of one or more formation properties of interest, where the adverse effects of borehole standoff are minimized. Standoff magnitude is also obtained. No independent caliper of the borehole is required to perform the standoff correction.
Description
2 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
3 1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
4 ' This invention is directed toward the measure of properties of earth formation, and more particularly directed toward nuclear measuring systems and the correction of the 6 formation property measurements for adverse effects of instrument standoff from the 7 borehole wall. The invention can be used to make formation property measurements while 8 drilling the borehole, or subsequent to drilling using wireline techniques.
9 2. BACKGROUND OF THE ART
Essentially all nuclear instrument systems used to measure earth formation 11 parameters from within a well borehole are adversely affected by borehole conditions.
12 Borehole conditions include borehole fluid type, borehole irregularity, and the size of the 13 spacing or "standoff' between the downhole measuring instrument and the wall of the 14 borehole. To increase the accuracy, it is necessary to correct measured parameters for borehole conditions including standoff. This correction process is commonly known as 16 "standoff correction".
1 Nuclear measurement systems have been used for decades to measure various 2 properties of earth formation penetrated by a well borehole. The first systems used downhole 3 instruments or "tools" which were conveyed along the borehole by means of a "wireline"
4 cable. In addition, the wireline served as a means of communication between the downhole tool and equipment at the surface which typically processed measured data to obtain 6 formation parameters of interest as a function of depth within the borehole.
These 7 measurements, commonly referred to as "well logs" or simply "logs", include measures of 8 formation natural gamma radiation, thermal neutron flux, epithermal neutron flux elastic and 9 inelastically scattered neutron, capture gamma radiation, scattered gamma radiation, and the like. A variety of formation parameters are obtained from these measurements, or 11 combinations of these measurements, such as shale content, porosity, density, lithology and 12 hydrocarbon saturation. Most of these nuclear wireline measurements are adversely affected 13 by the borehole. Standoff of the instrument from the borehole wall is an almost universal 14 problem considering the inherently shallow radial depth of investigation of nuclear logging systems.
16 Wireline systems use a variety of mechanical means to minimize standoff by forcing 17 the tool against the borehole wall. As examples, a prior art neutron porosity tool typically 18 use a bow spring to force the tool against the borehole wall thereby minimizing standoff 19 effects. A typical scattered gamma ray density tool is constructed with a gamma ray source and one or more gamma ray detectors in a "pad" which is mechanically forced against the 1 borehole wall to again minimize standoff effects.
2 Even though controlling the physical position of a wireline nuclear tool within the 3 borehole aids in minimizing borehole effects including standoff, other tool design and data 4 processing techniques are used to further reduce these adverse effects. As examples, neutron porosity and density tools typically use two or even more radiation detectors at different 6 spacings from a neutron or density source, respectively. Detector responses are then 7 combined using a variety of algorithms to further minimize borehole effects in the final 8 computed parameter of interest. As an example, a dual detector processing method known 9 as the "spine and rib" technique was introduced in the 1960's as a means for compensating dual detector density wireline logs for the effects of standoff. This technique relies solely 11 on the response of the two downhole detectors and a tool calibration to compensate for small 12 tool standoffs which are not overcome by mechanical means. The method is effective for 13 standoff magnitudes of generally less than one inch. For larger standoffs, the spine and rib 14 system, used alone, is not an effective compensation means.
Wireline logging is applicable only after the borehole has been drilled. It was 16 recognized in the 1960s that certain operational and economic advantages could be realized 17 if drilling, borehole directional, and formation properties measurements could be made while 18 the borehole is being drilled. This process is generally referred to as measurement-while-19 drilling (MWD) for real time drilling parameters such as weight on the drill bit, borehole direction, and the like. Formation property measurements made while drilling, such as 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 formation density, are usually referred to as logging-while-drilling (LWD) measurements.
2 The LWD measurements should conceptually be more accurate than their wireline 3 counterparts. This is because the formation is less perturbed in the immediate vicinity of the 4 borehole by the invasion of drilling fluids into the formation. This invasion alters the virgin state of the formation. This effect is particular detrimental to the more shallow depth of 6 inv,estigation nuclear logging measurements.
7 For brevity, only LWD systems will be discussed. The tools are typically mounted 8 within a drill collar near a drill bit which terminates the lower end of a drill string. The 9 diameter of the drill collar in typically smaller than the diameter of the drill bit. This factor, along with the fact that there is usually a certain amount of drill string "wobble" and 11 "bounce" during drilling, results in a borehole with diameter greater than the bit gauge, 12 which in turn results in varying standoff between the LWD instrument and the borehole wall.
13 Furthermore, circulation of drilling fluid in the borehole tends to wash out or enlarge the 14 borehole causing still greater and more unpredictable standoff. Even though the major elements of most LWD tools are mounted near the periphery of the drill collar and typically 16 within one or more collar stabilizer fins, standoffs can be quite large and can change 17 dramatically with each rotation of the drill string. Mechanical means such as bow springs 18 and powered pad mandrels used in wireline counterparts are obviously not applicable as a_ 19 means for minimizing standoff in a rotating drill string.
2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/M W D Standoff Correction 1 Again for brevity, a prior art "gamma-gamma" density LWD system using preferably 2 two gamma ray detectors will be discussed. Operational concepts of this type of density tool 3 are known in the art. It should be understood, however, that many of the previously 4 discussed difficulties and limitations are applicable to other prior art nuclear logging systems such as neutron porosity. LWD formation density systems differ from their counterparts in 6 wireline by the fact that the measurement is made while the tool is rotating with the drill 7 string, thereby causing varying standoff betriveen the tool body and the formation. Typically, 8 an LWD density tool may encounter standoffs anywhere from zero to one inch or greater, 9 depending on the borehole shape and tool configuration. Count data from the preferably two axially spaced detectors are usually sampled at a much faster rate than rotational time, which 11 results in fairly constant standoff per sample. Short sample time periods are used to increase 12 the accuracy of the measurement. However, due to the short sampling time and the statistical 13 nature of the measurement, the detector counts in each sample do not have sufficient 14 statistical precision to apply a statistically meaningful standoff correction such as a spine and rib correction. To improve statistical precision of the measurement and subsequent 16 corrections, count data are summed over a radial segment of the borehole before a standoff 17 correction is applied. Although this improves statistical precision, accuracy is sacrificed.
18 In attempt to retain both statistical precision and accuracy, prior art LWD
density and _ 19 other types of nuclear tools often use independent systems to measure the radial shape of the borehole. This is often referred to as a "caliper" of the borehole. Caliper measurements are 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction
9 2. BACKGROUND OF THE ART
Essentially all nuclear instrument systems used to measure earth formation 11 parameters from within a well borehole are adversely affected by borehole conditions.
12 Borehole conditions include borehole fluid type, borehole irregularity, and the size of the 13 spacing or "standoff' between the downhole measuring instrument and the wall of the 14 borehole. To increase the accuracy, it is necessary to correct measured parameters for borehole conditions including standoff. This correction process is commonly known as 16 "standoff correction".
1 Nuclear measurement systems have been used for decades to measure various 2 properties of earth formation penetrated by a well borehole. The first systems used downhole 3 instruments or "tools" which were conveyed along the borehole by means of a "wireline"
4 cable. In addition, the wireline served as a means of communication between the downhole tool and equipment at the surface which typically processed measured data to obtain 6 formation parameters of interest as a function of depth within the borehole.
These 7 measurements, commonly referred to as "well logs" or simply "logs", include measures of 8 formation natural gamma radiation, thermal neutron flux, epithermal neutron flux elastic and 9 inelastically scattered neutron, capture gamma radiation, scattered gamma radiation, and the like. A variety of formation parameters are obtained from these measurements, or 11 combinations of these measurements, such as shale content, porosity, density, lithology and 12 hydrocarbon saturation. Most of these nuclear wireline measurements are adversely affected 13 by the borehole. Standoff of the instrument from the borehole wall is an almost universal 14 problem considering the inherently shallow radial depth of investigation of nuclear logging systems.
16 Wireline systems use a variety of mechanical means to minimize standoff by forcing 17 the tool against the borehole wall. As examples, a prior art neutron porosity tool typically 18 use a bow spring to force the tool against the borehole wall thereby minimizing standoff 19 effects. A typical scattered gamma ray density tool is constructed with a gamma ray source and one or more gamma ray detectors in a "pad" which is mechanically forced against the 1 borehole wall to again minimize standoff effects.
2 Even though controlling the physical position of a wireline nuclear tool within the 3 borehole aids in minimizing borehole effects including standoff, other tool design and data 4 processing techniques are used to further reduce these adverse effects. As examples, neutron porosity and density tools typically use two or even more radiation detectors at different 6 spacings from a neutron or density source, respectively. Detector responses are then 7 combined using a variety of algorithms to further minimize borehole effects in the final 8 computed parameter of interest. As an example, a dual detector processing method known 9 as the "spine and rib" technique was introduced in the 1960's as a means for compensating dual detector density wireline logs for the effects of standoff. This technique relies solely 11 on the response of the two downhole detectors and a tool calibration to compensate for small 12 tool standoffs which are not overcome by mechanical means. The method is effective for 13 standoff magnitudes of generally less than one inch. For larger standoffs, the spine and rib 14 system, used alone, is not an effective compensation means.
Wireline logging is applicable only after the borehole has been drilled. It was 16 recognized in the 1960s that certain operational and economic advantages could be realized 17 if drilling, borehole directional, and formation properties measurements could be made while 18 the borehole is being drilled. This process is generally referred to as measurement-while-19 drilling (MWD) for real time drilling parameters such as weight on the drill bit, borehole direction, and the like. Formation property measurements made while drilling, such as 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 formation density, are usually referred to as logging-while-drilling (LWD) measurements.
2 The LWD measurements should conceptually be more accurate than their wireline 3 counterparts. This is because the formation is less perturbed in the immediate vicinity of the 4 borehole by the invasion of drilling fluids into the formation. This invasion alters the virgin state of the formation. This effect is particular detrimental to the more shallow depth of 6 inv,estigation nuclear logging measurements.
7 For brevity, only LWD systems will be discussed. The tools are typically mounted 8 within a drill collar near a drill bit which terminates the lower end of a drill string. The 9 diameter of the drill collar in typically smaller than the diameter of the drill bit. This factor, along with the fact that there is usually a certain amount of drill string "wobble" and 11 "bounce" during drilling, results in a borehole with diameter greater than the bit gauge, 12 which in turn results in varying standoff between the LWD instrument and the borehole wall.
13 Furthermore, circulation of drilling fluid in the borehole tends to wash out or enlarge the 14 borehole causing still greater and more unpredictable standoff. Even though the major elements of most LWD tools are mounted near the periphery of the drill collar and typically 16 within one or more collar stabilizer fins, standoffs can be quite large and can change 17 dramatically with each rotation of the drill string. Mechanical means such as bow springs 18 and powered pad mandrels used in wireline counterparts are obviously not applicable as a_ 19 means for minimizing standoff in a rotating drill string.
2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/M W D Standoff Correction 1 Again for brevity, a prior art "gamma-gamma" density LWD system using preferably 2 two gamma ray detectors will be discussed. Operational concepts of this type of density tool 3 are known in the art. It should be understood, however, that many of the previously 4 discussed difficulties and limitations are applicable to other prior art nuclear logging systems such as neutron porosity. LWD formation density systems differ from their counterparts in 6 wireline by the fact that the measurement is made while the tool is rotating with the drill 7 string, thereby causing varying standoff betriveen the tool body and the formation. Typically, 8 an LWD density tool may encounter standoffs anywhere from zero to one inch or greater, 9 depending on the borehole shape and tool configuration. Count data from the preferably two axially spaced detectors are usually sampled at a much faster rate than rotational time, which 11 results in fairly constant standoff per sample. Short sample time periods are used to increase 12 the accuracy of the measurement. However, due to the short sampling time and the statistical 13 nature of the measurement, the detector counts in each sample do not have sufficient 14 statistical precision to apply a statistically meaningful standoff correction such as a spine and rib correction. To improve statistical precision of the measurement and subsequent 16 corrections, count data are summed over a radial segment of the borehole before a standoff 17 correction is applied. Although this improves statistical precision, accuracy is sacrificed.
18 In attempt to retain both statistical precision and accuracy, prior art LWD
density and _ 19 other types of nuclear tools often use independent systems to measure the radial shape of the borehole. This is often referred to as a "caliper" of the borehole. Caliper measurements are 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction
5 1 then combined with detector count data and a spine and rib or other type of correction 2 algorithm to obtain borehole compensated density or other parameter of interest. The caliper 3 is, in itself, a complete and self contained LWD tool with all of the associated complexity, 4 initial cost, operational cost, and reliability problems. The caliper system, unlike wireline counterparts, can not make physical contact with the borehole wall since the drill string is
6 typically rotating. Ultrasonic transducers are commonly used in LWD caliper systems. They
7 defme the shape of the borehole by measuring travel time of acoustic waves emitted from
8 the transducer, reflected by the borehole wall, and subsequently detected by the transducer.
9 U.S. Patents No. 5,397,893 and No. 5,091,644 to Daniel C. Minnette are related and disclose an LWD tool which measures formation density. An error minimization method is 11 used to sort or "bin" count data from two detectors before applying a standoff correction. In 12 a first embodiment, the borehole cross section is radially segmented and preferably divided 13 into four quadrants. Counts recorded in each quadrant are sorted over multiple rotations of 14 the tool by quadrant in which they are measured. The sum of sorted counts are subsequently combined to obtain a density measurement for a particular borehole segment, which is 16 compensated to some degree, for standoff within that segment. Segmenting of the borehole 17 is predetermined in that the system is initially set up to record counts preferably within 90 18 degree segments as the tool rotates within the borehole. Alternately, the borehole can be 19 partitioned in a different manner if borehole conditions are thought to warrant such partitioning. As an example, boreholes known to be very radially irregular might warrant 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 smaller segments, such as 45 degrees. The decision must be made before the LWD operation 2 is initiated. A second embodiment of the Minnette system teaches a measurement from an 3 independent borehole caliper, such as an acoustic caliper, to define the count sorting scheme 4 prior to correcting density measurements for standoff. This overcomes the problem of changing borehole conditions, but adds complexity and cost to the system in the form of a 6 stand-alone LWD borehole calipering system..
7 U.S. Patent No. 5,486,695 to Ward E. Schultz discloses an LWD nuclear logging 8 system which used an independent sensor, such as an acoustic transducer, to measure tool 9 standoff. The system uses a method similar to Minnette's to correct for standoff by sorting or "binning" detector count data as a continuous rather than a discrete fitnction of standoff.
11 The independent tool standoff measurement is then combined with detector count data using 12 various weighting schemes to obtain formation parameters of interest which have been 13 compensated for standoff. The system requires an independent tool standoff measuring 14 system which, again, adds cost and complexity to the LWD.
U.S. Patent No. 5,473,158 to Jaques M. Holeuka et al discloses methods and 16 apparatus for measuring density, neutron porosity, and other formation parameters using a 17 LWD system. One embodiment of the system uses ultrasonic transducers to determine 18 standoff, and the standoff measurement is used to correct porosity, density and other _ 19 parametric measurements for adverse effects of tool standoff. Once again, an independent borehole caliper instrument is required for the standoff ineasurement. A
quadrature method 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 of azimuthally partitioning the borehole is used in an alternate embodiment to detector 2 responses from predetermined angular segments of the borehole. As an example, the 3 borehole is divided into 90 degree segments, and means such as directional equipment 4 (accelerometers, magnetometers and the like) or even count rate processing are used to define detector signals from the "bottom", the "top", and the "sides" of the borehole. The 6 me4surement from the segment with the least standoff is then chosen to be the best 7 measurement. This introduces additional statistical uncertainty into the measurement in that 8 a significant amount of measured data are not used to compute the parameters of interest.
9 U.S. Patent No. 5,451,779 to Ronald L. Spross et al discloses a LWD density system which uses a "statistical flag" to determine when density measurements should be corrected 11 for standoff. The flag compares actual statistical variations of measured count rates with 12 theoretical statistical variations for the tool operating in a standard or gauge bore hole. The 13 system requires control and monitoring of the rate of rotation of the tool in order to make 14 meaningful comparisons between measured and theoretical statistical variations. If the difference between the two variations exceeds a predetermined value, an irregular section of 16 borehole is "flagged" and appropriate corrections are made to the measured data using the 17 spine and rib technique or other similar data correction schemes. In an altemate 18 embodiment, an acoustic borehole caliper is used to flag irregular borehole conditions or tool _ 19 standoff thereby requiring dedicated borehole calipering system with accompanying increase in hardware complexity and cost. Once a section of irregular borehole or a standoff 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 condition is flagged, other means such as the spine and rib technique are used to correct the 2 measured count rates, and to thereby obtain a borehole compensated density measurement.
3 U.S. Patent No. 5,250,806 to Erik Rhein-Knudsen et al discloses apparatus for 4 measuring the formation parameters density, neutron porosity, and photoelectric absorption (PF) factor. The system is embodied as a LWD tool, and no data processing methods are 6 discussed. The density portion of the tool comprises a gamma ray source mounted 7 eccentrically within a drill collar housing and two longitudinally spaced gamma ray detectors 8 located in blade comprising a first set of stabilizer blades. The neutron porosity portion of 9 the tool comprises a neutron source mounted concentrically within the drill collar housing and preferably two longitudinally spaced secondary radiation detectors (either neutron of 11 gamma ray) located in a blade comprising a second set of stabilizer blades.
PF is obtained 12 from an energy spectrum of one or both of the gamma ray detectors in the density section.
13 The preferred embodiment of the invention includes a pair of blade mounted, opposing 14 ultrasonic transducers used to determine standoff which, in turn, is used to correct the neutron porosity and density measurements for adverse effects of tool standoff. There is no 16 specific teaching of standoff correction methods with or without ultrasonic borehole size 17 parametric measurements. The patent is directly only toward apparatus.
18 U.S. Patent No. 5,175,429 to Hugh E. Hall, Jr. discloses a secondary LWD
19 measurement system for determining tool displacement from the borehole wall, and the subsequent use of this displacement or standoff measurement to correct nuclear parametric 21 measurements, such as density and neutron porosity, for adverse effects of standoff.
2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction I SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
2 This invention is directed toward a nuclear measurements within a well borehole.
3 The invention is applicable to logging-while-drilling (LWD) and to wireline systems. The 4 disclosure will, however, emphasize a LWD system which provides a measure of one or more parameters of interest of an earth formation penetrated by a borehole.
The 6 measurements are corrected for adverse effects of tool standoff from the borehole wall.
7 The invention is applicable to a variety of nuclear logging systems.
Emphasis will, 8 however, be directed toward the system embodied as an LWD density tool. For purposes of 9 discussion, the invention will be embodied as a dual detector formation density tool comprising a preferably isotopic source of gamma radiation and two longitudinally spaced 11 gamma ray detectors. The source and detectors are preferably mounted within the wall of 12 a drill collar, hereafter referred to as the "tool", which is mounted in a drill string in the 13 vicinity of a drill bit. The tool rotates as the drill string is rotated thereby allowing the drill 14 bit to advance the borehole. Tool rotation is not a necessary requirement to operate the invention. The invention is also operable when a downhole motor is used to rotate the drill 16 bit, and the tool is above this rotating portion of the drill string.
17 As a brief summary of operating concepts of a dual detector density tool is presented 18 so that the present invention can be more easily understood. Gamma radiation is emitted by 19 the source, passes through any material between the tool and the borehole wall, enters the formation where it interacts with material within the formation, and a portion of the radiation 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 is scattered back into the borehole at a reduced energy. A portion of radiation scattered back 2 into the borehole is recorded by the detectors. Source gamma ray energy is selected so that 3 the primary mode of reaction is Compton scatter, which is related to the electron density of 4 the composite formation material including the formation matrix material and any fluid filling pore space within the matrix. Electron density is, in turn, is related to the "bulk"
6 density of the formation. The count rate measured by the tool detectors can, therefore, be 7 related to the formation property of interest which is bulk density. p+lOX
This relationship is 8 determined by calibrating the tool under known borehole and formation conditions, and is 9 known in the art. Gamma radiation not only interacts with the formation, but also with any intervening material between the tool and the borehole wall. This intervening material 11 includes borehole fluid and particulate material, known as "mudcake", which builds up on 12 the borehole wall due to invasion into the formation of borehole fluid.
Mudcake and any 13 other intervening material adversely affects the bulk density measurement.
Two detectors 14 are used to minimize the effects of mudcake and tool standoff. The responses of the two detectors can be combined to minimize the effects of standoff and mudcake using a variety 16 of algorithms including the spine and rib algorithm. The effects of standoff are typically 17 much more severe in nuclear LWD systems than in wireline systems, even though mudcake 18 buildup is minimal and the borehole fluid type is constant or at least slowly varying with the 19 drilling operation. An LWD density tool typically rotates continuously inside the borehole as the measurement is being made. If the tool rotates centralized within a borehole which 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/M W D Standoff Correction 1 is necessarily larger than the tool, detector counts rates will be constant as a function of time 2 for a given formation density and borehole diameter. If the standoff is perhaps one inch or 3 less, and the counts collected are statistically significant, the spine and rib method can be 4 used to compensate for standoff, and an accurate measure of formation density can be obtained. Rarely in practice does the tool rotate concentrically within the borehole. Since 6 most boreholes are not exactly vertical, and considering the torque on the drill bit and the 7 flexibility of the drill string, the tool is most likely rotating against one side of the borehole.
8 Recall that the source and detectors are preferably located within the wall of the tool. During 9 a complete rotation of the tool, standoff that the density tool "sees"
varies from essentially zero when the tool is oriented so that the source and detectors are facing a tool contact point 11 on the borehole wall, increases to a maximum 180 degrees later when the source and 12 detectors are facing the direction, and then decreases to essentially zero when the tool is 13 again oriented so that the source and detectors are again face the borehole wall. Measured 14 count rate is now a function of formation density, borehole diameter, and a variable standoff caused by the eccentric rotation of the tool within the borehole. A simple spine and rib 16 analysis of the count rate data will yield statistically insignificant measurements or inaccurate 17 measurements, or both, as will be detailed in a following section of this specification.
18 The present LWD density system collects or "samples"counts in each detector as the 19 tool rotates. The sample time interval is selected to be relatively short when compared with the time required for one complete rotation of the tool. By selecting a short sample time 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 interval, tool standoff varies insignificantly during the sampling. The short sample time 2 interval results, however, in a count sample measure with a large statistical error. This would 3 yield a statistically insignificant bulk density measurement if the spine and rib technique 4 were applied to each set of detector count sample measurements. To overcome the statistics problem, samples are collected and stored for a sample period which typically includes 6 sevpral hundred or more count sample intervals and several rotations of the tool. It is 7 desirable to make the sample period sufficiently long to minimize statistical error in the fmal 8 density measurement, but also sufficiently short so that the change in true formation density 9 seen by the tool is minimal. Samples from each detector are sorted by magnitude and a running sum or integral is performed over the sample period. If the tool is operating centered 11 within the borehole, a plot of integrated counts as function of time will be a straight line over 12 a selected sample period, with the slope of the line representing detector count rate which, 13 in turn, represents an "apparent" density. Apparent densities are processed preferably using 14 the spine and rib technique to obtain bulk density compensated for standoff. If the tool is operating eccentered within the borehole, integrated counts sorted by magnitude and plotted 16 as a function of time over the sample period will be a non-linear curve. In this case, which 17 as mentioned above, is typical a plurality of contiguous, straight line segments is fitted to the 18 nonlinear curve using predetermined fitting criteria. Detector count sample measurements 19 within each segment are summed, and combined with a time duration of the segment to obtain a segment count rate. Apparent density for the segment is then determined for a 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 standoff over an azimuthal segment of the borehole. The use of count rate and subsequently 2 apparent density from a fitted straight line segment is far more statistically significant than 3 using count rate and associated apparent density from a single detector sample within the 4 segment. Apparent densities obtained from the fitted straight line segments are then processed using the spine and rib or other correction technique to obtain a borehole 6 compensated density for each segment. Weighting is used to emphasize measurements with 7 minimal statistical uncertainty, and compensated densities from all segments are then 8 combined to yield a composite, compensated bulk density which is accurate and statistically 9 significant.
It is noted that the invention does not require a rotating tool. In cases where a 11 downhole motor such as "mud" motor is used to rotate the bit, or the density measurements 12 are made as the drill string is being withdrawn from the borehole, techniques disclosed in this 13 specification are equally applicable. A rotating drill string and tool are used for purposed of 14 discussion.
The present LWD system requires no independent borehole calipering means. No 16 predetermined azimuthal segmenting of the well borehole is required, but the system can be 17 used to measure azimuthal density values in predetermined segments of the borehoie if 18 desired. The system is automatic and operates effectively when the tool is operating centered 19 or eccentered within the borehole. Although the system has been summarized configured as a compensated density tool, the basic concepts are applicable to other nuclear LWD
21 logging systems such as formation photoelectric factor measurements.
2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 2 Fig. 1 shows the invention embodied as a dual detector LWD tool conveyed within 3 a well borehole by an operating drill string;
4 Fig, 2a is a sectional view of the LWD tool operating centralized and with constant standoff in a borehole of a first diameter;
6 , Fig. 2b is a sectional view of the tool operating centralized and with constant standoff 7 in a borehole with a second and larger diameter;
8 Fig. 2c is a plot of detector count sample intervals as a function of time for the tool 9 operating with constant standoff in boreholes of three different diameters;
Fig. 3 is a sectional view of the tool operating in a borehole eccentered and with 11 variable standoff, 12 Fig. 4 illustrates running integrals of detector count intervals, after sorting by 13 magnitude, plotted as a function of time with the tool operating with constant and varying 14 standoffs;
Fig. 5 is a plot as a function of time of long spaced detector count samples, short 16 spaced detector count samples, and tool standoff with the tool operating eccentered in a 17 borehole with varying standoff;
18 Fig. 6 illustrates the line segment fitting method of the invention;
19 Fig. 7 is a graphical illustration of the spine and rib method for determining density values compensated for tool standoff, 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/M W D Standoff Correction 1 Fig. 8 illustrates the segmentation of a time segment of data with the tool operating 2 with varying standoff;
3 Fig. 9 illustrates azimuthal density and azimuthal standoff measurements that can be 4 obtained with the invention;
Fig. 10 is a simplified flow chart of data measurement and processing steps;
6 Fig. 11 illustrates precision and accuracy of the present data processing method, 7 compared with two other data processing methods, for periodically varying tool standoff;
8 Fig. 12 illustrates precision and accuracy of the present data processing method, 9 compared with two other data processing methods, for randomly varying tool standoff;
Fig. 13 is a sectional view of a tool operating within a borehole for which 11 predetermined azimuthal segments have been defined; and 12 Fig. 14 is a flow chart of steps used to obtain compensated density measurements as 13 a function of depth for predetermined segments of borehole.
2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 2 As stated previously, the invention is applicable to a variety of nuclear logging 3 systems. The preferred embodiment will, however, be disclosed as a dual detector LWD
4 density tool.
Fig. 1 shows an LWD density instrument 18 mounted within the wall of a drill collar 6 14 which will be subsequently referred to as the LWD tool. The density instrument 18 7 comprises a source of gamma radiation 20 which is preferably an isotopic source of137Cs or 8 60Co. A "short spaced" radiation detector 22 and a "long spaced" radiation detector 24 are 9 spaced from the source 20. Radiation detectors 22 and 24 are preferable scintillation type gamma ray detectors. The tool 14 is conveyed along a borehole 34 penetrating an earth 11 formation 32 by a drill string 12. The drill string 12 is terminated at the lower end by a drill 12 bit 16, and at the upper end by a kelly 26 which engages a rotary table 28.
The rotary table 13 is rotated preferably by a standard drilling rig (not shown) known in the art thereby rotating 14 the drill stringl2, the attached tool 14, and the drill bit 16 to advance the borehole 34. In the alternate, a downhole motor (not shown) can be used to rotate the bit and to provide drilling 16 directional control. The tool 14 is shown standing off of the wall of the borehole 34 by a 17 distance 30. Fig. 1 also shows a computing means 31 which is in communication with the 18 density instrument as illustrated conceptually with a broken line 37. The computing means 19 31, which is used to control the density instrument 18 and process measured data, can be located within the tool 14 or at the surface of the earth.
2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 Fig. 2a is a sectional view of the tool 14 rotating centralized, as shown conceptually 2 by the arrow, within the borehole 34. The standoff 30 of the instrument section 18 is 3 constant through the entire rotation. Fig. 2b is another sectional view of the tool 14 rotating 4 centralized within a borehole 34' of larger diameter, with a corresponding standoff 30'. For purposes of discussion, it is assumed that the density of the formation 32 remains constant.
6 As the tool rotates, the LWD density system collects or "samples"counts in each detector.
7 The sample time is selected to be relatively short interval when compared with the time 8 required for one complete rotation of the tool. By selecting a short sample time interval, any 9 variation in tool standoff, as will be shown in subsequent examples, is minimal. The statistical error associated with each sample is, however, large. This would yield a 11 statistically insignificant bulk density measurement if the spine and rib technique or similar 12 correction method were applied to each set of detector count rate samples.
13 Fig. 2c shows detector count samples 41 plotted as a function of time.
Curve 40 14 represents samples measured by one of the detectors 22 or 24 with the tool 14 rotating in the smaller borehole 24 as shown in Fig, 2a. The count rate in the short spaced detector 22 is 16 typically greater than the corresponding count rate in the long spaced detector 24, but the 17 behavior of both detector responses is the same. Curve 42 represents samples measured by 18 the same detector with the tool rotating centralized in the larger borehole 34' as shown in Fig.
19 2b. These examples assume that the density of the formation is greater than the density of any intervening material within the tool standoff. Curve 44 represents samples measured 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 by the same detector with the tool rotating centralized in a still larger borehole (not shown) 2 with the density of the formation remaining constant. Since the tool 14 is rotating 3 centralized and the standoff does not vary as a function of azimuthal position of the tool 14, 4 the samples 41 for a given borehole size and formation density remain constant in time, within statistical variations, as shown in Fig. 2c.
6 Fig. 3 is a sectional view of the tool 14 rotating eccentered within a borehole 34".
7 The standoff 30" of the instrument section 18 varies as the tool rotates.
Fig 5 is a plot of 8 count samples 41' from the short spaced detector 22 with a smooth curve 50 being drawn 9 through these points. Included also in Fig. 5 is a plot of count samples 41"
from the long spaced detector 24 which, for given formation and borehole conditions, is typically lower 11 than the corresponding short spaced detector samples 41'. A smooth curve 52 has been 12 drawn through the count samples 41 ". Count samples are in arbitrary units for purposes of 13 illustration, and are represented by the left hand ordinate of Fig 5. Fig.
5 also illustrates a 14 curve 54 representing the magnitude of the variable standoff 30" as the tool 14 rotates. For purposes of illustration, it is assumed that standoff 30" varies between 0.00 and 0.75 inches 16 (in.) as denoted by the right hand ordinate. It is apparent that, for a given formation density 17 and borehole condition, count samples from both long and short spaced detectors vary with 18 standoff. In this example, standoff 30" monotonically increases as the tool 14 rotates to a 19 maximum standoff 0.75 in. when the instrument section 18 faces the borehole wall opposite from the wall which the tool 14 contacts. Standoff 30"then monotonically decreases until 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/M WD Standoff Correction 1 the instrument package 18 contacts the wall of the borehole 34". This pattern repeats as the 2 tool makes multiple rotations.
3 Still referring to Figs. 3 and 5, count samples from both long and short spaced 4 detectors 24 and 22 are collected and stored for a sample period which typically includes several hundred or more samples 41' measured over several rotations of the tool 14. It is 6 desirable to make the sample period sufficiently long to minimize statistical error in the final 7 density measurement, but also sufficiently short so that the change in true formation density 8 seen by the tool is minimal during the advancing of the tool. Assume that the tool 14 is 9 rotating at 120 revolutions per minute (rpm) and that the count samples 41' are collected every 5 milliseconds (ms). During each small sample of 5 ms, the standoff does not vary by 11 more than 0.1 in. using the rather typical example shown in Fig, 5. A spine and rib type 12 correction could handle such small standoff variation. The problem is, however the 13 relatively small number of counts collected by the detectors 22 and 24 during each count 14 sample 41', and especially in the long spaced detector 24 which is spaced further from the source 20. Statistical fluctuations of the data samples 41' will cause large errors in the 16 corrected density if they are used as individual measurements in a spine and rib type 17 correction.
18 It is noted that the invention does not require a rotating tool. In cases where a 19 downhole motor such as "mud" motor is used to rotate the bit, or the density measurements are made as the drill string is being withdrawn from the borehole, techniques disclosed in this 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/M WD Standoff Correction 1 specification are equally applicable. A rotating drill string and tool are used for purposed of 2 discussion.
3 The data processing system of the present invention greatly minimizes the problem 4 of statistical variations of each count sample by fitting a curve to a running count integration or summation technique prior to determine apparent and finally compensated density values.
6 Attention is directed to Fig. 4 which shows curves fitted to integrated segment counts or 7 "integral counts" plotted as a function of time. Details of the running count integration and 8 the fitting will be presented in a subsequent section of this specification.
If the tool is 9 operating centered within the borehole as shown in Figs. 2a or 2b, a fitted curve will be linear over a selected sample period ts shown at 64. For a given formation density, line slope 11 will be a function of standoff. As an example, the tool 14 operating in a smaller borehole as 12 shown in Fig 2a will result in a linear curve 56 which has a smaller slope than a linear curve 13 58, which is obtained with the tool operating in a larger borehole 34' as shown in Fig. 2b.
14 A nonlinear curve of the form 62 is obtained when the tool is operating eccentered within a borehole as shown in Fig. 3. Count samples are preferably integrated for both detectors, 16 although the method is applicable to only a single detector. As an example, an integral of 17 count segments 41" for the long spaced detector shown in Fig. 5 will yield a curve of the 18 form 62 shown in Fig. 4. Likewise, an integral of counts 41' from the short spaced detector 19 will also yield a curve of the form 62, but with greater absolute integral counts per unit time and with a greater slope.
2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 The slope of each segment curve is also a function of apparent formation density that 2 the detector "sees". Fig. 5 shows three integral count sample curves for a tool operating 3 centralized within a borehole (see. Fig 2a or 2b) for varying formation density. Curves 64, 4 66 and 68 are determined in formations with densities pt, P2 and p3, respectively, where pt > pz > p3. Stated another way, each segment is a function of both formation density and tool 6 standoff.
7 To summarize, an running integral of count samples from each detector over a 8 sample period ts will yield a curve with a shape indicative of constant or varying tool 9 standoff, the magnitude of the standoff, and the "apparent" density of material which the detector "sees". The use of this information to obtain accurate and statistically compensated 11 bulk density formation values will be developed in the following sections.
The integration 12 and fitting method provides results with much less statistical variation than would be 13 obtained using individual count samples measured by the detectors.
14 3. SPECIFICS OF THE DATA PROCESSING
Assume that for a given detector, count samples are collected over a relatively short 16 time interval At, where At is 5 ms. Count samples are accumulated preferably contiguously 17 over the entire sample period t, which contains n time intervals At. As an example, if n 18 1000, tS = 5.0 sec. The sample counts collected during ts are next sorted by magnitude 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/M W D Standoff Correction 1 yielding count samples c(k) ranging from c(1) which is the smallest to c(n) which is the 2 largest, The following nomenclature will be used in describing the data processing:
3 (1) I(p) = E I(k-1) + c(k) 4 where k= 1, 2, 3, ..., p-1, p) 6 Starting at p= 1 7 I(1) = c(1) 8 I(2) = I(1) + c(2) 9 I(3) = I(2) + c(3) *
11 *
12 I(p) = I(p-l) + c(p) 13 *
14 *
I(n-1) = I(n-2) + c(n-1) 16 I(n) = I(n-1) + c(n) 2098JB-44I56/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 Using this sorting and integration method, l(p) is always greater than I(p-1). A plot of I(p) 2 as a function of corresponding time intervals At is shown in a hypothetical and somewhat 3 exaggerated illustration in Fig. 6. The points 43 represent the sorted and integrated count 4 samples I(p) encompassing p = 1 to n, over the entire time segment ts (shown at 64) of preferably several seconds. Only a few l(p) points 43 are shown for clarity of the illustration.
6 A nonlinear curve 68 is drawn through the data points 43 to illustrate a LWD
tool operating 7 with varying standoff as shown in Figs. 3 and 5. If the tool were operating with a constant 8 standoff as shown in Figs. 2a and 2b, the curve would be linear and of the form 56 or 58 9 shown in Fig. 4.
Still referring to Fig. 6, a straight line 70, shown as a broken line, is fitted to the first 11 h values of l(p) where p = 1, ... h, and a goodness of fit parameter is obtained such as chi-12 square. If the fit parameter is less than a predetermined fit value, another point I(h+l) is 13 added and a new fit parameter is obtained. This process is repeated until the fit parameter 14 exceeds the predetermined fit value, and the first straight line segment 70 is thereby determined. The segment spans a time interval t, shown at 76. The entire process is again 16 repeated starting with the specific value of I(p) identified as 43', and a second straight line 17 segment 72 is thereby determined which spans a time interval t2 shown at 78. The entire 18 process is yet again repeated starting with a specific value of I(p) identified as 43", and 19 ending with the final value I(n) in the yielding a third straight line segment 74, which spans the time interval t3. In the hypothetical example shown in Fig. 6, three straight line segments 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/M W D Standoff Correction 1 70, 72 and 74 are fitted to all of the data l(p) falling within sample period ts. Stated another 2 way, the integration and fitting process is stopped at the termination of the time segment ts 3 shown at 64. If the standoff does not vary as reflected in the data in Fig.
2c and reflected in 4 the curves 56 and 58 of Fig. 4, only a single straight line segment will be fitted to a plot of I(p) versus time intervals.
6 Count data c(k) within each line segment are summed. Each sum from each detector 7 contains both density related and standoff related information. Density values not corrected 8 for standoff, known as "apparent" density values, are next determined from the count sums 9 from both the long and short spaced detectors. It should, however, be understood that the method is applicable to only one detector response. It is preferred, however, to process both 11 detector responses to increase statistical precision as will be shown in a subsequent section 12 of this specification. It is also preferable to convert the count sums to count rates using the 13 time intervals over which they span, such as intervals 76, 78 and 80 shown in the example 14 of Fig. 6. The apparent density PLS for the long spaced detector is (2) PLS = (ln(RLS/CLS)/DLS) 16 and for the short spaced detector is 17 (3) Pss = (ln(Rss/Css)/Dss) 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 where 2 RLS = the count rate obtained from the appropriate linear segment of the long spaced 3 detector response;
4 Rss = the count rate obtained from the appropriate linear segment of the short spaced detector response; and 6 CXs and DXS (X = L,S) are constants functions of detector location and other tool 7 parameters which are determined by calibrating the tool in formations with known densities.
8 Compensated bulk density, Pb, is next computed from apparent long and short spaced 9 detector densities using preferably the spine and rib technique. Fig. 7 illustrates graphically the basic concepts of the technique, and consists of a plot of Pb - PLS on the ordinate verses 11 PLS - Pss on the abscissa. Data points 98 represent values determined from the various line 12 segments discussed above, and fall within statistical precision along a curve 90. The quantity 13 PLS - Pss is computed from measured quantities using equations (2) and (3), entered at 92 on 14 the origin, and a broken line is extended vertically until it intercepts the curve 90 at point 94.
A horizontal line is then extended from the point 94 until it intersects the ordinate at 96 16 yielding a value of Pb - PLS . Since PLS is known from equation (2), the quality of interest Pb 17 can be computed. Although the illustrated solution is graphical, it should be understood that 18 Pb is computed from appropriate spine and rib or other suitable standoff algorithms using a 19 data processing means. The statistical precision of Pb is also determined at this point, and 2098JB-44156/Advantaee Engineering/PA/M W D Standoff Correction I details of this process will be discussed in a subsequent section of this specification. For a 2 vertical increment of well borehole, values of Pb determined above from each line segment 3 are statistically weighted, and a compensated bulk density PB for that segment of borehole 4 is obtained by combining weighted values of pb. Weighting can be based upon statistical precision of pb, or on the magnitude of the corresponding standoff, or any other meaningful 6 statistical weight indicator.
7 As the tool is conveyed along the borehole, the earliest or most "up-hole"
value of 8 c(k) is dropped, a new value of c(k) is applied to span fully the time interval tS with data. The 9 entire integration, fitting, weighting process is repeated thereby yielding a log of as a function of depth in the borehole.
11 4. ACCURACY AND PRECISION
12 In order to illustrate the accuracy of the method, it is necessary to consider how 13 statistical fluctuations of the detector counts propagate into the corrected formation density 14 calculation.
2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 The corrected bulk density is generally given by:
z 2 Pc = PLS +~J"tPLS -PSSl I + j''IPLS -PSSl/
3 where pc is the corrected density, PLS is the apparent density of the long-spaced detector, pss 4 is the apparent density of the short-spaced detector, and A and B are empirical coefficients functions primarily of tool design. The above equation is a general expression for corrected 6 bulk density, therefore it is expressed in terms of rc rather than rb. The apparent detector 7 density is calculated from:
Pxs / C'xs) xs = -8 Dxs 9 where RXs is the count rate of the X-spaced detector (X = L or S) and CXs and DXs are constants functions of detector location and other tool parameters. These two constants are 11 determined by calibrating the tool in formations with known densities.
Assuming that the 12 statistical precision of the detector counts is equal to the square root of the counts, the -13 statistical error in the apparent detector density is given by:
2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction C~Pxs ) - *xs ) 1 DxsRxs Dxs tRxs 2 where t is the sampling time is seconds. In these examples, Dss is about 0.3 and DLS is about 3 2.2. The statistical precision of the corrected density can then be derived from basic 4 principles and is given by:
z z ~Pc ~ F07('OLS ~ P' + a Z (Pss ~ P~
Pcs Pss aPc =-A-2B(pcs -Pss) 6 aPss aPc = (1 + A) + 2B(ps - Pss ) 7 C9PLs 20981B-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/M W D Standoff Correction 1 For any given number "n" of incremental corrected samples, the corrected formation density, 2 Pc,AVE, is calculated from the sample densities pci and weighted with the standard deviations 3 6ci using the relationship 4 n n Pc,AVE - LE(PCi /6ci2)J/LE(Pci /6ci2)J
7 To access the precision and accuracy of the method, two alternative methods are 8 presented as comparisons with the disclosed method of processing count data and 9 determining compensated or corrected bulk formation density:
Method A
11 The apparent and corrected densities pci (i = 1. ... , n) for each small sample are 12 calculated and then numerically averaged. If the data has no statistical fluctuations, this 13 method will produce the best estimate of formation density since there is virtually no 14 variation in standoff of each sample. Conversely, if the data has large statistical fluctuations, this method will be statistically unstable and will produce erroneous results.
16 Method B
2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 The count data c(i) for both long and short spaced detectors are summed for the entire 2 time period ts, and apparent and corrected densities are determined from the summations of 3 the count data. If standoff does not vary during the time interval ts, this method should be 4 both statistically stable and accurate. Conversely, if standoff changes significantly within the time interval tS, the method will produce erroneous results despite statistical precision.
6 Two different operating examples are considered in evaluating accuracy and 7 statistical precision:
8 Example 1 9 An 8 in. diameter tool is rotating in place in a 8.75 in diameter borehole resulting in continuous variation in standoff from 0.00 in. to 0.75 in. similar to the situation depicted in =
11 Fig. 5. The rotation speed is assumed to be 120 rpm, data is sampled at a time interval At 12 5 ms, and the sampler period is ts = 5 sec.
13 Example 2 14 An 8 in. diameter tool is rotating in place in a 8.75 in diameter borehole.
This standoff in this example is varying randomly as shown in Fig. 8, (rather than contiguously 16 as in example 1), from 0.00 in. to 0.75. Data is again sampled at a time interval At = 5 ms, 17 and the sampler period is ts = 5 sec.
18 For each method and each example, 100 "test cased" comprising sample periods of 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 At 5 ms were taken to obtain a fair assessment of statistical variation and accuracy, with 2 accuracy being defined conventionally as a comparison between the magnitudes ofineasured 3 and true formation density. In both examples, it is assumed that the true formation density 4 is 2.71 grams/cubic centimeter (Gm/cc) and the borehole is filled with a mud of density 1.25 gm/cc. Random Guassian statistics plus 1% random noise were added to the data to 6 simulate realistic LWD conditions. Apparent densities were corrected using the spine and 7 rib method.
8 Fig. 11 illustrated the results of the three methods of processing measured count data 9 for example 1. The difference in computed density and true formation is plotted as a function of test case. Diamond points identified as 182 represent results using method A.
11 Crosses identified as 180 represent results using method B, and the squares identified as 184 12 represents results obtained using the previously discussed methods of the present invention.
13 A broken line 186 represents the situation in which measured density equals true density, as 14 denoted by the point 188 plotted at zero on the measured versus true ordinate. Examining the plot, it is apparent from the point scatter that all three methods yield essentially the same 16 precision, regardless of how the individual test cases are binned and whether binning is done 17 prior to or after correction. In terms of accuracy, the method of the present invention yields 18 superior results with an average deviation from the true density of about 0.002 gm/cc and a 19 maximum error of 0.018 gm/cc. Summing the data regardless of the standoff (method B) has an average accuracy of 0.04 gm/cc deviation from true formation density, and a maximum 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/M W D Standoff Correction 1 error of about 0.067 gm/cc. This is about two to three times greater that what is considered 2 generally acceptable for this type of measurement. Correcting every small test case sample 3 and then averaging the corrected density data (method A) also shows poor accuracy of about 4 0,036 gm/cc deviation from true density, with a maximum error of about 0.052 gm/cc when compared with methods A and B
6 , Fig. 12 illustrates the results obtained using the three data processing methods for 7 example 2. Once again, the difference in computed density and true formation is plotted as 8 a function of test case, diamond points identified as 182 represent results using method A, 9 crosses identified as 180 represent results using method B, and squares identified as 184 represents results obtained using the methods of the present invention. The broken line 186 11 again represents the situation in which measured density equals true density, as denoted by 12 the point 188 plotted at zero on the measured versus true ordinate. Again, all three methods 13 yield essentially the same precision. The methods of the present invention yields superior 14 accuracy results with an average deviation from the true density of about 0.002 gm/cc and a maximum error of 0.019 gm/cc. Method A has an average accuracy of 0.036 gm/cc 16 deviation from true formation density, and a maximum error of about 0.046 gm/cc. Method 17 B has an accuracy of about 0.020 gm/cc deviation from true density, with a maximum error 18 of about 0.045 gm/cc. It is apparent that method B is more accurate in example 2 than in 19 example 1. The reason for the difference lies in the standoff patterns used in the two examples. In the second example, standoff is equally distributed between 0.00 in. and 0.75 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/M W D Standoff Correction 1 in. In the first example, the standoff distribution is skewed toward the very low and the very 2 high standoffs. About 33 % of the data were at a standoff between 0.00 and 0.15 in., 30 %
3 of the data were between 0.60 and 0.75 in., and only 37% of the data were between 0.15 and 4 0.60 in.. Since the effects of standoff on detector counts is fairly linear while the relationship between the detector counts and formation density is exponential, summing data from such 6 a distribution results in an erroneously high count rate and hence a lower calculated 7 formation density.
8 5. AZIMUTHAL LOGS
9 Fig. 8 shows the actual data obtained in the second example discussed above for a sample time ts = 5 sec as shown at 120. The integration method yields the monotonically 11 increasing curve 100. The fitting process yields nine straight line segments Si (i = 1, ..., 9).
12 S1, S2, S3, Sa and S9 are shown at 102, 104, 106, 108 and I 10, respectively, as examples. The 13 time duration ti of the respective samples are shown at 112, 114, 116, 118 and 120, 14 respectively. As mentioned previously, the segments Si contain information not only related to density, but also related to the magnitude of the standoff corresponding to that segment.
16 From the data shown in Fig. 8, the following standoff values for each segment can be 17 computed and are tabulated in Table 1.
2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 2 Si ti Average Standoff (in) 3 1 0.48 0.025 +/- 0.005 4 2 0.77 0.056 +/- 0.007 3 0.59 0.129 +/- 0.012 6 4 0.62 0.265+/-0.013 7 5 0.57 0.387 +/- 0.015 8 6 0.60 0.552 +/- 0.014 9 7 0.68 0.635 +/- 0.011 8 0.65 0.695 +/- 0.007 11 9 0.14 0.733 +/- 0.006 12 In the discussion above, compensated bulk density Pb from each line segment Si for each 13 detector is computed, and a weighted average based upon the magnitude of each segment 14 standoff is used to compute pB, which is the bulk density for the vertical interval of borehole.
Parameters produced by the methods of the invention can be used to generate 16 azimuthal logs of Pb as a function of depth within the well borehole. The time values ti are 17 indicative of the relative time the tool spends within the borehole at the corresponding _ 18 standoff if it is assumed that the rotation of the bit is constant. Values of variable standoff 19 as shown in Table 1 can be combined with the time intervals ti to map a cross section of the 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 borehole. The above parameters are ofparticular interest in LWD in deviated well boreholes, 2 and can be used to "geosteer" the drill bit.
3 Attention is directed to Fig. 9 which is a polar plot of the data in Table 1. For 4 purposes of discussion, assume that the data represents integer number of tool revolutions over a given depth increment of borehole. As an example, the sum of all values of ti is 6 approximately 5 sec (i.e. t, = 5 sec). At a bit rotation of 120 rpm, the data would represent 7 approximately 10 revolutions. Segment 1 therefore represents an azimuthal segment of 8 borehole of approximately 34 degrees, segment 2 and azimuthal segment of approximately 9 54 degrees, and so forth. The broken curve 130 represents the standoff variation as a function of a reference angle ~ shown at 136. The standoff varies between 0.025 in to 0.733 11 in using the scale 132. Also shown are corresponding values of corrected formation density 12 Pb for each segment Si, represented by the curve 140 and the density scale 134.
13 Fig. 9 is intended to illustrate the types of tool position operation information and 14 azimuthal density information that can be obtained from the methodology of the invention.
As an example, a "map" of the borehole with respect to the position of the tool can be 16 generated using azimuthal standoff data. This map, if combined with a measure of tool 17 position within the borehole using independent means such as rate gyros and inclinometers, 18 can be used to generate a true map of the borehole wall. The standoff information shown in 19 the curve 130 can also be used to correct other LWD logging systems for standoff, such as a neutron porosity log.
2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 It is also noted that gamma ray energy spectra can be measured with one or both of 2 the detectors 22 and 24 (see Fig. 1). Ratios of various energy regions or energy windows can 3 be used to measure the photoelectric factor (PF) of each azimuthal segment represented by 4 each segment Si, which in turn can be used to extract the lithology of the formation. A
weighted average similar to that used to combine values of Pb to obtain PB can also be used 6 to qbtain a weighted azimuthally averaged value of PF for the entire segment of borehole.
7 6. DATA PROCESSING FLOW CHART
8 The data processing method of the invention is summarized in the flow chart of Fig.
9 10 The values of c(k) within the time interval ts are measured at 142.
Values of c(k) are sorted by magnitude at 144 and arranged in increasing magnitude. The running integral 11 sums l(k) are computed at 146, and straight line segments are fitted at step 148. At step 150, 12 values of c(k) for each straight line segment Si are summed, apparent long spaced and short 13 spaced densities are computed, and a corrected bulk density value Pb for each segment is 14 computed. A weighted average value of the values of Pb is computed at step 152 yielding an azimuthally weighted averaged bulk density value PB for a vertical interval of borehole.
16 As the LWD tool advances the borehole, the earliest value of c(k) is discarded, a new value 17 is measured completing the number of sample counts within ts, and processing returns to the 18 step 142. This process continues until the drilling operation is completed thereby yielding 2098JB-441 56/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 a log of PB as a function of depth.
2 As alternate processing steps, azimuthally segmented values of corrected density, 3 namely 4 pb, can be plotted as a function of depth at step 158. Another alternate processing step is the plotting of standoff distance as a function of azimuthal segment and depth at step 160. Yet 6 another alternate processing step is the plotting of PF as a function of depth at step 162.
7 7. AZIMUTHAL DENSITY LOGS
8 Corrected density logs ofpredetermined sectors of the borehole can be obtained using 9 the methodology of the present invention. As an example, the borehole can be divided to four quadrants. It is also desirable to know the absolute orientation of the quadrants. Most 11 MWD and LWD drilling strings convey some type of directional package which is used to 12 define the path of the well bore and the position of the drill bit. The directional package can, 13 therefore, be used to obtain absolute orientation of the preselected borehole quadrants.
14 Fig. 13 shows a sectional view of a borehole 35 which has been sectioned into four quadrants. Alternately, the borehole can be partitioned into any number of equal or nonequal 16 segments. The segments do not necessarily need to be contiguous. For purposes of 17 discussion, assume that directional information is available, and that quadrants 196, 194, 192 18 and 198 are centered at true north, east, south and west, respectively. Once again, a tool 14 19 is shown rotating within the borehole 35 and the density instrument rotates through all four 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction __ , __ _ 1 quadrants. Detector responses are first sorted according to the quadrant in which they are 2 measured. Apparent segment fozmation densities are obtained for each segment, with a 3 weighted average of two or more apparent subsegment formation densities being used if two 4 or more linear segments are fitted to data measured within a given azimuthal segment. Using the methodology described in detail in the previous sections of this specification, and 6 summarized as a functional flow chart in Fig. 10, standoff compensated density values PN, 7 PE, Ps and pW are then determined from for the formation 32 the quadrants 196, 194. 192 and 8 198, respectively.
9 Azimuthal density measurements have many uses. Differing quadrant densities can indicate a highly nonhomogeneous formation 32. As a second example, differing quadrant 11 densities can indicate that a formation bed boundary is being penetrated at an angle by the 12 borehole 35. There are other applications of azimuthal density measurements which are 13 known in the art.
14 Fig. 14 is a flow chart summarizing the azimuthal density measurement. The borehole is segmented at step 200. As mentioned above, the method is not limited to 16 quadrants, but can comprise any number of azimuthal segments that may be equal or unequal 17 in value. An absolute reference of the tool is established at 202 preferably using information 18 from a directional package conveyed in the drill string. Compensated formation density is 19 computed at 204 using techniques summarized in the flow chart of Fig. 10.
Compensated density for each selected segment is recorded as a function of depth within the borehole at 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 206. Depth is incremented at 208 and the sequence is repeated starting at step 202.
2 While the foregoing is directed to the preferred embodiments of the invention, the 3 scope thereof is determined by the claims which follow.
2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/M W D Standoff Correction
7 U.S. Patent No. 5,486,695 to Ward E. Schultz discloses an LWD nuclear logging 8 system which used an independent sensor, such as an acoustic transducer, to measure tool 9 standoff. The system uses a method similar to Minnette's to correct for standoff by sorting or "binning" detector count data as a continuous rather than a discrete fitnction of standoff.
11 The independent tool standoff measurement is then combined with detector count data using 12 various weighting schemes to obtain formation parameters of interest which have been 13 compensated for standoff. The system requires an independent tool standoff measuring 14 system which, again, adds cost and complexity to the LWD.
U.S. Patent No. 5,473,158 to Jaques M. Holeuka et al discloses methods and 16 apparatus for measuring density, neutron porosity, and other formation parameters using a 17 LWD system. One embodiment of the system uses ultrasonic transducers to determine 18 standoff, and the standoff measurement is used to correct porosity, density and other _ 19 parametric measurements for adverse effects of tool standoff. Once again, an independent borehole caliper instrument is required for the standoff ineasurement. A
quadrature method 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 of azimuthally partitioning the borehole is used in an alternate embodiment to detector 2 responses from predetermined angular segments of the borehole. As an example, the 3 borehole is divided into 90 degree segments, and means such as directional equipment 4 (accelerometers, magnetometers and the like) or even count rate processing are used to define detector signals from the "bottom", the "top", and the "sides" of the borehole. The 6 me4surement from the segment with the least standoff is then chosen to be the best 7 measurement. This introduces additional statistical uncertainty into the measurement in that 8 a significant amount of measured data are not used to compute the parameters of interest.
9 U.S. Patent No. 5,451,779 to Ronald L. Spross et al discloses a LWD density system which uses a "statistical flag" to determine when density measurements should be corrected 11 for standoff. The flag compares actual statistical variations of measured count rates with 12 theoretical statistical variations for the tool operating in a standard or gauge bore hole. The 13 system requires control and monitoring of the rate of rotation of the tool in order to make 14 meaningful comparisons between measured and theoretical statistical variations. If the difference between the two variations exceeds a predetermined value, an irregular section of 16 borehole is "flagged" and appropriate corrections are made to the measured data using the 17 spine and rib technique or other similar data correction schemes. In an altemate 18 embodiment, an acoustic borehole caliper is used to flag irregular borehole conditions or tool _ 19 standoff thereby requiring dedicated borehole calipering system with accompanying increase in hardware complexity and cost. Once a section of irregular borehole or a standoff 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 condition is flagged, other means such as the spine and rib technique are used to correct the 2 measured count rates, and to thereby obtain a borehole compensated density measurement.
3 U.S. Patent No. 5,250,806 to Erik Rhein-Knudsen et al discloses apparatus for 4 measuring the formation parameters density, neutron porosity, and photoelectric absorption (PF) factor. The system is embodied as a LWD tool, and no data processing methods are 6 discussed. The density portion of the tool comprises a gamma ray source mounted 7 eccentrically within a drill collar housing and two longitudinally spaced gamma ray detectors 8 located in blade comprising a first set of stabilizer blades. The neutron porosity portion of 9 the tool comprises a neutron source mounted concentrically within the drill collar housing and preferably two longitudinally spaced secondary radiation detectors (either neutron of 11 gamma ray) located in a blade comprising a second set of stabilizer blades.
PF is obtained 12 from an energy spectrum of one or both of the gamma ray detectors in the density section.
13 The preferred embodiment of the invention includes a pair of blade mounted, opposing 14 ultrasonic transducers used to determine standoff which, in turn, is used to correct the neutron porosity and density measurements for adverse effects of tool standoff. There is no 16 specific teaching of standoff correction methods with or without ultrasonic borehole size 17 parametric measurements. The patent is directly only toward apparatus.
18 U.S. Patent No. 5,175,429 to Hugh E. Hall, Jr. discloses a secondary LWD
19 measurement system for determining tool displacement from the borehole wall, and the subsequent use of this displacement or standoff measurement to correct nuclear parametric 21 measurements, such as density and neutron porosity, for adverse effects of standoff.
2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction I SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
2 This invention is directed toward a nuclear measurements within a well borehole.
3 The invention is applicable to logging-while-drilling (LWD) and to wireline systems. The 4 disclosure will, however, emphasize a LWD system which provides a measure of one or more parameters of interest of an earth formation penetrated by a borehole.
The 6 measurements are corrected for adverse effects of tool standoff from the borehole wall.
7 The invention is applicable to a variety of nuclear logging systems.
Emphasis will, 8 however, be directed toward the system embodied as an LWD density tool. For purposes of 9 discussion, the invention will be embodied as a dual detector formation density tool comprising a preferably isotopic source of gamma radiation and two longitudinally spaced 11 gamma ray detectors. The source and detectors are preferably mounted within the wall of 12 a drill collar, hereafter referred to as the "tool", which is mounted in a drill string in the 13 vicinity of a drill bit. The tool rotates as the drill string is rotated thereby allowing the drill 14 bit to advance the borehole. Tool rotation is not a necessary requirement to operate the invention. The invention is also operable when a downhole motor is used to rotate the drill 16 bit, and the tool is above this rotating portion of the drill string.
17 As a brief summary of operating concepts of a dual detector density tool is presented 18 so that the present invention can be more easily understood. Gamma radiation is emitted by 19 the source, passes through any material between the tool and the borehole wall, enters the formation where it interacts with material within the formation, and a portion of the radiation 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 is scattered back into the borehole at a reduced energy. A portion of radiation scattered back 2 into the borehole is recorded by the detectors. Source gamma ray energy is selected so that 3 the primary mode of reaction is Compton scatter, which is related to the electron density of 4 the composite formation material including the formation matrix material and any fluid filling pore space within the matrix. Electron density is, in turn, is related to the "bulk"
6 density of the formation. The count rate measured by the tool detectors can, therefore, be 7 related to the formation property of interest which is bulk density. p+lOX
This relationship is 8 determined by calibrating the tool under known borehole and formation conditions, and is 9 known in the art. Gamma radiation not only interacts with the formation, but also with any intervening material between the tool and the borehole wall. This intervening material 11 includes borehole fluid and particulate material, known as "mudcake", which builds up on 12 the borehole wall due to invasion into the formation of borehole fluid.
Mudcake and any 13 other intervening material adversely affects the bulk density measurement.
Two detectors 14 are used to minimize the effects of mudcake and tool standoff. The responses of the two detectors can be combined to minimize the effects of standoff and mudcake using a variety 16 of algorithms including the spine and rib algorithm. The effects of standoff are typically 17 much more severe in nuclear LWD systems than in wireline systems, even though mudcake 18 buildup is minimal and the borehole fluid type is constant or at least slowly varying with the 19 drilling operation. An LWD density tool typically rotates continuously inside the borehole as the measurement is being made. If the tool rotates centralized within a borehole which 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/M W D Standoff Correction 1 is necessarily larger than the tool, detector counts rates will be constant as a function of time 2 for a given formation density and borehole diameter. If the standoff is perhaps one inch or 3 less, and the counts collected are statistically significant, the spine and rib method can be 4 used to compensate for standoff, and an accurate measure of formation density can be obtained. Rarely in practice does the tool rotate concentrically within the borehole. Since 6 most boreholes are not exactly vertical, and considering the torque on the drill bit and the 7 flexibility of the drill string, the tool is most likely rotating against one side of the borehole.
8 Recall that the source and detectors are preferably located within the wall of the tool. During 9 a complete rotation of the tool, standoff that the density tool "sees"
varies from essentially zero when the tool is oriented so that the source and detectors are facing a tool contact point 11 on the borehole wall, increases to a maximum 180 degrees later when the source and 12 detectors are facing the direction, and then decreases to essentially zero when the tool is 13 again oriented so that the source and detectors are again face the borehole wall. Measured 14 count rate is now a function of formation density, borehole diameter, and a variable standoff caused by the eccentric rotation of the tool within the borehole. A simple spine and rib 16 analysis of the count rate data will yield statistically insignificant measurements or inaccurate 17 measurements, or both, as will be detailed in a following section of this specification.
18 The present LWD density system collects or "samples"counts in each detector as the 19 tool rotates. The sample time interval is selected to be relatively short when compared with the time required for one complete rotation of the tool. By selecting a short sample time 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 interval, tool standoff varies insignificantly during the sampling. The short sample time 2 interval results, however, in a count sample measure with a large statistical error. This would 3 yield a statistically insignificant bulk density measurement if the spine and rib technique 4 were applied to each set of detector count sample measurements. To overcome the statistics problem, samples are collected and stored for a sample period which typically includes 6 sevpral hundred or more count sample intervals and several rotations of the tool. It is 7 desirable to make the sample period sufficiently long to minimize statistical error in the fmal 8 density measurement, but also sufficiently short so that the change in true formation density 9 seen by the tool is minimal. Samples from each detector are sorted by magnitude and a running sum or integral is performed over the sample period. If the tool is operating centered 11 within the borehole, a plot of integrated counts as function of time will be a straight line over 12 a selected sample period, with the slope of the line representing detector count rate which, 13 in turn, represents an "apparent" density. Apparent densities are processed preferably using 14 the spine and rib technique to obtain bulk density compensated for standoff. If the tool is operating eccentered within the borehole, integrated counts sorted by magnitude and plotted 16 as a function of time over the sample period will be a non-linear curve. In this case, which 17 as mentioned above, is typical a plurality of contiguous, straight line segments is fitted to the 18 nonlinear curve using predetermined fitting criteria. Detector count sample measurements 19 within each segment are summed, and combined with a time duration of the segment to obtain a segment count rate. Apparent density for the segment is then determined for a 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 standoff over an azimuthal segment of the borehole. The use of count rate and subsequently 2 apparent density from a fitted straight line segment is far more statistically significant than 3 using count rate and associated apparent density from a single detector sample within the 4 segment. Apparent densities obtained from the fitted straight line segments are then processed using the spine and rib or other correction technique to obtain a borehole 6 compensated density for each segment. Weighting is used to emphasize measurements with 7 minimal statistical uncertainty, and compensated densities from all segments are then 8 combined to yield a composite, compensated bulk density which is accurate and statistically 9 significant.
It is noted that the invention does not require a rotating tool. In cases where a 11 downhole motor such as "mud" motor is used to rotate the bit, or the density measurements 12 are made as the drill string is being withdrawn from the borehole, techniques disclosed in this 13 specification are equally applicable. A rotating drill string and tool are used for purposed of 14 discussion.
The present LWD system requires no independent borehole calipering means. No 16 predetermined azimuthal segmenting of the well borehole is required, but the system can be 17 used to measure azimuthal density values in predetermined segments of the borehoie if 18 desired. The system is automatic and operates effectively when the tool is operating centered 19 or eccentered within the borehole. Although the system has been summarized configured as a compensated density tool, the basic concepts are applicable to other nuclear LWD
21 logging systems such as formation photoelectric factor measurements.
2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 2 Fig. 1 shows the invention embodied as a dual detector LWD tool conveyed within 3 a well borehole by an operating drill string;
4 Fig, 2a is a sectional view of the LWD tool operating centralized and with constant standoff in a borehole of a first diameter;
6 , Fig. 2b is a sectional view of the tool operating centralized and with constant standoff 7 in a borehole with a second and larger diameter;
8 Fig. 2c is a plot of detector count sample intervals as a function of time for the tool 9 operating with constant standoff in boreholes of three different diameters;
Fig. 3 is a sectional view of the tool operating in a borehole eccentered and with 11 variable standoff, 12 Fig. 4 illustrates running integrals of detector count intervals, after sorting by 13 magnitude, plotted as a function of time with the tool operating with constant and varying 14 standoffs;
Fig. 5 is a plot as a function of time of long spaced detector count samples, short 16 spaced detector count samples, and tool standoff with the tool operating eccentered in a 17 borehole with varying standoff;
18 Fig. 6 illustrates the line segment fitting method of the invention;
19 Fig. 7 is a graphical illustration of the spine and rib method for determining density values compensated for tool standoff, 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/M W D Standoff Correction 1 Fig. 8 illustrates the segmentation of a time segment of data with the tool operating 2 with varying standoff;
3 Fig. 9 illustrates azimuthal density and azimuthal standoff measurements that can be 4 obtained with the invention;
Fig. 10 is a simplified flow chart of data measurement and processing steps;
6 Fig. 11 illustrates precision and accuracy of the present data processing method, 7 compared with two other data processing methods, for periodically varying tool standoff;
8 Fig. 12 illustrates precision and accuracy of the present data processing method, 9 compared with two other data processing methods, for randomly varying tool standoff;
Fig. 13 is a sectional view of a tool operating within a borehole for which 11 predetermined azimuthal segments have been defined; and 12 Fig. 14 is a flow chart of steps used to obtain compensated density measurements as 13 a function of depth for predetermined segments of borehole.
2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 2 As stated previously, the invention is applicable to a variety of nuclear logging 3 systems. The preferred embodiment will, however, be disclosed as a dual detector LWD
4 density tool.
Fig. 1 shows an LWD density instrument 18 mounted within the wall of a drill collar 6 14 which will be subsequently referred to as the LWD tool. The density instrument 18 7 comprises a source of gamma radiation 20 which is preferably an isotopic source of137Cs or 8 60Co. A "short spaced" radiation detector 22 and a "long spaced" radiation detector 24 are 9 spaced from the source 20. Radiation detectors 22 and 24 are preferable scintillation type gamma ray detectors. The tool 14 is conveyed along a borehole 34 penetrating an earth 11 formation 32 by a drill string 12. The drill string 12 is terminated at the lower end by a drill 12 bit 16, and at the upper end by a kelly 26 which engages a rotary table 28.
The rotary table 13 is rotated preferably by a standard drilling rig (not shown) known in the art thereby rotating 14 the drill stringl2, the attached tool 14, and the drill bit 16 to advance the borehole 34. In the alternate, a downhole motor (not shown) can be used to rotate the bit and to provide drilling 16 directional control. The tool 14 is shown standing off of the wall of the borehole 34 by a 17 distance 30. Fig. 1 also shows a computing means 31 which is in communication with the 18 density instrument as illustrated conceptually with a broken line 37. The computing means 19 31, which is used to control the density instrument 18 and process measured data, can be located within the tool 14 or at the surface of the earth.
2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 Fig. 2a is a sectional view of the tool 14 rotating centralized, as shown conceptually 2 by the arrow, within the borehole 34. The standoff 30 of the instrument section 18 is 3 constant through the entire rotation. Fig. 2b is another sectional view of the tool 14 rotating 4 centralized within a borehole 34' of larger diameter, with a corresponding standoff 30'. For purposes of discussion, it is assumed that the density of the formation 32 remains constant.
6 As the tool rotates, the LWD density system collects or "samples"counts in each detector.
7 The sample time is selected to be relatively short interval when compared with the time 8 required for one complete rotation of the tool. By selecting a short sample time interval, any 9 variation in tool standoff, as will be shown in subsequent examples, is minimal. The statistical error associated with each sample is, however, large. This would yield a 11 statistically insignificant bulk density measurement if the spine and rib technique or similar 12 correction method were applied to each set of detector count rate samples.
13 Fig. 2c shows detector count samples 41 plotted as a function of time.
Curve 40 14 represents samples measured by one of the detectors 22 or 24 with the tool 14 rotating in the smaller borehole 24 as shown in Fig, 2a. The count rate in the short spaced detector 22 is 16 typically greater than the corresponding count rate in the long spaced detector 24, but the 17 behavior of both detector responses is the same. Curve 42 represents samples measured by 18 the same detector with the tool rotating centralized in the larger borehole 34' as shown in Fig.
19 2b. These examples assume that the density of the formation is greater than the density of any intervening material within the tool standoff. Curve 44 represents samples measured 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 by the same detector with the tool rotating centralized in a still larger borehole (not shown) 2 with the density of the formation remaining constant. Since the tool 14 is rotating 3 centralized and the standoff does not vary as a function of azimuthal position of the tool 14, 4 the samples 41 for a given borehole size and formation density remain constant in time, within statistical variations, as shown in Fig. 2c.
6 Fig. 3 is a sectional view of the tool 14 rotating eccentered within a borehole 34".
7 The standoff 30" of the instrument section 18 varies as the tool rotates.
Fig 5 is a plot of 8 count samples 41' from the short spaced detector 22 with a smooth curve 50 being drawn 9 through these points. Included also in Fig. 5 is a plot of count samples 41"
from the long spaced detector 24 which, for given formation and borehole conditions, is typically lower 11 than the corresponding short spaced detector samples 41'. A smooth curve 52 has been 12 drawn through the count samples 41 ". Count samples are in arbitrary units for purposes of 13 illustration, and are represented by the left hand ordinate of Fig 5. Fig.
5 also illustrates a 14 curve 54 representing the magnitude of the variable standoff 30" as the tool 14 rotates. For purposes of illustration, it is assumed that standoff 30" varies between 0.00 and 0.75 inches 16 (in.) as denoted by the right hand ordinate. It is apparent that, for a given formation density 17 and borehole condition, count samples from both long and short spaced detectors vary with 18 standoff. In this example, standoff 30" monotonically increases as the tool 14 rotates to a 19 maximum standoff 0.75 in. when the instrument section 18 faces the borehole wall opposite from the wall which the tool 14 contacts. Standoff 30"then monotonically decreases until 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/M WD Standoff Correction 1 the instrument package 18 contacts the wall of the borehole 34". This pattern repeats as the 2 tool makes multiple rotations.
3 Still referring to Figs. 3 and 5, count samples from both long and short spaced 4 detectors 24 and 22 are collected and stored for a sample period which typically includes several hundred or more samples 41' measured over several rotations of the tool 14. It is 6 desirable to make the sample period sufficiently long to minimize statistical error in the final 7 density measurement, but also sufficiently short so that the change in true formation density 8 seen by the tool is minimal during the advancing of the tool. Assume that the tool 14 is 9 rotating at 120 revolutions per minute (rpm) and that the count samples 41' are collected every 5 milliseconds (ms). During each small sample of 5 ms, the standoff does not vary by 11 more than 0.1 in. using the rather typical example shown in Fig, 5. A spine and rib type 12 correction could handle such small standoff variation. The problem is, however the 13 relatively small number of counts collected by the detectors 22 and 24 during each count 14 sample 41', and especially in the long spaced detector 24 which is spaced further from the source 20. Statistical fluctuations of the data samples 41' will cause large errors in the 16 corrected density if they are used as individual measurements in a spine and rib type 17 correction.
18 It is noted that the invention does not require a rotating tool. In cases where a 19 downhole motor such as "mud" motor is used to rotate the bit, or the density measurements are made as the drill string is being withdrawn from the borehole, techniques disclosed in this 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/M WD Standoff Correction 1 specification are equally applicable. A rotating drill string and tool are used for purposed of 2 discussion.
3 The data processing system of the present invention greatly minimizes the problem 4 of statistical variations of each count sample by fitting a curve to a running count integration or summation technique prior to determine apparent and finally compensated density values.
6 Attention is directed to Fig. 4 which shows curves fitted to integrated segment counts or 7 "integral counts" plotted as a function of time. Details of the running count integration and 8 the fitting will be presented in a subsequent section of this specification.
If the tool is 9 operating centered within the borehole as shown in Figs. 2a or 2b, a fitted curve will be linear over a selected sample period ts shown at 64. For a given formation density, line slope 11 will be a function of standoff. As an example, the tool 14 operating in a smaller borehole as 12 shown in Fig 2a will result in a linear curve 56 which has a smaller slope than a linear curve 13 58, which is obtained with the tool operating in a larger borehole 34' as shown in Fig. 2b.
14 A nonlinear curve of the form 62 is obtained when the tool is operating eccentered within a borehole as shown in Fig. 3. Count samples are preferably integrated for both detectors, 16 although the method is applicable to only a single detector. As an example, an integral of 17 count segments 41" for the long spaced detector shown in Fig. 5 will yield a curve of the 18 form 62 shown in Fig. 4. Likewise, an integral of counts 41' from the short spaced detector 19 will also yield a curve of the form 62, but with greater absolute integral counts per unit time and with a greater slope.
2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 The slope of each segment curve is also a function of apparent formation density that 2 the detector "sees". Fig. 5 shows three integral count sample curves for a tool operating 3 centralized within a borehole (see. Fig 2a or 2b) for varying formation density. Curves 64, 4 66 and 68 are determined in formations with densities pt, P2 and p3, respectively, where pt > pz > p3. Stated another way, each segment is a function of both formation density and tool 6 standoff.
7 To summarize, an running integral of count samples from each detector over a 8 sample period ts will yield a curve with a shape indicative of constant or varying tool 9 standoff, the magnitude of the standoff, and the "apparent" density of material which the detector "sees". The use of this information to obtain accurate and statistically compensated 11 bulk density formation values will be developed in the following sections.
The integration 12 and fitting method provides results with much less statistical variation than would be 13 obtained using individual count samples measured by the detectors.
14 3. SPECIFICS OF THE DATA PROCESSING
Assume that for a given detector, count samples are collected over a relatively short 16 time interval At, where At is 5 ms. Count samples are accumulated preferably contiguously 17 over the entire sample period t, which contains n time intervals At. As an example, if n 18 1000, tS = 5.0 sec. The sample counts collected during ts are next sorted by magnitude 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/M W D Standoff Correction 1 yielding count samples c(k) ranging from c(1) which is the smallest to c(n) which is the 2 largest, The following nomenclature will be used in describing the data processing:
3 (1) I(p) = E I(k-1) + c(k) 4 where k= 1, 2, 3, ..., p-1, p) 6 Starting at p= 1 7 I(1) = c(1) 8 I(2) = I(1) + c(2) 9 I(3) = I(2) + c(3) *
11 *
12 I(p) = I(p-l) + c(p) 13 *
14 *
I(n-1) = I(n-2) + c(n-1) 16 I(n) = I(n-1) + c(n) 2098JB-44I56/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 Using this sorting and integration method, l(p) is always greater than I(p-1). A plot of I(p) 2 as a function of corresponding time intervals At is shown in a hypothetical and somewhat 3 exaggerated illustration in Fig. 6. The points 43 represent the sorted and integrated count 4 samples I(p) encompassing p = 1 to n, over the entire time segment ts (shown at 64) of preferably several seconds. Only a few l(p) points 43 are shown for clarity of the illustration.
6 A nonlinear curve 68 is drawn through the data points 43 to illustrate a LWD
tool operating 7 with varying standoff as shown in Figs. 3 and 5. If the tool were operating with a constant 8 standoff as shown in Figs. 2a and 2b, the curve would be linear and of the form 56 or 58 9 shown in Fig. 4.
Still referring to Fig. 6, a straight line 70, shown as a broken line, is fitted to the first 11 h values of l(p) where p = 1, ... h, and a goodness of fit parameter is obtained such as chi-12 square. If the fit parameter is less than a predetermined fit value, another point I(h+l) is 13 added and a new fit parameter is obtained. This process is repeated until the fit parameter 14 exceeds the predetermined fit value, and the first straight line segment 70 is thereby determined. The segment spans a time interval t, shown at 76. The entire process is again 16 repeated starting with the specific value of I(p) identified as 43', and a second straight line 17 segment 72 is thereby determined which spans a time interval t2 shown at 78. The entire 18 process is yet again repeated starting with a specific value of I(p) identified as 43", and 19 ending with the final value I(n) in the yielding a third straight line segment 74, which spans the time interval t3. In the hypothetical example shown in Fig. 6, three straight line segments 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/M W D Standoff Correction 1 70, 72 and 74 are fitted to all of the data l(p) falling within sample period ts. Stated another 2 way, the integration and fitting process is stopped at the termination of the time segment ts 3 shown at 64. If the standoff does not vary as reflected in the data in Fig.
2c and reflected in 4 the curves 56 and 58 of Fig. 4, only a single straight line segment will be fitted to a plot of I(p) versus time intervals.
6 Count data c(k) within each line segment are summed. Each sum from each detector 7 contains both density related and standoff related information. Density values not corrected 8 for standoff, known as "apparent" density values, are next determined from the count sums 9 from both the long and short spaced detectors. It should, however, be understood that the method is applicable to only one detector response. It is preferred, however, to process both 11 detector responses to increase statistical precision as will be shown in a subsequent section 12 of this specification. It is also preferable to convert the count sums to count rates using the 13 time intervals over which they span, such as intervals 76, 78 and 80 shown in the example 14 of Fig. 6. The apparent density PLS for the long spaced detector is (2) PLS = (ln(RLS/CLS)/DLS) 16 and for the short spaced detector is 17 (3) Pss = (ln(Rss/Css)/Dss) 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 where 2 RLS = the count rate obtained from the appropriate linear segment of the long spaced 3 detector response;
4 Rss = the count rate obtained from the appropriate linear segment of the short spaced detector response; and 6 CXs and DXS (X = L,S) are constants functions of detector location and other tool 7 parameters which are determined by calibrating the tool in formations with known densities.
8 Compensated bulk density, Pb, is next computed from apparent long and short spaced 9 detector densities using preferably the spine and rib technique. Fig. 7 illustrates graphically the basic concepts of the technique, and consists of a plot of Pb - PLS on the ordinate verses 11 PLS - Pss on the abscissa. Data points 98 represent values determined from the various line 12 segments discussed above, and fall within statistical precision along a curve 90. The quantity 13 PLS - Pss is computed from measured quantities using equations (2) and (3), entered at 92 on 14 the origin, and a broken line is extended vertically until it intercepts the curve 90 at point 94.
A horizontal line is then extended from the point 94 until it intersects the ordinate at 96 16 yielding a value of Pb - PLS . Since PLS is known from equation (2), the quality of interest Pb 17 can be computed. Although the illustrated solution is graphical, it should be understood that 18 Pb is computed from appropriate spine and rib or other suitable standoff algorithms using a 19 data processing means. The statistical precision of Pb is also determined at this point, and 2098JB-44156/Advantaee Engineering/PA/M W D Standoff Correction I details of this process will be discussed in a subsequent section of this specification. For a 2 vertical increment of well borehole, values of Pb determined above from each line segment 3 are statistically weighted, and a compensated bulk density PB for that segment of borehole 4 is obtained by combining weighted values of pb. Weighting can be based upon statistical precision of pb, or on the magnitude of the corresponding standoff, or any other meaningful 6 statistical weight indicator.
7 As the tool is conveyed along the borehole, the earliest or most "up-hole"
value of 8 c(k) is dropped, a new value of c(k) is applied to span fully the time interval tS with data. The 9 entire integration, fitting, weighting process is repeated thereby yielding a log of as a function of depth in the borehole.
11 4. ACCURACY AND PRECISION
12 In order to illustrate the accuracy of the method, it is necessary to consider how 13 statistical fluctuations of the detector counts propagate into the corrected formation density 14 calculation.
2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 The corrected bulk density is generally given by:
z 2 Pc = PLS +~J"tPLS -PSSl I + j''IPLS -PSSl/
3 where pc is the corrected density, PLS is the apparent density of the long-spaced detector, pss 4 is the apparent density of the short-spaced detector, and A and B are empirical coefficients functions primarily of tool design. The above equation is a general expression for corrected 6 bulk density, therefore it is expressed in terms of rc rather than rb. The apparent detector 7 density is calculated from:
Pxs / C'xs) xs = -8 Dxs 9 where RXs is the count rate of the X-spaced detector (X = L or S) and CXs and DXs are constants functions of detector location and other tool parameters. These two constants are 11 determined by calibrating the tool in formations with known densities.
Assuming that the 12 statistical precision of the detector counts is equal to the square root of the counts, the -13 statistical error in the apparent detector density is given by:
2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction C~Pxs ) - *xs ) 1 DxsRxs Dxs tRxs 2 where t is the sampling time is seconds. In these examples, Dss is about 0.3 and DLS is about 3 2.2. The statistical precision of the corrected density can then be derived from basic 4 principles and is given by:
z z ~Pc ~ F07('OLS ~ P' + a Z (Pss ~ P~
Pcs Pss aPc =-A-2B(pcs -Pss) 6 aPss aPc = (1 + A) + 2B(ps - Pss ) 7 C9PLs 20981B-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/M W D Standoff Correction 1 For any given number "n" of incremental corrected samples, the corrected formation density, 2 Pc,AVE, is calculated from the sample densities pci and weighted with the standard deviations 3 6ci using the relationship 4 n n Pc,AVE - LE(PCi /6ci2)J/LE(Pci /6ci2)J
7 To access the precision and accuracy of the method, two alternative methods are 8 presented as comparisons with the disclosed method of processing count data and 9 determining compensated or corrected bulk formation density:
Method A
11 The apparent and corrected densities pci (i = 1. ... , n) for each small sample are 12 calculated and then numerically averaged. If the data has no statistical fluctuations, this 13 method will produce the best estimate of formation density since there is virtually no 14 variation in standoff of each sample. Conversely, if the data has large statistical fluctuations, this method will be statistically unstable and will produce erroneous results.
16 Method B
2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 The count data c(i) for both long and short spaced detectors are summed for the entire 2 time period ts, and apparent and corrected densities are determined from the summations of 3 the count data. If standoff does not vary during the time interval ts, this method should be 4 both statistically stable and accurate. Conversely, if standoff changes significantly within the time interval tS, the method will produce erroneous results despite statistical precision.
6 Two different operating examples are considered in evaluating accuracy and 7 statistical precision:
8 Example 1 9 An 8 in. diameter tool is rotating in place in a 8.75 in diameter borehole resulting in continuous variation in standoff from 0.00 in. to 0.75 in. similar to the situation depicted in =
11 Fig. 5. The rotation speed is assumed to be 120 rpm, data is sampled at a time interval At 12 5 ms, and the sampler period is ts = 5 sec.
13 Example 2 14 An 8 in. diameter tool is rotating in place in a 8.75 in diameter borehole.
This standoff in this example is varying randomly as shown in Fig. 8, (rather than contiguously 16 as in example 1), from 0.00 in. to 0.75. Data is again sampled at a time interval At = 5 ms, 17 and the sampler period is ts = 5 sec.
18 For each method and each example, 100 "test cased" comprising sample periods of 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 At 5 ms were taken to obtain a fair assessment of statistical variation and accuracy, with 2 accuracy being defined conventionally as a comparison between the magnitudes ofineasured 3 and true formation density. In both examples, it is assumed that the true formation density 4 is 2.71 grams/cubic centimeter (Gm/cc) and the borehole is filled with a mud of density 1.25 gm/cc. Random Guassian statistics plus 1% random noise were added to the data to 6 simulate realistic LWD conditions. Apparent densities were corrected using the spine and 7 rib method.
8 Fig. 11 illustrated the results of the three methods of processing measured count data 9 for example 1. The difference in computed density and true formation is plotted as a function of test case. Diamond points identified as 182 represent results using method A.
11 Crosses identified as 180 represent results using method B, and the squares identified as 184 12 represents results obtained using the previously discussed methods of the present invention.
13 A broken line 186 represents the situation in which measured density equals true density, as 14 denoted by the point 188 plotted at zero on the measured versus true ordinate. Examining the plot, it is apparent from the point scatter that all three methods yield essentially the same 16 precision, regardless of how the individual test cases are binned and whether binning is done 17 prior to or after correction. In terms of accuracy, the method of the present invention yields 18 superior results with an average deviation from the true density of about 0.002 gm/cc and a 19 maximum error of 0.018 gm/cc. Summing the data regardless of the standoff (method B) has an average accuracy of 0.04 gm/cc deviation from true formation density, and a maximum 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/M W D Standoff Correction 1 error of about 0.067 gm/cc. This is about two to three times greater that what is considered 2 generally acceptable for this type of measurement. Correcting every small test case sample 3 and then averaging the corrected density data (method A) also shows poor accuracy of about 4 0,036 gm/cc deviation from true density, with a maximum error of about 0.052 gm/cc when compared with methods A and B
6 , Fig. 12 illustrates the results obtained using the three data processing methods for 7 example 2. Once again, the difference in computed density and true formation is plotted as 8 a function of test case, diamond points identified as 182 represent results using method A, 9 crosses identified as 180 represent results using method B, and squares identified as 184 represents results obtained using the methods of the present invention. The broken line 186 11 again represents the situation in which measured density equals true density, as denoted by 12 the point 188 plotted at zero on the measured versus true ordinate. Again, all three methods 13 yield essentially the same precision. The methods of the present invention yields superior 14 accuracy results with an average deviation from the true density of about 0.002 gm/cc and a maximum error of 0.019 gm/cc. Method A has an average accuracy of 0.036 gm/cc 16 deviation from true formation density, and a maximum error of about 0.046 gm/cc. Method 17 B has an accuracy of about 0.020 gm/cc deviation from true density, with a maximum error 18 of about 0.045 gm/cc. It is apparent that method B is more accurate in example 2 than in 19 example 1. The reason for the difference lies in the standoff patterns used in the two examples. In the second example, standoff is equally distributed between 0.00 in. and 0.75 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/M W D Standoff Correction 1 in. In the first example, the standoff distribution is skewed toward the very low and the very 2 high standoffs. About 33 % of the data were at a standoff between 0.00 and 0.15 in., 30 %
3 of the data were between 0.60 and 0.75 in., and only 37% of the data were between 0.15 and 4 0.60 in.. Since the effects of standoff on detector counts is fairly linear while the relationship between the detector counts and formation density is exponential, summing data from such 6 a distribution results in an erroneously high count rate and hence a lower calculated 7 formation density.
8 5. AZIMUTHAL LOGS
9 Fig. 8 shows the actual data obtained in the second example discussed above for a sample time ts = 5 sec as shown at 120. The integration method yields the monotonically 11 increasing curve 100. The fitting process yields nine straight line segments Si (i = 1, ..., 9).
12 S1, S2, S3, Sa and S9 are shown at 102, 104, 106, 108 and I 10, respectively, as examples. The 13 time duration ti of the respective samples are shown at 112, 114, 116, 118 and 120, 14 respectively. As mentioned previously, the segments Si contain information not only related to density, but also related to the magnitude of the standoff corresponding to that segment.
16 From the data shown in Fig. 8, the following standoff values for each segment can be 17 computed and are tabulated in Table 1.
2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 2 Si ti Average Standoff (in) 3 1 0.48 0.025 +/- 0.005 4 2 0.77 0.056 +/- 0.007 3 0.59 0.129 +/- 0.012 6 4 0.62 0.265+/-0.013 7 5 0.57 0.387 +/- 0.015 8 6 0.60 0.552 +/- 0.014 9 7 0.68 0.635 +/- 0.011 8 0.65 0.695 +/- 0.007 11 9 0.14 0.733 +/- 0.006 12 In the discussion above, compensated bulk density Pb from each line segment Si for each 13 detector is computed, and a weighted average based upon the magnitude of each segment 14 standoff is used to compute pB, which is the bulk density for the vertical interval of borehole.
Parameters produced by the methods of the invention can be used to generate 16 azimuthal logs of Pb as a function of depth within the well borehole. The time values ti are 17 indicative of the relative time the tool spends within the borehole at the corresponding _ 18 standoff if it is assumed that the rotation of the bit is constant. Values of variable standoff 19 as shown in Table 1 can be combined with the time intervals ti to map a cross section of the 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 borehole. The above parameters are ofparticular interest in LWD in deviated well boreholes, 2 and can be used to "geosteer" the drill bit.
3 Attention is directed to Fig. 9 which is a polar plot of the data in Table 1. For 4 purposes of discussion, assume that the data represents integer number of tool revolutions over a given depth increment of borehole. As an example, the sum of all values of ti is 6 approximately 5 sec (i.e. t, = 5 sec). At a bit rotation of 120 rpm, the data would represent 7 approximately 10 revolutions. Segment 1 therefore represents an azimuthal segment of 8 borehole of approximately 34 degrees, segment 2 and azimuthal segment of approximately 9 54 degrees, and so forth. The broken curve 130 represents the standoff variation as a function of a reference angle ~ shown at 136. The standoff varies between 0.025 in to 0.733 11 in using the scale 132. Also shown are corresponding values of corrected formation density 12 Pb for each segment Si, represented by the curve 140 and the density scale 134.
13 Fig. 9 is intended to illustrate the types of tool position operation information and 14 azimuthal density information that can be obtained from the methodology of the invention.
As an example, a "map" of the borehole with respect to the position of the tool can be 16 generated using azimuthal standoff data. This map, if combined with a measure of tool 17 position within the borehole using independent means such as rate gyros and inclinometers, 18 can be used to generate a true map of the borehole wall. The standoff information shown in 19 the curve 130 can also be used to correct other LWD logging systems for standoff, such as a neutron porosity log.
2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 It is also noted that gamma ray energy spectra can be measured with one or both of 2 the detectors 22 and 24 (see Fig. 1). Ratios of various energy regions or energy windows can 3 be used to measure the photoelectric factor (PF) of each azimuthal segment represented by 4 each segment Si, which in turn can be used to extract the lithology of the formation. A
weighted average similar to that used to combine values of Pb to obtain PB can also be used 6 to qbtain a weighted azimuthally averaged value of PF for the entire segment of borehole.
7 6. DATA PROCESSING FLOW CHART
8 The data processing method of the invention is summarized in the flow chart of Fig.
9 10 The values of c(k) within the time interval ts are measured at 142.
Values of c(k) are sorted by magnitude at 144 and arranged in increasing magnitude. The running integral 11 sums l(k) are computed at 146, and straight line segments are fitted at step 148. At step 150, 12 values of c(k) for each straight line segment Si are summed, apparent long spaced and short 13 spaced densities are computed, and a corrected bulk density value Pb for each segment is 14 computed. A weighted average value of the values of Pb is computed at step 152 yielding an azimuthally weighted averaged bulk density value PB for a vertical interval of borehole.
16 As the LWD tool advances the borehole, the earliest value of c(k) is discarded, a new value 17 is measured completing the number of sample counts within ts, and processing returns to the 18 step 142. This process continues until the drilling operation is completed thereby yielding 2098JB-441 56/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 a log of PB as a function of depth.
2 As alternate processing steps, azimuthally segmented values of corrected density, 3 namely 4 pb, can be plotted as a function of depth at step 158. Another alternate processing step is the plotting of standoff distance as a function of azimuthal segment and depth at step 160. Yet 6 another alternate processing step is the plotting of PF as a function of depth at step 162.
7 7. AZIMUTHAL DENSITY LOGS
8 Corrected density logs ofpredetermined sectors of the borehole can be obtained using 9 the methodology of the present invention. As an example, the borehole can be divided to four quadrants. It is also desirable to know the absolute orientation of the quadrants. Most 11 MWD and LWD drilling strings convey some type of directional package which is used to 12 define the path of the well bore and the position of the drill bit. The directional package can, 13 therefore, be used to obtain absolute orientation of the preselected borehole quadrants.
14 Fig. 13 shows a sectional view of a borehole 35 which has been sectioned into four quadrants. Alternately, the borehole can be partitioned into any number of equal or nonequal 16 segments. The segments do not necessarily need to be contiguous. For purposes of 17 discussion, assume that directional information is available, and that quadrants 196, 194, 192 18 and 198 are centered at true north, east, south and west, respectively. Once again, a tool 14 19 is shown rotating within the borehole 35 and the density instrument rotates through all four 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction __ , __ _ 1 quadrants. Detector responses are first sorted according to the quadrant in which they are 2 measured. Apparent segment fozmation densities are obtained for each segment, with a 3 weighted average of two or more apparent subsegment formation densities being used if two 4 or more linear segments are fitted to data measured within a given azimuthal segment. Using the methodology described in detail in the previous sections of this specification, and 6 summarized as a functional flow chart in Fig. 10, standoff compensated density values PN, 7 PE, Ps and pW are then determined from for the formation 32 the quadrants 196, 194. 192 and 8 198, respectively.
9 Azimuthal density measurements have many uses. Differing quadrant densities can indicate a highly nonhomogeneous formation 32. As a second example, differing quadrant 11 densities can indicate that a formation bed boundary is being penetrated at an angle by the 12 borehole 35. There are other applications of azimuthal density measurements which are 13 known in the art.
14 Fig. 14 is a flow chart summarizing the azimuthal density measurement. The borehole is segmented at step 200. As mentioned above, the method is not limited to 16 quadrants, but can comprise any number of azimuthal segments that may be equal or unequal 17 in value. An absolute reference of the tool is established at 202 preferably using information 18 from a directional package conveyed in the drill string. Compensated formation density is 19 computed at 204 using techniques summarized in the flow chart of Fig. 10.
Compensated density for each selected segment is recorded as a function of depth within the borehole at 2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/MWD Standoff Correction 1 206. Depth is incremented at 208 and the sequence is repeated starting at step 202.
2 While the foregoing is directed to the preferred embodiments of the invention, the 3 scope thereof is determined by the claims which follow.
2098JB-44156/Advantage Engineering/PA/M W D Standoff Correction
Claims (33)
1. A method for determining a property of earth formation penetrated by a borehole, comprising the steps of:
(a) positioning at least one detector within said borehole;
(b) measuring a plurality of detector responses over a time segment;
(c) sorting said detector responses by magnitude into sorted detector responses;
(d) fitting at least one linear segment to said sorted detector responses as a function of time; and (e) determining said formation property from said at least one linear segment.
(a) positioning at least one detector within said borehole;
(b) measuring a plurality of detector responses over a time segment;
(c) sorting said detector responses by magnitude into sorted detector responses;
(d) fitting at least one linear segment to said sorted detector responses as a function of time; and (e) determining said formation property from said at least one linear segment.
2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising:
computing running integral sums from said sorted detector responses;
computing running integral sums from said sorted detector responses;
3. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of:
(a) obtaining at least two linear segments;
(b) determining an apparent formation property from each of said linear segments; and (c) combining a weighted average of each said apparent formation property to determine said formation property.
(a) obtaining at least two linear segments;
(b) determining an apparent formation property from each of said linear segments; and (c) combining a weighted average of each said apparent formation property to determine said formation property.
4. The method of claim 3 further comprising the steps of:
(a) computing a statistical weight of each said apparent formation property;
(b) weighting each said apparent formation property with said statistical weight thereby forming a corresponding weighted apparent formation property; and (c) combining said weighted apparent formation properties to form said weighted average.
(a) computing a statistical weight of each said apparent formation property;
(b) weighting each said apparent formation property with said statistical weight thereby forming a corresponding weighted apparent formation property; and (c) combining said weighted apparent formation properties to form said weighted average.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein:
step (a) comprises positioning a source of radiation and two of said detectors spaced axially from said source;
step (b) comprises measuring said detector responses from each of said detectors over said time segment;
step (c) comprises sorting said detector responses from each said detector by magnitude into said sorted detector responses;
step (d) comprises computing running integral sums from said sorted detector responses for each said detector;
step (e) comprises for each said detector, fitting said at least one linear segment to said sorted detector responses as a function of time;
step (f) comprises determining an apparent formation property from each of said at least one linear segment for each said detector; and step (g) comprises combining said apparent formation properties to obtain a measure of said formation property compensated for standoff of said two detectors from a wall of said borehole.
step (a) comprises positioning a source of radiation and two of said detectors spaced axially from said source;
step (b) comprises measuring said detector responses from each of said detectors over said time segment;
step (c) comprises sorting said detector responses from each said detector by magnitude into said sorted detector responses;
step (d) comprises computing running integral sums from said sorted detector responses for each said detector;
step (e) comprises for each said detector, fitting said at least one linear segment to said sorted detector responses as a function of time;
step (f) comprises determining an apparent formation property from each of said at least one linear segment for each said detector; and step (g) comprises combining said apparent formation properties to obtain a measure of said formation property compensated for standoff of said two detectors from a wall of said borehole.
6. The method of claim 5 further comprising the additional step of combining slopes of said linear segments to obtain a magnitude of said standoff.
7. The method of claim 5 further comprising the steps of:
(a) fitting at least two said linear segments for each said detector;
(b) grouping said linear segments in pairs, where each pair represents measurements from a specific azimuthal segment of said borehole;
(c) determining apparent formation properties from each linear segment in each said pair thereby obtaining a pair of azimuthal apparent formation properties;
and (d) combining said pair of azimuthal apparent formation properties to obtain a measure of an azimuthal formation property which is compensated for said standoff.
(a) fitting at least two said linear segments for each said detector;
(b) grouping said linear segments in pairs, where each pair represents measurements from a specific azimuthal segment of said borehole;
(c) determining apparent formation properties from each linear segment in each said pair thereby obtaining a pair of azimuthal apparent formation properties;
and (d) combining said pair of azimuthal apparent formation properties to obtain a measure of an azimuthal formation property which is compensated for said standoff.
8. The method of claim 7 comprising the additional step of determining a magnitude of said standoff from each said azimuthal segment.
9. A method for measuring density of a formation penetrated by a borehole, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a tool which is conveyable along said borehole by a drill string;
(b) positioning within said tool a source of radiation and two radiation detectors spaced axially from said source;
(b) measuring a plurality of detector responses from each of said detectors over a time segment;
(c) sorting said detector responses y magnitude from each said detector into sorted detector responses;
(d) for each said detector fitting at least one linear segment to said sorted detector responses as a function of time;
(e) determining an apparent formation density from said at least one linear segment for each said detector; and (f) combining said apparent formation densities to obtain a measure of said formation density compensated for standoff of said two detectors from a wall of said borehole.
(a) providing a tool which is conveyable along said borehole by a drill string;
(b) positioning within said tool a source of radiation and two radiation detectors spaced axially from said source;
(b) measuring a plurality of detector responses from each of said detectors over a time segment;
(c) sorting said detector responses y magnitude from each said detector into sorted detector responses;
(d) for each said detector fitting at least one linear segment to said sorted detector responses as a function of time;
(e) determining an apparent formation density from said at least one linear segment for each said detector; and (f) combining said apparent formation densities to obtain a measure of said formation density compensated for standoff of said two detectors from a wall of said borehole.
10. The method according to claim 9, further comprising:
computing running integral sums from said sorted detector responses for each said detector;
computing running integral sums from said sorted detector responses for each said detector;
11. The method of claim 9 wherein said radiation source emits gamma radiation and said detectors are responsive to gamma radiation.
12. The method of claim 9 wherein said apparent formation densities are combined using a spine and rib method.
13. The method of claim 9 further comprising combining slopes of said linear segments to obtain a magnitude of said standoff.
14. The method of claim 9 further comprising the steps of:
(a) fitting at least two said linear segments for each said detector;
(b) grouping said linear segments in pairs, wherein each pair represents measurements from a specific azimuthal segment of said borehole;
(c) determining apparent formation density from each linear segment in each said pair thereby obtaining a pair of azimuthal apparent formation densities; and (d) combining said pair of azimuthal apparent formation densities to obtain a measure of an azimuthal formation density which is compensated for said standoff.
(a) fitting at least two said linear segments for each said detector;
(b) grouping said linear segments in pairs, wherein each pair represents measurements from a specific azimuthal segment of said borehole;
(c) determining apparent formation density from each linear segment in each said pair thereby obtaining a pair of azimuthal apparent formation densities; and (d) combining said pair of azimuthal apparent formation densities to obtain a measure of an azimuthal formation density which is compensated for said standoff.
15. The method of claim 14 further comprising the steps of:
(a) computing a statistical weight of each said azimuthal apparent formation density;
(b) weighting each said azimuthal apparent formation density with said statistical weight thereby forming a weighted azimuthal apparent formation density; and (c) combining said weighted azimuthal apparent formation densities to form said formation density compensated for standoff.
(a) computing a statistical weight of each said azimuthal apparent formation density;
(b) weighting each said azimuthal apparent formation density with said statistical weight thereby forming a weighted azimuthal apparent formation density; and (c) combining said weighted azimuthal apparent formation densities to form said formation density compensated for standoff.
16. The method of claim 14 comprising the additional step of determining a magnitude of said standoff for each said azimuthal segment.
17. The method of claim 16 comprising the additional step of mapping a shape of said borehole using said standoff measurement for each segment.
18. An apparatus for determining a property of earth formation penetrated by a borehole, comprising:
(a) at least one detector within said borehole; and (b) computing means for (i) sorting by magnitude a plurality of detector responses from said at least one detector which are measured over a time segment, (ii) fitting at least one linear segment to said running integral sums as a function of time, and (iii) determining said formation property from at least one linear segment.
(a) at least one detector within said borehole; and (b) computing means for (i) sorting by magnitude a plurality of detector responses from said at least one detector which are measured over a time segment, (ii) fitting at least one linear segment to said running integral sums as a function of time, and (iii) determining said formation property from at least one linear segment.
19. The apparatus of claim 18, further comprising computing means for computing running integral sums from said sorted detector responses.
20. The apparatus of claim 18 further comprising computing means for:
(a) obtaining at least two linear segments;
(b) determining an apparent formation property from each of said linear segments; and (c) forming a weighted average of said apparent properties to determine said formation property.
(a) obtaining at least two linear segments;
(b) determining an apparent formation property from each of said linear segments; and (c) forming a weighted average of said apparent properties to determine said formation property.
21. The apparatus of claim 20 further comprising computing means for:
(a) determining a statistical weight of each said apparent formation property;
(b) weighting each said apparent formation property with said statistical weight thereby forming a weighted apparent formation parameter; and (c) combining said weighted apparent formation property to form said weighted average.
(a) determining a statistical weight of each said apparent formation property;
(b) weighting each said apparent formation property with said statistical weight thereby forming a weighted apparent formation parameter; and (c) combining said weighted apparent formation property to form said weighted average.
22. The apparatus of claim 18 further comprising:
(a) a tool which is conveyable within said borehole and which comprises a source of radiation and two of said detectors spaced axially from said source; and (b) computing means for:
(i) collecting said detector responses from each of said detectors over said time segment and sorting said detector responses from each said detector by magnitude;
(ii) computing a running integral sum from said sorted detector responses for each said detector, (iii) fitting for each said detector said at least one linear segment to said sorted detector responses as a function of time, (iv) determining an apparent formation property from each said at least one linear segment for each said detector; and (v) combining said apparent formation properties to obtain a measure of said formation property compensated for standoff of said two detectors from a wall of said borehole.
(a) a tool which is conveyable within said borehole and which comprises a source of radiation and two of said detectors spaced axially from said source; and (b) computing means for:
(i) collecting said detector responses from each of said detectors over said time segment and sorting said detector responses from each said detector by magnitude;
(ii) computing a running integral sum from said sorted detector responses for each said detector, (iii) fitting for each said detector said at least one linear segment to said sorted detector responses as a function of time, (iv) determining an apparent formation property from each said at least one linear segment for each said detector; and (v) combining said apparent formation properties to obtain a measure of said formation property compensated for standoff of said two detectors from a wall of said borehole.
23. The apparatus of claim 22 comprising computing means for combining slopes of said linear segments to obtain a magnitude of said standoff.
24. The apparatus of claim 22 further comprising computing means for:
(a) fitting at least two said linear segments for each said detector;
(b) grouping said linear segments in pairs, wherein each pair represents measurements from a specific azimuthal segment of said borehole;
(c) determining apparent formation properties from each said linear segment in each said pair thereby obtaining a pair of azimuthal apparent formation properties; and (d) combining said pair of azimuthal apparent formation properties to obtain a measure of an azimuthal formation property which is compensated for said standoff.
(a) fitting at least two said linear segments for each said detector;
(b) grouping said linear segments in pairs, wherein each pair represents measurements from a specific azimuthal segment of said borehole;
(c) determining apparent formation properties from each said linear segment in each said pair thereby obtaining a pair of azimuthal apparent formation properties; and (d) combining said pair of azimuthal apparent formation properties to obtain a measure of an azimuthal formation property which is compensated for said standoff.
25. The apparatus of claim 22 further comprising computing means for determining a magnitude of said standoff corresponding to each said azimuthal formation property.
26. A method for measuring formation density of a plurality of azimuthal segments of a formation penetrated by a borehole, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) defining said plurality of azimuthal segments;
(b) providing a tool which is conveyable along a borehole;
(c) positioning within said tool a source of radiation and two radiation detectors spaced axially from said source;
(d) measuring a plurality of detector responses from each of said detectors over a time segment;
(e) sorting said detector responses from each of said detectors according to azimuthal segment in which they are measured thereby forming segment bins of data;
(f) sorting said detector responses from each of said detectors and from each said segment bin by magnitude;
(g) computing running integral sums from said sorted detector responses for each said detector and each said segment bin;
(h) for each said segment bin and for each said detector, fitting said at least one linear segment to said running integral sums as a function of time;
(i) determining an apparent segment formation density from said at least one linear segment for each said detector and each said azimuthal segment; and (j) combining said apparent segment formation densities for each said azimuthal segment to obtain a measure of segment formation density for each said azimuthal segment, wherein said measures of segment formation density are compensated for standoff of said two detectors from a wall of said borehole.
(a) defining said plurality of azimuthal segments;
(b) providing a tool which is conveyable along a borehole;
(c) positioning within said tool a source of radiation and two radiation detectors spaced axially from said source;
(d) measuring a plurality of detector responses from each of said detectors over a time segment;
(e) sorting said detector responses from each of said detectors according to azimuthal segment in which they are measured thereby forming segment bins of data;
(f) sorting said detector responses from each of said detectors and from each said segment bin by magnitude;
(g) computing running integral sums from said sorted detector responses for each said detector and each said segment bin;
(h) for each said segment bin and for each said detector, fitting said at least one linear segment to said running integral sums as a function of time;
(i) determining an apparent segment formation density from said at least one linear segment for each said detector and each said azimuthal segment; and (j) combining said apparent segment formation densities for each said azimuthal segment to obtain a measure of segment formation density for each said azimuthal segment, wherein said measures of segment formation density are compensated for standoff of said two detectors from a wall of said borehole.
27. The method of claim 26 wherein said radiation source emits gamma radiation and said detectors are responsive to gamma radiation.
28. The method of claim 26 wherein said apparent segment formation densities are combined using a spine and rib method.
29. The method of claim 26 wherein said slopes of said linear segments are combined to obtain a magnitude of said standoff for that azimuthal segment.
30. The method of claim 26 further comprising the steps of:
(a) fitting at least two said linear segments for each said detector and each said azimuthal segment;
(b) grouping said at least two linear segments in pairs, where each said pair represents measurements from a specific azimuthal subsegment within each said azimuthal segment;
(c) determining at least two apparent azimuthal subsegment formation densities from each linear segment in each said pair thereby obtaining at least two pairs of apparent azimuthal subsegment apparent formation densities for each said azimuthal segment;
(d) combining each said pair of apparent azimuthal subsegment formation densities to obtain at least two standoff compensated measures of said azimuthal subsegment formation density within each said azimuthal segment; and (e) combining said at least two azimuthal subsegment formation densities within said azimuthal segment to obtain said formation density for that azimuthal segment.
(a) fitting at least two said linear segments for each said detector and each said azimuthal segment;
(b) grouping said at least two linear segments in pairs, where each said pair represents measurements from a specific azimuthal subsegment within each said azimuthal segment;
(c) determining at least two apparent azimuthal subsegment formation densities from each linear segment in each said pair thereby obtaining at least two pairs of apparent azimuthal subsegment apparent formation densities for each said azimuthal segment;
(d) combining each said pair of apparent azimuthal subsegment formation densities to obtain at least two standoff compensated measures of said azimuthal subsegment formation density within each said azimuthal segment; and (e) combining said at least two azimuthal subsegment formation densities within said azimuthal segment to obtain said formation density for that azimuthal segment.
31. The method of claim 30 further comprising the steps of (a) computing a statistical weight of each said apparent azimuthal subsegment apparent formation density;
(b) weighting each said apparent azimuthal subsegment formation density with said statistical weight thereby forming a weighted azimuthal subsegment apparent formation density; and (c) combining said weighted azimuthal subsegment apparent formation densities to form said formation density for each said azimuthal segment.
(b) weighting each said apparent azimuthal subsegment formation density with said statistical weight thereby forming a weighted azimuthal subsegment apparent formation density; and (c) combining said weighted azimuthal subsegment apparent formation densities to form said formation density for each said azimuthal segment.
32. The method of claim 31 comprising the additional step of determining an average magnitude of said standoff for each said azimuthal segment.
33. The method of claim 32 comprising the additional step of mapping the shape of said borehole using said average magnitude for each said azimuthal segment.
Priority Applications (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US09/579,971 US6566649B1 (en) | 2000-05-26 | 2000-05-26 | Standoff compensation for nuclear measurements |
| GB0111643A GB2369429B (en) | 2000-05-26 | 2001-05-14 | Standoff compensation for nuclear measurements |
| NO20012574A NO333890B1 (en) | 2000-05-26 | 2001-05-25 | Distance compensation for core tools when logging boreholes |
| CA002349763A CA2349763C (en) | 2000-05-26 | 2001-06-06 | Standoff compensation for nuclear measurements |
| CA2381107A CA2381107C (en) | 2001-05-08 | 2002-04-09 | Standoff compensation for nuclear measurements |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US09/579,971 US6566649B1 (en) | 2000-05-26 | 2000-05-26 | Standoff compensation for nuclear measurements |
| CA002349763A CA2349763C (en) | 2000-05-26 | 2001-06-06 | Standoff compensation for nuclear measurements |
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| CA2349763A1 CA2349763A1 (en) | 2002-12-06 |
| CA2349763C true CA2349763C (en) | 2009-12-29 |
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| US (1) | US6566649B1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2349763C (en) |
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| US7048049B2 (en) * | 2001-10-30 | 2006-05-23 | Cdx Gas, Llc | Slant entry well system and method |
| US7025154B2 (en) | 1998-11-20 | 2006-04-11 | Cdx Gas, Llc | Method and system for circulating fluid in a well system |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4423323A (en) * | 1981-09-09 | 1983-12-27 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Neutron logging method and apparatus for determining a formation characteristic free of environmental effects |
| US4972082A (en) | 1989-03-16 | 1990-11-20 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Methods and apparatus for epithermal neutron logging |
| US5196698A (en) | 1991-11-01 | 1993-03-23 | Baker Hughes Corporation | Method and apparatus for nuclear logging using lithium detector assemblies |
| US6350986B1 (en) | 1999-02-23 | 2002-02-26 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Analysis of downhole OBM-contaminated formation fluid |
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2000
- 2000-05-26 US US09/579,971 patent/US6566649B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 2001-05-14 GB GB0111643A patent/GB2369429B/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-05-25 NO NO20012574A patent/NO333890B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-06-06 CA CA002349763A patent/CA2349763C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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| GB0111643D0 (en) | 2001-07-04 |
| CA2349763A1 (en) | 2002-12-06 |
| US6566649B1 (en) | 2003-05-20 |
| NO20012574D0 (en) | 2001-05-25 |
| NO20012574L (en) | 2001-11-27 |
| NO333890B1 (en) | 2013-10-14 |
| GB2369429B (en) | 2004-06-30 |
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