CA2474952A1 - A one-step assay for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol - Google Patents
A one-step assay for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Download PDFInfo
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- CA2474952A1 CA2474952A1 CA002474952A CA2474952A CA2474952A1 CA 2474952 A1 CA2474952 A1 CA 2474952A1 CA 002474952 A CA002474952 A CA 002474952A CA 2474952 A CA2474952 A CA 2474952A CA 2474952 A1 CA2474952 A1 CA 2474952A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/52—Use of compounds or compositions for colorimetric, spectrophotometric or fluorometric investigation, e.g. use of reagent paper and including single- and multilayer analytical elements
- G01N33/525—Multi-layer analytical elements
- G01N33/526—Multi-layer analytical elements the element being adapted for a specific analyte
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/60—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving cholesterol
Abstract
Disclosed is a method for quantifying cholesterol in high-density lipoproteins in a single step assay using a dry slide. The method for quantifying cholesterol in high-density lipoprotein comprises a first step of adding a sample onto a multi-layered dry slide wherein at least one of the layers contains phosphotungstic acid and another contains a high-density lipoprotein selective surfactant. The phosphotungstic acid precipitates non-high-density lipoproteins while the high-density lipoprotein selective surfactant only solubilizes high-density lipoproteins and does not solubilize non-HDL precipitated complexes. The cholesterol esterase then reacts with the solubilized HDL cholesterol esters to form cholesterol. Finally the cholesterol in the high-density lipoprotein is detected and quantified.
Description
Background A lipoprotein can be categorized as a high-density lipoprotein (HDL), a low-density lipoprotein (LDL), a very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), or a chylomicron (CM). It is well known that HDL serves a protective function by removing cholesterol accumulated in tissues, including the arterial walls, and then returning it to the liver. Therefore, the cholesterol in HDL, also known as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLG), is a negative risk factor for various types of arteriosclerosis, such as coronary arteriosclerosis, and the HDLG level in blood is a useful index for the precognition of arteriosclerosis.
Solution assays are conventional methods used for determining the amount of HDLG in the blood. These methods consist of two steps, a fractionation step and a detection step. The fractionation step separates HDL from other lipoproteins whereas the detection step quantifies the cholesterol in the HDL. Examples of fractionation methods include an ultracentrifugation method, an immunochemical method, an electrophoretic method, and a precipitation method. An alternative approach to conventional solution methods is to perform the HDLG assay in a single step dry slide analytical element, also known as a dry slide, on a polyester support.
The development of the direct HDLG dry slide requires a preferential selectivity for HDLG over low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDLC), and cholesterol in CM. Many well-known solution methods have been shown to improve HDLG specificity by including non-high density lipoprotein precipitation methods (1, 2, 3, 4, 5), immuno-inhibition (6,7), selective surfactants (8, 9, 10, 11), Catalase elimination (12), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) cross-linked cholesterol esterase (13). However, the precipitation methods and selective surfactant methods cannot be done as single-step dry slide assays because they do not yield the sufficient HDLC
selectivity needed for such a method. Other methods use multiple reagent additions or separation steps that also are not amenable to the all inclusive single-step dry slide technology. Because none of the well-known HDLC methods yield sufficient selectivity in the dry slide assay, additional methods to improve HDLC
specificity were pursued.
Surfactants are surface active agents that can alter the properties of fluid interfaces between polar and non-polar moieties. It has been well known among persons skilled in the art that surfactants can be used to selectively disrupt protein membranes or selectively solubilize their components. Surfactant solubilization methods have been used for several decades to purify proteins from a wide class of human, animal, and bacterial sources (14, 15, 16, 17). A surfactant's hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) number indicates the relative strength of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas of the surfactant molecule and characterizes the surfactant's relative affinity for aqueous (polar) and organic phases (non-polar).
For instance, it is well documented that polyethylene oxide chain surfactants with HLB numbers ranging from 12.5 to 13.5 are effective in selectively solubilizing high-density lipoproteins in solution (18, 19). In addition, non-ionic surfactants with LB values less than 14.6 (20) have been found to preferentially solubilize LDL
in solution. These general surfactant properties have been used in the development of several HDLC solution assays for automated analyzers (10, 11 ). For example, Matsui et. al. use non-ionic polyalkylene oxide surfactants with HLB numbers of 13 to 14 (lines 2-4 on page 4, ref 10) to selectively solubilize LDL in their assay. After LDL is solubilized, Matsui et al. use Catalase to eliminate the LDLC-derived peroxide produced. The addition of the second reagent then inhibits the Catalase in the first reaction cascade and begins a second reaction sequence by solubilizing the remaining HDL. Use of this two-step elimination method in Matsui et al. is not possible in the single-step dry slide assay (Scheme 1 ). In addition, the surfactant concentration range claimed by Matsui et al. (0.05 - 3%, lines 14-15 on page 4, ref 10) is insufficient to selectively solubilize HDL in the approximate 5.5 minute time frame amenable to the dry slide format.
Scheme 1 - Reaction sequence for the Matsui et al. (10) HDLC two-step solution assay.
Reagent 1 reactions:
Buffer and/or Salt HDLC + Non-HDLC HDLC + Non-HDLC Esters COD/CEH
Non-HDLC Esters cholest-4-en-3-one + H202 Catalase Hz02 '/2 02 + H20 Reagent 2 reactions:
Surfactant HDLC HDLC Esters CEHICOD/PODIDy HDLC esters cholest-4-en-3-one + dye color Hino et al. also disclose the use of non-ionic polyalkylene oxide surfactants with a HLB number of about 13. Like Matsui et al., Hino et al.'s use of surfactants is also not compatible with a dry slide assay (11 ). Hino ef al. use a low concentration of surfactant in the range of 0.01 to 1 % by weight that preferably does not dissolve lipoproteins. Along with the surfactant, a reagent is added which forms a complex with the non-high density lipoproteins. The complexed non-high density lipoproteins are then prevented from reacting with the enzymes used in the detection step of the assay. The enzymes used in the detection step are then added in the second reagent, which also contains the surfactant TRITON X-100 (a detergent produced by Dow Chemical) (lines 60-64 in column 2, ref 11 ). TRITON
X-100 (TX-100) presumably solubilizes the uncomplexed HDL so that HDLC can react with the cholesterol detecting enzyme cascade (Scheme 2). Thus, the HDL
selective surfactant in this solution assay has an inhibitory effect on the interaction between the detection enzymes and non-HDLs. The structure of the dry slide is not compatible with the above-described two-reagent addition method since all the reagents are contained together in the dry slide element and the TX-100 resolubilizes the precipitated non-HDL complexes in the dry slide format.
Scheme 2 - Reaction sequence for the Hino et al. (11) HDLC two-step solution assay.
Reagent 7 reactions:
PTAIMgCl2, Surfactant HDLC + Non-HDLC HDLC + Non-HDLC {precipitate) +
Surf---Non-HDLC
Reagent 2 reactions:
TX-100_ HDLC + Surf---Non-HDLC HDLC esters + Surf---Non-HDLC
CEH/COD/POD/Dye Surf---Non-HDLC '~-~ cholest-4-en-3-one + dye color CEH/COD/POD/Dye~
HDLC esters cholest-4-en-3-one + dye color Since neither of the reaction mechanisms nor multiple reagent additions described in the above references are amenable to the all inclusive dry slide, new methods to employ the general property of selective surfactants need to be developed for the direct HDLC assay in a dry slide.
The effect of various surfactants on HDLC selectivity of the dry slide was assessed in combination with the other known effectors of HDLC selectivity.
Reagents coated with selective surfactant in the dry slide to improve the HDLC
selectivity include combinations of different non-HDL precipitating reagents (e.g., phosphotungstic acid, dextran sulfate, polyethylene glycol), ion exchange resins, LDL complex formers (calix[8]arene (21 )), magnetic particles (22), and HDL
selective cholesterol esterase (CEH) enzyme sources.
The present inventors have found two surfactants useful in conferring HDLC
selectivity in a single-step HDLC dry slide assay. These surfactants confer HDLC
selectivity in the reaction of cholesterol esterase with lipoproteins. The HDL
selectivity observed with these surfactants in the direct HDLC dry slide is unusual compared to the lack of selectivity shown by other screened surfactant sources because the two surfactants disclosed retain their selectivity in the presence of polyanion-non-HDL-lipoprotein complexes. These surfactants with HDL
selectivity, when used in conjunction with polyanion precipitation and an HDL selective cholesterol esterase, adds a third selectivity mechanism to the assay. The additional selectivity from these surfactants greatly improves the overall selectivity of the assay and makes it possible to have a functional single-step direct HDLC
dry slide assay. Without this enhancement, the overall selectivity and accuracy of the assay is insufficient due to the interference from non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Summary of the invention An object of the present invention is a method to provide for quantifying cholesterol in high-density lipoproteins using a single-step assay. A multi-layer analytical element is used wherein at least one layer contains phosphotungstic acid and another contains a surfactant that selectively acts on high-density lipoproteins and does not solubilize polyanion-non-high density lipoprotein complexes. In the present invention, the multi-layer analytical element is contacted with a sample that may contain high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
The non-HDL is precipitated and the HDL is solubilized in the spreading layer.
Then the CEH reacts with the solubilized HDL cholesterol esters to form cholesterol.
Finally the cholesterol in the high-density lipoprotein is detected and quantified.
In another embodiment, the surfactant is selected from EMULGEN B-66, EMULGEN A-90, or a mixture thereof.
In another embodiment, the amount of phosphotungstic acid present in a layer of the dry slide is preferably in an amount of 1 to 5 g/m2.
In another embodiment, the amount of surfactant present in a layer of the dry slide is preferably in an amount of 3 to 8 g/m2.
Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 shows a kinetic response for human HDL and LDL containing test fluids with the non-specific EMULGEN 109P surfactant without the presence of phosphotungstic acid.
Figure 2 shows a kinetic response for human HDL and LDL containing test fluids with the non-specific EMULGEN 109P surfactant in the presence of phosphotungstic acid.
Figure 3 shows a kinetic response for human HDL and LDL containing test fluids with HDL specific EMULGEN B-66 without the presence of phosphotungstic acid.
Figure 4 shows a kinetic response for human HDL and LDL containing test fluids with HDL specific EMULGEN B-66 in the presence of phosphotungstic acid.
Figure 5 shows a patient accuracy plot with the use of the non-selective surfactant EMULGEN 109P in the direct HDLC dry slide.
Figure 6 shows a patient accuracy plot with the use of the non-selective surfactant EMULGEN 220 in the direct HDLC dry slide.
Figure 7 shows a patient accuracy plot with the use of the HDL selective surfactant EMULGEN B-66 in the direct HDLC dry slide.
Figure 8 shows a patient accuracy plot with the use of the HDL selective surfactant EMULGEN A-90 in the direct HDLC dry slide.
Figure 9 shows a patient accuracy plot with the use of the non-selective surfactant EMULGEN 109P in the presence of phosphotungstic acid in the direct HDLC dry slide.
Figure 10 shows a patient accuracy plot with the use of the non-selective surfactant EMULGEN 220 in the presence of phosphotungstic acid in the direct HDLC dry slide.
Figure 11 shows a patient accuracy plot with the use of the HDL selective surfactant EMULGEN B-66 in the presence of phosphotungstic acid in the direct HDLC dry slide.
Figure 12 shows a patient accuracy plot with the use of the HDL selective surfactant EMULGEN A-90 in the presence of phosphotungstic acid in the direct HDLC dry slide.
Figure 13 shows a kinetic response for non-HDL precipitated with phosphotungstic acid and MgCl2, resuspended in NaCI, TRITON X-100, and EMULGEN B-66, and tested on a coating containing EMULGEN B-66 surfactant.
Detailed Description of the Invention In the direct HDLC dry slide, two HDL selective surfactants were discovered which showed superior selectivity for HDL. Several surfactants were screened for HDLC selectivity (Table 1 ), but only two surfactants, EMULGEN B-66 (a polyoxyethylene derivative produced by KAO Corp.,) and EMULGEN A-90 (a polyoxyethylene derivative produced by KAO Corp.,) possessed the level of HDLC
selectivity needed for a single-step direct HDLC dry slide assay. The superior HDL
specificity of EMULGEN B-66 and EMULGEN A-90 is crucial to the direct HDLC
dry slide because the currently known HDL specific methods do not provide adequate HDLC specificity needed for the dry slide assay. One example of the dry slide used in evaluating the various surfactants is shown in example 1, however, the location of the enzymes and other reactive ingredients may be placed in a variety of positions within the dry slide and a variety of different materials may be used for the various layers.
The HDL selectivity of EMULGEN B-66 and EMULGEN A-90 was demonstrated by comparing their performance against that of other surfactants using two different means: comparison of the kinetic response from pure human HDL and LDL in serum-based test fluids and accuracy comparisons with patient samples. The kinetics of the human LDL fluid at 75 mg/dL compared to the human HDL fluid at 75 mg/dL in Figures 1 through 4 show a much larger response for a non-selective surfactant EMULGEN 109P (a polyoxyethylene lauryl ether produced by KAO Corp.,) than the response for the HDL selective surfactant EMULGEN B-66. Similar non-selectivity or partial selectivity was observed with the other surfactants and is summarized in Table 2.
Dry analytical elements, or dry slides, and their use are described in numerous publications, including U.S. Patent Nos. 4,123,528; 4,786,605;
3,992,158; 4,258,001; 4,670,381; and European Patent Application Nos. 051 183;
066 648. The layers of the element of the present invention can be self-supporting, but preferably, these layers are disposed on a suitable dimensionally stable, chemically inert support. A support choice should be compatible with the intended mode of detection. Useful support material include but are not limited to paper, metal, foils, polystyrenes, polyesters, polycarbonates, and cellulose esters.
In the direct HDLC dry slide, the level of HDLC selectivity achieved merely using the superior HDL selective surfactants was not sufficient to achieve the accuracy targets for a single step assay. It was found that in order to achieve further improvement in HDLC selectivity, it was desirable to couple the HDL
selective surfactant with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) precipitation. PTA, a classical method for achieving HDLC selectivity, facilitates HDLC selectivity by precipitating non-HDL. With the addition of PTA, both EMULGEN B-66 and EMULGEN A-90 showed similar HDLC selectivity while the other surfactants showed little or no HDLC selectivity. (Table 4) For example in Table 4, the HDLC selectivity of EMULGEN A-60 (a polyoxyethylene derivative produced by KAO Corp.,) and EMULGEN 109P with PTA is similar to that of non-specific surfactant TX-100, suggesting that both EMULGEN A-60 and EMULGEN 109P
have no HDLC selectivity. In contrast, EMULGEN 220 (a polyoxyethylene cetyl ether produced by KAO Corp.,) shows intermediate HDLC selectivity in the presence of PTA.
An additional unique feature of EMULGEN B-66 and EMULGEN A-90 is their compatibility with PTA precipitated non-HDL. Both surfactants do not resolubilize the PTA-MgCl2-non-HDL complexes. Although it has been documented that a surfactant's HLB number in solution methods is a good indicator of the its ability to solubilize certain proteins, in a direct HDLC
dry slide the HLB number is a poor indicator. It has been shown that in the direct HDLC
dry slide there is no correlation between the surfactant's HLB number (Table 1 ) and its ability to selectively solubilize HDL while not disrupting the PTA-MgCl2-non-HDL
complexes (correlation coefficient = 0.017). In contrast, EMULGEN B-66 and EMULGEN A-90's inherent HDL selectivity and the lack of solubilization of PTA
precipitated non-HDL complexes are the essential properties responsible for the possibility of a single-step direct HDLC dry slide assay.
i A "sample" as used herein, refers to any substance that may contain the analyte of interest. A sample can be biological fluid, such as whole blood or whole blood components including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, serum and plasma, ascites, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and other constituents of the body which may contain the analyte of interest. Optionally, samples may be obtained from water, soil, and vegetation.
In at least one of the layers of the element of this invention is a dye which is capable of reacting with an enzyme to form a color. The dye functions as an indicator of the presence and the amount of HDLC present in a given sample. In a preferred embodiment of this invention, a leuco dye is used that can react with hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase to form a color. The color can be detected optically by the naked eye, by a photodiode selected to respond to a particular wavelength of light, or by other optical detection systems known by those skilled in the art using absorption, reflectance, or fluorescence spectroscopy. In a preferred embodiment of this invention, a reflectometer is used to detect and quantitate the dye color.
The element of this invention can include a wide variety of additives in appropriate layers as are known in the art to aid in manufacture, fluid spreading, and absorption and unwanted radiation.
The element of the present invention can be prepared using conventional coating procedures and equipment as are described in the art including gravure, curtain, hopper, and other coating techniques. The element can be configured in a variety of forms, including elongated tapes of any desired width, sheets, slides or chips. The process can be manual or automated.
The following examples are intended to illustrate, not limit the scope of the present invention.
Example 1 Several surfactants were evaluated in a dry slide in order to evaluate their HDL selectivity. Below is an example of a multilayer analytical element, or dry slide, used in the evaluative process.
MgCI2/Surfactant BaS04 Spreadlayer/Surfactant I-100 Adhesion GeI/COD/CEH
GeI/Dye/POD
Example 2 Table 1 details the surfactants screened in the direct HDLC dry slide.
Table 1 Vendor Surfactant HLB Number Kao Cor EMULGEN A-60 12.8 Kao Cor EMULGEN B-66 13.2 Kao Cor EMULGEN A-90 14.5 Kao Cor EMULGEN 109P 13.6 Kao Corp EMULGEN 220 14.2 Dow ChemicalsTRITON X-100 13.5 Example 3 Serum based test fluids containing pure human HDL and LDL were reacted with HDL specific EMULGEN B-66 surfactant and non-HDL specific EMULGEN
109P surfactant in a dry slide assay. The kinetic response for each reaction was recorded and shown in Figures 1 through 4.
Example 4 The HDL selectivity of each surfactant in Table 1 was screened by measuring and comparing each surfactant's kinetic response to serum based test fluids containing pure human HDL and LDL. The results were then normalized to EMULGEN B-66 with a lower normalized number signifying decreased HDLC
selectivity.
As shown in Table 2, surfactants, EMULGEN B-66 and EMULGEN A-90, screened in the HDLC dry slide have less LDL reactivity compared to HDL
reactivity than other screened surfactants. Furthermore, when evaluated with human HDL and LDL test fluids, EMULGEN B-66 and EMULGEN A-90 are shown to be considerably more selective for HDL than LDL. In addition, these surfactants have unique specificity characteristics not seen with other surfactants used in the well-known cholesterol enzymatic cascade.
Table 2 Surfactant LDL(75)/HDL(75)Normalized HDLC Selectivit EMULGEN A-60 0.881 0.36 EMULGEN B-66 0.321 1.00 EMULGEN A-90 0.365 0.88 EMULGEN 109P 0.976 0.33 ~EMULGEN 220 ~ 0.991 0.32 Example 5 Further tests of HDLC selectivity were done using a split sample comparison with serum patient samples with varying concentrations of HDLC, also known as patient accuracy testing. The HDL selectivity of EMULGEN 109P, EMULGEN 220, EMULGEN B-66, and EMULGEN A-90 in direct HDLC dry slide assays were evaluated. As shown in Figures 5 through 8, the results from the dry slide assays where then compared to those obtained through the VITROS
Magnetic HDLC precipitation method. The results from the direct HDLC slide assay were then correlated with the results from the VITROS Magnetic HDLC
precipitation method and recorded in Table 3. The correlation results for the surfactants confirm the conclusions reached from the human HDL and LDL test fluids that EMULGEN B-66 and EMULGEN A-90 show HDL specificity that is not observed with other surfactants.
Table 3 Surfactant SourceSlo a Interce S .x R
t EMULGEN A-60 0.14 47.96 6.55 0.14 EMULGEN B-66 0.50 28.21 9.40 0.50 EMULGEN A-90 0.66 18.85 8.87 0.67 EMULGEN 109P 0.14 47.66 6.57 0.14 EMULGEN 220 0.05 53.04 4.18 0.05 Example 6 To test the effect of PTA on each surfactant's HDLC selectivity in a direct HDLC dry slide, PTA was added to the MgCl2 and surfactant layer of the slide.
Serum based test fluids containing pure human HDL and LDL were than used to test the HDLC selectivity of the surfactants. Each surfactant's HDLC
selectivity resulting from these PTA added coatings are found in Table 4. TX-100, a general surfactant known to completely dissociate lipoproteins, was added as a c:ontrnl.
The HDL selectivity results were then normalized to the EMULGEN B-66 data.
(24). A lower normalized number signifies decreased selectivity to HDLC.
Table 4 Surfactant LDL(75)/HDL(75)Normalized HDLCHDLC Selectivity Selectivit +PTA/-PTA
EMULGEN A-60 0.941 0.32 1.07 EMULGEN B-66 0.297 1.00 0.92 EMULGEN A-90 0.222 1.34 0.61 EMULGEN 109P 0.992 0.30 1.02 EMULGEN 220 0.621 0.48 0.63 Triton X-100 0.994 0.30 ND
The formulas containing EMULGEN B-66 and EMULGEN A-90 showed the same HDLC selectivity with PTA while the other surfactants tested showed little or no HDLC selectivity with addition of PTA.
Example 7 Table 4 also compares each surfactant's HDLC selectivity with and without the PTA coating using the human HDL and LDL linearity series. The dry slides containing EMULGEN B-66, EMULGEN A-90, and EMULGEN 220 all showed some enhancement of selectivity with the addition of PTA. In contrast, EMULGEN
A-60 and EMULGEN 109P showed no enhancement of selectivity with the addition of PTA.
Example 8 A similar comparison to the one in Example 7, comparing each surfactant's HDLC selectivity with and without the PTA coating was also performed using patient samples. Patient accuracy plots comparing the use of non-selective surfactants, EMULGEN 109P and EMULGEN 220, with the HDL selective surfactants, EMULGEN B-66 and EMULGEN A-90, in the dry slide with the PTA
addition versus the VITROS Magnetic HDLC precipitation method (Figures 9-12).
Table 5 depicts the correlation results between the direct HDLC slide and the VITROS Magnetic HDLC precipitation method for coatings containing PTA. Both EMULGEN B-66 and EMULGEN A-90 show HDLC selectivity while the other surfactants show little or no HDLC selectivity. The results using patient samples is also similar to those found with human HDL and LDL test fluids (Example 7) because EMULGEN B-66, EMULGEN A-90, and EMULGEN 220 all showed some enhancement of HDLC selectivity with the addition of PTA.
Table 5 Surfactant SourceSlope Intercept S .x EMULGEN A-60 0.08 50.91 4.98 0.08 EMULGEN B-66 0.58 23.50 9.29 0.58 EMULGEN A-90 0.74 14.78 8.30 0.74 EMULGEN 109P 0.13 48.98 6.24 0.13 EMULGEN 220 0.19 45.50 7.34 0.19 Triton X-100 0.11 50.13 5.83 0.11 Example 9 To demonstrate that these surfactants selectively solubilize HDL while leaving the complexes of non-HDL lipoprotein with PTA and MgCl2 intact in solution as well as in the dry slide assay, classical techniques where used to precipitate and isolate the PTA-MgCl2-non HDL precipitated complex (4). The precipitate was collected by centrifugation and washed, then resuspended in NaCI, 1 % EMULGEN B-66, or 1 % TX-100. The NaCI treatment remained a cloudy suspension while the TX-100 treatment cleared completely. However, the EMULGEN B-66 solution cleared slightly, but remained predominantly cloudy.
These three treatments were analyzed on a coating similar to the PTA/EMULGEN
B-66 coating described above. The kinetics are shown in Figure 13. The kinetics of the TX-100-treated non-HDL precipitate are very rapid, confirming that the LDL
has been resolubilized prior to application to the slide. Both the EMULGEN B-and NaCI-treated samples show much slower, but very similar kinetics. This confirms that the non-HDL has remained precipitated and is only slowly resolubilized. The kinetics of the EMULGEN B-66 sample are slightly faster than the NaCI sample, confirming the hypothesis that very little resolubilization of non-HDL precipitate occurs in the presence of the EMULGEN B-66 surfactant in solution or in the direct HDLC dry slide.
Examale 10 In a preferred embodiment of the invention, shown below, the surfactant used in the dry slide format is either HDL selective surfactant, EMULGEN B-66 or EMULGEN A-90.
PTA/MgCi2 BaS04 Spreadlayer/Surfactant I-100 Adhesion PEG/COD/CEH
GeIIDye GeIIDye/POD
Table 6 shows the correlation results between patient samples on the direct HDLC dry slide in the preferred embodiment and the VITROS Magnetic HDLC
precipitation method. Results of patient accuracy tests (Table 6) indicate that EMULGEN B-66 confers more selectivity to the formula than EMULGEN A-90 in the preferred embodiment shown above. The selectivity observed for both EMULGEN B-66 and EMULGEN A-90 is better in this format than demonstrated previously (Figures 9 through 12 and Table 5) due to the enhancements in the slide structure and optimization of the active reagents.
Table 6 Enz me Source Slope Intercept S .x R
EMULGEN B-66 0.82 11.03 7.11 0.78 EMULGEN A-90 0.76 14.10 5.83 0.82 EMULGEN B-66* 0.89 6.53 4.89 0.90 EMULGEN A-90* 0.81 11.20 4.87 0.88 *One discrepant patient sample excluded from the data.
Example 11 By incorporation of the above discoveries in the dry slide, an accurate, precise, and rapid HDLC assay has been developed. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, shown below, the surfactant used in the dry slide format is the HDL
selective surfactant EMULGEN B-66.
PTA/MgCl2 BaS04 Spreadlayer/Surfactant I-100 Adhesion PEG/COD/CEH
PEGIDye GeI/POD
Direct HDLC dry slides were made using the formula and format described as the preferred slide structure above, using 7 glm2 EMULGEN B-66 as the HDL
selective surfactant, Candida rugosa lipase or Denka CEH as the HDL selective cholesterol ester hydrolase, and IMnAg or PEG as the -02 matrix. Accuracy versus the VITROS Magnetic HDLC precipitation method and pooled precision were evaluated using 30 patient samples. Results can found in Table 7. The results show that this assay has acceptable accuracy and precision and is free from significant interference from hemolysed patient samples.
TABLE 7 - Precision, Accuracy, and Hemolysate Interference Results from a Dry Analytical Element Assay for HDLC Using the Preferred Format.
-02 CEH Source Patient Precision Interference Matrix Accuracy Slope InterceptSy.x Pooled Hemolysate SD
PEG Denka 0.99 0.50 2.2 1.30 >500 mg/dL
Hb IMnAg Candida rugosa0.99 0.52 2.46 3.89 >500 mg/dL
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21 Kishi, K., Ochiai, K., Ohta, Y., Uemura, Y., Kanatani, K., Nakajima, K., Wang, T., & Nakamura, M. 69t" AACC 2001, Poster , Chicago, IL.
22 Lawlor, J.F., & Musto, J.D. United State Patent 5,242,833, September 7, 1993.
Solution assays are conventional methods used for determining the amount of HDLG in the blood. These methods consist of two steps, a fractionation step and a detection step. The fractionation step separates HDL from other lipoproteins whereas the detection step quantifies the cholesterol in the HDL. Examples of fractionation methods include an ultracentrifugation method, an immunochemical method, an electrophoretic method, and a precipitation method. An alternative approach to conventional solution methods is to perform the HDLG assay in a single step dry slide analytical element, also known as a dry slide, on a polyester support.
The development of the direct HDLG dry slide requires a preferential selectivity for HDLG over low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDLC), and cholesterol in CM. Many well-known solution methods have been shown to improve HDLG specificity by including non-high density lipoprotein precipitation methods (1, 2, 3, 4, 5), immuno-inhibition (6,7), selective surfactants (8, 9, 10, 11), Catalase elimination (12), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) cross-linked cholesterol esterase (13). However, the precipitation methods and selective surfactant methods cannot be done as single-step dry slide assays because they do not yield the sufficient HDLC
selectivity needed for such a method. Other methods use multiple reagent additions or separation steps that also are not amenable to the all inclusive single-step dry slide technology. Because none of the well-known HDLC methods yield sufficient selectivity in the dry slide assay, additional methods to improve HDLC
specificity were pursued.
Surfactants are surface active agents that can alter the properties of fluid interfaces between polar and non-polar moieties. It has been well known among persons skilled in the art that surfactants can be used to selectively disrupt protein membranes or selectively solubilize their components. Surfactant solubilization methods have been used for several decades to purify proteins from a wide class of human, animal, and bacterial sources (14, 15, 16, 17). A surfactant's hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) number indicates the relative strength of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas of the surfactant molecule and characterizes the surfactant's relative affinity for aqueous (polar) and organic phases (non-polar).
For instance, it is well documented that polyethylene oxide chain surfactants with HLB numbers ranging from 12.5 to 13.5 are effective in selectively solubilizing high-density lipoproteins in solution (18, 19). In addition, non-ionic surfactants with LB values less than 14.6 (20) have been found to preferentially solubilize LDL
in solution. These general surfactant properties have been used in the development of several HDLC solution assays for automated analyzers (10, 11 ). For example, Matsui et. al. use non-ionic polyalkylene oxide surfactants with HLB numbers of 13 to 14 (lines 2-4 on page 4, ref 10) to selectively solubilize LDL in their assay. After LDL is solubilized, Matsui et al. use Catalase to eliminate the LDLC-derived peroxide produced. The addition of the second reagent then inhibits the Catalase in the first reaction cascade and begins a second reaction sequence by solubilizing the remaining HDL. Use of this two-step elimination method in Matsui et al. is not possible in the single-step dry slide assay (Scheme 1 ). In addition, the surfactant concentration range claimed by Matsui et al. (0.05 - 3%, lines 14-15 on page 4, ref 10) is insufficient to selectively solubilize HDL in the approximate 5.5 minute time frame amenable to the dry slide format.
Scheme 1 - Reaction sequence for the Matsui et al. (10) HDLC two-step solution assay.
Reagent 1 reactions:
Buffer and/or Salt HDLC + Non-HDLC HDLC + Non-HDLC Esters COD/CEH
Non-HDLC Esters cholest-4-en-3-one + H202 Catalase Hz02 '/2 02 + H20 Reagent 2 reactions:
Surfactant HDLC HDLC Esters CEHICOD/PODIDy HDLC esters cholest-4-en-3-one + dye color Hino et al. also disclose the use of non-ionic polyalkylene oxide surfactants with a HLB number of about 13. Like Matsui et al., Hino et al.'s use of surfactants is also not compatible with a dry slide assay (11 ). Hino ef al. use a low concentration of surfactant in the range of 0.01 to 1 % by weight that preferably does not dissolve lipoproteins. Along with the surfactant, a reagent is added which forms a complex with the non-high density lipoproteins. The complexed non-high density lipoproteins are then prevented from reacting with the enzymes used in the detection step of the assay. The enzymes used in the detection step are then added in the second reagent, which also contains the surfactant TRITON X-100 (a detergent produced by Dow Chemical) (lines 60-64 in column 2, ref 11 ). TRITON
X-100 (TX-100) presumably solubilizes the uncomplexed HDL so that HDLC can react with the cholesterol detecting enzyme cascade (Scheme 2). Thus, the HDL
selective surfactant in this solution assay has an inhibitory effect on the interaction between the detection enzymes and non-HDLs. The structure of the dry slide is not compatible with the above-described two-reagent addition method since all the reagents are contained together in the dry slide element and the TX-100 resolubilizes the precipitated non-HDL complexes in the dry slide format.
Scheme 2 - Reaction sequence for the Hino et al. (11) HDLC two-step solution assay.
Reagent 7 reactions:
PTAIMgCl2, Surfactant HDLC + Non-HDLC HDLC + Non-HDLC {precipitate) +
Surf---Non-HDLC
Reagent 2 reactions:
TX-100_ HDLC + Surf---Non-HDLC HDLC esters + Surf---Non-HDLC
CEH/COD/POD/Dye Surf---Non-HDLC '~-~ cholest-4-en-3-one + dye color CEH/COD/POD/Dye~
HDLC esters cholest-4-en-3-one + dye color Since neither of the reaction mechanisms nor multiple reagent additions described in the above references are amenable to the all inclusive dry slide, new methods to employ the general property of selective surfactants need to be developed for the direct HDLC assay in a dry slide.
The effect of various surfactants on HDLC selectivity of the dry slide was assessed in combination with the other known effectors of HDLC selectivity.
Reagents coated with selective surfactant in the dry slide to improve the HDLC
selectivity include combinations of different non-HDL precipitating reagents (e.g., phosphotungstic acid, dextran sulfate, polyethylene glycol), ion exchange resins, LDL complex formers (calix[8]arene (21 )), magnetic particles (22), and HDL
selective cholesterol esterase (CEH) enzyme sources.
The present inventors have found two surfactants useful in conferring HDLC
selectivity in a single-step HDLC dry slide assay. These surfactants confer HDLC
selectivity in the reaction of cholesterol esterase with lipoproteins. The HDL
selectivity observed with these surfactants in the direct HDLC dry slide is unusual compared to the lack of selectivity shown by other screened surfactant sources because the two surfactants disclosed retain their selectivity in the presence of polyanion-non-HDL-lipoprotein complexes. These surfactants with HDL
selectivity, when used in conjunction with polyanion precipitation and an HDL selective cholesterol esterase, adds a third selectivity mechanism to the assay. The additional selectivity from these surfactants greatly improves the overall selectivity of the assay and makes it possible to have a functional single-step direct HDLC
dry slide assay. Without this enhancement, the overall selectivity and accuracy of the assay is insufficient due to the interference from non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Summary of the invention An object of the present invention is a method to provide for quantifying cholesterol in high-density lipoproteins using a single-step assay. A multi-layer analytical element is used wherein at least one layer contains phosphotungstic acid and another contains a surfactant that selectively acts on high-density lipoproteins and does not solubilize polyanion-non-high density lipoprotein complexes. In the present invention, the multi-layer analytical element is contacted with a sample that may contain high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
The non-HDL is precipitated and the HDL is solubilized in the spreading layer.
Then the CEH reacts with the solubilized HDL cholesterol esters to form cholesterol.
Finally the cholesterol in the high-density lipoprotein is detected and quantified.
In another embodiment, the surfactant is selected from EMULGEN B-66, EMULGEN A-90, or a mixture thereof.
In another embodiment, the amount of phosphotungstic acid present in a layer of the dry slide is preferably in an amount of 1 to 5 g/m2.
In another embodiment, the amount of surfactant present in a layer of the dry slide is preferably in an amount of 3 to 8 g/m2.
Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 shows a kinetic response for human HDL and LDL containing test fluids with the non-specific EMULGEN 109P surfactant without the presence of phosphotungstic acid.
Figure 2 shows a kinetic response for human HDL and LDL containing test fluids with the non-specific EMULGEN 109P surfactant in the presence of phosphotungstic acid.
Figure 3 shows a kinetic response for human HDL and LDL containing test fluids with HDL specific EMULGEN B-66 without the presence of phosphotungstic acid.
Figure 4 shows a kinetic response for human HDL and LDL containing test fluids with HDL specific EMULGEN B-66 in the presence of phosphotungstic acid.
Figure 5 shows a patient accuracy plot with the use of the non-selective surfactant EMULGEN 109P in the direct HDLC dry slide.
Figure 6 shows a patient accuracy plot with the use of the non-selective surfactant EMULGEN 220 in the direct HDLC dry slide.
Figure 7 shows a patient accuracy plot with the use of the HDL selective surfactant EMULGEN B-66 in the direct HDLC dry slide.
Figure 8 shows a patient accuracy plot with the use of the HDL selective surfactant EMULGEN A-90 in the direct HDLC dry slide.
Figure 9 shows a patient accuracy plot with the use of the non-selective surfactant EMULGEN 109P in the presence of phosphotungstic acid in the direct HDLC dry slide.
Figure 10 shows a patient accuracy plot with the use of the non-selective surfactant EMULGEN 220 in the presence of phosphotungstic acid in the direct HDLC dry slide.
Figure 11 shows a patient accuracy plot with the use of the HDL selective surfactant EMULGEN B-66 in the presence of phosphotungstic acid in the direct HDLC dry slide.
Figure 12 shows a patient accuracy plot with the use of the HDL selective surfactant EMULGEN A-90 in the presence of phosphotungstic acid in the direct HDLC dry slide.
Figure 13 shows a kinetic response for non-HDL precipitated with phosphotungstic acid and MgCl2, resuspended in NaCI, TRITON X-100, and EMULGEN B-66, and tested on a coating containing EMULGEN B-66 surfactant.
Detailed Description of the Invention In the direct HDLC dry slide, two HDL selective surfactants were discovered which showed superior selectivity for HDL. Several surfactants were screened for HDLC selectivity (Table 1 ), but only two surfactants, EMULGEN B-66 (a polyoxyethylene derivative produced by KAO Corp.,) and EMULGEN A-90 (a polyoxyethylene derivative produced by KAO Corp.,) possessed the level of HDLC
selectivity needed for a single-step direct HDLC dry slide assay. The superior HDL
specificity of EMULGEN B-66 and EMULGEN A-90 is crucial to the direct HDLC
dry slide because the currently known HDL specific methods do not provide adequate HDLC specificity needed for the dry slide assay. One example of the dry slide used in evaluating the various surfactants is shown in example 1, however, the location of the enzymes and other reactive ingredients may be placed in a variety of positions within the dry slide and a variety of different materials may be used for the various layers.
The HDL selectivity of EMULGEN B-66 and EMULGEN A-90 was demonstrated by comparing their performance against that of other surfactants using two different means: comparison of the kinetic response from pure human HDL and LDL in serum-based test fluids and accuracy comparisons with patient samples. The kinetics of the human LDL fluid at 75 mg/dL compared to the human HDL fluid at 75 mg/dL in Figures 1 through 4 show a much larger response for a non-selective surfactant EMULGEN 109P (a polyoxyethylene lauryl ether produced by KAO Corp.,) than the response for the HDL selective surfactant EMULGEN B-66. Similar non-selectivity or partial selectivity was observed with the other surfactants and is summarized in Table 2.
Dry analytical elements, or dry slides, and their use are described in numerous publications, including U.S. Patent Nos. 4,123,528; 4,786,605;
3,992,158; 4,258,001; 4,670,381; and European Patent Application Nos. 051 183;
066 648. The layers of the element of the present invention can be self-supporting, but preferably, these layers are disposed on a suitable dimensionally stable, chemically inert support. A support choice should be compatible with the intended mode of detection. Useful support material include but are not limited to paper, metal, foils, polystyrenes, polyesters, polycarbonates, and cellulose esters.
In the direct HDLC dry slide, the level of HDLC selectivity achieved merely using the superior HDL selective surfactants was not sufficient to achieve the accuracy targets for a single step assay. It was found that in order to achieve further improvement in HDLC selectivity, it was desirable to couple the HDL
selective surfactant with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) precipitation. PTA, a classical method for achieving HDLC selectivity, facilitates HDLC selectivity by precipitating non-HDL. With the addition of PTA, both EMULGEN B-66 and EMULGEN A-90 showed similar HDLC selectivity while the other surfactants showed little or no HDLC selectivity. (Table 4) For example in Table 4, the HDLC selectivity of EMULGEN A-60 (a polyoxyethylene derivative produced by KAO Corp.,) and EMULGEN 109P with PTA is similar to that of non-specific surfactant TX-100, suggesting that both EMULGEN A-60 and EMULGEN 109P
have no HDLC selectivity. In contrast, EMULGEN 220 (a polyoxyethylene cetyl ether produced by KAO Corp.,) shows intermediate HDLC selectivity in the presence of PTA.
An additional unique feature of EMULGEN B-66 and EMULGEN A-90 is their compatibility with PTA precipitated non-HDL. Both surfactants do not resolubilize the PTA-MgCl2-non-HDL complexes. Although it has been documented that a surfactant's HLB number in solution methods is a good indicator of the its ability to solubilize certain proteins, in a direct HDLC
dry slide the HLB number is a poor indicator. It has been shown that in the direct HDLC
dry slide there is no correlation between the surfactant's HLB number (Table 1 ) and its ability to selectively solubilize HDL while not disrupting the PTA-MgCl2-non-HDL
complexes (correlation coefficient = 0.017). In contrast, EMULGEN B-66 and EMULGEN A-90's inherent HDL selectivity and the lack of solubilization of PTA
precipitated non-HDL complexes are the essential properties responsible for the possibility of a single-step direct HDLC dry slide assay.
i A "sample" as used herein, refers to any substance that may contain the analyte of interest. A sample can be biological fluid, such as whole blood or whole blood components including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, serum and plasma, ascites, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and other constituents of the body which may contain the analyte of interest. Optionally, samples may be obtained from water, soil, and vegetation.
In at least one of the layers of the element of this invention is a dye which is capable of reacting with an enzyme to form a color. The dye functions as an indicator of the presence and the amount of HDLC present in a given sample. In a preferred embodiment of this invention, a leuco dye is used that can react with hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase to form a color. The color can be detected optically by the naked eye, by a photodiode selected to respond to a particular wavelength of light, or by other optical detection systems known by those skilled in the art using absorption, reflectance, or fluorescence spectroscopy. In a preferred embodiment of this invention, a reflectometer is used to detect and quantitate the dye color.
The element of this invention can include a wide variety of additives in appropriate layers as are known in the art to aid in manufacture, fluid spreading, and absorption and unwanted radiation.
The element of the present invention can be prepared using conventional coating procedures and equipment as are described in the art including gravure, curtain, hopper, and other coating techniques. The element can be configured in a variety of forms, including elongated tapes of any desired width, sheets, slides or chips. The process can be manual or automated.
The following examples are intended to illustrate, not limit the scope of the present invention.
Example 1 Several surfactants were evaluated in a dry slide in order to evaluate their HDL selectivity. Below is an example of a multilayer analytical element, or dry slide, used in the evaluative process.
MgCI2/Surfactant BaS04 Spreadlayer/Surfactant I-100 Adhesion GeI/COD/CEH
GeI/Dye/POD
Example 2 Table 1 details the surfactants screened in the direct HDLC dry slide.
Table 1 Vendor Surfactant HLB Number Kao Cor EMULGEN A-60 12.8 Kao Cor EMULGEN B-66 13.2 Kao Cor EMULGEN A-90 14.5 Kao Cor EMULGEN 109P 13.6 Kao Corp EMULGEN 220 14.2 Dow ChemicalsTRITON X-100 13.5 Example 3 Serum based test fluids containing pure human HDL and LDL were reacted with HDL specific EMULGEN B-66 surfactant and non-HDL specific EMULGEN
109P surfactant in a dry slide assay. The kinetic response for each reaction was recorded and shown in Figures 1 through 4.
Example 4 The HDL selectivity of each surfactant in Table 1 was screened by measuring and comparing each surfactant's kinetic response to serum based test fluids containing pure human HDL and LDL. The results were then normalized to EMULGEN B-66 with a lower normalized number signifying decreased HDLC
selectivity.
As shown in Table 2, surfactants, EMULGEN B-66 and EMULGEN A-90, screened in the HDLC dry slide have less LDL reactivity compared to HDL
reactivity than other screened surfactants. Furthermore, when evaluated with human HDL and LDL test fluids, EMULGEN B-66 and EMULGEN A-90 are shown to be considerably more selective for HDL than LDL. In addition, these surfactants have unique specificity characteristics not seen with other surfactants used in the well-known cholesterol enzymatic cascade.
Table 2 Surfactant LDL(75)/HDL(75)Normalized HDLC Selectivit EMULGEN A-60 0.881 0.36 EMULGEN B-66 0.321 1.00 EMULGEN A-90 0.365 0.88 EMULGEN 109P 0.976 0.33 ~EMULGEN 220 ~ 0.991 0.32 Example 5 Further tests of HDLC selectivity were done using a split sample comparison with serum patient samples with varying concentrations of HDLC, also known as patient accuracy testing. The HDL selectivity of EMULGEN 109P, EMULGEN 220, EMULGEN B-66, and EMULGEN A-90 in direct HDLC dry slide assays were evaluated. As shown in Figures 5 through 8, the results from the dry slide assays where then compared to those obtained through the VITROS
Magnetic HDLC precipitation method. The results from the direct HDLC slide assay were then correlated with the results from the VITROS Magnetic HDLC
precipitation method and recorded in Table 3. The correlation results for the surfactants confirm the conclusions reached from the human HDL and LDL test fluids that EMULGEN B-66 and EMULGEN A-90 show HDL specificity that is not observed with other surfactants.
Table 3 Surfactant SourceSlo a Interce S .x R
t EMULGEN A-60 0.14 47.96 6.55 0.14 EMULGEN B-66 0.50 28.21 9.40 0.50 EMULGEN A-90 0.66 18.85 8.87 0.67 EMULGEN 109P 0.14 47.66 6.57 0.14 EMULGEN 220 0.05 53.04 4.18 0.05 Example 6 To test the effect of PTA on each surfactant's HDLC selectivity in a direct HDLC dry slide, PTA was added to the MgCl2 and surfactant layer of the slide.
Serum based test fluids containing pure human HDL and LDL were than used to test the HDLC selectivity of the surfactants. Each surfactant's HDLC
selectivity resulting from these PTA added coatings are found in Table 4. TX-100, a general surfactant known to completely dissociate lipoproteins, was added as a c:ontrnl.
The HDL selectivity results were then normalized to the EMULGEN B-66 data.
(24). A lower normalized number signifies decreased selectivity to HDLC.
Table 4 Surfactant LDL(75)/HDL(75)Normalized HDLCHDLC Selectivity Selectivit +PTA/-PTA
EMULGEN A-60 0.941 0.32 1.07 EMULGEN B-66 0.297 1.00 0.92 EMULGEN A-90 0.222 1.34 0.61 EMULGEN 109P 0.992 0.30 1.02 EMULGEN 220 0.621 0.48 0.63 Triton X-100 0.994 0.30 ND
The formulas containing EMULGEN B-66 and EMULGEN A-90 showed the same HDLC selectivity with PTA while the other surfactants tested showed little or no HDLC selectivity with addition of PTA.
Example 7 Table 4 also compares each surfactant's HDLC selectivity with and without the PTA coating using the human HDL and LDL linearity series. The dry slides containing EMULGEN B-66, EMULGEN A-90, and EMULGEN 220 all showed some enhancement of selectivity with the addition of PTA. In contrast, EMULGEN
A-60 and EMULGEN 109P showed no enhancement of selectivity with the addition of PTA.
Example 8 A similar comparison to the one in Example 7, comparing each surfactant's HDLC selectivity with and without the PTA coating was also performed using patient samples. Patient accuracy plots comparing the use of non-selective surfactants, EMULGEN 109P and EMULGEN 220, with the HDL selective surfactants, EMULGEN B-66 and EMULGEN A-90, in the dry slide with the PTA
addition versus the VITROS Magnetic HDLC precipitation method (Figures 9-12).
Table 5 depicts the correlation results between the direct HDLC slide and the VITROS Magnetic HDLC precipitation method for coatings containing PTA. Both EMULGEN B-66 and EMULGEN A-90 show HDLC selectivity while the other surfactants show little or no HDLC selectivity. The results using patient samples is also similar to those found with human HDL and LDL test fluids (Example 7) because EMULGEN B-66, EMULGEN A-90, and EMULGEN 220 all showed some enhancement of HDLC selectivity with the addition of PTA.
Table 5 Surfactant SourceSlope Intercept S .x EMULGEN A-60 0.08 50.91 4.98 0.08 EMULGEN B-66 0.58 23.50 9.29 0.58 EMULGEN A-90 0.74 14.78 8.30 0.74 EMULGEN 109P 0.13 48.98 6.24 0.13 EMULGEN 220 0.19 45.50 7.34 0.19 Triton X-100 0.11 50.13 5.83 0.11 Example 9 To demonstrate that these surfactants selectively solubilize HDL while leaving the complexes of non-HDL lipoprotein with PTA and MgCl2 intact in solution as well as in the dry slide assay, classical techniques where used to precipitate and isolate the PTA-MgCl2-non HDL precipitated complex (4). The precipitate was collected by centrifugation and washed, then resuspended in NaCI, 1 % EMULGEN B-66, or 1 % TX-100. The NaCI treatment remained a cloudy suspension while the TX-100 treatment cleared completely. However, the EMULGEN B-66 solution cleared slightly, but remained predominantly cloudy.
These three treatments were analyzed on a coating similar to the PTA/EMULGEN
B-66 coating described above. The kinetics are shown in Figure 13. The kinetics of the TX-100-treated non-HDL precipitate are very rapid, confirming that the LDL
has been resolubilized prior to application to the slide. Both the EMULGEN B-and NaCI-treated samples show much slower, but very similar kinetics. This confirms that the non-HDL has remained precipitated and is only slowly resolubilized. The kinetics of the EMULGEN B-66 sample are slightly faster than the NaCI sample, confirming the hypothesis that very little resolubilization of non-HDL precipitate occurs in the presence of the EMULGEN B-66 surfactant in solution or in the direct HDLC dry slide.
Examale 10 In a preferred embodiment of the invention, shown below, the surfactant used in the dry slide format is either HDL selective surfactant, EMULGEN B-66 or EMULGEN A-90.
PTA/MgCi2 BaS04 Spreadlayer/Surfactant I-100 Adhesion PEG/COD/CEH
GeIIDye GeIIDye/POD
Table 6 shows the correlation results between patient samples on the direct HDLC dry slide in the preferred embodiment and the VITROS Magnetic HDLC
precipitation method. Results of patient accuracy tests (Table 6) indicate that EMULGEN B-66 confers more selectivity to the formula than EMULGEN A-90 in the preferred embodiment shown above. The selectivity observed for both EMULGEN B-66 and EMULGEN A-90 is better in this format than demonstrated previously (Figures 9 through 12 and Table 5) due to the enhancements in the slide structure and optimization of the active reagents.
Table 6 Enz me Source Slope Intercept S .x R
EMULGEN B-66 0.82 11.03 7.11 0.78 EMULGEN A-90 0.76 14.10 5.83 0.82 EMULGEN B-66* 0.89 6.53 4.89 0.90 EMULGEN A-90* 0.81 11.20 4.87 0.88 *One discrepant patient sample excluded from the data.
Example 11 By incorporation of the above discoveries in the dry slide, an accurate, precise, and rapid HDLC assay has been developed. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, shown below, the surfactant used in the dry slide format is the HDL
selective surfactant EMULGEN B-66.
PTA/MgCl2 BaS04 Spreadlayer/Surfactant I-100 Adhesion PEG/COD/CEH
PEGIDye GeI/POD
Direct HDLC dry slides were made using the formula and format described as the preferred slide structure above, using 7 glm2 EMULGEN B-66 as the HDL
selective surfactant, Candida rugosa lipase or Denka CEH as the HDL selective cholesterol ester hydrolase, and IMnAg or PEG as the -02 matrix. Accuracy versus the VITROS Magnetic HDLC precipitation method and pooled precision were evaluated using 30 patient samples. Results can found in Table 7. The results show that this assay has acceptable accuracy and precision and is free from significant interference from hemolysed patient samples.
TABLE 7 - Precision, Accuracy, and Hemolysate Interference Results from a Dry Analytical Element Assay for HDLC Using the Preferred Format.
-02 CEH Source Patient Precision Interference Matrix Accuracy Slope InterceptSy.x Pooled Hemolysate SD
PEG Denka 0.99 0.50 2.2 1.30 >500 mg/dL
Hb IMnAg Candida rugosa0.99 0.52 2.46 3.89 >500 mg/dL
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Claims (4)
1. A method for quantifying cholesterol in high-density lipoprotein in a single step assay, comprising:
(a) Providing a multi-layer analytical element wherein at least one layer contains phosphotungstic acid and at least one layer contains a surfactant that selectively acts on high-density lipoproteins and does not solubilize non-high density lipoprotein precipitated complexes, (b) Contacting the multi-layer analytical element with a sample that may contain high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and (c) Detecting and quantifying the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
(a) Providing a multi-layer analytical element wherein at least one layer contains phosphotungstic acid and at least one layer contains a surfactant that selectively acts on high-density lipoproteins and does not solubilize non-high density lipoprotein precipitated complexes, (b) Contacting the multi-layer analytical element with a sample that may contain high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and (c) Detecting and quantifying the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
2. The method claimed according to claim 1, wherein the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of EMULGEN B-66, EMULGEN A-90, and a mixture thereof.
3. The method claimed according to claim 1, wherein phosphotungstic acid is present in the amount of 1 to 5 g/m2.
4. The method claimed according to claim 1, wherein surfactant is present in the amount of 3 to 8 g/m2.
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| GB0609493D0 (en) * | 2006-05-12 | 2006-06-21 | Oxford Biosensors Ltd | Cholesterol sensor |
| US20090203054A1 (en) * | 2006-05-12 | 2009-08-13 | Lindy Murphy | HDL Cholesterol Sensor Using Selective Surfactant |
| GB0609494D0 (en) * | 2006-05-12 | 2006-06-21 | Oxford Biosensors Ltd | HDL cholesterol sensor using specific surfactant |
| JP2009013164A (en) * | 2007-06-04 | 2009-01-22 | Hitachi High-Technologies Corp | Apparatus for measuring high density lipoprotein, and method for separating the same |
| JP5653216B2 (en) * | 2008-08-22 | 2015-01-14 | デンカ生研株式会社 | Cystatin C adsorption inhibitor |
| US9151768B2 (en) | 2010-07-23 | 2015-10-06 | Denka Seiken Co., Ltd. | Method for quantifying the amount of cholesterol in high-density lipoprotein 3 |
| JP6054051B2 (en) * | 2012-04-11 | 2016-12-27 | デンカ生研株式会社 | Method for determining subfraction of cholesterol (-C) in high density lipoprotein (HDL) |
| KR101452989B1 (en) * | 2012-11-27 | 2014-10-22 | 경북대학교 산학협력단 | FIA Biosensor for detecting cholesterol using carbon nanotube electrode and immobilized enzyme and method for detecting cholesterol using the same |
| CN114134203B (en) * | 2021-11-26 | 2022-12-02 | 深圳市雷诺华科技实业有限公司 | Method for measuring high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by using nano enzyme |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3636851A1 (en) * | 1986-10-29 | 1988-05-11 | Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh | METHOD AND REAGENT FOR SPECIFIC DETERMINATION OF THE CHOLESTERIN OF THE HDL FACTION |
| US5135716A (en) * | 1989-07-12 | 1992-08-04 | Kingston Diagnostics, L.P. | Direct measurement of HDL cholesterol via dry chemistry strips |
| DE3929032C2 (en) * | 1989-09-01 | 1998-09-03 | Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh | Method for the determination of HDL cholesterol by means of a rapid diagnostic with integrated fractionation step |
| JPH0580056A (en) * | 1991-09-19 | 1993-03-30 | Konica Corp | Fractioning liquid and analysis method for analysis of high specific gravity lipoprotein cholesterol |
| JP3288033B2 (en) * | 1996-12-09 | 2002-06-04 | デンカ生研株式会社 | Reagent for the determination of cholesterol in high-density lipoprotein |
| ES2248856T3 (en) * | 1996-12-09 | 2006-03-16 | Denka Seiken Co., Ltd. | PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE THE CONTENT IN CHOLESTEROL OF HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. |
| JP3686326B2 (en) * | 2000-11-08 | 2005-08-24 | アークレイ株式会社 | Test piece for measuring high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol |
| US7087397B2 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2006-08-08 | Polymer Technology Systems, Inc, | Method for determining HDL concentration from whole blood or plasma |
| US20040126830A1 (en) * | 2002-09-16 | 2004-07-01 | Bruce Shull | Test strip and method for determining LDL cholesterol concentration from whole blood |
| US20050074828A1 (en) * | 2003-07-16 | 2005-04-07 | Dimagno Theodore John | Uae of lipase for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol detection |
-
2004
- 2004-07-14 US US10/890,588 patent/US20050037504A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-07-16 JP JP2004210211A patent/JP4607507B2/en active Active
- 2004-07-16 CA CA002474952A patent/CA2474952A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-07-16 EP EP04254307.4A patent/EP1498732B1/en active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1498732A2 (en) | 2005-01-19 |
| JP4607507B2 (en) | 2011-01-05 |
| EP1498732A3 (en) | 2005-02-02 |
| EP1498732B1 (en) | 2014-12-24 |
| JP2005049346A (en) | 2005-02-24 |
| US20050037504A1 (en) | 2005-02-17 |
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