CA2437413A1

CA2437413A1 - Stent for treating in-stent restenosis

Info

Publication number: CA2437413A1
Application number: CA002437413A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Eric J. Simso; Matthew J. Miller
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Boston Scientific Ltd Barbados
Priority date: 2001-01-12
Filing date: 2001-11-02
Publication date: 2002-07-18
Also published as: EP1785109B1; EP1785109A3; JP2004522494A; DE60126146T2; DE60139090D1; US20010044650A1; WO2002054985A8; WO2002054985A2; AU2002228855B2; DE60126146D1; EP1349517A2; EP1349517B1; WO2002054985A9; ATE434426T1; WO2002054985A3; JP4159877B2; EP1785109A2; US20080288049A1

Abstract

A second stent having a wall thickness of 0.002 inches or less or a second stent having a tubular surface with openings therethrough where the ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings is at least 3:7 may be implanted in a first stent which has been previously implanted in a bodily vessel.

Description

STENT FOR IN-STENT RESTENOSIS
Background of the Invention A stenosis of an artery is a constriction or narrowing of the artery. The stenosis may be as a result of the buildup up of cholesterol, fat or other substances.
Regardless of the cause of the stenosis, a stenosis can be life threatening.
Stenoses of coronary arteries, for example, can diminish the flow of blood to the heart leading to heart damage and, possibly, death.
A number of methods have been developed for widening arteries which have become stenosed. These methods include stenting, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) procedures and the use of drugs and/or radiation.
Of the various methods of widening arteries which have become stenosed, stenting has proven to be of particular value in lowering the rate of restenosis or formation of new stenoses following the procedure. Even stented regions of a vessel, however, can restenose.
Restenosis only occurs in a fraction of patients. It can, however, be difficult to treat in patients in whom it occurs. Restenossis typically occurs within six months to one year of initial treatment of the vessel.
A number of different techniques have been devised to reduce the likelihood of restenosis in stented regions of a vessel. These techniques include treating the patient with anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs and smooth muscle cell inhibitors.
Direct delivery of drugs to the affected vessel is addressed in a plethora of patents including US 5,861,168 which discloses the use of a stmt bearing a nitric oxide precursor agent and US 5,800,507 which discloses the use of a stmt bearing fibrin.
Other methods of treatment include delivery of radioactive substances to the affected region of the body as is disclosed in US 5,871,437, US 5,059,166 and US
6,099,455.
The use of ultrasonic energy in reducing the likelihood of restenosis is disclosed US
5,836,896.
There remains a need for providing novel methods of dealing with restenosis in stented regions of a vessel as well as novel apparatuses for accomplishing the same.
For the purpose of this disclosure, all US patents and patent applications and all other publications referenced herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
A brief summary of the claimed embodiments of the invention is set forth below in accordance with 37 C.F.R. 1.73. Additional details of the summarized embodiments of the invention and/or additional embodiments of the invention may be found in the Detailed Description of the Invention below.
A brief abstract of the technical disclosure in the specification is provided as well only for the purposes of complying with 37 C.F.R. 1.72. The abstract is not intended to be used for interpreting the scope of the claims.
Summarv of the Claimed Embodiments of the Invention In one embodiment, the invention is directed to a combination of a first expanded stmt and a second expanded stmt disposed within the first stmt. At least a portion of the second stmt has a wall thickness of 0.002 inches or less.
Desirably, the entirety of the second stmt has a wall thickness of 0.002 inches or less. More desirably, at least a portion of the wall thicknesses is 0.001 inches or less and most desirably, 0.0005 inches or less.
The first stmt may be any suitable stmt known in the art.
The second stmt may be any suitable design known in the art. Examples of stmt designs include stems having one or more segments of interconnected struts and stems having one or more segments with cells and openings therethrough.
Desirably, where the second stmt has a tubular surface with openings, the second stmt when expanded has a ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings of at least 3:7, desirably at least 1:1 and more desirably, at least 3:2. The second stmt may be helical or non-helical.
The second stmt may be made of any suitable material whether polymeric or metal or a combination of the two or otherwise. Where the second stmt is made of foil, desirably the second stmt is only one layer of foil thick. The second stmt may be mechanically expandable or self expanding. In the latter case, the second stmt is desirably made of a shape memory material.
Optionally, the second stmt may comprise a liner or a bioabsorbable membrane. Where a liner is provided, the liner may be made of any suitable graft material whether bioabsorbable or not. An example of a suitable non-bioabsorbable material is expanded PTFE (ePTFE). The bioabsorbable membrane or liner may further comprise a treatment agent.
In one embodiment, the second stmt comprises at least a first support and a second support, and a liner extending between the first support and the second support.
Optionally, the first and second supports may be hoops.
The second stmt may frictionally engage the first stmt. Optionally, the second stmt may be attached to the first stmt, for example, via one or more hooks. The second stmt may also be attached to the first stmt by being bonded thereto.
Where the second stem is self expanding, it may frictionally engage the first stmt by self expanding against the first stmt and applying an outward force against the first stmt.
In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a combination of a first stmt implanted in a bodily vessel and a second stmt disposed within the first stmt, where the second stmt has a tubular surface with openings therethrough, and the ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings when the second stmt is expanded is at least 3:7. More desirably, the ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings when the second stmt is expanded is at least 1:1 and most desirably, the ratio is at least 3:2.
The invention is also directed to a method of stenting a previously stented region of a bodily vessel where the stented region of the bodily vessel has a first stmt therein with a lumen therethrough. The method comprises the steps of disposing a second stmt in the lumen of the first stmt and implanting the second stmt in the lumen of the first stmt. At least a portion of the second stmt has a wall thickness of 0.002 inches or less, more desirably, 0.001 inches or less, and most desirably, 0.0005 inches or less. The second stmt may be of any suitable design, as discussed above and may be mechanically expandable or self expanding. The method may be used to treat a restenosed, previously stented area of a vessel.
In yet another embodiment, the invention is directed to a method of stenting a previously stented region of a bodily vessel. In accordance with the method, a second stmt is disposed in the lumen of an already implanted first stmt and implanted therein. The second stmt has a tubular surface with openings therethrough.
When the second stmt is expanded, the ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings is at least 3:7, more desirably 1:1 and most desirably, 3:2. The method may be used to treat a restenosed, previously stented area of a vessel.
The inventive methods may be carned out at any point subsequent to implantation of the first stmt using any suitable first stmt and second stmt as discussed above. Desirably, the first stmt will have been implanted in the bodily vessel for a period of time in excess of one month and more desirably, for a period of time in excess of one half year prior to insertion of the second stmt. Most desirably, the first stmt will have been implanted in the bodily vessel for a period of time in excess of one year.
The inventive methods may be preceded and/or followed by one'or more steps in which the stented region of the vessel is treated to reduce restenosis.
A detailed description of the invention in its various embodiments is provided below.
Brief Description of the Figures Fig. 1 shows a perspective view of the inventive stmt combination in a vessel with parts cut away.
Fig. 2 shows a cross-section of the inventive combination of Fig. 1 taken along line 2-2.
Fig. 3 shows a perspective view of a stmt.
Fig. 4 shows a perspective view of a stmt.
Fig. 5 shows a stmt with a membrane.
Fig. 6 shows a stmt having a plurality of supports and a liner.
Fig. 7 shows a first and second stmt with hook Detailed Description of the Invention While this invention may be embodied in many different forms, there are described in detail herein specific preferred embodiments of the invention.
This description is an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the particular embodiments illustrated.
For the purposes of this disclosure, unless otherwise indicated, like reference numerals in the figures shall refer to like structures.
Turning to Figs. 1 and 2, the invention is directed, in one embodiment, to a combination of a first expanded stmt 104 and a second expanded stent 112 disposed within first stmt 104 where at least a portion of second stmt 112 has a wall thickness 116 of 0.002 inches or less and desirably, 0.001 inches or less. Even more desirably, the wall thickness is 0.0005 inches or less and most desirably, the wall thickness is 0.00025 inches or less. The first expanded stmt and second expanded stmt may optionally be implanted in a bodily vessel 108.
First stmt 104 may be any suitable stmt for implantation in a bodily vessel as known in the art. Desirably, the stmt comprises one or more serpentine segments 120 as shown in Fig. 3. The stmt of Fig. 3 comprises a plurality of interconnected segments joined by angled connectors 124. The stmt may also be formed of a plurality of serpentine segments 120. Each serpentine segment comprises a plurality of connected struts 121. Adjacent serpentine segments 120 are joined by connectors 124 having one or more bends therein. The ends of the connectors may be circumferentially displaced as shown in Fig. 3 or circumferentially aligned with one another.
Another example of a stmt is shown in Fig. 4. Stent 104, as shown in Fig. 4, includes a plurality of interconnected closed cells 109 (one of which is shown shaded). Each closed cell 109 includes an opening 111 therethrough. Stems having at least one segment having closed cells therein, are also disclosed in US 5,733,303, US 6,059,810 and US

6,033,433. Other examples of first stems include those disclosed in commonly assigned, copending US
Application 09/437049, spiral or helical stems, stems having a constant diameter when expanded, stems at least a portion of which taper whether an end portion, a middle portion or any other portion and conical stems. The first stmt may include one or more radiopaque portions such as is disclosed in commonly assigned copending US
Application No. 09/659571.
First stmt 104 may be mechanically expandable, for example balloon expandable or may be self expandable.

The first stmt may be made of any suitable metallic material or combination of metallic materials including tungsten, aluminum, metal alloys, stainless steel, tantalum, rhenium, titanium, or other types of metallic materials.
Alternatively, non-metallic materials, composites of metallic and non-metallic materials or other composites may be used. Metal-plastic, metal-ceramic composites may be used, and non-metals such as rubbers, ceramics, plastics or other polymers. The stmt may be optionally made of shape memory materials, whether metal, polymeric or otherwise.
Second stmt 112 desirably is self expandable and may be made of any suitable material including those specifically disclosed above. Desirable shape memory materials include Nitinol as disclosed in WO 96/26689 and US 6,059,810. The invention also contemplates the use of second stems which mechanically expandable, for example, by balloon. An example of such a stmt is disclosed in US 5,733,303. Second stmt 112 may also be a foil stmt. Where a foil stmt is used, the foil stmt is desirably only one layer of foil thick. More information about foil stems may be found in US
6,120,535.
Second stmt 112 may be of any suitable design including the designs discussed above for the first stmt. Desirably, the stent comprises one or more serpentine segments such as those shown at 120 in Fig. 3. Adjacent segments may be connected via angled connectors as shown at 124 in Fig. 3. As with the first stmt, the second stmt may also be formed of a plurality of serpentine segments joined by connectors having one or more bends therein. The ends of the connectors may be circumferentially aligned with one another or circumferentially displaced from one another. The second stmt may include a plurality of interconnected closed cells such as those shown at 109 in Fig. 4.
Stems having at least one segment having closed cells therein, are also disclosed in US 5,733,303, US 6,059,810 and US 6,033,433.
Another example of a suitable second stmt is disclosed in commonly assigned, copending US Application 09/437049 which discloses stems having a microstructure which preferably have about the following dimensions:
strut width - 0.00025 - 0.002 inches strut thickness - 0.00025 - 0.004 inches maximum PIN opening - 0.002 - 0.020 inches diameter The term "maximum PIN opening" is used herein to describe micro openings in which the dimensions specify the largest which can be passed through the cell opening. This applies as noted above to the expanded stmt configuration.
Typically, as a stmt is expanded to larger diameters, the opening becomes larger. It is believed that using a maximum PIN opening specification that the concept of the present invention may be more readily applicable to stems of either open or closed cell geometries.
Yet other examples of a second stmt include spiral or helical stems, stems having a constant diameter when expanded, stems at least a portion of which taper whether an end portion, a middle portion or any other portion and conical stems.
The second stmt may include one or more radiopaque portions such as is disclosed in commonly assigned copending US Application No. 09/659571. The radiopaque portions of the second stmt when expanded may line up with one or more radiopaque portions of the first stmt or may displaced from any radiopaque portions of the first stmt.
As shown in Fig. 5, second stmt 112 may comprise an optional liner 128 disposed on the outer surface of the stmt or stmt segments 120. The invention also contemplates the presence of an optional liner in the interior of the stent.
Liner 128 may be any suitable graft material including expanded PTFE (ePTFE). Liner 128 may also be a bioabsorbable membrane.
Second stem 112 may also comprise a plurality of supports 132 with a liner 128 extending therebetween, as shown in Fig. 6. Desirably, supports 132 are in the form of hoops. Liner 128 has a thickness of less than 0.002 inches and more desirably, less than 0.001 inches. Even more desirably, the thickness is 0.0005 inches or less and most desirably, the thickness is 0.00025 inches or less. Liner 128 may be made of foil or any suitable graft material including bioabsorbable materials and ePTFE.
The second stmt may optionally be attached to the first stmt. The attachment may be through one or more hooks which may be secured to the first stmt.
Optionally, the first stmt may comprise a plurality of loops for receiving the hooks.
Desirably, the hooks and loops operate similar to VELCROTM. As shown in Fig.

7, hooks 136 extending from second stmt 112 engage loops 137 extending from first stmt 104. The hooks may extend from one of the first or the second stmt with the loops extending from the other stmt. The second stmt may also be bonded to the first stmt via the use of adhesives.
The second stmt may apply an outward force against the first stmt and form a friction fit with the first stmt such as is the case with a self expanding stmt Where second stmt 112 has a tubular surface with openings 111 therethrough, as shown for example in Fig. 4, desirably, the ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings at least 3:7 when the second stmt is expanded. More desirably, the ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings when the second stmt is expanded is at least 1:1. Even more desirably, the ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings is at least 3:2. Providing a high ratio of surface area to the area of the openings is desirable in preventing additional restenosis.
The invention is also directed to the combination of a first stmt implanted in a bodily vessel and a second stmt disposed within the first stmt, as shown, for example, in Fig. 1, where the second stent has a tubular surface with openings therethrough. When the second stmt is expanded, the ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings at least 3:7. More desirably, the ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings is at least 1:1. Even more desirably, the ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings is at least 3:2.
Desirably, in any of the above embodiments, second stmt 112 comprises a treatment agent. The treatment agent may be applied to any portion or the entirety of the stent. In one embodiment, where the second stmt comprises a liner, the treatment agent may be applied to the liner. In another embodiment, where the second stmt comprises a plurality of struts and/or segments, the treatment agent may be applied to at least a portion of the struts and/or segments.
Suitable treatment agents include hydrophilic drugs such as heparin or hirudin to protect against coagulation. Hydrophobic drugs such as prostaglandins or aspirin and vitamin E may be used to protect against platelet activation.
Vitamin E and other anti oxidants such as sodium ascorbate, phendies, carbazoles, and tocotrienols may be used to protect against oxidation. The treatment agent may also include prostaglandins PGI2 or PGE2, RGD peptide, thrombomodulin, TPA (Tissue Plasminogen Activator) and Urokinase as well as other bioactive proteins. Gene therapy agents such as antiplatelet and antibody fragments, for example GB2B3A may also be provided. Other suitable agents include nitric oxide precursor agents, fibrin, Taxol and ticlopidine. Any of the treatment agents disclosed in US 6,074,659 US
6,120,847, US 5,861,168, US 5,800,507 and US 5,693,085 and any of the methodologies disclosed therein for delivering treatment agents may be used. More generally, the treatment materials may include the known antithrombic agents, anti-angiogenesis agents, antibacterial and/or antimicrobial agents and antifungal agents.
The treatment agent may also be radioactive. The radioisotope used in the treatment agent may be an alpha, beta or gamma emitter. Desirably, the half life of the radioisotope is between 10 hours and 100 days. More desirably, the radioisotope will be a beta emitting isotope such as phosphorous 32, with a 14.3 day half life and no gamma rays. Additional details concerning such a treatment agent may be found in US
5,722,984 and US 5,871,437. Other suitable radioisotopes for use as treatment agents include the beta emitting isotope gold 198 (half life 2.7 days) as disclosed in US
5,059,166, beta emitting strontium-89 with a half life of approximately 50.5 days as disclosed in US 6,129,658, sulfur-35 as disclosed in US 5,919,126 and beta particle-emitting radioactive metals selected from the group consisting of rhenium, copper, dysprosium, yttrium, holmium, praseodymium, lanthanum, samarium, gold, and combinations thereof as disclosed in US 6,077,413.
Where the treatment agent comprises a radioisotope, any suitable method of applying the radioisotope, including those disclosed in the above-mentioned patents, may be used.
In yet another embodiment, the invention is directed to a method of treating restenosis in a stented region of a bodily vessel where the stented region of the bodily vessel has a first stent therein with a lumen therethrough. The method comprises the steps of disposing a second stmt in the lumen of the first stmt and implanting the second stmt in the lumen of the first stmt. At least a portion of the second stmt has a wall thickness of 0.002 inches or less and more desirably of 0.001 inches or less. Even more desirably, the wall thickness is 0.0005 inches or less and most desirably, the wall thickness is 0.00025 inches or less.
Desirably, where the second stmt has a tubular surface with openings therethrough, the ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings when the second stmt is expanded is at least 3:7, more desirably, at least 1:1 and most desirably at least 3:2.
In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a method of treating restenosis in a stented region of a bodily vessel, the stented region of the bodily vessel having a first stmt therein with a lumen therethrough, the method comprising the steps of disposing and implanting a second stmt in the lumen of the first stmt. The second stmt has a tubular surface with openings therethrough. The ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings when the second stmt is expanded is at least 3:7, desirably, at least 1:1 and most desirably at least 3:2.
Any of the inventive methods disclosed above may employ any of the second stems disclosed above, whether self expanding, mechanically expandable or otherwise expandable.
Where the stmt comprises a plurality of struts, such as that shown in Figs.
1 S 3 and 4, the struts are desirable of a thickness of 0.001 inches or less, more desirably 0.0005 inches or less and most desirably, 0.00025 inches or less. The thinner stems may be desirably be provided in a foil stmt as discussed above.
The inventive methods of implanting a second stmt within an already implanted first stmt may be practiced after the first stmt has been implanted for at least a month, two months, six months, a year or more. More generally, the second stmt may be implanted at any time subsequent to the deployment of the first stmt.
Typically, the method will be carried out subsequent to restenosis of the stented region of the vessel.
Any of the inventive methods disclosed herein may also include one or more treatment steps in which the stented region of the vessel is treated to reduce or eliminate restenosis, desirably, prior to insertion of the second stmt in the first stmt.
Although specific treatment processes are discussed briefly below, any suitable treatment process for reducing or eliminating restenosis may be used.
Balloon angioplasty, a technique in which a balloon is expanded in a stenotic region of a vessel, may be used. Additional details concerning balloon angioplasty may be found in US 6,010,480. Another technique which may be employed involves the use of a thermal catheter comprising a balloon as disclosed in US
4,799,479.

Yet another technique which may be used employs both a balloon and a laser as disclosed in US 5,741,246. Other suitable techniques for reducing restenosis involve the use of a laser catheter as disclosed in US 6,106,51. The laser may be an excimer laser, Nd:YAG, holmium, COZ laser or any other suitable laser.
Techniques in which plaque is mechanically removed from the stented region may also be employed. US 5,941,869, for example, describes a debulking process which employs a catheter system having a stenotic material removal mechanism mounted on a distal portion of an elongated inner catheter. Rotational atherectomy is yet another technique that may be used. Rotational atherectomy incorporates a rotary file or burr into the distal portion of a catheter to remove plaque. Transluminal extraction catheter atherectomy involves the use of a catheter with tip-mounted cutting blades to remove plaque.
Another treatment modality involves the use of radiation treatment, as disclosed in US 5,833,593.
Yet another approach involves treatment with a drug which modulates cell growth into the target artery to inhibit the proliferation of smooth muscle cells. In particular, antiplatelet agents such as aspirin and dipyridamole, and anticoagulants such as heparin, have inhibited platelet aggregation and thrombus formation to a limited degree, thereby reducing the risk of early occlusion. Other suitable treatment agents are disclosed above.
The inventive combinations and methods may be used for coronary arteries, peripheral arteries, arteries of the neck and intracranial arteries.
More generally, the inventive combinations and methods may be used for any vessel of the human body including but not limited to arteries, veins, biliary ducts, urethras, fallopian tubes, bronchial tubes, the trachea and the esophagus.
In addition to the specific embodiments claimed below, the invention is also directed to other embodiments having any other possible combination of the dependent features claimed below in conjunction with the independent claim from which they depend.
The above disclosure is intended to be illustrative and not exhaustive.

This description will suggest many variations and alternatives to one of ordinary skill in this art. All these alternatives and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the attached claims. Those familiar with the art may recognize other equivalents to the specific .embodiments described herein which equivalents are also intended to be encompassed by the claims attached hereto.
The contents of parent U.S. application No. 09/681,118 filed January 12, 2001 is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Claims

Claims What is claimed is as follows:

1. In combination, a first expanded stent and a second expanded stent disposed within the first stent, at least a portion of the second stent having a wall thickness of 0.002 .inches or less.

2. The combination of claim 1 wherein the entirety of the second stent has a wall thickness of 0.002 inches or less.

3. The combination of claim 2 wherein the second stent has a wall thickness of 0.001 inches or less.

4. The combination of claim 2 wherein the second stent is self expanding.

5. The combination of claim 4 wherein the second stent is made of a shape memory material.

6. The combination of claim 2 wherein the second stent is a foil stent.

7. The combination of claim 6 wherein the second stent is only one layer of foil thick.

8. The combination of claim 1 wherein the second stent comprises a bioabsorbable membrane.

9. The combination of claim 8 wherein the bioabsorbable membrane comprises a treatment agent.

10. The combination of claim 1 wherein the second stent comprises a liner.

11. The combination of claim 10 wherein the liner is expanded PTFE.

12. The combination of claim 1 wherein the second stent comprises at least a first support and a second support, and a liner extending between the first support and the second support.

13. The combination of claim 12 wherein the liner has a wall thickness of 0.002 inches or less.

14. The combination of claim 13 wherein the first and second supports are hoops.

15. The combination of claim 12 wherein the liner has a wall thickness of 0.001 inches or less.

16. The combination of claim 1 wherein the second stent is attached to the first stent.

17. The combination of claim 16 wherein the second stent is attached to the first stent via a hook.

18. The combination of claim 16 wherein the second stent is attached to the first stent via a plurality of hooks.

19. The combination of claim 16 wherein the second stent is bonded to the first stent.

20. The combination of claim 1 where the second stent applies an outward force against the first stent.

21. The combination of claim 1 wherein the second stent is a spiral stent with a liner.

22. The combination of claim 1 wherein the second stent has a tubular surface with openings therethrough, the second stent when expanded having a ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings at least 3:7.

23. The combination of claim 1 wherein the second stent has a tubular surface with openings therethrough, the second stent when expanded having a ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings at least 1:1.

24. The combination of claim 1 wherein the second stent has a tubular surface with openings therethrough, the second stent when expanded having a ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings at least 3:2.

25. In combination, a first expanded stent and a second expanded stent disposed within the first stent, wherein the second stent has a tubular surface with openings therethrough, the second stent when expanded having a ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings at least 3:7.

26. The combination of claim 25 wherein the second stent has a tubular surface with openings therethrough, the second stent when expanded having a ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings at least 1:1.

27. The combination of claim 25 wherein the second stent has a tubular surface with openings therethrough, the second stent when expanded having a ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings at least 3:2.

28. A method of stenting a previously stented region of a bodily vessel, the stented region of the bodily vessel having a first stent therein with a lumen therethrough, the method comprising the steps of:
disposing a second stent in the lumen of the first stent; and implanting the second stent in the lumen of the first stent, at least a portion of the second stent having a wall thickness of 0.002 inches or less.

29. The method of claim 28 wherein the second stent is self-expanding.

30. The method of claim 28 wherein the second stent is characterized by a wall thickness of 0.001 inches or less.

31. The method of claim 30 wherein the second stent is self-expanding.

32. The method of claim 28 wherein the second stent comprises a plurality of struts, the struts of a thickness of 0.001 inches or less.

33. The method of claim 28 wherein the second stent is a foil stent.

34. The method of claim 33 wherein the second stent is only one layer of foil thick.

35. The method of claim 28 wherein the second stent is a foil stent characterized by a thickness of 0.001 inches or less.

36. The method of claim 28 wherein the first stent has been implanted in the bodily vessel for a period of time in excess of one month.

37. The method of claim 28 wherein the first stent has been implanted in the bodily vessel for a period of time in excess of one year.

38. The method of claim 28 wherein the second stent has a tubular surface with openings therethrough, the second stent when expanded having a ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings at least 3:7.

39. The method of claim 28 wherein the second stent has a tubular surface with openings therethrough, the second stent when expanded having a ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings at least 1:1.

40. The method of claim 28 wherein the second stent has a tubular surface with openings therethrough, the second stent when expanded having a ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings at least 3:2.

41. The method of claim 28 further comprising the step of treating the stented region of the vessel to reduce restenosis.

42. A method of stenting a previously stented region of a bodily vessel, the stented region of the bodily vessel having a first stent therein with a lumen therethrough, the method comprising the steps of:
disposing a second stent in the lumen of the first stent, the second stent having a tubular surface with openings therethrough, the second stent when expanded having a ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings at least 3:7; and implanting the second stent in the lumen of the first stent.

43. The method of claim 42 wherein the second stent when expanded has a ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings of at least 1:1.

44. The method of claim 42 wherein the second stent when expanded has a ratio of the area of the surface to the area of the openings of at least 3:2.

45. The method of claim 42 further comprising the step of treating the stented region of the vessel to reduce restenosis.

46. The combination of any of claims 1-27 wherein the first and second expanded stems are located within a bodily vessel.