CA2356332C - Fluids and techniques for hydrocarbon well completion - Google Patents
Fluids and techniques for hydrocarbon well completion Download PDFInfo
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- CA2356332C CA2356332C CA2356332A CA2356332A CA2356332C CA 2356332 C CA2356332 C CA 2356332C CA 2356332 A CA2356332 A CA 2356332A CA 2356332 A CA2356332 A CA 2356332A CA 2356332 C CA2356332 C CA 2356332C
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- fluid
- ves
- amylase
- edta
- filtercake
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/52—Compositions for preventing, limiting or eliminating depositions, e.g. for cleaning
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2208/00—Aspects relating to compositions of drilling or well treatment fluids
- C09K2208/24—Bacteria or enzyme containing gel breakers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S507/00—Earth boring, well treating, and oil field chemistry
- Y10S507/925—Completion or workover fluid
Abstract
The Invention relates to novel fluids and techniques to optimize/enhance the production of hydrocarbon from subterranean formations (e.g., "completion fluids"), in particular, fluids and techniques are disclosed and claimed which remove wellbore damage and near-wellbore damage in the form of coating formed from drilling and production-related operations ("filtercake"); the techniques can be applied either by themselves or in conjunction with other completion operations, such as gravel packing; preferred embodiments are chelating agent and enzyme systems in a viscoelastic surfactant (VES) matrix.
Description
Fluids and Techniques for Hydrocarbon Well Completion Technical Field of the Invention The Invention relates to novel fluids and techniques to s optimize/enhance the production of hydrocarbon from subterranean formations, in particular, fluids and techniques are disclosed and claimed which remove wellbore and near-wellbore formation damage in the form of coating formed from drilling and production-related operations; the techniques can be applied either by themselves or in conjunction with io other completion operations, such as gravel packing.
Background o f the Invention The present Invention relates to novel fluids and techniques to optimize/enhance the production of hydrocarbons from subterranean 15 formations. To recover hydrocarbons (e.g., oil, natural gas) it is of course necessary to drill a hole in the subsurface to contact the hydrocarbon-bearing formation. This way, hydrocarbons can flow from the formation, into the wellbore and to the surface. Recovery of hydrocarbons from a subterranean formation is known as "production." One key parameter 20 that influences the rate of production is the permeability of the formation along the flowpath that the hydrocarbon must travel to reach the wellbore. Sometimes, the formation rock has a naturally low permeability, other times, the permeability is reduced during, for instance, drilling the well. When a well is drilled, a fluid is circulated into the hole 25 to contact the region of the drill bit, for a number of reasons- including, to cool the drill bit, to carry the rock cuttings away from the point of drilling, and to maintain a hydrostatic pressure on the formation wall to prevent production during drilling.
Drilling fluid is expensive particularly in light of the enormous quantities that must be used during drilling. Additionally, drilling fluid can be lost by leaking off into the formation. To prevent this, the drilling fluid is often intentionally modified so that a small amount leaks off and forms a coating on the welibore, or a "filtercake."
Yet once drilling is complete, and production is desired, then this io coating or filtercake must be removed. The present fluids and techniques are directed to removing this filtercake or other such damage in the wellbore and near-wellbore region, that results either intentionally (in the case of drilling fluid) or unintentionally (in the case of scale deposits from produced water or dewatered fluids from workover/stimulation operations performed on the well).
Conventional treatments for removing filtercake include: aqueous solution with an oxidizer (such as persulfate), hydrochloric acid solution, organic (acetic, formic) acid, combination of acid and oxidizer, and aqueous solutions containing enzymes. For instance, the use of enzymes to remove filtercake is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,169,818, Mixture of Hydroxypropylcellulose and Poly(Maleic Anhydride/Alkyl Vinyl Ether) as a Hydrocolloid Gelling Agent (1979) (col. 1, ln. 42); U.S. Pat. No. 3,515,667, Drilling Fluid Additive (1970); U.S. Pat. No. 3,509,950, Well Drilling Mud and Screen Compsition of Use 7"hereof; U.S. Pat. No. 2,259,419, Well Drilling (1941). Chelating agents (e.g., EDTA) are also used to promote the dissolution of calcium carbonate. See, C.N. Fredd and H.S. Fogler, Chelating Agents as Effective M.atrix Stimulation Fluids for Carbonate Formations, SPE 372212 (1997); C.N. Fredd and H.S. Fogler, Alternative Stimulation Fluids and ?"heir Impact on Carbonate Acidizing, SPE 31074 (1996).
According to conventional teaching, the oxidizer and enzyme attack the polymer fraction of the filtercake; the acids mainly attack the carbonate fraction (and other minerals). Generally speaking, oxidizers and enzymes are ineffective in degrading the carbonate fraction; likewise, acids have very little effect on polymer.
In addition, numerous problems plague conventional techniques of filtercake removal. Perhaps the most troublesome is the issue of "placement." For instance, one common component in filtercake is calcium carbonate. The substance of choice to remove calcium carbonate is hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid reacts very quickly with calcium carbonate. What happens then, is that the filtercake begins to dissolve, therefore dramatically increasing the permeability of the wellbore face, so that the wellbore region is no longer "sealed off" from the formation.
Once this happens, the entire dean-up fluid may then leak off into the formation through this zone of increased permeability ("thief zones," or discrete zones within the interval of very high permeability where more filtercake dissolution has occurred than at other places along the interval).
A second problem with removal of filtercake is that it is comprised of several substances, and which are, as mentioned earlier, not generally removable with a single substance. Calcium carbonate and organic polymers (e.g., starch and other polysaccharide) are two primary constituents of conventional drilling fluids that form a filtercake on the wellbore. Treating these successively- i.e., with two different fluids, one after the other- is problematic since, it requires at least two separate treatments. Combining two different breakers (one for the polymer fraction, one for calcite) is problematic since each has a distinct activity profile (or optimal window of activity, based on temperature, pH, etc.) and the activity profiles of two different breakers may not coincide. This is particularly likely if one of the breakers is an enzyme, which are notoriously temperature and pH sensitive.
Moreover, if the calcium carbonate is removed first- as it often is-io then, once the hydrochloric acid contacts the filtercake, regions of higher permeability are created in the wellbore (where the filtercake has dissolved). Hence, fluid will leak-off into the formation during subsequent phases of the filter-cake removal treatment.
Hence, the ideal fluid must be easy to "spot" or place in wellbore is over the entire length of the desired zone, contiguous with the producing zone (e.g., a two thousand foot horizontal zone)- before any filtercake dissolution occurs. If the fluid begins to dissolve the filtercake too quickly, then the fluid will be lost through the thief zones and the entire fluid treatment will be destroyed. In other words, a hypothetical ideal 20 fluid would be completely unreactive for a period of time to enable it to be spotted along the entire length of the producing interval, then, once in place, react sufficiently slowly and uniformly, so that no thief zones are.
Again, if thief zones form, then the entire mass of fluid can leak off through that zone. Hence, reasonably uniform/controlled dissolution is 25 necessary to ensure that the fluid remains in contact with the filtercake along the entire interval until near-complete dissolution of the filtercake has occured along the entire interval.
Moreover, removing filtercake is an expensive and time-consuming procedure. Therefore, it is desirable to do this at the same time that another treatment is being performed, if possible. For instance, if a material must be delivered to one portion of the formation into the wellbore (e.g., in conjunction with a remedial treatment), then the fluid used to carry that material can be an acid solution which will also dissolve portions of the filtercake. Again, if the carrier fluid leaks off into the io formation through a thief zone, then the remedial operation is completely destroyed.
One common treatment performed on wells, particularly wells in the Gulf Coast region of the United States, is known as a "gravel pack."
Gravel pack operations are performed to prevent the production of sand is along with hydrocarbon, which often occurs in formations of weakly consolidated sands. To prevent sand production, a filter (or screen) can be placed around the portion of the wellbore in which production occurs. A
more long-term solution for sand control is achieved if the region between the screen and the formation is filled with gravel, which is properly sized 20 to prevent the sand from moving through the gravel and into the wellbore- to function as a filter- so that when the sand tries to move through the gravel, it is filtered and held by the gravel or screen, but hydrocarbon continues to flow unhindered (by either the gravel or screen) into the wellbore.
25 Again, it would be highly advantageous if the fluid used to deliver the gravel could also be used to dissolve the filtercake, which would eliminate the need for a separate treatment just to dissolve the filtercake.
This would result in substantial cost savings- both because a separate treatment is costly, and because it take additional time to perform such a treatment.
Thus, what is desired is a fluid that can be used as a carrier fluid (though it need not be used for that purpose) and that can also degrade the filtercake. An ideal carrier fluid is inert- i.e., it should not degrade the filtercake instantaneously (otherwise the fluid can be lost into the formation)- but an ideal filtercake dissolution fluid must dissolve the io cake, eventually. Therefore, an ideal fluid must somehow combine these two contradictory attributes.
Indeed, the need for filtercake clean-up is particularly acute in gravel pack completions- i.e., wells in which the movement of sand along with the hydrocarbon is prevented by a gravel pack/screen combination-because, the entrapment of the filter-cake between the formation and screens or gravel can result in substantial reduction in production. The need for a reliable filtercake clean-up treatment with a good diversion mechanism (to ensure proper placement) is also particularly acute in horizontal, or highly deviated wells. In these cases, the producing interval may be several thousand feet, compared with a vertical well, which may have a producing zone of about 30 feet. Because the difficulty of placing a mass of fluid to achieve near-uniform dissolution over 1000 feet interval is far greater than for a 30 feet interval- placement takes longer, and the potential for the creation of thief zones is far greater.
Therefore, an urgent need exists in the drilling and completions sector for a reliable fluid for degrading filtercake- quickly, efficiently, and completely, and which can be used as a carrier fluid in conjunction with other completion/workover/stimulation operations. This is the primary objective of the present Invention.
Summary of the Invention The present Invention relates to fluids intend to break filtercake (whether produced from drilling, production, completion, workover, or stimulation activity, either produced intentionally or unintentionally. In particularly preferred embodiments, the fluids and techniques are directed io to degrading (or "breaking") filtercake formed from starch/carbonate-containing drilling fluid such as the STARDRILLTM (a drill-in fluid manufactured and sold by Schlumberger). In other particularly preferred embodiments, the fluids of the present Invention are operable in conjunction with a gravel pack operation, and in particular, though not is exclusively, to break filtercake, in conjunction with a gravel pack operation.
Therefore, one object of the present Invention is to provide novel completion fluids to break filtercake, either alone or in conjunction with other workover/completion/stimulation treatments, but in particular, gravel pack operations.
In one aspect of the present invention, the completion fluid comprises a viscoelastic surfactant (VES) and an enzyme, and an optional chelating agent.
Preferred embodiments relate to fluids to break filtercake having substantial calcite and starch content.
Particularly preferred embodiments relates to treatment fluids having two essential components: a chelating agent and an enzyme. These components were selected based on their ability to dissolve different components of the filtercake, and based on their ability to dissolve these components at particular rates relative to one another.
Other particularly preferred embodiments are fluids having these two components in a VES (viscoelastic surfactant) system. VES systems have numerous advantages including that they are readily gelled, they can be disposed of more easily than guar and modified guar systems, they are more readily removed from subsurface formations. In addition, and of particular importance of the present Invention, VES systems create very low friction pressures compared with conventional carrier fluids, and therefore they are particularly preferred, for instance, in gravel pack operations of the present Invention. The VES may be contained in the fluid at a concentration of between about 0.5 and about 7%.
In an embodiment of the invention, the enzyme is a-amylase or a-amylase. In a further embodiment, the a-amylase is present in the fluid at a concentration of between about 0.05 and 1.5%.
Background o f the Invention The present Invention relates to novel fluids and techniques to optimize/enhance the production of hydrocarbons from subterranean 15 formations. To recover hydrocarbons (e.g., oil, natural gas) it is of course necessary to drill a hole in the subsurface to contact the hydrocarbon-bearing formation. This way, hydrocarbons can flow from the formation, into the wellbore and to the surface. Recovery of hydrocarbons from a subterranean formation is known as "production." One key parameter 20 that influences the rate of production is the permeability of the formation along the flowpath that the hydrocarbon must travel to reach the wellbore. Sometimes, the formation rock has a naturally low permeability, other times, the permeability is reduced during, for instance, drilling the well. When a well is drilled, a fluid is circulated into the hole 25 to contact the region of the drill bit, for a number of reasons- including, to cool the drill bit, to carry the rock cuttings away from the point of drilling, and to maintain a hydrostatic pressure on the formation wall to prevent production during drilling.
Drilling fluid is expensive particularly in light of the enormous quantities that must be used during drilling. Additionally, drilling fluid can be lost by leaking off into the formation. To prevent this, the drilling fluid is often intentionally modified so that a small amount leaks off and forms a coating on the welibore, or a "filtercake."
Yet once drilling is complete, and production is desired, then this io coating or filtercake must be removed. The present fluids and techniques are directed to removing this filtercake or other such damage in the wellbore and near-wellbore region, that results either intentionally (in the case of drilling fluid) or unintentionally (in the case of scale deposits from produced water or dewatered fluids from workover/stimulation operations performed on the well).
Conventional treatments for removing filtercake include: aqueous solution with an oxidizer (such as persulfate), hydrochloric acid solution, organic (acetic, formic) acid, combination of acid and oxidizer, and aqueous solutions containing enzymes. For instance, the use of enzymes to remove filtercake is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,169,818, Mixture of Hydroxypropylcellulose and Poly(Maleic Anhydride/Alkyl Vinyl Ether) as a Hydrocolloid Gelling Agent (1979) (col. 1, ln. 42); U.S. Pat. No. 3,515,667, Drilling Fluid Additive (1970); U.S. Pat. No. 3,509,950, Well Drilling Mud and Screen Compsition of Use 7"hereof; U.S. Pat. No. 2,259,419, Well Drilling (1941). Chelating agents (e.g., EDTA) are also used to promote the dissolution of calcium carbonate. See, C.N. Fredd and H.S. Fogler, Chelating Agents as Effective M.atrix Stimulation Fluids for Carbonate Formations, SPE 372212 (1997); C.N. Fredd and H.S. Fogler, Alternative Stimulation Fluids and ?"heir Impact on Carbonate Acidizing, SPE 31074 (1996).
According to conventional teaching, the oxidizer and enzyme attack the polymer fraction of the filtercake; the acids mainly attack the carbonate fraction (and other minerals). Generally speaking, oxidizers and enzymes are ineffective in degrading the carbonate fraction; likewise, acids have very little effect on polymer.
In addition, numerous problems plague conventional techniques of filtercake removal. Perhaps the most troublesome is the issue of "placement." For instance, one common component in filtercake is calcium carbonate. The substance of choice to remove calcium carbonate is hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid reacts very quickly with calcium carbonate. What happens then, is that the filtercake begins to dissolve, therefore dramatically increasing the permeability of the wellbore face, so that the wellbore region is no longer "sealed off" from the formation.
Once this happens, the entire dean-up fluid may then leak off into the formation through this zone of increased permeability ("thief zones," or discrete zones within the interval of very high permeability where more filtercake dissolution has occurred than at other places along the interval).
A second problem with removal of filtercake is that it is comprised of several substances, and which are, as mentioned earlier, not generally removable with a single substance. Calcium carbonate and organic polymers (e.g., starch and other polysaccharide) are two primary constituents of conventional drilling fluids that form a filtercake on the wellbore. Treating these successively- i.e., with two different fluids, one after the other- is problematic since, it requires at least two separate treatments. Combining two different breakers (one for the polymer fraction, one for calcite) is problematic since each has a distinct activity profile (or optimal window of activity, based on temperature, pH, etc.) and the activity profiles of two different breakers may not coincide. This is particularly likely if one of the breakers is an enzyme, which are notoriously temperature and pH sensitive.
Moreover, if the calcium carbonate is removed first- as it often is-io then, once the hydrochloric acid contacts the filtercake, regions of higher permeability are created in the wellbore (where the filtercake has dissolved). Hence, fluid will leak-off into the formation during subsequent phases of the filter-cake removal treatment.
Hence, the ideal fluid must be easy to "spot" or place in wellbore is over the entire length of the desired zone, contiguous with the producing zone (e.g., a two thousand foot horizontal zone)- before any filtercake dissolution occurs. If the fluid begins to dissolve the filtercake too quickly, then the fluid will be lost through the thief zones and the entire fluid treatment will be destroyed. In other words, a hypothetical ideal 20 fluid would be completely unreactive for a period of time to enable it to be spotted along the entire length of the producing interval, then, once in place, react sufficiently slowly and uniformly, so that no thief zones are.
Again, if thief zones form, then the entire mass of fluid can leak off through that zone. Hence, reasonably uniform/controlled dissolution is 25 necessary to ensure that the fluid remains in contact with the filtercake along the entire interval until near-complete dissolution of the filtercake has occured along the entire interval.
Moreover, removing filtercake is an expensive and time-consuming procedure. Therefore, it is desirable to do this at the same time that another treatment is being performed, if possible. For instance, if a material must be delivered to one portion of the formation into the wellbore (e.g., in conjunction with a remedial treatment), then the fluid used to carry that material can be an acid solution which will also dissolve portions of the filtercake. Again, if the carrier fluid leaks off into the io formation through a thief zone, then the remedial operation is completely destroyed.
One common treatment performed on wells, particularly wells in the Gulf Coast region of the United States, is known as a "gravel pack."
Gravel pack operations are performed to prevent the production of sand is along with hydrocarbon, which often occurs in formations of weakly consolidated sands. To prevent sand production, a filter (or screen) can be placed around the portion of the wellbore in which production occurs. A
more long-term solution for sand control is achieved if the region between the screen and the formation is filled with gravel, which is properly sized 20 to prevent the sand from moving through the gravel and into the wellbore- to function as a filter- so that when the sand tries to move through the gravel, it is filtered and held by the gravel or screen, but hydrocarbon continues to flow unhindered (by either the gravel or screen) into the wellbore.
25 Again, it would be highly advantageous if the fluid used to deliver the gravel could also be used to dissolve the filtercake, which would eliminate the need for a separate treatment just to dissolve the filtercake.
This would result in substantial cost savings- both because a separate treatment is costly, and because it take additional time to perform such a treatment.
Thus, what is desired is a fluid that can be used as a carrier fluid (though it need not be used for that purpose) and that can also degrade the filtercake. An ideal carrier fluid is inert- i.e., it should not degrade the filtercake instantaneously (otherwise the fluid can be lost into the formation)- but an ideal filtercake dissolution fluid must dissolve the io cake, eventually. Therefore, an ideal fluid must somehow combine these two contradictory attributes.
Indeed, the need for filtercake clean-up is particularly acute in gravel pack completions- i.e., wells in which the movement of sand along with the hydrocarbon is prevented by a gravel pack/screen combination-because, the entrapment of the filter-cake between the formation and screens or gravel can result in substantial reduction in production. The need for a reliable filtercake clean-up treatment with a good diversion mechanism (to ensure proper placement) is also particularly acute in horizontal, or highly deviated wells. In these cases, the producing interval may be several thousand feet, compared with a vertical well, which may have a producing zone of about 30 feet. Because the difficulty of placing a mass of fluid to achieve near-uniform dissolution over 1000 feet interval is far greater than for a 30 feet interval- placement takes longer, and the potential for the creation of thief zones is far greater.
Therefore, an urgent need exists in the drilling and completions sector for a reliable fluid for degrading filtercake- quickly, efficiently, and completely, and which can be used as a carrier fluid in conjunction with other completion/workover/stimulation operations. This is the primary objective of the present Invention.
Summary of the Invention The present Invention relates to fluids intend to break filtercake (whether produced from drilling, production, completion, workover, or stimulation activity, either produced intentionally or unintentionally. In particularly preferred embodiments, the fluids and techniques are directed io to degrading (or "breaking") filtercake formed from starch/carbonate-containing drilling fluid such as the STARDRILLTM (a drill-in fluid manufactured and sold by Schlumberger). In other particularly preferred embodiments, the fluids of the present Invention are operable in conjunction with a gravel pack operation, and in particular, though not is exclusively, to break filtercake, in conjunction with a gravel pack operation.
Therefore, one object of the present Invention is to provide novel completion fluids to break filtercake, either alone or in conjunction with other workover/completion/stimulation treatments, but in particular, gravel pack operations.
In one aspect of the present invention, the completion fluid comprises a viscoelastic surfactant (VES) and an enzyme, and an optional chelating agent.
Preferred embodiments relate to fluids to break filtercake having substantial calcite and starch content.
Particularly preferred embodiments relates to treatment fluids having two essential components: a chelating agent and an enzyme. These components were selected based on their ability to dissolve different components of the filtercake, and based on their ability to dissolve these components at particular rates relative to one another.
Other particularly preferred embodiments are fluids having these two components in a VES (viscoelastic surfactant) system. VES systems have numerous advantages including that they are readily gelled, they can be disposed of more easily than guar and modified guar systems, they are more readily removed from subsurface formations. In addition, and of particular importance of the present Invention, VES systems create very low friction pressures compared with conventional carrier fluids, and therefore they are particularly preferred, for instance, in gravel pack operations of the present Invention. The VES may be contained in the fluid at a concentration of between about 0.5 and about 7%.
In an embodiment of the invention, the enzyme is a-amylase or a-amylase. In a further embodiment, the a-amylase is present in the fluid at a concentration of between about 0.05 and 1.5%.
In an embodiment of the invention, the chelating agent is 1-hydroxyethylidene-l; 1-diphosphonic acid-1 (HEDP); aminotri(methylene phosphonic acid) (ATMP);
triphenylmethylphosphonium (TPMP);
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA);
cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid (CDTA);
diethylenediaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA); or nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA). In a further embodiment, the chelating agent is EDTA and is present in the fluid at a concentration of about 28%.
8a The fluids of the present Invention can be successfully spotted or placed over, for instance, a 2000 ft. horizontal producing zone- without substantial leakoff. Particularly preferred embodiments to achieve this incorporate Mobil's AllPACTM (licensed exclusively to Schlumberger).
15 This way, the gravel pack operation, for instance, can take place without fluid loss.
At the same time, the fluid of the present Invention acts slowly upon the filtercake, to slowly but steadily dissolve it, but not before the particular workover operation has been completed.
20 Moreover, the break time (or time to substantial dissolution of the filtercake) of the fluids of the present Invention are optimized so that the overall or blended dissolution rate is very slow at low temperatures but much higher at high temperatures. The primary advantage of this unique temperaturL-dependence is that fluid can be introduced into the entire 25 zone of interest before filtercake dissolution occurs, then as the fluid 8b temperature rises due to contact with the wellbore, only then does dissolution occur.
The fluids and techniques of the present Invention are quite general and are operable in a variety of settings. These include, but are not limited to, screen-only completions and gravel pack completions; open hole and cased hole; vertical and highly deviated wells; single-application soak or circulating fluid in which the treatment fluid (of the present Invention) also serves as a carrier fluid for, e.g., a gravel pack operation; in conjunction with a gelling agent or viscoelastic surfactant (e.g., io ClearFRACT"") or alone, and with a variety of clean-up tools. In summary, since the problem of placement and uniform dissolution are present in virtually every instance, the fluids and techniques of the present Invention are readily applicable to any scenario in which it is desirable to remove filtercake from the wellbore or near-wellbore region in the formation, regardless of whether the filtercake was produced during drilling or during other post-drilling operations (e.g., fluid-loss control pill, gravel pack operation, fracturing, matrix acidizing, and so forth).
Finally, the fluids of the present Invention are a viable, cost-effective replacement for HCl-based fluids, conventional fluids of choice to remove filtercake. Perhaps the major problem with HCl systems (aside from their ineffectiveness in removing the carbonate fraction of filtercake) is corrosion- corrosion of the above-ground storage tanks, pumps, down-hole tubulars used to place the fluid, and wellbore casings. Moreover, a cost-effective solution to corrosion is not readily available, as evidenced by the fact that corrosion inhibitors is a significant portion of the total expense of a filtercake remove (or matrix-acidizing) treatment. With many of the fluids of the present Invention (those that do not contain acid) the problem of corrosion is drastically minimized. Additionally, personnel safety and environmental concerns are significantly reduced with the fluids of the present Invention.
Brief Description of the Drawin~s Figure 1 shows change in viscosity of various VES solutions at 100 sec"1 after 101 minutes at 180 F, upon addition of K2-EDTA, a-amylase, ammonium persulfate- either separately or in combination. These data io show for instance, that the viscosity of VES is not significantly affected by the addition of 0.5% a-amylase, nor is it affected by the addition of 0.5%
a-amylase and 28% K2-EDTA.
Figure 2 shows the effect of various combinations of a-amylase and K2-EDTA on VES (5% by volume) rheology: 3% NH4C1 and 28% K2-EDTA
(diamonds) ; 4% KCl (open boxes); 4% KCI in 28% K2-EDTA (triangles);
3% NH4C1 and 0.5% a-amylase and 28% K2-EDTA (diagonal crosses with vertical lines); 3% HN4C1 in tap water (diagonal crosses); 3% NH4C1 and 0.5% a-amylase (open circles); 4% KCl and 0.5% a-amylase in tap water (vertical lines); 4% KCl and 0.5% a-amylase in 28% K2-EDTA (light open boxes). These data show, for instance that the addition of a-amylase in a VES solution does not significantly affect VES-solution viscosity at 100 sec', yet if a-amylase is added to a VES solution to which 28% K2-EDTA
and KCl are also added, then viscosity is significantly reduced- though not if NH4C1 is used instead of KCI.
Figure 3 shows the effect of VES (5%) on the cake-breaking activity of both enzyme and conventional oxidizer breakers. The white bars represent (from left to right): (1) no VES, 0.5% a-amylase, 4% KC1; (2) no VES, 1% ammonium persulfate, 4% KCl. The black bars represent: (1) no VES, 0.5% 'a-amylase, 4% KC1, (2) VES, 4% KCI; (3) VES 1% ammonium persulfate; (4) VES, 1% ammonium persulfate, 0.1% triethanolamine, 4%
KC1. The gray bars represent: (1) VES, 0.5% a-amylase, 28% K2-EDTA, 4% KC1; (2) VES, 28% K2=EDTA, 4% KCI; (3) VES, 1% atnmonium lo persulfate, 28% K2-EDTA, 4% KCI; (4) VES, 5% (low temperature-optimized) ammonium persulfate, 28% K2-EDTA, 4%; (5) VES, 5%
encapsulated ammonium persulfate, 28% KZ-EDTA, 4% KC1. All assays were conducted at 150 F. These data show that VES impairs but does not entirely destroy cake-breaking activity.
ii Figure 4 shows the effect of VES (5%) on two breaker types (a-amylase and ammonium persulfate), (1) 1%
ammonium persulfate, no VES (a-thin gray line); 1% ammonium persulfate, VES (b-thin black line); (2) 0.5% a-amylase, no VES (c-thick gray line), 0.5% a-amylase, VES (d-thick black line). These data show that VES is compatible with these two breaker systems.
Figure 5 shows the effect of VES on K2-EDTA cake-breaking activity, 5% VES, 28% K2-EDTA (a-light gray line), 5% VES, no K2-EDTA (b-dark gray line), no VES, 28% K2-EDTA
(c-black line). These data show that the presence of VES
substantially affects K2-EDTA activity.
lla Figure 6 shows the rheology (shear rate versus viscosity) of two different types of VES systems (VES and VES,), a 28% K2-EDTA/0.5% a-amylase system in 5% VES at 125 F (squares) compared with similar systems, no a-amylase (crosses), 1.5% VES at 75 F (plus K2-EDTA/a-amylase) (triangles), 5% VES, at 140 F (diamonds). These data show that the rheology of a different VES system is not significantly affected by the addition of KZ EDTA/a-amylase.
io Figure 7 is identical to Figure 6 except that the system was tested at 2000 F instead of 125 F. These data show no significant difference in activity of the systems under study at 125 versus 200 F.
Figure 8 shows the viscosity (at 170 s"1) of a 3% VES solution at 80 F as a function of HCl concentration. These data show that, above 15% HCl (between 15 and 25%) solution viscosity decreases, but below that, the VES-stability is not affected by the acid.
Figure 9 compares the effect of a-amylase and ammonium persulfate in 2o 5% VES/28% K2-EDTA solutions, 0.5% a-amylase (a-black line with crosses), no polymer break (b-gray line), 1% ammonium persulfate (c-black line). These data show the superior activity of a-amylase over ammonium persulfate in a VES/K2-EDTA system.
Figure 10 compares the effect of different salts on the rheology of a 5%
VES + 27.3% K2-EDTA system: 4% potassium chloride (no K2-EDTA) (crosses); 3% ammonium chloride (circles) (no K2-EDTA); 4% potassium chloride (vertical lines); 3% ammonium chloride (flat boxes). These data show that KZ EDTA does not substantially affect the viscosity of the 5%
VES system.
Figure 11 shows a comparison of break times (filtercake degradation) for three different systems: 15% HCI (diamonds), 9% formic acid (squares), and 28% K2-EDTA (triangles). These data show that the HC1 system breaks the io filtercake more rapidlp that the other two systems.
Figure 12 shows the effect of a-amylase on a K2 EDTA/VES system on the system's cake-breaking activity. The systems shown are control/blank (diamonds), K2 EDTA/VES or4y (squares), and K2 EDTA/VES with a-amylase (vertical lines). These data show that the addition of the enzyme substantially enhances leak-off (a proxy for filtercake degradation), and that this effect occurs very quickly (< 1 minute).
Figure 13 shows a comparison of two systems with respect to their 2o capacity 'to break filtercake. The two systems are K2-EDTA only (diamonds) and K2-EDTA, and a-amylase (squares). These data show that more complete break occurs with the K2-EDTA/a-amylase system (after approximately 500 minutes).
CA 02356332 2001-06-27 ' f u S ~ O , Z 90 i I
ITNUS ~12 JUN 2000 Figure 14 compares retained permeability for a 5% VES system in 3%
NH4C1 (2 hrs., 300 psi, 150 F) upon addition of various breakers, from left to right: nothing, VES only, 28% K2 EDTA only; 14% K2-EDTA;
28%; K2-EDTA at pH 5.5; 28% K2-EDTA + 0.5 a-amylase; and 0.5% a-amylase. These data show that the K2-EDTA + a-amylase system gives superior retained permeability.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments Again, the center of gravity, though not the exclusive scope, of the 1o present Invention, is a set of fluid compositions and techniques for removing de-watered drilling fluid (i.e., "filtercake"). In general, fluids which perform this function are referred to as "completion fluids." The common denominator of preferred embodiments (completion fluids) of the present Invention is they are specifically, though not exclusively, optimized to degrade/remove drilling filtercake produced from a certain kind of drilling fluid- a drill-in fluid system, known by the trademark, STARDRILLTM. Primary components of STARDRILL are calcite, starch, and lesser concentrations of either xanthan or scleroglucan.
The fluids of the present Invention were designed based on 2o numerous criteria, two primary criteria are: (1) rheology, i.e., ensuring that the fluid rheology at bottom hole circulating temperature fell with acceptable limits (e.g., sufficient viscosity to deliver gravel) over a wide shear rate range; and (2) clean-up, i.e., ensuring that the formulations were effective at removing filtercake while minimizing damage to the formation HIVitNDtD SHEET
and not unduly interfering with a contemporaneous completion (e.g., gravel pack).
In addition, any system design that combines an enzyme and other breakers must account for the variable activity windows of the different breakers, particularly since some enzymes are highly pH and temperature sensitive.
Example 1 Stability of VES Systems in the Presence of Breakers Again, one object of the present Inveniton is to provide novel fluids that will degrade filtercake 'and which can also serve as carrier fluids in conjunction with other well treatments, particularly, gravel pack operations. In the case of gravel pack operations, the carrier fluid must be viscous in order to transport the gravel. Thus, VES systems are preferred.
Again, VES stands for "viscoelastic surfactant." The use of VES for well treatment fluids has validated in numerous actual well treatments. Well treatment fluids based on VES are the subject of numerous patents and patent applications, each assigned to Schlumberger, U.S. Pat. No. 5,258,137, Vrscoelastic Surfactant 2o Based Foam Fluids, assigned to Schlumberger Technology Corporation,1993; U.S. Pat. No. 5,551,516, Hydraulic Fracturing Process and Compositions, Schlumberger Technology Corporation, .1996 ; U.S.
Pat. No. 5,964,295, Methods of Fracturing Subterranean Formations, assigned to Schlumberger Technology Corporation, filed 9 October 1996; U.S. Pat. No. 5,979,557, Methods for Limiting the Inflow of Formation Water and for Stimulating Subterranean Formations, assigned to Schlumberger. Technology Corporation, filed 29 May 1997; U.S. Pat. No. 6,306,800, Methods of Fracturing Subterranean Formations, assigned to Schlumberger Technology Corporation, filed 5 October 1998.
s In the Examples that follow the VES system most often used is 1V
cis-13-docosenoic-N,N; bis(2-hydroxymethyl)-N-methyl ammonium chloride (a. k. a. N-erucyl-N,1~I-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-methyl ammonium chloride). In addition, the actual VES system used in the Examples contains 25% iso-propanol to enhance VES stability at low temperatures.
lo In some instances, a second VES system is used, referred to as VESi, and which consists of glyceryl esters of three different fatty acids, 23.5% erucyl (C22 with one double bond), 32% oleic (Cl$ with one double bond) and 44.5% linoleic (Clg with three double bonds separated by methylene groups) acids.
is In addition, the VES systems referenced above are fully compatible with seawater in addition to ordinary tap water. Thus, the term "VES"
subsumes VES systems prepared from seawater in addition to freshwater.
VES systems prepared from seawater are disclosed and daimed in U.S. Pat.
No. 6,306,800, Methods of Fracturing Subterranean Formations, 20 filed 10 October 1998, and assigned to Schlumberger. This patent further discloses the operability of VES systems prepared from seawater.
The experimental results that follow illustrate that VES systems 25 retain their stability (viscosity) upon addition of the breakers (either alone or in combination) of the present Invention.
The following experimental protocol was observed for the data collected and presented in the Examples that follow. First a dry sandstone core was weighed, then saturated with brine (to water wet the core) and then weighed again. Based on comparison of these two measurements, a pore volume was determined. Next, the core was heated to test temperature (150 F). Then, 100 pore volumes of kerosene was flowed through the filtercake core, at about 10 psi. The purpose of this step is to fill the pores with hydrocarbon. The sandstone core's permeability to kerosene was then observed. Next, the kerosene is poured off, then 125 io ml of STARDRILL drilling fluid was applied to the core under a pressure of 300 psi for about one hour. The goal is simulate overbalanced conditions within a typical wellbore; hence, the STARDRILL fluid was "forced" into the core to mimic leakoff. After one hour, the excess STARDRILL was poured off, and the core was rinsed with brine.
Next, the STARDRILL filtercake-coated core was contacted with a series of "clean-up" solutions- 100 ml, at 300 psi for 2 hours (to simulate, e.g., a typical gravel pack operation). In the case of the data presented in Figure 14, for instance, each clean-up solution consisted of a matrix of 5%
VES in 3% NH4C1. These solutions are (from left to right in Figure 14):
"backflow" (to simulate allowing the well to produce without any clean-up) "blank" (VES only), 28% K2-EDTA; 14% K2-EDTA; 28% K2-EDTA
at pH5.5; 28% KZ EDTA + 0.5% a-amylase; and 0.5% a-amylase. In each instance, the amount of clean-up solution contacted with the sandstone core was 100 ml. After two hours, the leak-off volumes were observed;
the retained permeability to kerosene was measured at the test temperature.
Upon preparing the breaker systems in the VES matrix, none of the fluids showed sedimentation or phase separation; however, when the pH
of the VES in 28% K2-EDTA) was increased to values higher than 11, a white waxy substance was observed. Apparently at this high pH, the EDTA-complex interferes with the surfactants and worm-like micellar structure in the VES system. The viscosity of the systems under study was measured using API Standard ramps at 180F (100sec"1 viscosity). The io source of the viscoelastic behavior and the high low-shear viscosity of VES-based solutions is the wormlike micellar structure formed by the surfactants (either 4% KCl or 3% NH4Cl). Addition of filtercake-breakers may affect this micellar structure, and hence also the the rheological behavior of the VES solutions. This can occur either through reaction of the additive with the VES-surfactant molecule or by interaction of the additive VES with the ClearFracTM micellar structure.
The results shall now be discussed. Figure 1 is an overview of the viscosities measured for 5% VES-solutions with various additives. The values correspond to 100 s 1 after shearing the sample at 100 s"1 for 101 minutes. This viscosity is calculated from the API-ramps that were taken at that point. These data show for instance that VES viscosity (and probably the microscopic micellar structure) are not significantly affected by the addition of either EDTA or a-amylase, or by the addition of the two breakers together.
Figure 2 reports related data. There, the effect of the addition of starch-breaking enzyme a-amylase on VES rheology is shown. According to Figure 2, addition of a-amylase to a VES-in-brine solution does not significantly affect the viscosity of VES at 100 sec"1. Yet, when a-amylase is added to VES in EDTA/KCl brine, the viscosity is reduced considerably.
It is striking that this effect does not occur if EDTA/NH4Cl brine is used.
Repetition of both tests gave similar results.
Figure 6 shows the effect on the rheology of VES systems to which 28% KZ EDTA and 4% KCl are added (at 125 F if not specified). These io data show that the rheology of VES is not significantly affected by the addition of either K2-EDTA or a-amylase, or both. Figure 7 presents similar data though at higher temperature. In addition what these two Figures also show is that both 5% VES (short-chain) VES at 1400 F and 1.5% (long-chain) VES at 75 F are competent gravel pack carrier fluids.
1s Hence, in accordance with the present Invention, it is now possible to formulate gravel pack carrier fluids containing filter cake breakers for 125 and 150 F, that have similar rheology.
Figure 8 shows the effect of varying HCl concentration on the viscosity of a 3% VES system at 80 F. As evidenced by these data, 20 viscosity is barely affected from about 5% HCl to about 15% HCI, after which viscosity falls off significantly.
Finally, Figure 10 compares the effect of different salts (sodium salicylate, KCI, and NH4C1) on the rheology of a 5% VES system. These data convincingly demonstrate that K2-EDTA (at up to 28%, which is 25 roughly the solubility limit of EDTA in water) does not substantially affect the viscosity of a 5% VES system. Additionally, these data show that neither KCl nor NH4C1 affects the rheology of the 5% VES system;
however, sodium salicylate, even at very low concentrations (0.5%) has a dramatic effect on VES viscosity when EDTA is present (an approximately 40% decrease in viscosity).
From these data, two sets of particularly preferred embodiments emerge. These are completion fluids having both a-amylase and EDTA
with or without VES. Yet if VES is used as the matrix, then the preferred salt is NH4C1 at about 3%. Thus, one particular preferred completion io fluid of the present Invention contains: 5% VES, 0.5% a-amylase, and 28%' KZ EDTA, in a 4% NH4C1 solution. Another particular preferred fluid is: ,. 0.5% a-amylase, and 28% K2-EDTA, in a 4% salt solution (the salt type is less critical if VES is not used).
Without intending to be bound by this suggested mechanism, we posit that the combination of chelating agent and enzyme (e.g., K2-EDTA
and a-amylase) operate in synergy to break filer cake comprised of starch and calcite. More particularly, the starch polymer and the calcite are arranged in a complex configuration, e.g., the polymer coating the calcite particles. Thus, a breaker that acts primarily upon the polymer (e.g., an 2o enzyme) will simply degrade the particle coating, but leave the particles untouched. Similarly, a breaker that acts primarily upon the calcite particles will have difficulty reaching them due to the polymer coating-hence the observed synergistic activity of the enzyme + chelating agent combination fluid.
WO 00/40667 PCT/US99/2901 l The goal of an ideal completion fluid is that it degrade the filtercake to the greatest extent possible while at the same time ensuring a high retained permeability. Thus, a completion fluid that resulted in maximum filtercake degradation but that left filtercake particles embedded in the wellbore, is ineffective, since retained permeability will be low. Therefore, the degradation must be even and complete- i.e., result in small particles that cannot plug the wellbore, but that can be removed in a circulating wash or can be produced with the hydrocarbon.
Example 2 Breaker Activity in VES systems The previous Example adequately demonstrated that VES systems are stable- i.e., their viscosity is not substantially affected in the presence of the breakers of the present Invention (e.g., HCI, formic and acetic acid, enzymes, and chelating agents). This Example demonstrates that the VES
matrix does not substantially affect the activity of the breakers- i.e., with respect to breaking filtercake.
Figure 3 shows the effect of VES (5%) on the activity of both enzyme ((x-amylase) and conventional oxidizer breakers (ammonium persulfate, dissolved and encapsulated). These data show that VES inhibits the activity of breakers of proven efficacy.
As evidenced by Figure 4, the data presented in Figure 3 must be qualified by an evaluation of the time-dependence of these systems. Figure 4 shows that VES actually increases the activity of a-amylase over approximately the first 65 minutes of the test.
Figure 5 shows the results of an K2-EDTA system (in the presence of 5% VES and without). These results show that VES does have a substantial effect on EDTA activity.
Example 3 Performance of the Completion Fluids of the Present Invention Having shown that the various breaking agents (e.g., acid, enzymes, and chelating agents) separately or in combination, are effective in VES
solutions (as well in non-VES solutions) and having shown to what extent these agents are affected by the VES, we shall now demonstrate in more i o detail the superior performance of the completion fluids of the present Invention.
The purpose of this Example is to demonstrate that certain formulations of the present Invention exhibit superior filtercake removal- compared with conventional systems. The experimental protocol in this Example was carefully designed to simulate, as closely as possible, actual conditions in an exemplary water-wet, oil-saturated, sandstone reservoir.
The data presented in Figure 9 compares the effect of ct-amylase versus an oxidizer breaker (ammonium persulfate) in a VES/K2-EDTA
system (5% VES, 28 % K2-EDTA, 4% KC1). These data show that an enzyme + EDTA system is unquestionably superior to an oxidizer +
EDTA system. These data are surprising since, while the EDTA is directed to the calcite fraction of the filtercake, the oxidizer and a-amylase are directed to the polymer fraction. Therefore, both binary systems are "complete" in that they contain a breaker for each of the two fractions comprising the filtercake, hence one might expect comparable filtercake removal rates (or extent).
Figure 11 presents data that compares the activity (break times) of 15% HCI, formic acid, and 28% K2-EDTA in 5% VES, as a function of temperature. As evidenced by Figure 11, the EDTA system outperforms the acid systems by a substantial margin, particularly at lower temperatures.
Figures 12 and 13 compare the activity of an EDTA system versus an EDTA/a-amylase system, in VES (Figure 12) and without VES (Figure io 13). A comparison of the two Figures shows that the EDTA-only system is actually enhanced in the presence of VES, though this effect is unobservable prior to about 90 minutes. Figure 12 corroborates earlier data showing the superior performance of the chelating agent/enzyme system compared with chelating agent by itself. Figure 12 also shows that this effect is very rapid- less than one minute).
The leak-off data of Figure 14 is consonant with that presented in Figure 12. Most significantly though, Figure 14 shows that the EDTA/ct-amylase system gives the highest retained permeability- over 90%, compared with the EDTA-only system which resulted in a retained permeability of just over 80%. Therefore, the VES/EDTA/a-amylase system of the present Invention is demonstrably superior to conventional clean-up formulations on both relevant axes of comparison: leak-off and retained permeability. Moreover, results presented earlier (e.g., Figure 4 for a-amylase; Figure 5 for EDTA) show that VES is a viable carrier fluid for the EDTA/a-amylase system. Similarly, as evidenced by the results presented in Figures 1 and 2, the EDTA/a-amylase system activity does not significantly affect the characteristics of the VES matrix (e.g., viscosity).
Finally, the skilled treatment designer will recognize that chelating agents other than EDTA are operable in fluid compositions of the present Invention. The relevant parameters for selection of the fluid are the calcite (or other mineral) dissolution constant (a thermodynamic parameter), the proton dissociation constants (also thermodvnan~ic parameters), and kinetic parameters. The skilled treatment designer can io infer the behavior of other chelating agents by comparing those parameters for EDTA with those for the chelating agent under consideration. A systematic study of the kinetics of calcite dissolution by various chelating agents (including EDTA, DTPA, and CDTA) is presented in C.N. Fredd and H.S. Fogler, The Influence of Chelating Agents on the Kinetics of Calcite Dissolution 204 J. Colliod Interface Sci. 187 (1998).
Example 4 Specialized Applications The fluids and techniques of the present Invention are quite general and are operable in a variety of settings. Since the problem of placement and uniform dissolution are present in virtually every instance, the fluids and techniques of the present Invention are readily applicable to any scenario in which it is desirable to remove filtercake from the wellbore or near-wellbore region in the formation, regardless of whether the filtercake was produced during drilli.ng or during other post-drilling operations (e.g., fluid-loss control pill, gravel pack operation, fracturing, matrix acidizing, and so forth). The fluids and techniques of the present Invention are applicable in numerous different environments, including:
= screen-only completions and gravel pack completions;
= open hole and case hole;
= vertical and highly deviated wells;
= single-stage soak fluid or circulating fluid in which the treatment fluid (of the present Invention) also serves as a carrier fluid for, e.g., a gravel pack operation;
= in conjunction with a gelling agent such as a viscoelastic surfactant (e.g., C1earFRACT"') or alone;
= with a variety of clea.n-up tools and unconventional technologies (e.g., Mobil's Alternate Path Technology, see, e.g., L.G. Jones, et al., Gravel Packing Horizontal Wtellbores W-ith Leak-Off Using Shunts, SPE 38640); or = in conjunction with other fluid additives (e.g., anti-corrosive agents) or dissolution components (e.g., an oxidizer).
One such specialized setting in which the fluids of the present Invention can be applied is a particular type of gravel pack operation known as "AllPAC" or Alternate Path technology. (As used herein, the term "gravel pack" includes treatments incorporating the AllPAC
technology. This technology is described in a number of patents, each is assigned to Mobile, and licensed exclusively to Schlumberger: U.S.
Pat. No. 5,560,427, Fracturing and Propping a Formation Using a Downhole Slurry Splitter (1996); U.S. Pat. No. 5,515,915, Well Screen Having Internal Shunt Tubes (1996); U.S. Pat. No. 5,419,394, Tools for Delivering Fluid to Spaced Levels in a LYfellbore (1995); U.S. Pat. No.
5,417,284, Method for Fracturing and Propping a Formation (1995); U.S.
Pat. No. 5,390,966, Single Connector for Shunt Conduits on Well Tool (1995); U.S. Pat. No. 5,333,688, Method and Apparatus for Gravel Packing of Wells (1994); U.S. Pat. No. 5,161,613, Apparatus for Treating Formations Using Alternate Flopaths (1992); U.S. Pat. No. 5,113,935, Gravel Packing of Wells (1992); U.S. Pat. No. 5,082,052, Apparatus for Gravel Packing Wells (1992); U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,991, Method for Gravel Packing Wells (1990).
The significance of the A11PAC technology to the fluids and techniques of the present Invention cannot be over-emphasized.
Without AIIPAC, gravel packing with a viscous carrier fluid is very difficult, in some instances, virtually impossible. AllPAC screen is comprised of shunt tubes which permit the easy flow of viscous fluid through the screen annulus to its intended situs.
In addition, a thorough discussion of filtercake removal in conjunction with sand control operations, in open-hole horizontal wells is provided in C. Price-Smith, et. al., Open Hole Horizontal Well Cleanup in Sand Control Completions= State of the Art in Field Practice and Laboratory Development, SPE 50673 (1998).
The ALLPAC technology incorporates a novel gravel pack screen device which contains "shunt-tubes" or alternate flow paths, attached to the sides of the screen. These shunt tubes permit effective gravel packing by eliminating bridging (or more precisely, by letting the fluid flow around a bridged zone), thus even long horizontal sections can be gravel packed even with high fluid loss. Therefore, when the fluids of the present Invention are used in conjunction with the ALLPAC
technology, a novel method is enabled. In this method, the filtercake is readily cleaned up during the gravel pack operation since fluid loss (leak-off) will not substantially interfere with the quality of the gravel pack. Thus rig time is substantially reduced by combining filtercake removal with gravel pack treatment.
Indeed, combined gravel pack/filtercake removal treatments the fluids of the present Invention incorporating the Al1PAC technology provide a cost-effective means to complete a well. A yard test with a single shunt tube placed in side a slotted liner packed an entire length of 2,000 ft using the VES. During this test, it was found that 40/60 gravel (approx. 50 darcies) was sufficient to divert flow down the shunt tube. Again, leak off is not a concern, which is another substantial advantage of the Al1PAC technology as it is exploited using the fluids and methods of the present Invention.
triphenylmethylphosphonium (TPMP);
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA);
cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid (CDTA);
diethylenediaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA); or nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA). In a further embodiment, the chelating agent is EDTA and is present in the fluid at a concentration of about 28%.
8a The fluids of the present Invention can be successfully spotted or placed over, for instance, a 2000 ft. horizontal producing zone- without substantial leakoff. Particularly preferred embodiments to achieve this incorporate Mobil's AllPACTM (licensed exclusively to Schlumberger).
15 This way, the gravel pack operation, for instance, can take place without fluid loss.
At the same time, the fluid of the present Invention acts slowly upon the filtercake, to slowly but steadily dissolve it, but not before the particular workover operation has been completed.
20 Moreover, the break time (or time to substantial dissolution of the filtercake) of the fluids of the present Invention are optimized so that the overall or blended dissolution rate is very slow at low temperatures but much higher at high temperatures. The primary advantage of this unique temperaturL-dependence is that fluid can be introduced into the entire 25 zone of interest before filtercake dissolution occurs, then as the fluid 8b temperature rises due to contact with the wellbore, only then does dissolution occur.
The fluids and techniques of the present Invention are quite general and are operable in a variety of settings. These include, but are not limited to, screen-only completions and gravel pack completions; open hole and cased hole; vertical and highly deviated wells; single-application soak or circulating fluid in which the treatment fluid (of the present Invention) also serves as a carrier fluid for, e.g., a gravel pack operation; in conjunction with a gelling agent or viscoelastic surfactant (e.g., io ClearFRACT"") or alone, and with a variety of clean-up tools. In summary, since the problem of placement and uniform dissolution are present in virtually every instance, the fluids and techniques of the present Invention are readily applicable to any scenario in which it is desirable to remove filtercake from the wellbore or near-wellbore region in the formation, regardless of whether the filtercake was produced during drilling or during other post-drilling operations (e.g., fluid-loss control pill, gravel pack operation, fracturing, matrix acidizing, and so forth).
Finally, the fluids of the present Invention are a viable, cost-effective replacement for HCl-based fluids, conventional fluids of choice to remove filtercake. Perhaps the major problem with HCl systems (aside from their ineffectiveness in removing the carbonate fraction of filtercake) is corrosion- corrosion of the above-ground storage tanks, pumps, down-hole tubulars used to place the fluid, and wellbore casings. Moreover, a cost-effective solution to corrosion is not readily available, as evidenced by the fact that corrosion inhibitors is a significant portion of the total expense of a filtercake remove (or matrix-acidizing) treatment. With many of the fluids of the present Invention (those that do not contain acid) the problem of corrosion is drastically minimized. Additionally, personnel safety and environmental concerns are significantly reduced with the fluids of the present Invention.
Brief Description of the Drawin~s Figure 1 shows change in viscosity of various VES solutions at 100 sec"1 after 101 minutes at 180 F, upon addition of K2-EDTA, a-amylase, ammonium persulfate- either separately or in combination. These data io show for instance, that the viscosity of VES is not significantly affected by the addition of 0.5% a-amylase, nor is it affected by the addition of 0.5%
a-amylase and 28% K2-EDTA.
Figure 2 shows the effect of various combinations of a-amylase and K2-EDTA on VES (5% by volume) rheology: 3% NH4C1 and 28% K2-EDTA
(diamonds) ; 4% KCl (open boxes); 4% KCI in 28% K2-EDTA (triangles);
3% NH4C1 and 0.5% a-amylase and 28% K2-EDTA (diagonal crosses with vertical lines); 3% HN4C1 in tap water (diagonal crosses); 3% NH4C1 and 0.5% a-amylase (open circles); 4% KCl and 0.5% a-amylase in tap water (vertical lines); 4% KCl and 0.5% a-amylase in 28% K2-EDTA (light open boxes). These data show, for instance that the addition of a-amylase in a VES solution does not significantly affect VES-solution viscosity at 100 sec', yet if a-amylase is added to a VES solution to which 28% K2-EDTA
and KCl are also added, then viscosity is significantly reduced- though not if NH4C1 is used instead of KCI.
Figure 3 shows the effect of VES (5%) on the cake-breaking activity of both enzyme and conventional oxidizer breakers. The white bars represent (from left to right): (1) no VES, 0.5% a-amylase, 4% KC1; (2) no VES, 1% ammonium persulfate, 4% KCl. The black bars represent: (1) no VES, 0.5% 'a-amylase, 4% KC1, (2) VES, 4% KCI; (3) VES 1% ammonium persulfate; (4) VES, 1% ammonium persulfate, 0.1% triethanolamine, 4%
KC1. The gray bars represent: (1) VES, 0.5% a-amylase, 28% K2-EDTA, 4% KC1; (2) VES, 28% K2=EDTA, 4% KCI; (3) VES, 1% atnmonium lo persulfate, 28% K2-EDTA, 4% KCI; (4) VES, 5% (low temperature-optimized) ammonium persulfate, 28% K2-EDTA, 4%; (5) VES, 5%
encapsulated ammonium persulfate, 28% KZ-EDTA, 4% KC1. All assays were conducted at 150 F. These data show that VES impairs but does not entirely destroy cake-breaking activity.
ii Figure 4 shows the effect of VES (5%) on two breaker types (a-amylase and ammonium persulfate), (1) 1%
ammonium persulfate, no VES (a-thin gray line); 1% ammonium persulfate, VES (b-thin black line); (2) 0.5% a-amylase, no VES (c-thick gray line), 0.5% a-amylase, VES (d-thick black line). These data show that VES is compatible with these two breaker systems.
Figure 5 shows the effect of VES on K2-EDTA cake-breaking activity, 5% VES, 28% K2-EDTA (a-light gray line), 5% VES, no K2-EDTA (b-dark gray line), no VES, 28% K2-EDTA
(c-black line). These data show that the presence of VES
substantially affects K2-EDTA activity.
lla Figure 6 shows the rheology (shear rate versus viscosity) of two different types of VES systems (VES and VES,), a 28% K2-EDTA/0.5% a-amylase system in 5% VES at 125 F (squares) compared with similar systems, no a-amylase (crosses), 1.5% VES at 75 F (plus K2-EDTA/a-amylase) (triangles), 5% VES, at 140 F (diamonds). These data show that the rheology of a different VES system is not significantly affected by the addition of KZ EDTA/a-amylase.
io Figure 7 is identical to Figure 6 except that the system was tested at 2000 F instead of 125 F. These data show no significant difference in activity of the systems under study at 125 versus 200 F.
Figure 8 shows the viscosity (at 170 s"1) of a 3% VES solution at 80 F as a function of HCl concentration. These data show that, above 15% HCl (between 15 and 25%) solution viscosity decreases, but below that, the VES-stability is not affected by the acid.
Figure 9 compares the effect of a-amylase and ammonium persulfate in 2o 5% VES/28% K2-EDTA solutions, 0.5% a-amylase (a-black line with crosses), no polymer break (b-gray line), 1% ammonium persulfate (c-black line). These data show the superior activity of a-amylase over ammonium persulfate in a VES/K2-EDTA system.
Figure 10 compares the effect of different salts on the rheology of a 5%
VES + 27.3% K2-EDTA system: 4% potassium chloride (no K2-EDTA) (crosses); 3% ammonium chloride (circles) (no K2-EDTA); 4% potassium chloride (vertical lines); 3% ammonium chloride (flat boxes). These data show that KZ EDTA does not substantially affect the viscosity of the 5%
VES system.
Figure 11 shows a comparison of break times (filtercake degradation) for three different systems: 15% HCI (diamonds), 9% formic acid (squares), and 28% K2-EDTA (triangles). These data show that the HC1 system breaks the io filtercake more rapidlp that the other two systems.
Figure 12 shows the effect of a-amylase on a K2 EDTA/VES system on the system's cake-breaking activity. The systems shown are control/blank (diamonds), K2 EDTA/VES or4y (squares), and K2 EDTA/VES with a-amylase (vertical lines). These data show that the addition of the enzyme substantially enhances leak-off (a proxy for filtercake degradation), and that this effect occurs very quickly (< 1 minute).
Figure 13 shows a comparison of two systems with respect to their 2o capacity 'to break filtercake. The two systems are K2-EDTA only (diamonds) and K2-EDTA, and a-amylase (squares). These data show that more complete break occurs with the K2-EDTA/a-amylase system (after approximately 500 minutes).
CA 02356332 2001-06-27 ' f u S ~ O , Z 90 i I
ITNUS ~12 JUN 2000 Figure 14 compares retained permeability for a 5% VES system in 3%
NH4C1 (2 hrs., 300 psi, 150 F) upon addition of various breakers, from left to right: nothing, VES only, 28% K2 EDTA only; 14% K2-EDTA;
28%; K2-EDTA at pH 5.5; 28% K2-EDTA + 0.5 a-amylase; and 0.5% a-amylase. These data show that the K2-EDTA + a-amylase system gives superior retained permeability.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments Again, the center of gravity, though not the exclusive scope, of the 1o present Invention, is a set of fluid compositions and techniques for removing de-watered drilling fluid (i.e., "filtercake"). In general, fluids which perform this function are referred to as "completion fluids." The common denominator of preferred embodiments (completion fluids) of the present Invention is they are specifically, though not exclusively, optimized to degrade/remove drilling filtercake produced from a certain kind of drilling fluid- a drill-in fluid system, known by the trademark, STARDRILLTM. Primary components of STARDRILL are calcite, starch, and lesser concentrations of either xanthan or scleroglucan.
The fluids of the present Invention were designed based on 2o numerous criteria, two primary criteria are: (1) rheology, i.e., ensuring that the fluid rheology at bottom hole circulating temperature fell with acceptable limits (e.g., sufficient viscosity to deliver gravel) over a wide shear rate range; and (2) clean-up, i.e., ensuring that the formulations were effective at removing filtercake while minimizing damage to the formation HIVitNDtD SHEET
and not unduly interfering with a contemporaneous completion (e.g., gravel pack).
In addition, any system design that combines an enzyme and other breakers must account for the variable activity windows of the different breakers, particularly since some enzymes are highly pH and temperature sensitive.
Example 1 Stability of VES Systems in the Presence of Breakers Again, one object of the present Inveniton is to provide novel fluids that will degrade filtercake 'and which can also serve as carrier fluids in conjunction with other well treatments, particularly, gravel pack operations. In the case of gravel pack operations, the carrier fluid must be viscous in order to transport the gravel. Thus, VES systems are preferred.
Again, VES stands for "viscoelastic surfactant." The use of VES for well treatment fluids has validated in numerous actual well treatments. Well treatment fluids based on VES are the subject of numerous patents and patent applications, each assigned to Schlumberger, U.S. Pat. No. 5,258,137, Vrscoelastic Surfactant 2o Based Foam Fluids, assigned to Schlumberger Technology Corporation,1993; U.S. Pat. No. 5,551,516, Hydraulic Fracturing Process and Compositions, Schlumberger Technology Corporation, .1996 ; U.S.
Pat. No. 5,964,295, Methods of Fracturing Subterranean Formations, assigned to Schlumberger Technology Corporation, filed 9 October 1996; U.S. Pat. No. 5,979,557, Methods for Limiting the Inflow of Formation Water and for Stimulating Subterranean Formations, assigned to Schlumberger. Technology Corporation, filed 29 May 1997; U.S. Pat. No. 6,306,800, Methods of Fracturing Subterranean Formations, assigned to Schlumberger Technology Corporation, filed 5 October 1998.
s In the Examples that follow the VES system most often used is 1V
cis-13-docosenoic-N,N; bis(2-hydroxymethyl)-N-methyl ammonium chloride (a. k. a. N-erucyl-N,1~I-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-methyl ammonium chloride). In addition, the actual VES system used in the Examples contains 25% iso-propanol to enhance VES stability at low temperatures.
lo In some instances, a second VES system is used, referred to as VESi, and which consists of glyceryl esters of three different fatty acids, 23.5% erucyl (C22 with one double bond), 32% oleic (Cl$ with one double bond) and 44.5% linoleic (Clg with three double bonds separated by methylene groups) acids.
is In addition, the VES systems referenced above are fully compatible with seawater in addition to ordinary tap water. Thus, the term "VES"
subsumes VES systems prepared from seawater in addition to freshwater.
VES systems prepared from seawater are disclosed and daimed in U.S. Pat.
No. 6,306,800, Methods of Fracturing Subterranean Formations, 20 filed 10 October 1998, and assigned to Schlumberger. This patent further discloses the operability of VES systems prepared from seawater.
The experimental results that follow illustrate that VES systems 25 retain their stability (viscosity) upon addition of the breakers (either alone or in combination) of the present Invention.
The following experimental protocol was observed for the data collected and presented in the Examples that follow. First a dry sandstone core was weighed, then saturated with brine (to water wet the core) and then weighed again. Based on comparison of these two measurements, a pore volume was determined. Next, the core was heated to test temperature (150 F). Then, 100 pore volumes of kerosene was flowed through the filtercake core, at about 10 psi. The purpose of this step is to fill the pores with hydrocarbon. The sandstone core's permeability to kerosene was then observed. Next, the kerosene is poured off, then 125 io ml of STARDRILL drilling fluid was applied to the core under a pressure of 300 psi for about one hour. The goal is simulate overbalanced conditions within a typical wellbore; hence, the STARDRILL fluid was "forced" into the core to mimic leakoff. After one hour, the excess STARDRILL was poured off, and the core was rinsed with brine.
Next, the STARDRILL filtercake-coated core was contacted with a series of "clean-up" solutions- 100 ml, at 300 psi for 2 hours (to simulate, e.g., a typical gravel pack operation). In the case of the data presented in Figure 14, for instance, each clean-up solution consisted of a matrix of 5%
VES in 3% NH4C1. These solutions are (from left to right in Figure 14):
"backflow" (to simulate allowing the well to produce without any clean-up) "blank" (VES only), 28% K2-EDTA; 14% K2-EDTA; 28% K2-EDTA
at pH5.5; 28% KZ EDTA + 0.5% a-amylase; and 0.5% a-amylase. In each instance, the amount of clean-up solution contacted with the sandstone core was 100 ml. After two hours, the leak-off volumes were observed;
the retained permeability to kerosene was measured at the test temperature.
Upon preparing the breaker systems in the VES matrix, none of the fluids showed sedimentation or phase separation; however, when the pH
of the VES in 28% K2-EDTA) was increased to values higher than 11, a white waxy substance was observed. Apparently at this high pH, the EDTA-complex interferes with the surfactants and worm-like micellar structure in the VES system. The viscosity of the systems under study was measured using API Standard ramps at 180F (100sec"1 viscosity). The io source of the viscoelastic behavior and the high low-shear viscosity of VES-based solutions is the wormlike micellar structure formed by the surfactants (either 4% KCl or 3% NH4Cl). Addition of filtercake-breakers may affect this micellar structure, and hence also the the rheological behavior of the VES solutions. This can occur either through reaction of the additive with the VES-surfactant molecule or by interaction of the additive VES with the ClearFracTM micellar structure.
The results shall now be discussed. Figure 1 is an overview of the viscosities measured for 5% VES-solutions with various additives. The values correspond to 100 s 1 after shearing the sample at 100 s"1 for 101 minutes. This viscosity is calculated from the API-ramps that were taken at that point. These data show for instance that VES viscosity (and probably the microscopic micellar structure) are not significantly affected by the addition of either EDTA or a-amylase, or by the addition of the two breakers together.
Figure 2 reports related data. There, the effect of the addition of starch-breaking enzyme a-amylase on VES rheology is shown. According to Figure 2, addition of a-amylase to a VES-in-brine solution does not significantly affect the viscosity of VES at 100 sec"1. Yet, when a-amylase is added to VES in EDTA/KCl brine, the viscosity is reduced considerably.
It is striking that this effect does not occur if EDTA/NH4Cl brine is used.
Repetition of both tests gave similar results.
Figure 6 shows the effect on the rheology of VES systems to which 28% KZ EDTA and 4% KCl are added (at 125 F if not specified). These io data show that the rheology of VES is not significantly affected by the addition of either K2-EDTA or a-amylase, or both. Figure 7 presents similar data though at higher temperature. In addition what these two Figures also show is that both 5% VES (short-chain) VES at 1400 F and 1.5% (long-chain) VES at 75 F are competent gravel pack carrier fluids.
1s Hence, in accordance with the present Invention, it is now possible to formulate gravel pack carrier fluids containing filter cake breakers for 125 and 150 F, that have similar rheology.
Figure 8 shows the effect of varying HCl concentration on the viscosity of a 3% VES system at 80 F. As evidenced by these data, 20 viscosity is barely affected from about 5% HCl to about 15% HCI, after which viscosity falls off significantly.
Finally, Figure 10 compares the effect of different salts (sodium salicylate, KCI, and NH4C1) on the rheology of a 5% VES system. These data convincingly demonstrate that K2-EDTA (at up to 28%, which is 25 roughly the solubility limit of EDTA in water) does not substantially affect the viscosity of a 5% VES system. Additionally, these data show that neither KCl nor NH4C1 affects the rheology of the 5% VES system;
however, sodium salicylate, even at very low concentrations (0.5%) has a dramatic effect on VES viscosity when EDTA is present (an approximately 40% decrease in viscosity).
From these data, two sets of particularly preferred embodiments emerge. These are completion fluids having both a-amylase and EDTA
with or without VES. Yet if VES is used as the matrix, then the preferred salt is NH4C1 at about 3%. Thus, one particular preferred completion io fluid of the present Invention contains: 5% VES, 0.5% a-amylase, and 28%' KZ EDTA, in a 4% NH4C1 solution. Another particular preferred fluid is: ,. 0.5% a-amylase, and 28% K2-EDTA, in a 4% salt solution (the salt type is less critical if VES is not used).
Without intending to be bound by this suggested mechanism, we posit that the combination of chelating agent and enzyme (e.g., K2-EDTA
and a-amylase) operate in synergy to break filer cake comprised of starch and calcite. More particularly, the starch polymer and the calcite are arranged in a complex configuration, e.g., the polymer coating the calcite particles. Thus, a breaker that acts primarily upon the polymer (e.g., an 2o enzyme) will simply degrade the particle coating, but leave the particles untouched. Similarly, a breaker that acts primarily upon the calcite particles will have difficulty reaching them due to the polymer coating-hence the observed synergistic activity of the enzyme + chelating agent combination fluid.
WO 00/40667 PCT/US99/2901 l The goal of an ideal completion fluid is that it degrade the filtercake to the greatest extent possible while at the same time ensuring a high retained permeability. Thus, a completion fluid that resulted in maximum filtercake degradation but that left filtercake particles embedded in the wellbore, is ineffective, since retained permeability will be low. Therefore, the degradation must be even and complete- i.e., result in small particles that cannot plug the wellbore, but that can be removed in a circulating wash or can be produced with the hydrocarbon.
Example 2 Breaker Activity in VES systems The previous Example adequately demonstrated that VES systems are stable- i.e., their viscosity is not substantially affected in the presence of the breakers of the present Invention (e.g., HCI, formic and acetic acid, enzymes, and chelating agents). This Example demonstrates that the VES
matrix does not substantially affect the activity of the breakers- i.e., with respect to breaking filtercake.
Figure 3 shows the effect of VES (5%) on the activity of both enzyme ((x-amylase) and conventional oxidizer breakers (ammonium persulfate, dissolved and encapsulated). These data show that VES inhibits the activity of breakers of proven efficacy.
As evidenced by Figure 4, the data presented in Figure 3 must be qualified by an evaluation of the time-dependence of these systems. Figure 4 shows that VES actually increases the activity of a-amylase over approximately the first 65 minutes of the test.
Figure 5 shows the results of an K2-EDTA system (in the presence of 5% VES and without). These results show that VES does have a substantial effect on EDTA activity.
Example 3 Performance of the Completion Fluids of the Present Invention Having shown that the various breaking agents (e.g., acid, enzymes, and chelating agents) separately or in combination, are effective in VES
solutions (as well in non-VES solutions) and having shown to what extent these agents are affected by the VES, we shall now demonstrate in more i o detail the superior performance of the completion fluids of the present Invention.
The purpose of this Example is to demonstrate that certain formulations of the present Invention exhibit superior filtercake removal- compared with conventional systems. The experimental protocol in this Example was carefully designed to simulate, as closely as possible, actual conditions in an exemplary water-wet, oil-saturated, sandstone reservoir.
The data presented in Figure 9 compares the effect of ct-amylase versus an oxidizer breaker (ammonium persulfate) in a VES/K2-EDTA
system (5% VES, 28 % K2-EDTA, 4% KC1). These data show that an enzyme + EDTA system is unquestionably superior to an oxidizer +
EDTA system. These data are surprising since, while the EDTA is directed to the calcite fraction of the filtercake, the oxidizer and a-amylase are directed to the polymer fraction. Therefore, both binary systems are "complete" in that they contain a breaker for each of the two fractions comprising the filtercake, hence one might expect comparable filtercake removal rates (or extent).
Figure 11 presents data that compares the activity (break times) of 15% HCI, formic acid, and 28% K2-EDTA in 5% VES, as a function of temperature. As evidenced by Figure 11, the EDTA system outperforms the acid systems by a substantial margin, particularly at lower temperatures.
Figures 12 and 13 compare the activity of an EDTA system versus an EDTA/a-amylase system, in VES (Figure 12) and without VES (Figure io 13). A comparison of the two Figures shows that the EDTA-only system is actually enhanced in the presence of VES, though this effect is unobservable prior to about 90 minutes. Figure 12 corroborates earlier data showing the superior performance of the chelating agent/enzyme system compared with chelating agent by itself. Figure 12 also shows that this effect is very rapid- less than one minute).
The leak-off data of Figure 14 is consonant with that presented in Figure 12. Most significantly though, Figure 14 shows that the EDTA/ct-amylase system gives the highest retained permeability- over 90%, compared with the EDTA-only system which resulted in a retained permeability of just over 80%. Therefore, the VES/EDTA/a-amylase system of the present Invention is demonstrably superior to conventional clean-up formulations on both relevant axes of comparison: leak-off and retained permeability. Moreover, results presented earlier (e.g., Figure 4 for a-amylase; Figure 5 for EDTA) show that VES is a viable carrier fluid for the EDTA/a-amylase system. Similarly, as evidenced by the results presented in Figures 1 and 2, the EDTA/a-amylase system activity does not significantly affect the characteristics of the VES matrix (e.g., viscosity).
Finally, the skilled treatment designer will recognize that chelating agents other than EDTA are operable in fluid compositions of the present Invention. The relevant parameters for selection of the fluid are the calcite (or other mineral) dissolution constant (a thermodynamic parameter), the proton dissociation constants (also thermodvnan~ic parameters), and kinetic parameters. The skilled treatment designer can io infer the behavior of other chelating agents by comparing those parameters for EDTA with those for the chelating agent under consideration. A systematic study of the kinetics of calcite dissolution by various chelating agents (including EDTA, DTPA, and CDTA) is presented in C.N. Fredd and H.S. Fogler, The Influence of Chelating Agents on the Kinetics of Calcite Dissolution 204 J. Colliod Interface Sci. 187 (1998).
Example 4 Specialized Applications The fluids and techniques of the present Invention are quite general and are operable in a variety of settings. Since the problem of placement and uniform dissolution are present in virtually every instance, the fluids and techniques of the present Invention are readily applicable to any scenario in which it is desirable to remove filtercake from the wellbore or near-wellbore region in the formation, regardless of whether the filtercake was produced during drilli.ng or during other post-drilling operations (e.g., fluid-loss control pill, gravel pack operation, fracturing, matrix acidizing, and so forth). The fluids and techniques of the present Invention are applicable in numerous different environments, including:
= screen-only completions and gravel pack completions;
= open hole and case hole;
= vertical and highly deviated wells;
= single-stage soak fluid or circulating fluid in which the treatment fluid (of the present Invention) also serves as a carrier fluid for, e.g., a gravel pack operation;
= in conjunction with a gelling agent such as a viscoelastic surfactant (e.g., C1earFRACT"') or alone;
= with a variety of clea.n-up tools and unconventional technologies (e.g., Mobil's Alternate Path Technology, see, e.g., L.G. Jones, et al., Gravel Packing Horizontal Wtellbores W-ith Leak-Off Using Shunts, SPE 38640); or = in conjunction with other fluid additives (e.g., anti-corrosive agents) or dissolution components (e.g., an oxidizer).
One such specialized setting in which the fluids of the present Invention can be applied is a particular type of gravel pack operation known as "AllPAC" or Alternate Path technology. (As used herein, the term "gravel pack" includes treatments incorporating the AllPAC
technology. This technology is described in a number of patents, each is assigned to Mobile, and licensed exclusively to Schlumberger: U.S.
Pat. No. 5,560,427, Fracturing and Propping a Formation Using a Downhole Slurry Splitter (1996); U.S. Pat. No. 5,515,915, Well Screen Having Internal Shunt Tubes (1996); U.S. Pat. No. 5,419,394, Tools for Delivering Fluid to Spaced Levels in a LYfellbore (1995); U.S. Pat. No.
5,417,284, Method for Fracturing and Propping a Formation (1995); U.S.
Pat. No. 5,390,966, Single Connector for Shunt Conduits on Well Tool (1995); U.S. Pat. No. 5,333,688, Method and Apparatus for Gravel Packing of Wells (1994); U.S. Pat. No. 5,161,613, Apparatus for Treating Formations Using Alternate Flopaths (1992); U.S. Pat. No. 5,113,935, Gravel Packing of Wells (1992); U.S. Pat. No. 5,082,052, Apparatus for Gravel Packing Wells (1992); U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,991, Method for Gravel Packing Wells (1990).
The significance of the A11PAC technology to the fluids and techniques of the present Invention cannot be over-emphasized.
Without AIIPAC, gravel packing with a viscous carrier fluid is very difficult, in some instances, virtually impossible. AllPAC screen is comprised of shunt tubes which permit the easy flow of viscous fluid through the screen annulus to its intended situs.
In addition, a thorough discussion of filtercake removal in conjunction with sand control operations, in open-hole horizontal wells is provided in C. Price-Smith, et. al., Open Hole Horizontal Well Cleanup in Sand Control Completions= State of the Art in Field Practice and Laboratory Development, SPE 50673 (1998).
The ALLPAC technology incorporates a novel gravel pack screen device which contains "shunt-tubes" or alternate flow paths, attached to the sides of the screen. These shunt tubes permit effective gravel packing by eliminating bridging (or more precisely, by letting the fluid flow around a bridged zone), thus even long horizontal sections can be gravel packed even with high fluid loss. Therefore, when the fluids of the present Invention are used in conjunction with the ALLPAC
technology, a novel method is enabled. In this method, the filtercake is readily cleaned up during the gravel pack operation since fluid loss (leak-off) will not substantially interfere with the quality of the gravel pack. Thus rig time is substantially reduced by combining filtercake removal with gravel pack treatment.
Indeed, combined gravel pack/filtercake removal treatments the fluids of the present Invention incorporating the Al1PAC technology provide a cost-effective means to complete a well. A yard test with a single shunt tube placed in side a slotted liner packed an entire length of 2,000 ft using the VES. During this test, it was found that 40/60 gravel (approx. 50 darcies) was sufficient to divert flow down the shunt tube. Again, leak off is not a concern, which is another substantial advantage of the Al1PAC technology as it is exploited using the fluids and methods of the present Invention.
Claims (27)
1. A well completion fluid for breaking filtercake comprising a viscoelastic surfactant (VES) and an enzyme, wherein the enzyme is .alpha.-amylase or .beta.-amylase.
2. The well completion fluid of claim 1, wherein the enzyme is .alpha.-amylase.
3. The well completion fluid of claim 1, wherein the enzyme is .beta.-amylase.
4. The well completion fluid of claim 1 or 2, wherein the .alpha.-amylase is present in the fluid at a concentration of between 0.05 and 1.5%.
5. The well completion fluid of claim 4 wherein the .alpha.-amylase is present in the fluid at a concentration of 0.5%.
6. The well completion fluid of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the VES is N-cis-13-docosenoic-N,N-bis(2-hydroxymethyl)-N-methyl ammonium chloride.
7. The well completion fluid of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the VES is present in the fluid at a concentration of between 0.5 and 7%.
8. The well completion fluid of claim 7, wherein the VES is present in the fluid at a concentration of 5%.
9. The well completion fluid of any one of claims 1 to 8 further comprising 4% KCl.
10. The well completion fluid of any one of claims 1 to 8 further comprising 3% NH4C1.
11. The well completion fluid of any one of claims 1 to 10 further comprising iso-propanol wherein the iso-propanol and the VES are present in the fluid in a ratio of 1:4.
12. A well completion fluid for breaking filtercake comprising a viscoelastic surfactant (VES), an enzyme, and a chelating agent wherein the VES is N-cis-13-docosenoic-N,N-bis(2-hydroxymethyl)-N-methyl ammonium chloride, and the enzyme is .alpha.-amylase or .beta.-amylase.
13. The well completion fluid of claim 12, wherein the chelating agent is 1-hydroxyethylidene-1; 1-diphosphonic acid-1 (HEDP); aminotri(methylene phosphonic acid) (ATMP);
triphenylmethylphosphonium (TPMP); ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid (CDTA);
diethylenediaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA); or nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA).
triphenylmethylphosphonium (TPMP); ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid (CDTA);
diethylenediaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA); or nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA).
14. The well completion fluid of claim 12 or 13, wherein the chelating agent is EDTA.
15. The well completion fluid of claim 14, wherein the EDTA is present in the fluid at a concentration of 28%.
16. The well completion fluid of any one of claims 12 to 15 comprising .alpha.-amylase as the enzyme and wherein the .alpha.-amylase, the VES, and the EDTA are present in the fluid at concentrations of 0.5%, 5%, and 28%, respectively.
17. A well completion fluid for breaking filtercake comprising a viscoelastic surfactant (VES), .alpha.-amylase, and EDTA, present in the fluid in about the following concentrations: 5%, 0.5%, and 28%, respectively.
18. The well completion fluid of claim 17 further comprising NH4Cl, having a concentration in the fluid of 4%.
19. A method for breaking filtercake in conjunction with a gravel pack operation comprising circulating through a well, the completion fluid as defined in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18.
20. A method for breaking filtercake in conjunction with a gravel pack operation comprising injecting into a well, the completion fluid as defined in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18.
21. The method of claim 19 further comprising the step of first injecting into the well, a pre-wash fluid.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the pre-wash fluid comprises an anionic surfactant solution.
23. A single-stage soak method for breaking filtercake comprising injecting into a wellbore the fluid as defined in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18, and allowing the fluid to contact said wellbore.
24. A method for breaking filtercake comprising injecting into a wellbore then circulating through the wellbore, the completion fluid as defined in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18.
25. The method of claim 23 further comprising the step of first injecting into the well, a pre-wash fluid.
26. The method of claim 24 further comprising the step of first injecting and circulating into the well, a pre-wash fluid.
27. The method of claim 23 or 25, wherein the completion fluid is allowed to contact the wellbore for between 24 and 128 hours.
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| CA2690140A CA2690140C (en) | 1998-12-31 | 1999-12-08 | Fluids and techniques for hydrocarbon well completion |
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| US09/224,440 US6140277A (en) | 1998-12-31 | 1998-12-31 | Fluids and techniques for hydrocarbon well completion |
| US09/224,440 | 1998-12-31 | ||
| PCT/US1999/029011 WO2000040667A1 (en) | 1998-12-31 | 1999-12-08 | Fluids and techniques for hydrocarbon well completion |
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| US6140277A (en) * | 1998-12-31 | 2000-10-31 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Fluids and techniques for hydrocarbon well completion |
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| US20030216263A1 (en) * | 2000-08-30 | 2003-11-20 | Tibbles Raymond J. | Fluids and techniques for hydrocarbon well completion |
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- 1999-12-08 CN CN99816204.3A patent/CN1238463C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-12-08 AT AT99965158T patent/ATE550403T1/en active
- 1999-12-08 CA CA2356332A patent/CA2356332C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-12-08 ID IDW00200101659A patent/ID30082A/en unknown
- 1999-12-08 WO PCT/US1999/029011 patent/WO2000040667A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1999-12-08 CA CA2690140A patent/CA2690140C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-12-08 BR BRPI9916631-3A patent/BR9916631B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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2000
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- 2000-08-30 US US09/651,059 patent/US6638896B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN104120995A (en) * | 2013-04-24 | 2014-10-29 | 韦特柯格雷控制系统有限公司 | Acid injection |
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| BR9916631B1 (en) | 2009-08-11 |
| AU3113400A (en) | 2000-07-24 |
| CN1238463C (en) | 2006-01-25 |
| EA200100739A1 (en) | 2002-04-25 |
| EP1171543A4 (en) | 2005-04-13 |
| CA2690140C (en) | 2011-09-06 |
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| OA12508A (en) | 2006-05-29 |
| CN1334854A (en) | 2002-02-06 |
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| EP1171543A1 (en) | 2002-01-16 |
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| US6569814B1 (en) | 2003-05-27 |
| NO20013280D0 (en) | 2001-06-29 |
| ATE550403T1 (en) | 2012-04-15 |
| NO339337B1 (en) | 2016-11-28 |
| EP1171543B1 (en) | 2012-03-21 |
| US6140277A (en) | 2000-10-31 |
| CA2690140A1 (en) | 2000-07-13 |
| ID30082A (en) | 2001-11-01 |
| EA002585B1 (en) | 2002-06-27 |
| AU761262B2 (en) | 2003-05-29 |
| BR9916631A (en) | 2002-06-04 |
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