CA2422513C - Medication dispensing apparatus override check and communication system - Google Patents
Medication dispensing apparatus override check and communication system Download PDFInfo
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- CA2422513C CA2422513C CA2422513A CA2422513A CA2422513C CA 2422513 C CA2422513 C CA 2422513C CA 2422513 A CA2422513 A CA 2422513A CA 2422513 A CA2422513 A CA 2422513A CA 2422513 C CA2422513 C CA 2422513C
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- G—PHYSICS
- G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
- G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
- G16H10/00—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of patient-related medical or healthcare data
- G16H10/60—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of patient-related medical or healthcare data for patient-specific data, e.g. for electronic patient records
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- G—PHYSICS
- G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
- G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
- G16H20/00—ICT specially adapted for therapies or health-improving plans, e.g. for handling prescriptions, for steering therapy or for monitoring patient compliance
- G16H20/10—ICT specially adapted for therapies or health-improving plans, e.g. for handling prescriptions, for steering therapy or for monitoring patient compliance relating to drugs or medications, e.g. for ensuring correct administration to patients
- G16H20/13—ICT specially adapted for therapies or health-improving plans, e.g. for handling prescriptions, for steering therapy or for monitoring patient compliance relating to drugs or medications, e.g. for ensuring correct administration to patients delivered from dispensers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
- G16Z—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G16Z99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other main groups of this subclass
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- G—PHYSICS
- G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
- G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
- G16H10/00—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of patient-related medical or healthcare data
- G16H10/20—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of patient-related medical or healthcare data for electronic clinical trials or questionnaires
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- G—PHYSICS
- G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
- G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
- G16H70/00—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of medical references
- G16H70/40—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of medical references relating to drugs, e.g. their side effects or intended usage
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- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Medical Treatment And Welfare Office Work (AREA)
- Medical Preparation Storing Or Oral Administration Devices (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention is directed to a method, preferably practiced on a computer controlled dispensing apparatus, comprising: accessing (normally by logging on) the dispensing apparatus; identifying a patient; identifying a medication to dispense for the identified patient, the medication not having been reviewed against the patient's medication profile; prompting the user to identify an exception; and either dispensing the medication or storing the request to dispense in response to the identified exception. The method may further include transferring the plurality of override requests and override events into a database of pharmacy orders. The requests, events, and orders may be sorted according to a predetermined criterion, and presented to a pharmacist for review.
Description
MEDICATION DISPENSING APPARATUS OVERRIDE CHECK AND
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Background of the Invention Field of the Invention The present invention is directed to medication dispensing apparatus and methods of operating such apparatus.
Description of the Background A wide variety of apparatus are used in healthcare facilities for the dispensing and inventory of medications and medical supplies. For example, U.S. Patent No.
5,520,450 discloses a supply station with an internal computer. The supply station is comprised of a cabinet having a plurality of lockable doors. Information is provided to a computer which unlocks the doors. The computer may be used to simultaneously and automatically update a patient's record, billing information and hospital inventory. The relevant data may be displayed on a display or printed on a sheet of paper by a printer connected to the computer.
Other examples of computer controlled dispensing apparatus are found in U.S.
Patent No.
5,346,297, U.S. Patent No. 5,905,653 and U.S. Patent No. 5,745,366.
Such computer controlled dispensing apparatus have been developed in response to a number of problems existing in hospitals and other healthcare institutions.
More particularly, computer controlled dispensing apparatus are operated according to programming that addresses problems such as the removal of medications by unauthorized personnel, dispensing the wrong medication for a patient, inaccurate record keeping, to name a few.
The AcuDose-Rx dispensing cabinet available from McKesson Automation Inc. of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania is an example of a computer controlled cabinet programmed to address the aforementioned problems. The user must first logon to the computer (thereby identifying who is removing medications). The user then identifies a patient and is presented with a list a medications that has been approved for administering to the identified patient (thereby addressing the problem of incorrect dispensing). Records are kept for each dispensing event thereby creating an audit trail.
To ensure the safe and accurate dispensing and administration of medications, a pharmacist reviews each prescription or medication order against that patient's medication profile and other relevant patient information to identify such items as therapeutic duplication in the patient's medication regimen; appropriateness of the drug, dose, frequency, and route of administration; medication allergies or sensitivities; potentially significant drug-drug, drug-food, drug-lab, and drug-disease interactions; contraindications to use;
any organizational criteria for use; and other relevant medication-related issues or concerns. If a question or concern arises, the pharmacist contacts the person who prescribed the medication.
Many computer controlled dispensing apparatus have a "medication order profile interface" system that requires that all new medication orders for patients be entered into a pharmacy information system, where they are checked as discussed above. After the pharmacy information system completes the necessary clinical checks, data must be transmitted to the dispensing apparatus before the nurse is free to access the medication in the dispensing apparatus. That is done to ensure that medications are not dispensed and subsequently administered without a prior review by a pharmacist.
Problems can arise, however, when a pharmacist is not available to provide the necessary review. In many institutions, pharmacists are not available around the clock, although patients may be admitted at any time. Additionally, an emergency may arise or a doctor may write a STAT order. Under such circumstances, when a healthcare provider, typically a nurse, must retrieve medication from the dispensing apparatus, the patient may not be recognized by the dispensing apparatus, or the desired medication may not yet be approved for the patient. As a result, to enable a dispense to occur, the nurse must exit the normal dispensing routine by entering an override mode, emergency mode, or the like.
Unfortunately, in such alternative modes, control is lost over why the dispensing operation is needed, for whom, and the like. That loss of control and information has been recognized by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO). In its proposed medication use standards, JCAHO provides that when a pharmacist is not on the premises, nurses can administer any medication needed for the patient without a pharmacist's prior review if the healthcare institution has developed an alternative system for medication order review that minimizes the impact of skipping the pharmacist's review prior to administration. At a minimum, that must include the following: a retrospective review of the medication orders by the pharmacist as soon as a pharmacist is available; a review of the medication order by a qualified healthcare professional prior to administration of the medication for appropriateness against a database of information (e.g., drug interaction reference and drug profile); and an ongoing analysis and monitoring of the process for the incidence of medication errors as compared to the incidence of medication errors when the pharmacy is open. The need exists for a medication dispensing apparatus that facilitates dispensing events in a controlled, traceable manner in situations where a dispensing event is requested for medication not approved for a patient.
Summary of the Invention In a first broad aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of dispensing a medication, the method comprising the steps of: permitting access to a computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus; receiving, at the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, input identifying a patient; receiving, at the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, input identifying the medication to dispense for the identified patient, the medication not having been reviewed against the patient's medication profile; prompting, at the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, a user to identify an exception after the medication is identified; dispensing, by the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, the medication prior to pharmacist review in response to a determination that the identified exception is approved according to a predetermined algorithm executed by the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus; and storing, at the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, an override event representing the dispensing of the medication prior to pharmacist review.
The method may further include transferring the plurality of override requests and override events into a database of pharmacy orders. The requests, events, and orders may be sorted according to a predetermined criterion, and presented to a pharmacist for review.
In a second broad aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of dispensing a medication to a patient when the medication has not been reviewed against the patient's medication profile, the method comprising the steps of: receiving input logging onto a computer controlled dispensing device; receiving, at the computer controlled dispensing device, input identifying the patient; receiving, at the computer controlled dispensing device, input identifying the medication to dispense in an override mode; receiving, at the computer In a third broad aspect of the present invention, there is provided a computer readable In a fourth broad aspect of the present invention, there is provided a computer when the medication has not been approved for the patient and no acceptable reason exists for not waiting until a pharmacist can make the necessary review. If an acceptable reason exists for dispensing before the necessary review by a pharmacist has taken place, embodiments of the present invention are intended to provide documentation and an audit trail of the reasons for the dispensing event. With electronic collection and distribution of dispensing events or requests for a dispensing event, efficiencies and cost savings are intended to be enabled. Further, that information can be sent to centralized 24/7 pharmacies that provide after-hours services to small and rural healthcare institutions that are not staffed in off hours, thereby intending to insure compliance even with reduced hours and staff.
Those intended advantages and benefits, and others, will be apparent from the description below.
Brief Description of the Drawings For the present invention to be easily understood and readily practiced, embodiments of the present invention will now be described, for purposes of illustration and not limitation, in conjunction with the following figures, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating the relationship between a centralized storage location and, among other things, a plurality of storage locations;
FIG. 2 is one example of apparatus located at a decentralized location implementing a closed system for performing dispensing operations;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating a method according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is an exemplary screen illustrating one way of prompting a user for information; and FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating another method according to the present invention.
Description of the Illustrative Embodiments FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating the relationship between a centralized storage location 10 and various inventory destinations, including a plurality of decentralized storage locations 12-1, 12-2 through 12-n, patients 13, and a remote facility 14. Each of the decentralized storage locations 12-1 through 12-n is capable of dispensing items stored at the location. The items may include medications, controlled medical supplies, medical supplies or items of a nature consistent with the facility in which the system illustrated in FIG. 1 is located. Items may be dispensed directly from centralized storage location 10 to patients 13, or from the centralized storage location 10 to a remote facility 14. Data typically flows from the decentralized storage locations 12-1 through 12-n to the centralized storage location 10. In response to that data, items are typically moved from the central storage location 10 to the decentralized storage locations 12-1 through 12-n or to the remote facility 14 to restock such locations to either replenish dispensed items or to stock new items.
Decentralized locations could include satellite pharmacies, computerized medication cabinets, stationary/mobile medication carts, nurse servers, remote hospital pharmacies, supply closets, supply cabinets, etc. Supplies can be reordered from distributors based on levels of stock in the centralized storage location 10.
FIG. 2 illustrates one example of an apparatus that may be located at any of the decentralized locations 12-1 through 12-n. The apparatus illustrated in FIG. 3 is comprised of an AcuDoseRxTM cabinet 26 and an AcuDoseRxTM auxiliary cabinet 28 available from McKesson Automation Inc. A supply tower 30 is also illustrated. A control computer 32 controls the operation of the cabinet 26, auxiliary cabinet 28, and supply tower 30. The control computer 32 is also in communication with a central database (not shown). The reader will understand that the present invention is not limited to the AcuDoseRxTM cabinet 26, but rather the method of the present invention may be implemented on any type of computer controlled dispensing apparatus.
Turning now to FIG.3, a flow chart illustrating a method according to the present invention is illustrated. To perform a dispensing operation a user logs onto the control computer 32 at step 36. In that manner, the computer receives information identifying the user. The user information is compared to stored information at step 38. At step 40 a patient is identified. The information could be entered on a keypad, either by name or by an ID
number, the information could be scanned, selected from a pick list, or any other known method of entering the patient information. In that manner, the computer receives information identifying the patient.
At step 42 a medication profile for the patient is displayed. The display may include all of the medications which have been approved by a pharmacist for administration to the patient. For a normal dispensing event, not shown in detail but represented by the box 43, the user then selects from the displayed medications. However, if the medication has been ordered on a STAT or emergency basis, it may not be displayed at step 42. The user then selects at step 44 an override mode. The use of the phrase "override mode" is not intended to limit the present invention. In the vernacular of the AcuDose cabinet, when a user wishes to select a medication not in the patient's medication profile, the override mode is enabled.
Sometimes a patient has not yet been admitted on the system, thus requiring creation of a patient record prior to proceeding. In those cases, the user is taken directly to the list of medications available for dispensing. Other cabinet manufacturers may use other terminology. The concept is that the user wishes to select a medication for dispensing which is not on the patient's medication profile or, in other words, the user wishes to dispense a medication prior to review by a pharmacist or other qualified healthcare provider, regardless of whether that is referred to as an override mode, an emergency mode, or any other phrase specific to a particular manufacturer.
At step 46, the control computer 32 displays a list of medications available for dispensing. The list could include all of the medications in the various cabinets, auxiliary cabinets, supply towers and the like under the control of the control computer 32, or some set of that list for which the particular user has authority to dispense. At step 48, the user selects the desired medication or medications. Selection could be via a touch screen, entry through a keypad, or any other known method of entering information for enabling the selection. In that manner, the control computer receives information identifying a medication to dispense.
At step 50 the user is prompted to enter information. The information being entered may be variously described as an "exception" to the general rule that a medication cannot be dispensed unless the order has been reviewed by a pharmacist or the "reasons"
why the dispense is necessary. There are two recognized exceptions for when an nurse can dispense prior to a pharmacists review, e.g. in the override mode. The first is a situation in which a physician or other qualified healthcare provider controls the ordering, dispensing and administration of the medication, such as in an operating room, endoscopy suite, or an emergency room. The second exception is for those emergencies when there is not sufficient time to obtain the necessary review. Those include STAT orders or those orders where the clinical status of the patient would be significantly compromised by the delay that would result from waiting for a pharmacist's review. Not all first orders meet these criteria.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Background of the Invention Field of the Invention The present invention is directed to medication dispensing apparatus and methods of operating such apparatus.
Description of the Background A wide variety of apparatus are used in healthcare facilities for the dispensing and inventory of medications and medical supplies. For example, U.S. Patent No.
5,520,450 discloses a supply station with an internal computer. The supply station is comprised of a cabinet having a plurality of lockable doors. Information is provided to a computer which unlocks the doors. The computer may be used to simultaneously and automatically update a patient's record, billing information and hospital inventory. The relevant data may be displayed on a display or printed on a sheet of paper by a printer connected to the computer.
Other examples of computer controlled dispensing apparatus are found in U.S.
Patent No.
5,346,297, U.S. Patent No. 5,905,653 and U.S. Patent No. 5,745,366.
Such computer controlled dispensing apparatus have been developed in response to a number of problems existing in hospitals and other healthcare institutions.
More particularly, computer controlled dispensing apparatus are operated according to programming that addresses problems such as the removal of medications by unauthorized personnel, dispensing the wrong medication for a patient, inaccurate record keeping, to name a few.
The AcuDose-Rx dispensing cabinet available from McKesson Automation Inc. of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania is an example of a computer controlled cabinet programmed to address the aforementioned problems. The user must first logon to the computer (thereby identifying who is removing medications). The user then identifies a patient and is presented with a list a medications that has been approved for administering to the identified patient (thereby addressing the problem of incorrect dispensing). Records are kept for each dispensing event thereby creating an audit trail.
To ensure the safe and accurate dispensing and administration of medications, a pharmacist reviews each prescription or medication order against that patient's medication profile and other relevant patient information to identify such items as therapeutic duplication in the patient's medication regimen; appropriateness of the drug, dose, frequency, and route of administration; medication allergies or sensitivities; potentially significant drug-drug, drug-food, drug-lab, and drug-disease interactions; contraindications to use;
any organizational criteria for use; and other relevant medication-related issues or concerns. If a question or concern arises, the pharmacist contacts the person who prescribed the medication.
Many computer controlled dispensing apparatus have a "medication order profile interface" system that requires that all new medication orders for patients be entered into a pharmacy information system, where they are checked as discussed above. After the pharmacy information system completes the necessary clinical checks, data must be transmitted to the dispensing apparatus before the nurse is free to access the medication in the dispensing apparatus. That is done to ensure that medications are not dispensed and subsequently administered without a prior review by a pharmacist.
Problems can arise, however, when a pharmacist is not available to provide the necessary review. In many institutions, pharmacists are not available around the clock, although patients may be admitted at any time. Additionally, an emergency may arise or a doctor may write a STAT order. Under such circumstances, when a healthcare provider, typically a nurse, must retrieve medication from the dispensing apparatus, the patient may not be recognized by the dispensing apparatus, or the desired medication may not yet be approved for the patient. As a result, to enable a dispense to occur, the nurse must exit the normal dispensing routine by entering an override mode, emergency mode, or the like.
Unfortunately, in such alternative modes, control is lost over why the dispensing operation is needed, for whom, and the like. That loss of control and information has been recognized by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO). In its proposed medication use standards, JCAHO provides that when a pharmacist is not on the premises, nurses can administer any medication needed for the patient without a pharmacist's prior review if the healthcare institution has developed an alternative system for medication order review that minimizes the impact of skipping the pharmacist's review prior to administration. At a minimum, that must include the following: a retrospective review of the medication orders by the pharmacist as soon as a pharmacist is available; a review of the medication order by a qualified healthcare professional prior to administration of the medication for appropriateness against a database of information (e.g., drug interaction reference and drug profile); and an ongoing analysis and monitoring of the process for the incidence of medication errors as compared to the incidence of medication errors when the pharmacy is open. The need exists for a medication dispensing apparatus that facilitates dispensing events in a controlled, traceable manner in situations where a dispensing event is requested for medication not approved for a patient.
Summary of the Invention In a first broad aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of dispensing a medication, the method comprising the steps of: permitting access to a computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus; receiving, at the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, input identifying a patient; receiving, at the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, input identifying the medication to dispense for the identified patient, the medication not having been reviewed against the patient's medication profile; prompting, at the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, a user to identify an exception after the medication is identified; dispensing, by the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, the medication prior to pharmacist review in response to a determination that the identified exception is approved according to a predetermined algorithm executed by the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus; and storing, at the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, an override event representing the dispensing of the medication prior to pharmacist review.
The method may further include transferring the plurality of override requests and override events into a database of pharmacy orders. The requests, events, and orders may be sorted according to a predetermined criterion, and presented to a pharmacist for review.
In a second broad aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of dispensing a medication to a patient when the medication has not been reviewed against the patient's medication profile, the method comprising the steps of: receiving input logging onto a computer controlled dispensing device; receiving, at the computer controlled dispensing device, input identifying the patient; receiving, at the computer controlled dispensing device, input identifying the medication to dispense in an override mode; receiving, at the computer In a third broad aspect of the present invention, there is provided a computer readable In a fourth broad aspect of the present invention, there is provided a computer when the medication has not been approved for the patient and no acceptable reason exists for not waiting until a pharmacist can make the necessary review. If an acceptable reason exists for dispensing before the necessary review by a pharmacist has taken place, embodiments of the present invention are intended to provide documentation and an audit trail of the reasons for the dispensing event. With electronic collection and distribution of dispensing events or requests for a dispensing event, efficiencies and cost savings are intended to be enabled. Further, that information can be sent to centralized 24/7 pharmacies that provide after-hours services to small and rural healthcare institutions that are not staffed in off hours, thereby intending to insure compliance even with reduced hours and staff.
Those intended advantages and benefits, and others, will be apparent from the description below.
Brief Description of the Drawings For the present invention to be easily understood and readily practiced, embodiments of the present invention will now be described, for purposes of illustration and not limitation, in conjunction with the following figures, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating the relationship between a centralized storage location and, among other things, a plurality of storage locations;
FIG. 2 is one example of apparatus located at a decentralized location implementing a closed system for performing dispensing operations;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating a method according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is an exemplary screen illustrating one way of prompting a user for information; and FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating another method according to the present invention.
Description of the Illustrative Embodiments FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating the relationship between a centralized storage location 10 and various inventory destinations, including a plurality of decentralized storage locations 12-1, 12-2 through 12-n, patients 13, and a remote facility 14. Each of the decentralized storage locations 12-1 through 12-n is capable of dispensing items stored at the location. The items may include medications, controlled medical supplies, medical supplies or items of a nature consistent with the facility in which the system illustrated in FIG. 1 is located. Items may be dispensed directly from centralized storage location 10 to patients 13, or from the centralized storage location 10 to a remote facility 14. Data typically flows from the decentralized storage locations 12-1 through 12-n to the centralized storage location 10. In response to that data, items are typically moved from the central storage location 10 to the decentralized storage locations 12-1 through 12-n or to the remote facility 14 to restock such locations to either replenish dispensed items or to stock new items.
Decentralized locations could include satellite pharmacies, computerized medication cabinets, stationary/mobile medication carts, nurse servers, remote hospital pharmacies, supply closets, supply cabinets, etc. Supplies can be reordered from distributors based on levels of stock in the centralized storage location 10.
FIG. 2 illustrates one example of an apparatus that may be located at any of the decentralized locations 12-1 through 12-n. The apparatus illustrated in FIG. 3 is comprised of an AcuDoseRxTM cabinet 26 and an AcuDoseRxTM auxiliary cabinet 28 available from McKesson Automation Inc. A supply tower 30 is also illustrated. A control computer 32 controls the operation of the cabinet 26, auxiliary cabinet 28, and supply tower 30. The control computer 32 is also in communication with a central database (not shown). The reader will understand that the present invention is not limited to the AcuDoseRxTM cabinet 26, but rather the method of the present invention may be implemented on any type of computer controlled dispensing apparatus.
Turning now to FIG.3, a flow chart illustrating a method according to the present invention is illustrated. To perform a dispensing operation a user logs onto the control computer 32 at step 36. In that manner, the computer receives information identifying the user. The user information is compared to stored information at step 38. At step 40 a patient is identified. The information could be entered on a keypad, either by name or by an ID
number, the information could be scanned, selected from a pick list, or any other known method of entering the patient information. In that manner, the computer receives information identifying the patient.
At step 42 a medication profile for the patient is displayed. The display may include all of the medications which have been approved by a pharmacist for administration to the patient. For a normal dispensing event, not shown in detail but represented by the box 43, the user then selects from the displayed medications. However, if the medication has been ordered on a STAT or emergency basis, it may not be displayed at step 42. The user then selects at step 44 an override mode. The use of the phrase "override mode" is not intended to limit the present invention. In the vernacular of the AcuDose cabinet, when a user wishes to select a medication not in the patient's medication profile, the override mode is enabled.
Sometimes a patient has not yet been admitted on the system, thus requiring creation of a patient record prior to proceeding. In those cases, the user is taken directly to the list of medications available for dispensing. Other cabinet manufacturers may use other terminology. The concept is that the user wishes to select a medication for dispensing which is not on the patient's medication profile or, in other words, the user wishes to dispense a medication prior to review by a pharmacist or other qualified healthcare provider, regardless of whether that is referred to as an override mode, an emergency mode, or any other phrase specific to a particular manufacturer.
At step 46, the control computer 32 displays a list of medications available for dispensing. The list could include all of the medications in the various cabinets, auxiliary cabinets, supply towers and the like under the control of the control computer 32, or some set of that list for which the particular user has authority to dispense. At step 48, the user selects the desired medication or medications. Selection could be via a touch screen, entry through a keypad, or any other known method of entering information for enabling the selection. In that manner, the control computer receives information identifying a medication to dispense.
At step 50 the user is prompted to enter information. The information being entered may be variously described as an "exception" to the general rule that a medication cannot be dispensed unless the order has been reviewed by a pharmacist or the "reasons"
why the dispense is necessary. There are two recognized exceptions for when an nurse can dispense prior to a pharmacists review, e.g. in the override mode. The first is a situation in which a physician or other qualified healthcare provider controls the ordering, dispensing and administration of the medication, such as in an operating room, endoscopy suite, or an emergency room. The second exception is for those emergencies when there is not sufficient time to obtain the necessary review. Those include STAT orders or those orders where the clinical status of the patient would be significantly compromised by the delay that would result from waiting for a pharmacist's review. Not all first orders meet these criteria.
An example of an exemplary screen 60 used to prompt the user to provide the required information is illustrated in FIG. 4. In FIG. 4, two exceptions acceptable to an organization such as JCAHO are illustrated: physician controlled dispensing 62 and STAT
order 64. The curser may be placed in the appropriate box and a keystroke entered.
However, the information may be input in any known way such as selecting a reason or exception from a pick list, or the like. The exceptions or reasons shown to the user may be hard coded by the manufacturer, soft coded to allow the user to create the text, or customizable hard code, where the user selects which exceptions from among numerous exceptions will be displayed, or any other known manner.
In addition to a listing of various exceptions a text box 66 may be provided.
The text box may be used to record textual information which the nurse wishes to add to the record.
In an alternative embodiment, the textbox may be used in place of a list. In that embodiment, the text in the text box is subjected to character recognition followed by a search for keywords to determine if the exception or reason for the dispense is adequate.
A reason for dispensing each medication selected at step 48 must be provided at step 50.
At step 52, an evaluation is made to determine if the reasons input at step 50 are sufficient. For example, if one of the reasons is an exception recognized by a committee such as JCAHO, and the box 62, 64 next to that reason has been selected, then the process continues at step 54 where the "override" event is stored and a dispensing event takes place at step 58. It should be recognized that the analysis performed at step 52 will depend to a large degree on the type of information input at step 50. For example, if at step 50 the user's only options are to choose amongst acceptable exceptions, then perhaps the only analysis that needs to be performed at step 52 is whether one of the exceptions has been selected. If, however, at step 50 the user is prompted to select from a list of numerous exceptions, some of which are acceptable and some of which are not, it may be necessary at step 52 to determine if an acceptable exception has been selected. In yet another embodiment, where all that is provided is a text box, at step 52 it may be necessary to perform character recognition, and then perform an analysis upon the recognized characters to determine if the proper keywords or phrases have been used for a recognized exception. The present invention is not to be limited by the manner in which the user is prompted to input reasons at step 50 and the manner in which those reasons are evaluated at step 52.
order 64. The curser may be placed in the appropriate box and a keystroke entered.
However, the information may be input in any known way such as selecting a reason or exception from a pick list, or the like. The exceptions or reasons shown to the user may be hard coded by the manufacturer, soft coded to allow the user to create the text, or customizable hard code, where the user selects which exceptions from among numerous exceptions will be displayed, or any other known manner.
In addition to a listing of various exceptions a text box 66 may be provided.
The text box may be used to record textual information which the nurse wishes to add to the record.
In an alternative embodiment, the textbox may be used in place of a list. In that embodiment, the text in the text box is subjected to character recognition followed by a search for keywords to determine if the exception or reason for the dispense is adequate.
A reason for dispensing each medication selected at step 48 must be provided at step 50.
At step 52, an evaluation is made to determine if the reasons input at step 50 are sufficient. For example, if one of the reasons is an exception recognized by a committee such as JCAHO, and the box 62, 64 next to that reason has been selected, then the process continues at step 54 where the "override" event is stored and a dispensing event takes place at step 58. It should be recognized that the analysis performed at step 52 will depend to a large degree on the type of information input at step 50. For example, if at step 50 the user's only options are to choose amongst acceptable exceptions, then perhaps the only analysis that needs to be performed at step 52 is whether one of the exceptions has been selected. If, however, at step 50 the user is prompted to select from a list of numerous exceptions, some of which are acceptable and some of which are not, it may be necessary at step 52 to determine if an acceptable exception has been selected. In yet another embodiment, where all that is provided is a text box, at step 52 it may be necessary to perform character recognition, and then perform an analysis upon the recognized characters to determine if the proper keywords or phrases have been used for a recognized exception. The present invention is not to be limited by the manner in which the user is prompted to input reasons at step 50 and the manner in which those reasons are evaluated at step 52.
It should also be noted that code may be provided for disabling steps 50 and 52. For example, in a hospital or other healthcare institution in which procedures are already in place to properly document dispenses in an "override" mode, the institution may choose to disable steps 50 and 52 and proceed directly to storage of the override event 54 and dispensing at step 58 as soon as the user selects the medications at step 48.
Assuming that the reasons were acceptable at step 52, as noted the override event is stored at step 54. Thereafter, a dispensing event occurs at step 58 and the process returns to step 56. If the reasons were unacceptable at step 52, the override request is stored at step 60 and the process continues with step 56.
After an override request has been stored at step 60, or a dispensing event has occurred at step 58, one important aspect from the healthcare institution's perspective is to have a pharmacist review either the override request or the override event as soon as possible. That may be implemented in at least two ways. First, the records of the override requests and override events may be printed, for example, at a pharmacy computer, or if an electronic pharmacy system is available, the records of the override requests and override events may be forwarded to the pharmacy system, as will be described in greater detail in conjunction with FIG. 5.
In FIG. 5, a flow chart illustrating another method according to the present invention is illustrated. In FIG. 5, records for each override request stored at step 60 in FIG. 3, and records of each override event stored at step 54 in FIG. 3, are monitored at step 68. A
decision is made at step 70 if a pharmacy workstation exists. If there is no pharmacy workstation, then the override requests and override events are printed at step 72, illustratively in a pharmacy, so that they may be reviewed by a pharmacist as soon as practicable. If there is a pharmacy workstation, then the records representative of the override requests and override events are added to the workstation queue at step 74.
The workstation queue may be created, in the first instance, by commercially available products such as the Pyxis Connect product available from Pyxis Corporation or the MedDirect product available from McKesson Automation, Inc. as represented by block 76.
The MedDirect product is an automated system for communicating medication orders and for managing documents. Using imaging technology, the MedDirect product delivers clear, scanned medication order images directly to the hospital pharmacy, where they can be viewed simultaneously with the pharmacy information system. Once the order is reviewed and approved by a pharmacist, it is entered in the pharmacy information system and made available for profile dispensing by, for example, the AcuDose cabinet 26 (FIG.
2). At step 74, certain logic or rules may be applied to the queue to sort or reorder the queue. For example, records representative of override events may be placed at the front of the queue.
At step 78, the user selects a record from the queue to review. At step 80, a user, typically a pharmacist, will review the override events and/or approve override requests. The pharmacist may optionally input orders into a pharmacy information system. At step 82, the override requests and override events are archived for later review by a decision support system or the like as represented by step 84.
A hospital may received a type I recommendation from an organization such as JCAHO because nurses are accessing medication dispensing apparatus for first doses of medication. Implementation of the present invention provides a hospital with evidence that policy and procedures are being adhered to, as well as providing an audit trail of all override activities associated with computer-controlled medication dispensing apparatus.
Having the present invention integrated into computer-controlled medication dispensing apparatus provides an electronic transfer of the information immediately, or based on a time delay, to a location where a pharmacist is available, thus intending to create efficiencies and cost savings. With electronic collection and distribution of the override information, that information can be sent to centralized 24/7 pharmacies that provide after-hours services to small and rural healthcare institutions that are not staffed in off hours, thereby intending to insure compliance even with reduced hours and staff.
Electronic communications systems can be attached, such as cell phones, beepers, and e-mail to provide notification to pharmacists of the need to address override events and/or requests. More sophisticated wireless PDAs (personal digital assistants) can actually be connected to such systems, alerting pharmacists of the need to address override events and/or requests, allowing them to review the collected information, and providing approval transactions from remote locations.
Patient safety is ultimately intended to be enhanced when a computer-controlled medication dispensing apparatus incorporates embodiments of the present invention so as to aid caregivers during overrides. Providing the means of enforcing and auditing hospital policy and procedures directly contributes to overall patient safety in compliance with JCAHO recommendations.
While the present invention has been described in conjunction with illustrative embodiments thereof, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that many modifications and variations may be implemented while still falling within the scope of the present invention. For example, processing techniques other than CMOS techniques may be utilized.
Other types of materials and process steps may be substituted for those described in the illustrative embodiment while remaining within the scope of the present invention. The description of presently illustrative embodiments is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, which is defined by the following claims.
Assuming that the reasons were acceptable at step 52, as noted the override event is stored at step 54. Thereafter, a dispensing event occurs at step 58 and the process returns to step 56. If the reasons were unacceptable at step 52, the override request is stored at step 60 and the process continues with step 56.
After an override request has been stored at step 60, or a dispensing event has occurred at step 58, one important aspect from the healthcare institution's perspective is to have a pharmacist review either the override request or the override event as soon as possible. That may be implemented in at least two ways. First, the records of the override requests and override events may be printed, for example, at a pharmacy computer, or if an electronic pharmacy system is available, the records of the override requests and override events may be forwarded to the pharmacy system, as will be described in greater detail in conjunction with FIG. 5.
In FIG. 5, a flow chart illustrating another method according to the present invention is illustrated. In FIG. 5, records for each override request stored at step 60 in FIG. 3, and records of each override event stored at step 54 in FIG. 3, are monitored at step 68. A
decision is made at step 70 if a pharmacy workstation exists. If there is no pharmacy workstation, then the override requests and override events are printed at step 72, illustratively in a pharmacy, so that they may be reviewed by a pharmacist as soon as practicable. If there is a pharmacy workstation, then the records representative of the override requests and override events are added to the workstation queue at step 74.
The workstation queue may be created, in the first instance, by commercially available products such as the Pyxis Connect product available from Pyxis Corporation or the MedDirect product available from McKesson Automation, Inc. as represented by block 76.
The MedDirect product is an automated system for communicating medication orders and for managing documents. Using imaging technology, the MedDirect product delivers clear, scanned medication order images directly to the hospital pharmacy, where they can be viewed simultaneously with the pharmacy information system. Once the order is reviewed and approved by a pharmacist, it is entered in the pharmacy information system and made available for profile dispensing by, for example, the AcuDose cabinet 26 (FIG.
2). At step 74, certain logic or rules may be applied to the queue to sort or reorder the queue. For example, records representative of override events may be placed at the front of the queue.
At step 78, the user selects a record from the queue to review. At step 80, a user, typically a pharmacist, will review the override events and/or approve override requests. The pharmacist may optionally input orders into a pharmacy information system. At step 82, the override requests and override events are archived for later review by a decision support system or the like as represented by step 84.
A hospital may received a type I recommendation from an organization such as JCAHO because nurses are accessing medication dispensing apparatus for first doses of medication. Implementation of the present invention provides a hospital with evidence that policy and procedures are being adhered to, as well as providing an audit trail of all override activities associated with computer-controlled medication dispensing apparatus.
Having the present invention integrated into computer-controlled medication dispensing apparatus provides an electronic transfer of the information immediately, or based on a time delay, to a location where a pharmacist is available, thus intending to create efficiencies and cost savings. With electronic collection and distribution of the override information, that information can be sent to centralized 24/7 pharmacies that provide after-hours services to small and rural healthcare institutions that are not staffed in off hours, thereby intending to insure compliance even with reduced hours and staff.
Electronic communications systems can be attached, such as cell phones, beepers, and e-mail to provide notification to pharmacists of the need to address override events and/or requests. More sophisticated wireless PDAs (personal digital assistants) can actually be connected to such systems, alerting pharmacists of the need to address override events and/or requests, allowing them to review the collected information, and providing approval transactions from remote locations.
Patient safety is ultimately intended to be enhanced when a computer-controlled medication dispensing apparatus incorporates embodiments of the present invention so as to aid caregivers during overrides. Providing the means of enforcing and auditing hospital policy and procedures directly contributes to overall patient safety in compliance with JCAHO recommendations.
While the present invention has been described in conjunction with illustrative embodiments thereof, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that many modifications and variations may be implemented while still falling within the scope of the present invention. For example, processing techniques other than CMOS techniques may be utilized.
Other types of materials and process steps may be substituted for those described in the illustrative embodiment while remaining within the scope of the present invention. The description of presently illustrative embodiments is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, which is defined by the following claims.
Claims (29)
1. A method of dispensing a medication, the method comprising the steps of:
permitting access to a computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus;
receiving, at the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, input identifying a patient;
receiving, at the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, input identifying the medication to dispense for the identified patient, said medication not having been reviewed against the patient's medication profile;
prompting, at the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, a user to identify an exception after said medication is identified;
dispensing, by the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, the medication prior to pharmacist review in response to a determination that the identified exception is approved according to a predetermined algorithm executed by the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus; and storing, at the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, an override event representing the dispensing of the medication prior to pharmacist review.
permitting access to a computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus;
receiving, at the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, input identifying a patient;
receiving, at the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, input identifying the medication to dispense for the identified patient, said medication not having been reviewed against the patient's medication profile;
prompting, at the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, a user to identify an exception after said medication is identified;
dispensing, by the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, the medication prior to pharmacist review in response to a determination that the identified exception is approved according to a predetermined algorithm executed by the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus; and storing, at the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, an override event representing the dispensing of the medication prior to pharmacist review.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said step of prompting includes providing a pick list of exceptions.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said step of prompting includes providing a text box.
4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of suppressing said prompting, and wherein said identified medication is dispensed.
5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of printing, at a printer in communication with the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, one of a record of a dispensing event and a record of a request to dispense.
6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of forwarding, from the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus to a computer in communication with the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, one of a record of a dispensing event and a record of a request to dispense.
7. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of:
transferring, from the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, a plurality of override requests and override events into a database of pharmacy orders for subsequent review.
transferring, from the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, a plurality of override requests and override events into a database of pharmacy orders for subsequent review.
8. The method according to claim 7, further comprising the step of providing notification, at a remote computer, of the existence of said requests and events.
9. The method according to claim 7, further comprising the step of providing viewing, at a remote computer, of said requests and events.
10. The method according to claim 7, further comprising the step of sorting said requests, events, and orders according to a predetermined criterion.
11. The method according to claim 10, further comprising the step of viewing said sorted requests, events and orders.
12. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of:
storing, at the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, a plurality of override requests and override events;
transferring said stored plurality of override requests and override events from the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus to a database of pharmacy orders;
presenting said plurality of override requests and override events for review.
storing, at the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus, a plurality of override requests and override events;
transferring said stored plurality of override requests and override events from the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus to a database of pharmacy orders;
presenting said plurality of override requests and override events for review.
13. The method according to claim 12, wherein said plurality of override requests and override events are presented before said pharmacy orders are presented.
14. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein said determination that the identified exception is approved according to said predetermined algorithm executed by the computer controlled medication dispensing apparatus comprises verifying that the identified exception is present in a predetermined list of approved exceptions.
15. A method of dispensing a medication to a patient when the medication has not been reviewed against the patient's medication profile, the method comprising the steps of:
receiving input logging onto a computer controlled dispensing device;
receiving, at the computer controlled dispensing device, input identifying the patient;
receiving, at the computer controlled dispensing device, input identifying the medication to dispense in an override mode;
receiving, at the computer controlled dispensing device, an exception from a user after the medication is identified; and when the exception is an approved exception according to a predetermined algorithm executed by the computer controlled dispensing device, dispensing the medication from the computer controlled dispensing device prior to pharmacist review.
receiving input logging onto a computer controlled dispensing device;
receiving, at the computer controlled dispensing device, input identifying the patient;
receiving, at the computer controlled dispensing device, input identifying the medication to dispense in an override mode;
receiving, at the computer controlled dispensing device, an exception from a user after the medication is identified; and when the exception is an approved exception according to a predetermined algorithm executed by the computer controlled dispensing device, dispensing the medication from the computer controlled dispensing device prior to pharmacist review.
16. The method according to claim 15, wherein said step of receiving an exception includes receiving a selection from a pick list of exceptions.
17. The method according to claim 15, wherein said step of receiving an exception includes receiving text entered into a text box.
18. The method according to claim 15, further comprising the step of suppressing said receiving an exception, and wherein said identified medication is dispensed without the need to receive the exception.
19. The method according to claim 18, further comprising the step of storing, at the computer controlled dispensing device, a request to dispense when no exception is received.
20. The method according to claim 15, further comprising the step of storing, at the computer controlled dispensing device, a request to dispense when the exception is not an approved exception according to said algorithm.
21. The method according to any one of claims 19 and 20, further comprising the step of printing, at a printer in communication with the computer controlled dispensing device, one of a record of a dispensing event and a record of the request to dispense.
22. The method according to claim 21, further comprising the step of forwarding, from the computer controlled dispensing device to a computer in communication with the computer controlled dispensing device, one of the record of the dispensing event and the record of the request to dispense.
23. The method according to any one of claims 15 to 22, wherein said predetermined algorithm executed by the computer controlled dispensing device comprises verifying that the exception is present in a predetermined list of approved exceptions.
24. A computer readable medium encoded with a computer readable code which, when executed by a computer, performs a method comprising the steps of:
receiving, at the computer, information identifying a user;
comparing, at the computer, the received information to stored information about the user;
receiving, at the computer, information identifying a patient;
receiving, at the computer, information identifying a medication to dispense;
prompting, at the computer, the user to enter an exception when the medication to be dispensed has not been reviewed against the patient's medication profile;
and dispensing, by the computer, the medication prior to pharmacist review when the exception is an approved exception according to a predetermined algorithm executed by the computer.
receiving, at the computer, information identifying a user;
comparing, at the computer, the received information to stored information about the user;
receiving, at the computer, information identifying a patient;
receiving, at the computer, information identifying a medication to dispense;
prompting, at the computer, the user to enter an exception when the medication to be dispensed has not been reviewed against the patient's medication profile;
and dispensing, by the computer, the medication prior to pharmacist review when the exception is an approved exception according to a predetermined algorithm executed by the computer.
25. The computer readable medium according to claim 24, further comprising code which, when executed by the computer, performs the additional step of disabling the step of prompting the user, said dispensing step then becoming independent of whether the exception is an approved exception according to said predetermined algorithm executed by the computer.
26. The computer readable medium according to any one of claims 24 and 25, wherein said predetermined algorithm executed by the computer comprises verifying that the exception is present in a predetermined list of approved exceptions.
27. A computer readable medium encoded with a computer readable code which, when executed by a computer, performs a method comprising the steps of:
receiving, at the computer, information identifying a user;
comparing, at the computer, the received information to stored information about the user;
receiving, at the computer, information identifying a patient;
displaying, at the computer, a medication profile for the identified patient;
receiving, at the computer, information identifying a dispensing mode in which medications other than those listed on the profile may be dispensed;
displaying, at the computer, a list of medications available for dispensing;
receiving, at the computer, information identifying a medication to dispense;
prompting, at the computer, the user to enter an exception after receiving information indentifying the medication; and dispensing, by the computer, the medication prior to pharmacist review when the exception meets approved criteria.
receiving, at the computer, information identifying a user;
comparing, at the computer, the received information to stored information about the user;
receiving, at the computer, information identifying a patient;
displaying, at the computer, a medication profile for the identified patient;
receiving, at the computer, information identifying a dispensing mode in which medications other than those listed on the profile may be dispensed;
displaying, at the computer, a list of medications available for dispensing;
receiving, at the computer, information identifying a medication to dispense;
prompting, at the computer, the user to enter an exception after receiving information indentifying the medication; and dispensing, by the computer, the medication prior to pharmacist review when the exception meets approved criteria.
28. The computer readable medium according to claim 27, further comprising code which, when executed by the computer, performs the additional step of disabling the step of prompting the user, said dispensing step then becoming independent of whether the exception meets approved criteria.
29. The computer readable medium according to any one of claims 27 and 28, wherein said approved criteria comprises a list of approved exceptions.
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| US10/124,045 | 2002-04-16 |
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-
2002
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- 2002-10-09 US US10/267,772 patent/US6671579B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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| US20030195655A1 (en) | 2003-10-16 |
| CA2422513A1 (en) | 2003-10-16 |
| US6671579B2 (en) | 2003-12-30 |
| US20030195654A1 (en) | 2003-10-16 |
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