CA2482454C - Water combustion technology-methods, processes, systems and apparatus for the combustion of hydrogen and oxygen - Google Patents

Abstract

This invention relates to improved combustion methods and systems of Water Combustion Technology, WCT, based upon the chemistry of Water (H2O) incorporating Hydrogen (H2) and Oxygen (O2), as well as H2O as fuel. The WCT
described in this invention does not use a hydrocarbon as a fuel source, rather the WCT uses H2 in combination preferably with O2 a secondarily in combination with air. The primary product of the combustion of H2 and O2 is H2O. Further, WCT separates H2O into H2 and O2, thereby making H2O an efficient method of storing fuel. The discovered WCT significantly improves the thermodynamics of combustion, thereby significantly improving the efficiency of combustion. Further, the discovered WCT relate to combustion wherein H2O is added to the fuel mixture to control the combustion temperature, thereby utilizing H2O during combustion as a heat sink. The steam produced maintains : 1) the power output of combustion, 2) provides method(s) of energy recycle and 3) provides an efficient method of energy storage, while 4) controlling the combustion temperature, thereby cooling the engine. Steam presents a reusable energy source in the exhaust, both from the available kinetic and the available heat energy, as well as the conversion of said steam into Hydrogen and/or Oxygen.

Description

WATER COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY -METHODS, PROCESSES, SYSTEMS AND APPARATUS
FOR THE COMBUSTION OF HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention This invention relates to improved combustion methods, processes, systems and apparatus, which provide environmentally friendly combustion products, as well as to fuel and energy management methods, processes, systems and apparatus for said improved combustion methods, processes, systems and apparatus. The combustion and/or fuel and/or energy management methods, processes, systems or apparatus (Water Combustion Technology, WCT) is based upon the chemistry of Water (H20), incorporating Hydrogen (H2) and Oxygen (02) as fuel, as well as H2O and/or air as at least one of a heat sink and/or a fuel source. The WCT does not use a hydrocarbon as a fuel source, rather the WCT uses H2 in combination preferably with 02 and secondarily in combination with air. The primary product of the combustion of H2 and 02 is H2O. Further, in many embodiments the WCT separates H2O into H2 and O2, thereby making H2O an efficient method of storing fuel.

As used herein, the term combustion can incorporate any combustion method, system, process or apparatus, such a furnace, a combustion engine, an internal combustion engine, a turbine or any combustion system wherein mechanical, electrical or heat energy (heat energy can include thrust energy) is created. The discovered WCT relate to improved combustion systems wherein nitrogen (N2) or N2 and Argon (Ar) is partially or totally removed from the fuel mixture to improve the energy output of combustion and/or reduce the pollution output of combustion.
The discovered WCT relate to improved methods, processes, systems and apparatus for combustion that significantly improve the thermodynamics of combustion, thereby significantly improving the efficiency of combustion. Further, the discovered WCT relate to improved methods, processes, systems and apparatus for combustion wherein H2O is added to the fuel mixture to control the combustion temperature, thereby utilizing H2O during combustion as a heat sink. The steam produced by combustion and/or the cooling of combustion, maintains: 1) the power output of combustion, 2) provides method(s) of energy recycle and 3) provides an efficient method of energy storage, while 4) controlling the combustion temperature, thereby cooling the engine.
Steam presents a reusable energy source in the exhaust, both from the available kinetic and the available heat energy, as well as the conversion of said steam into H2 and/or 02.
Incorporating H2O into the fuel mixture with the intent of minimizing or excluding N2, or N2 and Ar from the fuel mixture culminates in a fuel mixture that is/are at least one of. 02, H2 and H2O; 02, H2, H2O and N2; 02, H2, H2O, N2 and Ar;
02, H2, H2O and air; and H2, H2O and air. As used herein, the fuel mixture in the WCT
is defined to incorporate either: 02 and H2; 02, H2 and N2; 02, H2 and Ar; 02, H2 and air;
02, H2 and H2O; 02, H2, H2O and N2; H2, H2O, N2 and Ar; 02, H2, H2O and air;
or H2, H2O and air.
The discovered WCT relate to methods, processes, systems and apparatus of generating electricity. Four methods, processes, systems and apparatus of generating electricity are discovered. The first places a steam turbine in the exhaust of the combustion engine, wherein said steam turbine is driven by said steam produced in combustion; said steam turbine turning a generator (the term generator is used herein to define either an alternator or a dynamo), wherein at least a portion of said steam energy is converted into said electrical energy. The second places a generator on the mechanical output of a combustion engine, wherein mechanical energy is created, wherein at least a portion of said mechanical energy is converted by said generator into electrical energy.
The third, incorporates a physical system of focusing air and/or water currents onto a turbine, wherein said turbine is driven by said moving air or water, wherein said turbine drives a generator to create electrical energy. The fourth, uses a photovoltaic cell to create electrical energy.
It is discovered to use at least a portion of said electrical energy for the electrolytic generation of H2O into 02 and H2. If a dynamo is used, at least a portion of the dynamo D/C current is used for electrolysis; if an alternator is used an A/C to D/C
converter converts at least a portion of the alternating current into direct current for electrolysis. It is further discovered to utilize at least one of said electrolysis generated 02 and/or H2 as fuel in the WCT.
The discovered WCT further relate to methods, processes, systems and apparatus for separating 02 from air. Three are discovered. By the first, 02 is separated utilizing energy available from said WCT to power a cryogenic distillation system, wherein air is chilled and distilled into 02 and N2. By the second, air is separated producing 02 utilizing membranes; said membranes can be of either organic (polymer) construction or of inorganic (ceramic) construction. By the third, air is separated producing 02 utilizing Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA). While the separation of air into 02 and N2 can have many degrees of separation efficiency, it is to be understood that the term 02 as used herein is to mean at least enriched 02, wherein the 02 concentration is at least 40 percent;
preferably pure 02, wherein the 02 concentration is at least 80 percent; and most preferably very pure 02, wherein the 02 concentration is at least 90 percent.
The discovered WCT further relate to methods, processes, systems and apparatus of metal catalysis, wherein said steam produced in the WCT is converted into H2 and metal oxides, as part of a catalyst system. It is further discovered that at least a portion of said H2 be used as a fuel in the WCT. As used herein, the term metal catalysis is to mean any metal or combination of metals in the periodic table, wherein the metal or combination of metals will convert the H2O within steam or water vapor into the corresponding metal oxide(s) and H2.

Background and Description of the Prior Art Mankind, has over the centuries, provided many forms of energy and many forms of transportation. In the modern capitalistic economy, the availability of energy is important to literally "fuel" the economic engine, which heats homes, provides electricity, powers lights, powers transportation and powers manufacturing facilities, etc.
The availability of energy is especially important in the transportation of goods and people.
During the 19'th and 20'th centuries mankind developed fossil fuels into reliable and inexpensive fuels for many uses including transportation, powering factories, generating electricity and generating heat. During the 20'th century, the use of fossil fuels increased to such an extent as to cause the combustion products of fossil fuels to be a major source of air and water pollution.
It must be understood and appreciated that most fossil fuel combustion systems have an efficiency that is less than 40 percent and that the internal combustion engine has an efficiency of less than 20 percent. These very poor results are a direct consequence of the thermodynamics of combustion. Current combustion systems significantly increase entropy, releasing entropy as well as enthalpy, to their surroundings. This is because it is very difficult for fossil fuel combustion systems to manage temperature without significant entropy and enthalpy losses to their environment; these losses are exhibited as exhaust gases and heat losses to the environment. In summary, the first and second laws of thermodynamics are a liability to fossil fuel combustion systems.
Hydrocarbon(s) have been used in combination with air as fuel for combustion.
The hydrocarbons utilized have been petroleum distillates such as gasoline, diesel, fuel oil, jet fuel and kerosene, or fermentation distillates such as methanol and ethanol, or naturally occurring substances such as methane, ethane, propane, butane, coal and wood.
The combustion of fossil fuel(s) does not work in concert with nature. The products of fossil fuels were thought to work in concert with nature's oxygen-carbon cycle.
CnH2n+2 + (1.5n+1/2)02 -- nCO2 + (n+l)H20 + Energy More specifically:
gasoline (n-Octane) C8H18 + 12-1/202 -- 8CO2 + 9H20 + 1,300 kcal natural gas (methane) CH4 + 202 ------ 0-- CO2 + 2H20 + 213 kcal Oxides of carbon (COx, CO and/or C02) are produced by the combustion of fossil fuels. This production in combination with significant deforestation has left plant life incapable of converting enough of the manmade CO2 back into 02. CO, an incomplete combustion by-product, is toxic to all human, animal and plant life. Further, global warming is a result of a buildup of COx in the Earth's atmosphere. In addition, the combustion of air creates oxides of Nitrogen (N), converting a portion of the N2 to NOx (NO, NO2 and/or NO3). NOx is toxic to all human, animal and plant life. NOx is known to inhibit photosynthesis, which is nature's biochemical pathway of converting CO2 back into 02. The formation ofNOx is endothermic, thereby lessening combustion efficiency.
Further, NOx reacts with 02 in the atmosphere to produce ozone (03). 03 is toxic to all human, animal and plant life. 03 should only exist in higher levels of the atmosphere, wherein 03 is naturally created from 02. In the higher levels of the atmosphere 03 protects all human, animal and plant life from the harmful rays of the sun.
Liquid and solid fossil fuels naturally contain sulfur (S) as a contaminant. In combustion, S is oxidized to SOx (SO2, SO3 and/or SO4). SOx is toxic to all human, animal and plant life.
Lastly, COx, NOx and SOx react with water in the air to form acids of COx, NOx and/or SOx, which literally rain acids upon the earth. In summary, COX, NOx, SOx or 03 in the air adversely affect the health of all human, animal and plant life. An environmentally acceptable alternative to fossil fuels would be a fuel system that does work in concert with nature. Such a system would not produce COX, NOx or SOX.
There has been much done mechanically and chemically to combat the environmental issues associated with hydrocarbon combustion. As an example, industrial facilities are outfitted with expensive scrubber systems whenever the politics demand the installation and/or the business supports the installation. As another example, the internal combustion engine has been enhanced significantly to make the engine more fuel efficient and environmentally friendly. Even with enhancement, the internal combustion engine is only approximately 20 percent efficient and the gas turbine/steam turbine system is only approximately 30 to 40 percent efficient. As depicted in Figure 2, the internal combustion engine looses as a percentage of available energy fuel value: 1) approximately 35 percent in the exhaust, 2) approximately 35 percent in cooling, 3) approximately 9 percent in friction losses and 4) only 1 percent due to poor combustion performance, leaving the engine approximately 20 percent efficient.
Hydrocarbon fuels have been modified with additives to minimize the formation of either COX or NOX. However, with all of the scrubber modifications, engine modifications and fuel modifications, the Earth is struggling to deal with manmade pollutants that originate from hydrocarbon combustion systems. In addition to the environmental issues, availability and dependability of large quantities of petroleum hydrocarbons has become a geopolitical issue.
There have been many previous attempts to produce a combustion engine that would operate on air and H2. Those attempts had as difficulties: the high temperature of combustion, increased NOx formation at higher combustion temperatures, storage capacity for large enough quantities of H2 and cost of operation. The combustion of 02 and H2 occurs at over 2000 F making the traditional materials of construction for combustion engines useless. H2 is a gas at atmospheric pressure. H2 is not a liquid until the temperature is lowered to near -430 F; therefore, storage equipment for H2 need to either be able to withstand high pressure, cryogenic temperatures or both.
Such storage equipment for large volumes of H2 becomes economically impractical.
Historically and currently it has been believed that the electric motor is the solution to finding an environmentally friendly energy source. However, this concept has deficiencies in that the electrical energy required to power an electric motor must be created and stored. Electrical energy is created with either: 1) hydrocarbon combustion/steam generation processes, 2) photovoltaic generation processes, 3) water driven generation processes, 4) windmill driven generation processes or 5) nuclear generation/steam driven generation processes. While the photovoltaic process is environmentally friendly, the photovoltaic process is not reliable or effective enough in many applications to replace the combustion engine. While the water driven (water wheel) generation process is environmentally friendly, the water driven generation process is a geographically limited energy source. While the windmill driven generation process is environmentally friendly, wind is a limited non-reliable resource.
While the nuclear generation/steam driven generation process is environmentally friendly, concerns over the safety of such installations have limited application.
Commercialization of the electric car has been limited due to electrical energy cost and storage of electrical energy so massive that under the best of circumstances the electric car must either be limited to short distances or supplemented with an internal combustion engine.
Previous and current attempts to produce a fuel cell that would operate on H2 and air, as well as hydrocarbons and air are showing promising results. However, the capital investment to power output ratio for fuel cells is 400 to 500 percent of that same investment for traditional combustion systems. In addition, in transportation the fuel cell does not have the same "feel" as the internal combustion engine, which may lead to acceptance issues for fuel cells. Previous attempts to replace or reduce the power of the internal combustion engine have failed due to market acceptance. Auto enthusiasts have come to enjoy and expect the "feel"
and power of the internal combustion engine.

Previous work to develop a combustion engine that would operate on fuel(s) other than hydrocarbon(s) can be referenced in U.S. Pat. No. 3,884,262, U.S. Pat. No.
3,982,878, U.S. Pat.
No. 4,167,919, U.S. Pat. No. 4,308,844, U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,865 U.S. Pat. No.
5,775,091, U.S.
Pat. No. 5,293,857, U.S. Pat. No. 5,782,081, U.S. Pat. No. 5,775,091 and U.S.
Pat. No.

6,290,184. While each of these patents present improvements in combustion technology, each leaves issues that have left the commercialization of such a combustion engine impractical.
While there are many methods to prepare 02, the separation of air into its component gases is industrially performed by three methods: cryogenic distillation, membrane separation and PSA.

There are many methods and processes utilized for cryogenic refrigeration, which is a component of cryogenic distillation. A good reference of cryogenic refrigeration methods and processes known in the art would be "Cryogenic Engineering," written by Thomas M. Flynn and printed by Dekker. As written by Flynn, cryogenic refrigeration and liquefaction are the same processes, except liquefaction takes off a portion of the refrigerated liquid which must be made up, whereas in refrigeration all of the liquid is recycled. All of the methods and processes of refrigeration and liquefaction are based upon the same basic refrigeration principles, as depicted in Figure 1.

As written by Flynn, there are many ways to combine the few components of work (compression), rejecting heat, expansion and absorbing heat. There exist in the art many methods and processes of cryogenic refrigeration, all of which can be adapted for cryogenic liquefaction. A listing of those refrigeration cycles would include:
Joule Thompson, Stirling, Brayton, Claude, Linde, Hampson, Postle, Ericsson, Gifford-McMahon and Vuilleumier. As written by Flynn, "There are as many ways to combine these few components as there are engineers to combine them." (It is important to note, as is known in the art, that H2 has a negative Joule-Thompson coefficient until temperatures of approximately 350 R are obtained.) Conventional cryogenic air distillation processes that separate air into 02, Ar and N2 are commonly based on a dual pressure cycle. Air is first compressed and subsequently cooled. Cooling may be accomplished by one of four methods: 1-Vaporization of a liquid, 2- The Joule Thompson Effect (which performs best when augmented with method 3), 3- Counter-current heat exchange with previously cooled warming product streams or with externally cooled warming product streams and 4- The expansion of a gas in an engine doing external work. The cooled and compressed air is usually introduced into two fractionating zones. The first fractionating zone is thermally linked with a second fractionating zone which is at a lower pressure. The two zones are thermally linked such that a condenser of the first zone reboils the second zone. The air undergoes a partial distillation in the first zone producing a substantially pure N2 fraction and a liquid fraction that is enriched in 02. The enriched 02 fraction is an intermediate feed to the second fractionating zone. The substantially pure liquid N2 from the first fractionating zone is used as reflux at the top of the second fractionating zone. In the second fractionating zone separation is completed, producing substantially pure 02 from the bottom of the zone and substantially pure N2 from the top. When Ar is produced in the conventional process, a third fractionating zone is employed. The feed to this zone is a vapor fraction enriched in Ar which is withdrawn from an intermediate point in the second fractionating zone. The pressure of this third zone is of the same order as that of the second zone. In the third fractionating zone, the feed is rectified into an Ar rich stream which is withdrawn from the top, and a liquid stream which is withdrawn from the bottom of the third fractionating zone and introduced to the second fractionating zone at an intermediate point. Reflux for the third fractionating zone is provided by a condenser which is located at the top. In this condenser, Ar enriched vapor is condensed by heat exchange from another stream, which is typically the enriched 02 fraction from the first fractionating zone. The enriched 02 stream then enters the second fractionating zone in a partially vaporized state at an intermediate point, above the point where the feed to third fractionating zone is withdrawn.
The distillation of air, a ternary mixture, into N2, 02 and Ar may be viewed as two binary distillations. One binary distillation is the separation of the high boiling point 02 from the intermediate boiling point Ar. The other binary distillation is the separation of the intermediate boiling point Ar from the low boiling point N2. Of these two binary distillations, the former is more difficult, requiring more reflux and/or theoretical trays than the latter. Ar-02 separation is the primary function of third fractionating zone and the bottom section of the second fractionating zone below the point where the feed to the third zone is withdrawn. N2-Ar separation is the primary function of the upper section of the second fractionating zone above the point where the feed to the third fractionating zone is withdrawn.
The ease of distillation is also a function of pressure. Both binary separations become more difficult at higher pressure. This fact dictates that for the conventional arrangement the optimal operating pressure of the second and third fractionating zones is at or near the minimal pressure of one atmosphere. For the conventional arrangement, product recoveries decrease substantially as the operating pressure is increased above one atmosphere mainly due to the increasing difficulty of the Ar-02 separation.
There are other considerations, however, which make elevated pressure processing attractive.
Distillation column diameters, and heat exchanger cross sectional areas can be decreased due to increased vapor density. Elevated pressure products can provide substantial compression equipment capital cost savings. In some cases, integration of the air separation process with a power generating gas turbine is desired. In these cases, elevated pressure operation of the air separation process is required. The air feed to the first fractionating zone is at an elevated pressure of approximately 10 to 20 atmospheres absolute. This causes the operating pressure of the second and third fractionating zones to be approximately 3 to 6 atmospheres absolute. Operation of the conventional arrangement at these pressures results in very poor product recoveries due to the previously described effect of pressure on the ease of separation.

As used herein: the term "indirect heat exchange" means the bringing of two fluid streams into heat exchange relation without any physical contact or intermixing of the fluids with each other; the term "air" means a mixture comprising primarily N2, 02 and Ar; the terms "upper portion" and "lower portion" mean those sections of a column respectively above and below the midpoint of the column; the term "tray" means a contacting stage, which is not necessarily an equilibrium stage, and may mean other contacting apparatus such as packing having a separation capability equivalent to one tray; the term "equilibrium stage" means a vapor-liquid contacting stage whereby the vapor and liquid leaving the stage are in mass transfer equilibrium, e.g. a tray having 100 percent efficiency or a packing element height equivalent to. one theoretical plate (I TP);
the term "top condenser" means a heat exchange device which generates column downflow liquid from column top vapor; the term "bottom reboiler" means a heat exchange device which generates column upflow vapor from column bottom liquid.
(A
bottom reboiler may be physically within or outside a column. When the bottom reboiler is within a column, the bottom reboiler encompasses the portion of the column below the lowermost tray or equilibrium stage of the column.) While it is well known in the chemical industry that the cryogenic distillation of air into 02 and N2 is the most economical pathway to produce these elemental diatomic gases, it has not been proposed to utilize this industrial process to either:
distill H2 along with 02 and N2, fuel the combustion of 02 with H2 or utilize the energy of the combustion of 02 with H2 to power the cryogenic distillation of air. Previous work performed to separate air into its components can be referenced in US 4,112,875; US
5,245,832; US
5,976,273; US 6,048,509; US 6,082,136; US 6,298,668 and US 6,333,445.
It is also well known in many industries to separate air with membranes. Two general types of membranes are known in the art: organic polymer membranes and inorganic membranes. These membrane separation processes are improved by setting up an electric potential across a membrane that has been designed to be electrically conductive. While many of these processes are well known and established, it has not been. proposed to utilize either of these process to fuel the combustion of 02 with H2 or to utilize the energy of the combustion of 02 with H2 to power the separation of air.
Previous work performed to separate air into its components with membranes can be referenced in US 5,599,383; US 5,820,654; US 6,277,483; US 6,289,884; US
6,298,664;

US 6,315,814; US 6,321,915; US 6,325,218; US 6,340,381; US 6,357,601; US
6,360,524; US 6,361,582; US 6,361,583 and US 6,372,020.
It is also known to separate air into 02 and N2 with PSA. However, it has not been proposed to utilize PSA to fuel the combustion of 02 with H2 or to utilize the energy of the combustion of 02 with H2 to power PSA separation of air. Previous work performed to separate air into its components with PSA can be referenced in US
3,140,931; US 3,140,932; US 3,140,933; US 3,313,091; US 4,481,018; US
4,557,736;
US 4,859,217; US 5,464,467; US 6,183,709 and US 6,284,201.
This invention presents H2O as a fuel, as well as a combustion product. This invention presents novel energy recycle methods, processes, systems and apparatus to improve the efficiency of combustion by utilizing water as a combustion product, an energy conduit and an energy storage medium. The inherent energy losses incurred in hydrocarbon combustion are unrecoverable; with hydrocarbon combustion there is no practical method of recovering lost exhaust energy, heat energy or mechanical energy.
The discovered WCT relate to chemical methods, processes, systems and apparatus for producing H2 from steam, since steam is the physical state of the water product from the WCT. Previous work in this field has focused on refinery or power plant exhaust gases; none of that work discusses the separation of H2O back into H2.
Previous work performed to utilize the products of hydrocarbon combustion from an internal combustion engine can be referenced in US 4,003,343. Previous work in corrosion is in the direction of preventing corrosion instead of encouraging corrosion, yet can be referenced in US 6,315,876, US 6,320,395, US 6,331,243, US 6,346,188, US
6,348,143 and US 6,358,397.
The discovered WCT relate to electrolytic methods, processes, systems and apparatus to chemically convert H2O into 02 and H2. While there have been improvements in the technology of electrolysis and there have been many attempts to incorporate electrolysis with a combustion engine, wherein the hydrocarbon fuel is supplemented by H2 produced by electrolysis, there has been no work with electrolysis to fuel a combustion engine wherein electrolysis is a significant source of 02 and H2.
Previous work in electrolysis as electrolysis relate to combustion systems can be referenced in US 6,336,430, US 6,338,786, US 6,361,893, US 6,365,026, US
6,635,032 and US 4,003,035.

The discovered WCT relate to the production of electricity. The mechanical energy for a mechanically driven electrical generation device, which can be a generator, is produced by the fuel(s) of the WCT. In addition, the steam energy for a steam driven generator is produced by the fuel(s) of the WCT. Further, the WCT Engine exhaust steam energy may drive a steam turbine, thereby driving a generator creating an electrical current. Further, said exhaust gas, H2O, minimizes environmental equipment.
The discovered WCT presents a combustion turbine, wherein the exhaust gas is at least primarily if not totally H20. While there has been much work in the design of steam turbines, in all cases the steam for the steam turbine is generated by heat transfer, wherein said heat for heat transfer is created by nuclear fission or hydrocarbon combustion. The concept of utilizing a steam turbine in the direct exhaust of a combustion engine or to recycle energy within a combustion engine, especially to create electricity for the electrolytic conversion of H2O into 02 and H2 is new and novel. Previous work in steam turbine generation technology or engine exhaust turbine technology can be referenced in:
US 6,100,600, US 6,305,901, US 6,332,754, US 6,341,941, US 6,345,952, US
4,003,035, US 6,298,651, US 6,354,798, US 6,357,235, US 6,358,004 and US 6,363,710.
The discovered WCT relate to air and water driven turbine technologies to create electricity. Air or water driven turbine electrical generation technology would be applicable to combustion system(s) utilizing the discovered WCT, wherein:
there is a reliable source of moving air and/or water. While a moving source of air or a moving source of water may be an excellent source of electrical power generation to fuel the electrolysis of H2O, the concept of either: the use of said electrolysis to fuel the discovered WCT or of a windmill or waterwheel to power said electrolysis in order to fuel the discovered WCT is novel. Previous work in wind driven generator technology can be referenced in US 3,995,972, US 4,024,409, US 5,709,419, US 6,132,172, US
6,153,944, US 6,224,338, US 6,232,673, US 6,239,506, US 6,247,897, US
6,270,308, US
6,273,680, US 293,835, US 294,844, US 6,302,652, US 6,323,572, and US
6,635,981.
The discovered WCT relate to photovoltaic methods, processes, systems and apparatus to create electricity, wherein said electricity is used to create at least one of H2 and 02, wherein said H2 and/or said 02 is used as a fuel in said WCT. There are many methods, processes, systems and apparatus for the photovoltaic production of electricity, as is known in the art. There are many methods, systems and processes wherein a photovoltaic cell is used to create electricity for the electrolytic separation of H20 into H2 and 02, wherein the H2 is used in a fuel cell. Previous work in photovoltaic cells in relation to the production of H2 can be referenced in: US 5,797,997, US
5,900,330, US
5,986,206, US 6,075,203, US 6,128,903, US 6,166,397, US 6,172,296, US
6,211,643, US
6,214,636, US 6,279,321, US 6,372,978, US 6,459,231, US 6,471,834, US 6,489, 553, US 6,503,648, US 6,508,929, US 6,515,219 and US 6,515,283. None of the previous work describes or suggests the use of a photovoltaic cell in combination with said WCT.
The discovered WCT relate to methods of controlling corrosion, scale and deposition in water applications. U.S. Patent No. 4,209,398 issued to Ii, et al., on June 24, 1980 presents a process for treating water to inhibit formation of scale and deposits on surfaces in contact with the water and to minimize corrosion of the surfaces. The process comprises mixing in the water an effective amount of water soluble polymer containing a structural unit that is derived from a monomer having an ethylenically unsaturated bond and having one or more carboxyl radicals, at least a part of said carboxyl radicals being modified, and one or more corrosion inhibitor compounds selected from the group consisting of inorganic phosphoric acids and water soluble salts therefore, phosphonic acids and water soluble salts thereof, organic phosphoric acids and water soluble salts thereof, organic phosphoric acid esters and water -soluble salts thereof and polyvalent metal salts, capable of being dissociated to polyvalent metal ions in water.
The Ii patent does not discuss or present systems of electrolysis or of combustion.
U.S. Patent No. 4,442,009 issued to O'Leary, et al., on April 10, 1984 presents a method for controlling scale formed from water soluble calcium, magnesium and iron impurities contained in boiler water. The method comprises adding to the water a chelant and water soluble salts thereof, a water soluble phosphate salt and a water soluble poly methacrylic acid or water soluble salt thereof. The O'Leary patent does not discuss or present systems of electrolysis or of combustion.
U.S. Patent No. 4,631,131 issued to Cuisia, et al., on December 23, 1986 presents a method for inhibiting formation of scale in an aqueous steam generating boiler system.
Said method comprises a chemical treatment consisting essentially of adding to the water in the boiler system scale-inhibiting amounts of a composition comprising a copolymer of maleic acid and alkyl sulfonic acid or a water soluble salt thereof, hydroxyl ethylidenel,1-diphosphic acid or a water soluble salt thereof and a water soluble sodium phosphate hardness precipitating agent. The Cuisia patent does not discuss or present systems of electrolysis or of combustion.
U.S. Patent No. 4,640,793 issued to Persinski, et al., on February 3, 1987 presents an admixture, and its use in inhibiting scale and corrosion in aqueous systems, comprising: (a) a water soluble polymer having a weight average molecular weight of less than 25,000 comprising an unsaturated carboxylic acid and an unsaturated sulfonic acid, or their salts, having a ratio of 1:20 to 20:1, and (b) at least one compound selected from the group consisting of water soluble polycarboxylates, phosphonates, phosphates, polyphosphates, metal salts and sulfonates. The Persinski patent presents chemical combinations which prevent scale and corrosion; however, the Persinski patent does not address electrolysis or combustion.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A primary object of the invention is to devise environmentally friendly, effective, efficient and economically feasible combustion methods, processes, systems and apparatus.
Another object of the invention is to devise environmentally friendly, effective, efficient and economically feasible combustion methods, processes, systems and apparatus for an internal combustion engine.
Another object of the invention is to devise environmentally friendly, effective, efficient and economically feasible combustion methods, processes, systems and apparatus for electrical energy generation.
Another object of the invention is to devise effective, efficient and economically feasible combustion methods, processes, systems and apparatus that do not produce oxides of carbon.
Another object of the invention is to devise effective, efficient and economically feasible combustion methods, processes, systems and apparatus that minimize the production of oxides of nitrogen.
Another object ofthe invention is to devise effective, efficient and economically feasible fuel system for an environmentally friendly, effective and efficient combustion methods, processes, systems and apparatus.

Another object of the invention is to devise effective, efficient and economically feasible fuel methods, processes, systems and apparatus for environmentally friendly, effective and efficient internal combustion engines.
Another object of theinvention is to devise effective, efficient and economically feasible fuel methods, processes, systems and apparatus for environmentally friendly, effective and efficient electricity production.
Another object of the invention is to devise effective, efficient and economically feasible fuel methods, processes, systems and apparatus for environmentally friendly, effective and efficient heat generation.
Another object of the invention is to devise effective, efficient and economically feasible combustion methods, processes, systems and apparatus that includes hydrogen and oxygen or hydrogen and air or hydrogen and oxygen and air, wherein the temperature of combustion is controlled by the addition of water to combustion so that economical materials of construction for a combustion engine can be used.
Another object ofthe invention is to devise effective, efficient and economically feasible methods, processes, systems and apparatus of increasing the efficiency of combustion.
Another object of the invention is to devise effective, efficient and economically feasible electrolytic methods, processes, systems and apparatus to convert water into oxygen and/or hydrogen utilizing the energy available from combustion.
Another object of the invention is to devise effective, efficient and economically feasible catalytic methods, processes, systems and apparatus for the conversion of stream into hydrogen, wherein the steam is produced by a combustion engine that is fueled by at least one of. oxygen, hydrogen and water; oxygen, hydrogen, water and nitrogen; oxygen, hydrogen, water and air; hydrogen, water and air.
Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in a description which follows and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention.
An improved environmentally friendly process to create energy over that of the combustion of fossil fuels would be a process that does not produce a product of which the earth would have to naturally remove or convert. This invention, WCT, presents a product which could perform such a task, namely H2O. Water is made by the combustion of 02 and H2. Further, known methods to produce 02 are by: liquefaction (cryogenic distillation) of air; membrane separation of air, Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) of air and electrolysis of H2O. All of these processes are friendly to the environment. In addition, H2 is the most abundant element in the universe existing in nearly all compounds and compositions. Modifying our alcohol, oil, coal and gas refineries to produce H2 would stimulate economic expansion, while focusing the responsibility of air pollution into a refining environment, wherein that responsibility can be managed.
The discovered WCT manage energy much more efficiently than that of the traditional combustion engine, as the traditional combustion engine relates to transportation, electricity generation and heat generation applications. This is especially the case with respect to the internal combustion engine. The internal combustion engine, as well as combustion engines generally, loose approximately 60 to 85 percent of their combustion energy in: heat losses from the engine, engine exhaust gases and unused mechanical energy. This invention recaptures significant portions of energy loss by converting lost energy into electrical energy which is converted into chemical potential energy.
The discovered WCT utilize the energy of combustion of 02 with H2 as the energy source for combustion methods, processes, systems and apparatus to create energy. The combustion product of 02 and H2 is H2O. This combustion reaction is somewhat similar to that of hydrocarbon combustion; however, carbon is removed from the reaction and N2 is partially or totally removed from the reaction. In summary, the WCT
eliminates the environmental issues associated with the combustion of C, N and/or S.

2H2 + 02 -- 2H20 + 137 kcal At 68.5 kcal/mole, H2 has an energy value of 34 kcal per pound; this compares favorably to n-Octane which is 1300 kcal/mole = l lkcal per pound and methane which is kcal/mole = 13 kcal per pound.
While H2O is an environmentally friendly combustion product, the combustion temperature of 02 with H2 is too high for most combustion system materials.
And, especially in the case of the internal combustion engine, the implementation of any new combustion system would be significantly facilitated through the use of traditional materials of construction, so as to minimize the cost of engine construction.
This invention utilizes H2O as a preferred embodiment to control the combustion temperature of 02 with H2. Said H2O can be in one of three forms: a solid (ice particles), a liquid (water vapor) and a gas (steam). If H2O is in the form of a solid, the combustion temperature will be controlled by: the heat capacity of solid H20, the sublimation energy of H20, the heat capacity of H2O vapor, the latent heat of vaporization of H2O
and the heat capacity of steam. If H2O is in the form of a liquid, the combustion temperature will be controlled by: the heat capacity of liquid H20, the latent heat of vaporization of H2O
and the heat capacity of steam. If the H2O is a gas, the temperature will be controlled by the heat capacity of steam.
While traditionally, air has been used as the combustion oxidant (02 in air), combustion of 02 with H2, without the inclusion of N2 and/or Ar or with a minimal inclusion of N2 and/or Ar from air, improves combustion energy output by over percent. This aspect of the instant invention can be readily seen by comparing a combustion system which utilizes air for the oxidant, wherein air is approximately only percent 02 and 78 percent N2, and a combustion system which utilizes very pure 02 as the oxidant. Nitrogen reduces the combustion temperature while endothermically producing NOx, thereby creating pollution while reducing engine efficiency.
Since air is approximately 78 percentN2, nearly 78 percent ofthe combustion mixture in a traditional 20 combustion engine provides no energy during combustion, and in actuality, reduces the energy output of combustion. While the N2 in air can keep the combustion temperature down, thereby producing exhaust gas temperatures approximately near or below 1000 F, so that the combustion temperature is not harmful to traditional materials of engine construction, the addition of H2O to an 02/H2 fuel mixture approaches isothermal combustion producing steam while cooling the temperature of combustion, thereby converting combustion heat energy into an energy form that is easily.
recycled. The inclusion of N2 does not provide the ability of energy recycle: The same discussion applies to Ar.
As is readily understood in combustion science, there are three components required for combustion to commence: fuel, heat and ignition. Assuming a constant source of fuel (H2 and 02) and ignition, the addition of H2O to the combustion mixture presents a method and process to: limit the combustion temperature and minimize the cost of materials of construction for the combustion engine, as well as maintain a high enough combustion temperature so that combustion may commence. The addition of H2O to the combustion chamber can be managed to maintain combustion, as well as control the temperature of combustion. Varying engine configurations, combustion chamber designs and materials of construction will determine the limits of H2O
addition to the combustion chamber within the limits of combustion temperature.
The discovered WCT presents H2O as at least one of: an energy storage medium, a combustion product, a coolant and an energy transfer conduit and/or any combination therein. The importance of this aspect of the invention can be appreciated by thermodynamic principals. By the first law of thermodynamics, heat added to the system plus work done on the system equals changes in internal energy plus changes in potential and kinetic energy. The recycling of otherwise lost energy by this invention increases both the internal and potential energy, thereby increasing efficiency of the combustion systems. By the second law of thermodynamics: changes in internal energy equal changes in entropy (at a specific temperature) minus the work performed by the system.
Since, the invention significantly reduces changes in entropy by recycling otherwise lost entropy while focusing otherwise lost enthalpy into recycled exhaust enthalpy/entropy, the invention significantly increases the internal energy, thereby significantly increasing efficiency. The WCT uses the first and second laws of thermodynamics as an asset. In contrast, hydrocarbon combustion technology has the first and second laws of thermodynamics as a liability. Further, the use of H2O in the combustion chamber theoretically approaches isothermal combustion.
This invention utilizes electro-chemical pathways to convert H2O into 02 and H2, wherein the electrical energy for these pathways is obtained from at least one of: cooling the engine, exhaust gas energy, combustion output mechanical energy, photovoltaic energy and the energy of air or water motion. Given that the efficiency of most combustion engines (especially the internal combustion engine) is only approximately 20 percent, the discovered WCT can significantly increase the efficiency of combustion.
Assuming that the available H2 fuel has a conversion efficiency near that of its 3o hydrocarbon predecessors, thereby presenting a source value of 100 percent for fresh H2 and that the separation of air into 02, N2 and Ar has an efficiency of near 20 percent, the methods, processes, systems and apparatus of this invention have the capability to increase the efficiency of a combustion engine to near 40 to 70 percent and the efficiency of the internal combustion engine to near approximately 50 percent. It is theorized that the combustion efficiency can be increased further, depending on the separation efficiency of air into 02, N2 and Ar. It is discovered by this invention that the theoretical limit of efficiency for the discovered WCT is approximately limited to the efficiency limit in the conversion of steam, mechanical, photovoltaic, wind and waterwheel energy to electricity in combination with the efficiency limit of electrolysis to convert H2O into H2 and 02 minus friction losses. This theoretical limit presents that the theoretical efficiency limit of the methods, processes, systems and apparatus of combustion in this invention is near approximately 70-80 percent. (There is an interesting situation, wherein the engine is not running and a photovoltaic cell increases the internal energy by creating fuel from water. Under this scenario the engine actually increases its fuel without using any fuel, wherein the efficiency is infmate.) The discovered WCT present methods, processes, systems and apparatus for separating 02 and N2 from air in combination with the combustion of 02 with H2. There are three methods of separation. By the first method, air is separated utilizing the cryogenic distillation process, which is used to pressure, chill and distill the air, separating air into 02 and N2. By the second method, air is separated utilizing membranes; the membranes can be of either organic polymer construction or of inorganic construction. By the third method, air is separated by utilizing Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA). Utilizing PSA it is preferred that 02 be absorbed; however, it is practical that N2 be absorbed. The separated 02, produced by at least one of these methods, is preferably used as a fuel in the combustion systems.
Cryogenic Distillation - In the chemical industry, cryogenic distillation of air into 02 and N2 is a common pathway to produce these elemental diatomic gases.
However, it has not been proposed previously and it is novel to utilize this process: in combination with H2 distillation, to fuel the combustion of 02 with H2 and/or to utilize the energy of the combustion of 02 with H2 to power the cryogenic distillation of air. In addition, nearly all industrial processes for the separation of air into 02 and N2 utilize N2 or N2 and Ar as industrial products. In the case of the discovered WCT, the primary use of distilled N2 and/or Ar would be as a heat sink. This heat sink is preferably utilized to perform at least one of. cool the storage of 02 or of H2, facilitate cryogenic distillation, cool the combustion engine and/or provide refrigeration and/or environmental cooling.
In the case of the internal combustion engine, this heat sink is preferably used in place of the engine water coolant cooling system (typically a fan cooled radiator) and/or the compressor for the passenger cooling (air conditioning) system. This invention also proposes that the distillation of Ar is immaterial except as a combustion efficiency improvement; the additional fractionating column to separate Ar should be viewed on a capital investment - efficiency rate of return analysis.
Membrane Separation - Membrane separation is much simpler than cryogenic distillation; however, nitrogen is not available as a heat sink. By utilizing the membrane separation process, separate cooling systems will need to potentially be available for the engine and for any passenger or environmental cooling.
PSA - PSA separation is simpler than cryogenic processes yet more complicated than membrane separation. PSA has the same drawback, as does membrane separation;
N2 would not be available as a heat sink. By utilizing a PSA separation process, separate cooling systems will need to potentially be available for the engine and for any passenger or environmental cooling.
The discovered WCT relate to chemical methods, processes, systems and apparatus of producing H2 from steam, since steam is the physical state of the water product from the combustion. This invention converts steam into H2 utilizing a process, which is normally considered a detriment. This invention utilizes corrosion to chemically convert steam to H2. Corrosion utilizes 02 to convert a metal to its metal oxide, while releasing H2. This metal oxide has traditionally been viewed as a detriment since the metal oxide has less strength, durability and luster than its metal counterpart. The general chemical reaction for corrosion with water as the oxidant would be:

M + H2O eV P, MO + H2 where, M is any metal or combination of metals from the Periodic Table and eV
is the electromotive potential. Due to the electromotive potential of corrosion, many methods of protecting a metal against corrosion are based upon managing the electromotive potential of the metal. One such method is cathodic protection. Under cathodic protection, the metal is protected against corrosion by producing an electromotive potential in the metal that is counter to the electromotive potential for corrosion of that metal. Where traditional cathodic protection methods are used to prevent corrosion, this invention proposes driving corrosion by creating an anodic potential. This invention proposes placing catalytic sacrificial metal(s) in the exhaust gas (steam) of the WCT, wherein an anodic potential is preferably used to drive the corrosion of a metal or a composition of metals, thereby converting at least a portion of the steam to hydrogen. (A
good reference for electromotive potentials would be the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics by CRC Press.) The discovered WCT relate to electrolytic methods, processes, systems and apparatus to electro-chemically convert H2O into 02 and H2. It is to be understood that under the best of engineered circumstances, the electrical energy required by electrolysis to convert H2O into 02 and H2 will be greater than the energy obtained by the combustion of 02 and H2. However, electrolysis allows for significant improvements in the efficiency of combustion by reclaiming energy which would otherwise be lost. Whether the electrical energy recovered is from the steam of combustion or from at least one of mechanical energy conversion, steam energy conversion, light energy conversion, wind energy conversion or water wheel energy conversion, once the capital cost of conversion equipment is in place, the cost of energy conversion is limited to equipment maintenance expense. Four types of available electrical energy conversion are discovered in this invention: mechanical energy, steam energy, moving air (wind) or water energy and photovoltaic (sun) energy.
Electrolysis may create enough fuel from H2O at a very low energy conversion cost to increase the fuel efficiency of the entire combustion system. The application of the internal combustion engine is an excellent example of a situation wherein electrolysis may be used to turn H2O into a fuel source. The internal combustion engine, once in operation, turns normally at approximately 500 to approximately 6000 rpm and infrequently in specially engineered situation to approximately 10,000 to 20,000 rpm.
There are many situations in the operation of combustion engines wherein a generator either located on the drive shaft or activated by a transmission device and driven by the drive shaft, could be turned by the mechanical energy of the combustion engine to create an electrical current for the electrolytic conversion of H2O into 02 and H2.
In addition, to the extent that H2O is utilized to control the combustion temperature of the combustion system is to the extent that a steam driven turbine generator can be further utilized in the exhaust stream of the WCT to create electricity. Electricity can then be used for the electrolysis of H2O
into 02 and H2. In the case of the use of the WCT specifically for the generation of electricity, there would not be much excess electricity. Once the capital cost of either the mechanical driven generator or the steam driven generator has been made, the conversion cost of the mechanical or steam energy to electricity is limited to equipment maintenance expense. This same cost/benefit scenario would apply to a moving air (wind) or water driven generator, as well as to the photovoltaic system.

This invention relates to the application of muffler technologies as those technologies are known and used to muffle the noise of combustion. In the case of the internal combustion engine, mufflers are installed to limit the noise produced by combustion. While muffler designs do control the noise or air vibration from a combustion engine, current muffler designs waste available combustion exhaust gas energy. The installation of a steam turbine in the combustion engine exhaust gas stream is preferred to produce an electrical current. It is preferred that the steam turbine absorb air vibration from combustion. It is preferred to install easily oxidized metal(s) in a contact/muffler chamber to create H2 from the steam produced in the combustion systems. The combination of a steam driven turbine generator and catalytic conversion metal(s) in the exhaust would be a most preferred combination to convert the steam energy of the exhaust gases from the combustion systems into electrical energy, while muffling the air vibration in the exhaust gases.

Brief Description of the Drawings A better understanding of the present invention can be obtained when the following description of the preferred embodiments are considered in conjunction with the following drawings, in which:

Figure 1 illustrates basic principles of refrigeration and liquefaction.

Figure 2 illustrates in block diagram form a general thermodynamic description of a traditional hydrocarbon combustion engine.

Figure 2A illustrates in block diagram form a general description of proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus to manage H20, 02, H2 and air in the discovered WCT
combustion engine.

Figure 3 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of: 02 and H2, air and H2.

Figure 4 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of. 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates catalytic conversion of steam into H2.

Figure 5 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of. 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates cryogenic distillation of air into nitrogen and 02.

Figure 6 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of: 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates catalytic conversion of steam into H2, as well as alternate methods, processes, systems and apparatus to create electricity for electrolysis to convert H2O into H2 and 02.

Figure 7 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of: 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates cryogenic distillation of air into nitrogen and 02, as well as alternate methods, processes, systems and apparatus to create electricity for electrolysis to convert H2O into H2 and 02.

Figure 8 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of. 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates cryogenic distillation of air into nitrogen and 02, as well as alternate methods, processes, systems and apparatus to create electricity for electrolysis to convert H2O into H2 and 02-Figure 9 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of. 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates separation of air into nitrogen and 02 with at least one of membranes and PSA.

Figure 10 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of: 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates the separation of air into nitrogen and 02 with at least one of membranes and PSA, as well as alternate methods, processes, systems and apparatus to create electricity for electrolysis to convert H2O into H2 and 02.

Figure 11 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of. 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates catalytic conversion of steam into H2, along with the separation of air into nitrogen and 02 with at least one of membranes and PSA, as well as alternate methods, processes, systems and apparatus to create electricity for electrolysis to convert H2O into H2 and 02.

Figure 12 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of. 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates catalytic conversion of steam into H2, along the cryogenic separation of air into nitrogen and 02.

Figure 13 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of: 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates catalytic conversion of steam into H2, along the separation of air into nitrogen and 02 with at least one of membranes and PSA.

Figure 14 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of: 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature.

Figure 15 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of. 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates cryogenic distillation of air into nitrogen and 02.

Figure 16 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of: 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates the separation of air into nitrogen and 02 with at least one of membranes and PSA.

Figure 17 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of: 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates catalytic conversion of steam into H2, along with cryogenic dstillation of air into nitrogen and 02.

Figure 18 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of: 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates catalytic conversion of steam into H2, along with the separation of air into nitrogen and 02 with at least one of membranes and PSA.

.~ ......, r= .... ,.r.rvr.r ...ten.'.. 1 .-... F.

Figure 19 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of proposed methods, procedures, systems and apparatus for heating the combustion mixture for a combustion engine that is fueled by at least one of. 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature.

Figures 20 and 21 illustrate in block diagram form a general description of proposed methods, procedures, systems and apparatus for a steam turbine [T] in combination with an alternator or generator, wherein the steam turbine is located in and powered by the exhaust of a combustion engine fueled by at least one of: 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature.

Figure 22 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of proposed methods, procedures, systems and apparatus for an air turbine in combination with an alternator or generator, wherein said air turbine provides electricity to separate H2O into H2 and 02 for a combustion engine, wherein said combustion engine is fueled by at least one of. 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature.

Figures 23 and 23A illustrate in block diagram form a general description of proposed methods, procedures, systems and apparatus for an air turbine [T] in combination with an alternator or generator, wherein said air turbine provides electricity to separate H2O into H2 and 02 for a combustion engine, wherein said combustion engine is fueled by at least one of 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature.

Figure 24 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of proposed methods, procedures, systems and apparatus for pressue control for a combustion engine, wherein said combustion engine is fueled by at least one of. 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The timing of the invention is significant since global warming is becoming a global political issue. The timing of the invention is significant since the availability of oil, the primary source of hydrocarbons, is becoming a global political issue. The timing of the invention is significant since air pollution is becoming a health issue for much of humanity. The timing of the invention is significant since the market of natural gas (methane, ethane, propane and/or butane) is affecting the production and/or market price of electricity. This invention presents environmentally friendly combustion methods, processes, systems and apparatus, which are efficient and which will require a reasonable amount of tooling to implement.
And, in the case of the internal combustion engine, the WCT present a combustion process, which will have a "feel"
to the driver which is similar to that of hydrocarbon combustion engines; this "feel" will further implementation of the invention.

The methods, processes, systems and apparatus of the WCT Engine solve the myriad of challenges that have kept hydrogen based combustion technologies from commercialization.
These challenges are, yet are not limited to: 1) fuel combustion temperature and the associated combustion engine cost, 2) the volume of fuel required and the associated fuel storage requirements, 3) engine efficiency and the associated fuel required, 4) the generation of NOx, 5) engine efficiency and the associated cost of operation, 6) combustion engine size and the associated combustion engine cost, 7) required fuel and fuel storage in general, 8) cost of operation in general, 9) combustion engine cost in general and in the case of the internal combustion engine 10) an engine that meets customer expectations for feel, efficiency, cost and environmental impact.

Various embodiments of the methods, processes, systems, and apparatus of the present invention are illustrated in the Figures, described later herein.

Tables 1 and 1A (below) illustrate and explain various symbols used in the Figures.

UAW"
WCT &=bob in Dom I thin ors & 23A
Symbol Description Notes CE can be any combustion deign as is known in Combastian the art, Le. in ernal combustion engine, turbine, Engle Combustlait fimce,, etc. CE combines foci and ignites fusel Iii Engine with a spark generation device. Fuel is most afcrably O2, H2 and H20. F>Yel is prefcrably 02 and 116 Fuel can be used in combination with air.
Used in Comic Refi ation. Dead arc Gems Compressor plentiful in the art Compressor symbols: A - Air, D1 - First DI tillatian, 1)2 - Second Distillation, 01 - On, HI - Hr, 0 - 02 Storage and H = Hen StMxqL
Joule-Thompson Two Was an normally used in the art -Rzygodog Valve 1. An valve, 2. A cylinder.
Diameter and Height dcpa*nt upon separation efficiency and loading. Separation a ency gqwmdm dependent upon compounds separated and column.
(Distillation packing. Distillation Temperstures are relative to Column) Separation Operadrig Pressure.
Depending on the desired 02 purity, the second column is WbonaL
Heart Exchanger During normal operation, it is preferred that the ( g~ to cool waste N2 is coolant. Depending upon design, upon cored gases start-up water may be necessary for an edict.
start Tank is to be made of materials known in thee art to O withstand liquid cryogenic txmpautu reafjrcesure of C~ g 02 and/or E2. Tank may lave refiiguation bop per Tank Figure 13, which operates of off at lent one of the combustion aWhr, a battery and a fhel cell.
+ Depending upon application, turbine is to be turned by steamõ air or water movemad.
T Turbine Turbine is prefaced to generate elnm lcity, paefetablp driving a geator and/or alternator. It is most preferred that the electricdty perlbrms dechobsis.
Pressrre con rooller can be of any design as is Pressure known in the art. PC protects downstream IHI stow Controller equipment from pressure surges. In high pressure nation, PC vends to am aftwephem Q XnwU in do Bnargy Is trimahrred (mod) daring many form of heat metho capes aeul sj*M of lids itwveatiom Hs, Oy, H60, air bypass and engine coolant.
C Controller manages feel mixture ratios. R20 ratio 0 Fuel Mixture in combustion is managed dq=Wmg upon N Controller combustion temperature andlar engine tounptrature.
T Air bypass is to be managed depending upon 02 tarok level. Engine coolant loop dependant on high Talmo 1A
W Svnbole is I tiro fi ?a3A
bol Description Notes Used to toansfer Ear to at least one of a flywheO
and a gonamtor. Clutch. preiiarably engages daring clutch pe ods of little to no went and wed daring periods of work. Design and assembly to be as known in the at Used to store rotational kinetic energy during Flywheel periods of little to no weak; rotational are y to be aged during periods ofwo&
Used to generate electrical energy. Generator can be of the type to generate an alternating current (A/C), such as in power generation WHoafim or peso for a Dynamo to a direct current (DIC) to power electrolysis. A/C current can be turned into + D/C with an A/C to D/C convener and D/C can be twined into A/C with a D/C to A/C converter.
Electrolysis of H2O to 02 and H'2 is to be + perlbrmed. Electrolysis is to be wed by methods and systems kmowm, in the art of H2O Electrolysis eledrolysis. It is most preEarrod that an electrolyte be present in the H2O to f irther dwuo& and the effickway of electrolysis. It is prod that the LM-9 9 1 qLv~ unit be cooled urorrrorrrrr+ Air Line Line coattains air.
=.. r u ^ ^ r ~ ~ r=r.= Line Line EdqEk conwris o..
===== ~= -~== Line, Lilac vdmm* co*Ins N2.
Line Line primarily contains rrrrr= r rrrrs r . O Line Line prima* contains RO.
Line primarily contains combustion products, =~ . r =-= , Products Lane pref md* %0. net can be H2O and X, wherein X
is N2. COx and N and can contain Line symbol indicates flow of coolant, which is preferably used with electrolysis. C can be used ~- - - .. - Coolant (C) Line with CE; however this is not preferred. C can be any type as is known in the art; coolm is probved a mixture of wad, glycol, cerrosion inhibitor and Electrical or pneumatic line. Electrical wife Control Line carrying a small current, preferably 4 to 20 mA.
line may carry a gm and/or a wider Flow Transmitter Used in combination with control line and & Control Vain controller (CONT.) to control flow of fuel and/or cook & (C) 'i GPM - =j Used to rase heat from coolant and pump back ~' Coolant to heat source. Prefixably used for electrolysis.
.y.. r~ Radiator Pra rably used to cool oil for CE. It is not to cool CE.
EggMtA 29 Figure 1 illustrates basic principles of refrigeration and liquefaction.

Figure 2 illustrates a traditional hydrocarbon combustion engine CE [1]
including an exhaust and, optionally, an emissions control system. Combustion engine [1]
converts the potential energy EF of a hydrocarbon fuel into torque energy available to do work Ew.
Air provides a source of 02 for CE [1], and coolant is provided to cool CE [1]. In Figure 2, CE denotes combustion efficiency energy losses; Ec denotes coolant losses; and EEx denotes exhaust energy losses. There will also be mechanical energy losses during periods of low to zero work Ew.
Optionally, exhaust from combustion engine 1 can be used to preheat or turbocharge air.

Figure 2A illustrates a combustion engine CE [1] adapted to use concepts and processes in accordance with the present invention to manage H2O, 02, H2 and air.
Combustion engine CE [1] converts the potential energy of H2 and 02 into torque energy available to do work Ew.
CE [1] may comprise an optional alternator/generator [2] and an optional proportional torque/clutch system [3]. Exhaust from CE [1] flows through a pressure controller PC.
Downstream of pressure controller PC, the exhaust flow can be directed through a steam turbine/generator to generate electricity; reacted with a sacrificial catalyst for conversion of steam to H2; or used for heating.

As may be seen in Figure 2A, several options are available for the exhaust flow further downstream:

= H2O from the exhaust can be used in H2O Electrolysis [4], wherein the H2O is converted into H2 and 02. The H2 and 02 from H2O Electrolysis [4] can then flow into storage tanks prior to use in combustion engine [1].

= H2O from combustion can flow into a storage tank, from which H2O can be sent to combustion engine [1] and/or to H2O Electrolysis [4].

= H2 and H2O can be separated, with H2 being sent to a storage tank.

= Air can be separated into N2 and 02, with the separated 02 being sent to storage;
= H2 and 02 from the aforementioned options can flow into CE [1]; and = H2O can be used to cool combustion.

Figure 3 illustrates methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of: 02 and H2, and air and H2. Provided in association with combustion engine CE [1] are an alternator/generator [2]; a proportional torque/clutch system [3]; H2O
Electrolysis means [4]; and a coolant radiator [7], such that coolant C can flow from CE [1] to radiator [7] and vice versa, and such that coolant C can flow from radiator [7] to H2O Electrolysis [4] and vice versa. Combustion engine [1] is fed with H2 from H2 storage [5]
and 02 from 02 storage [6], or optionally from a liquefaction unit [12]. H2O is optionally used to cool the combustion chamber of combustion engine [1] and to cool the combustion temperature. A
controller [8] associated with combustion engine [1] receives inputs from H2, 02, coolant C, and combustion H20. Exhaust from CE [1] flows through a pressure controller (PC) [10].
Downstream of PC [10], the exhaust flows through a turbine/alternator/generator [9], after which exhaust gas is vented. Air drawn through a second turbine/alternator/generator [11] passes through an associated filter [13] and then is either vented or used as an alternative source of 02 for CE [1]
during periods of low 02. H2 from the H2O Electrolysis [4] flows to H2 storage [5], and 02 from H2O Electrolysis [4] flows to liquefaction unit [12]. Electricity may be produced, in association with H2O Electrolysis [4], from mechanical energy, from steam energy, from the energy of moving air and/or water, and from photovoltaic cell(s). Torque Ew produced by combustion engine [1] may be partially used to power one or more of compressors 01, 0, N, and H.

Figure 4 illustrates a system and apparatus comprising a combustion engine CE
[1] fueled by at least one of. 02 and H2, and air and H2; and wherein the fuel system incorporates an H2 catalyst converter [14] for conversion of steam into H2. Provided in accordance with this embodiment is a coolant radiator [7], such that coolant C can flow from CE [1]
to radiator [7] and vice versa, and such that coolant C can flow from radiator [7] to H2O
Electrolysis [4] and vice versa. Combustion engine [1] is fed with H2 from H2 storage [5] and 02 from 02 storage [6].
H2O is optionally used to cool the combustion chamber of CE [1] and to cool the combustion temperature. A controller [8] associated with CE [1] receives inputs from H2, 02, coolant C, and combustion H20. Exhaust from CE [ 1 ] flows through a pressure controller (PC) [ 10] and thence through H2 catalyst converter [14], from which exhaust gas is vented. H2 flows from H2 catalyst converter [14] to a compressor H1 and thence to H2 storage [5]. Air flowing through a filter [13]
may flow to vent or may flow to CE [1] an alternative source of 02 during periods of low 02.

Torque Ew produced by combustion engine [1] may be partially used to power one or more of compressors 01, 0, N, and H.

Figure 5 illustrates a system and apparatus comprising a combustion engine CE
[1] fueled by at least one of: 02 and H2, and air and H2; and wherein the fuel system incorporates cryogenic distillation of air into nitrogen and 02. Provided in accordance with this embodiment is a coolant radiator [7], such that coolant C can flow from CE [1] to radiator [7] and vice versa, and such that coolant C can flow from radiator [7] to H2O Electrolysis [4] and vice versa.
Combustion engine [1] is fed with H2 from H2 storage [5] and 02 from 02 storage [6]. H2O
is optionally used to cool the combustion chamber of CE [1] and to cool the combustion temperature. A controller [8] associated with CE [1] receives inputs from H2, 02, coolant C, and combustion H20. Exhaust from CE [1] is vented. As illustrated, air flows through a filter [13] and an associated compressor A, and thence through a first heat exchanger [15]. H2O flows from first heat exchanger [15]. Air flow from first heat exchanger [15] flows through expansion and to distillation [17]. H2O from distillation [17] flows through a second heat exchanger [16], and H2O flows from second heat exchanger [16] through first heat exchanger [15]. Air flows from distillation [17] to CE [1] and/or to a compressor D 1. Air flows from compressor D 1 to a third heat exchanger [
18], and air flows from third heat exchanger [18] through expansion and first distillation [19].
N2 flows from first distillation [19] to second distillation [20]. 02 flows from first distillation [19] to second distillation [20]. N2 flows from second distillation [20] to third heat exchanger [18] and thence to second heat exchanger [16]. N2 flows from third heat exchanger [18] to second heat exchanger [16]. N2 and any X flow to vent. 02 flows from second distillation [20] to 02 storage [6]. Torque Ew produced by combustion engine [1] may be partially used to power one or more of compressors A, 0, N, and H.

Figure 6 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engi1 a CE [1] fueled by at least one of. 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates catalytic conversion of steam into H2, as well as alternate methods, processes, systems and apparatus to create electricity for electrolysis to convert H2O into H2 and 02; wherein, CE [1] produces Torque, Ew; wherein, CE

[1] comprises an alternator/generator [2]; wherein, CE [1] comprises a proportional torque/clutch system [3]; wherein, CE [1] uses H2 from H2 storage [5];
wherein, CE [1] uses 02 from 02 storage [6] and/or liquefaction [ 12]; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises Cooling, C; wherein, CE
[1] comprises Combustion H2O; wherein, CE [1] comprises a Controller [8]
comprising inputs from H2, 02, C and Combustion H2O; wherein, CE [1] comprises a Radiator [7];
wherein, CE [1]
comprises flow of C from Radiator [7] to CE [ 1 ]; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises flow of C from CE
[1] to Radiator [7]; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow of C from Radiator [7] to H2O Electrolysis [4]; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow of C from H2O Electrolysis [4] to Radiator [7]; wherein, CE
[1] comprises CE Exhaust flow to Pressure Controller [PC - 10]; wherein, CE
[1] comprises Exhaust flow from PC [10] to H2 Catalyst Converter [14]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises H2 flow from the H2 Catalyst Converter [14] to compressor [H1]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises H2 flow from HI to H2 Storage; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2O vented from the H2 Catalyst Converter [14]; wherein, CE [1] comprises air flowing through a Turbine [T - 11];
wherein, CE [1]
comprises air flow from T - 11 through a Filter; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow of air from Filter to Vent and/or the CE [1] as an alternate source of 02 during periods of low 02 and as an 02 bypass; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2O Electrolysis [4]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises H2 flow from the H2O Electrolysis [4] flows to H2 Storage [5]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises 02 flow from the H2O Electrolysis [4] to the liquefaction unit [12]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises H2O
Electrolysis [4] having as Options: Electricity from mechanical energy, Electricity from steam energy, electricity from moving air and/or water energy, and Electricity from photovoltaic cell(s); and wherein, CE [1] comprises EW partially used to power at least one of compressor(s):
01, H1, 0, N and H.

Figure 7 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of. 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates cryogenic distillation of air into nitrogen and 02, as well as alternate methods, processes, systems and apparatus to create electricity for electrolysis to convert H2O into H2 and 02; wherein, CE [1]
produces Torque, Ew;
wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises an alternator/generator [2]; wherein, CE [ 1 ]
comprises a proportional torque/clutch system [3]; wherein, CE [1] uses H2 from H2 storage [5];
wherein, CE [1] uses 02 from 02 storage [6] or distillation [20]; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises Cooling, C; wherein, CE [ 1 ]
comprises Combustion H2O; wherein, CE [1] comprises a Controller [8]
comprising inputs from H2, 02, C and Combustion H2O; wherein, CE [1] comprises a Radiator [7] ;
wherein, CE [1]
comprises flow of C from Radiator [7] to CE [ 1 ]; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises flow of C from CE
[1] to Radiator [7]; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow of C from Radiator [7] to H2O Electrolysis [4]; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow of C from H2O Electrolysis [4] to Radiator [7]; wherein, CE
[1] comprises CE Exhaust flow to Pressure Controller [PC - 10]; wherein, CE
[1] comprises flow from PC [10] through a Turbine/alternator/generator [T - 9]; wherein, CE
[1] comprises after flowing through the T - 9, Exhaust gas H2O is sent to H2O Storage;
wherein, CE [1]
comprises H2O Electrolysis [4]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 flow from the H2O
Electrolysis [4] to heat exchange [18]; wherein, CE [1] comprises 02 flow from the H2O
Electrolysis [4] to heat exchanger [ 18] and/or to the CE [ 1 ]; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises that H2O Electrolysis [4]
have as Options: Electricity from mechanical energy, Electricity from steam energy, electricity from moving air and/or water energy, and Electricity from photovoltaic cell(s); wherein, CE [1]
comprises air flowing through a Turbine [T- 11]; wherein, CE [1] comprises air flow from T -11 through a Filter; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow from the Filter through Compressor [A];
wherein, CE [1] comprises flow from Compressor [A] through heater exchanger [15]; wherein, CE
[1] comprises H2O flow from the heat exchanger [15]; wherein, CE [1] comprises air flow from heat exchanger [15] through expansion and to distillation [17]; wherein, CE
[1] comprises H2O
flow from distillation [17] through heat exchanger [16]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises H2O flow from heat exchanger [16] through heat exchanger [15]; wherein, CE [1] comprises air flow from distillation [ 17] to the CE [ 1 ] and/or to compressor [D 1 ]; wherein, CE [
1 ] comprises air flow from compressor [D1] to heat exchager [18]; wherein, CE [1] comprises air flow from heat exchanger [18] through expansion and to distillation [19]; wherein, CE [1] comprises N2 flow from distillation [19] to distillation [20]; wherein, CE [1] comprises 02 flow from distillation [19] to distillation [20]; wherein, CE [1] comprises N2 flow from distillation [20] to compressor [D2];
wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 flow from heat exchanger [18] to compressor [D2];
wherein, CE
[1] comprises N2 and H2 flow from compressor [D2] to heat exchanger [22];
wherein, CE [1]
comprises H2 and N2 flow from heat exchanger [22] to expansion and distillation [23]; wherein, CE [11 comprises H2 and N2 flow from distillation [23] to heat exchanger [22];
wherein, CE [11 comprises H2 and N2 flow from heat exchanger [22] to distillation [21];
wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 flow from distillation [21] to H2 Storage [5]; wherein, CE [1] comprises N2 flow from distillation [23] to heat exchanger [18]; wherein, CE [1] comprises N2 flow from heat exchanger [18] to heat exchanger [16]; wherein, CE [1] comprises N2 and any X flow to Vent; wherein, CE
[1] comprises H2O Electrolysis [4] having as Options: Electricity from mechanical energy, Electricity from steam energy, electricity from moving air and/or water energy, and Electricity from photovoltaic cell(s); and wherein, CE [1] comprises Ew partially used to power at least one of compressor(s): A, D1, D2, 0, N and H.

Figure 8 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of: 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates cryogenic distillation of air into nitrogen and 02, as well as alternate methods, processes, systems and apparatus to create electricity for electrolysis to convert H2O into H2 and 02; wherein, CE [1] produces Torque, Ew; wherein, CE [1] comprises an alternator/generator [2]; wherein, CE [1] comprises a proportional torque/clutch system [3]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 from H2 storage [5]; wherein, CE [1] comprises 02 from 02 storage [6] or distillation [20]; wherein, CE [1] comprises Cooling, C; wherein, CE [1]
comprises Combustion H2O; wherein, CE [1] comprises a Controller [8] comprising inputs from H2, 02, C and Combustion H2O; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises a Radiator [7]; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises flow of C from Radiator [7] to CE [1]; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow of C from CE [1] to Radiator [7]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises flow from Radiator [7] to H2O Electrolysis [4]; wherein, CE [11 comprises flow from the H2O Electrolysis [4] to Radiator [7]; wherein, CE [1] comprises CE Exhaust flows to Pressure Controller [PC - 10]; wherein, CE [1] comprises downstream of PC [10], Exhaust flows through a Turbine/alternator/generator [T - 9]; wherein, CE [1] comprises after flowing through the T - 9, Exhaust flows to H2 Catalyst Converter [14]; wherein, CE [1] comprises Exhaust flow from H2 Catalyst Converter [14] to PC [10] and/or to Turbine/alternator/generator [11]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises H2O Electrolysis [4]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 flow from the H2O
Electrolysis [4] to heat exchanger [181; wherein, CE [1] comprises 02 flow from the H2O
Electrolysis [4] to heat exchanger [18] and/or to the CE [1]; wherein, CE [1] comprises air flowing through a Turbine [T-11 ]; wherein, CE [1] comprises air flow from T - 11 through a Filter;
wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises flow from the Filter through Compressor [A]; wherein CE [1] comprises flow from Compressor [A]

through heater exchanger [15]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2O flow from the heat exchanger [15];
wherein, CE [1] comprises air flow from heat exchanger [15] through expansion and distillation [17]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2O flow from distillation [17] through heat exchanger [16];
wherein, CE [1] comprises H2O flow from heat exchanger [16] through heat exchanger [15];
wherein, CE [1] comprises air flow from distillation [17] to the CE [1] and/or to compressor [Dl];
wherein, CE [1] comprises air flow from compressor [DI] to heat exchanger [181; wherein, CE [1]
comprises air flow from heat exchanger [18] through expansion and distillation [19]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises N2 flow from distillation [19] to distillation [20]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises 02 flow from distillation [19] to distillation [20]; wherein, CE [1] comprises N2 flow from distillation [20] to Compressor [D2]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 flow from heat exchanger [18] to Compressor [D2];
wherein, CE [1] comprises N2 and H2 flow from Compressor [D2] to Heat exchanger [22]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 and N2 flow from Heat exchanger [22] to expansion and distillation [23];
wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises H2 and N2 from distillation [23] to Heat exchanger [22]; wherein, CE [ 1 ]
comprises H2 and N2 flow from Heat exchanger [22] to distillation [21];
wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 flow from distillation [21] to H2 Storage [5]; wherein, CE [1] comprises N2 flow from distillation [23] to Heat exchanger [18]; wherein, CE [1] comprises N2 flow from Heat exchanger [18] to heat exchanger [ 16]; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises N2 and any X flow to Vent;
wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises H2O Electrolysis [4] having as Options: Electricity from mechanical energy, Electricity from steam energy, electricity from moving air and/or water energy, and Electricity from photovoltaic cell(s);
and wherein, CE [1] comprises EW partially used to power at least one of compressor(s): A, Dl, D2, 0, N and H.

Figure 9 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates separation of air into nitrogen and 02 with at least one of membranes and PSA; wherein, the CE [1] produces Torque, Ew;
wherein, CE [1]
comprises H2 from H2 storage [5]; wherein, CE [1] comprises 02 from 02 storage [6] or from liquefaction [12]; wherein, CE [1] comprises Cooling, C; wherein, CE [1]
comprises Combustion H2O; wherein, CE [1] comprises a Controller [8] comprising inputs from H2, 02, C and Combustion H2O; wherein, CE [1] comprises a Radiator [7]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises flow of C from Radiator [7] to CE [ 1 ]; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises flow of C from CE
[ 1 ] to Radiator [7];
wherein, CE [1] comprises CE Exhaust flow to Vent; wherein, CE [1] comprises air flowing through a Filter; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow from the Filter to Compressor [A]; wherein, CE
[1] comprises flow from Compressor [A] through at least one of Membranes and PSA; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow from the at least one of Membranes and PSA can to liquefaction [12]
and/or the CE [1] as an alternate source of 02 during periods of low 02 and as an 02 bypass;
wherein, CE [1] comprises the at least one of Membranes and PSA to comprise a Vent; and wherein, CE [1] comprises Ew partially used to power at least one of compressor(s): 01, 0, N and H.

Figure 10 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of: 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates the separation of air into nitrogen and 02 with at least one of membranes and PSA, as well as alternate methods, processes, systems and apparatus to create electricity for electrolysis to convert H2O into H2 and 02; wherein, CE [1] produces Torque, Ew; wherein, CE [1] comprises an alternator/generator [2]; wherein, CE [1] comprises a proportional torque/clutch system [3];
wherein, CE [1]
comprises H2 from H2 storage [5]; wherein, CE [1] comprises 02 from 02 storage [6] and/or liqauefaction [12] and/or H2O Electrolysis [4]; wherein, CE [1] comprises Cooling, C; wherein, CE [1] comprises Combustion H20; wherein, CE [1] comprises a Controller [8]
comprising inputs from H2, 02, C and Combustion H20; wherein, CE [1] comprises a Radiator [7]; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises flow of C from Radiator [7] to CE [ 1 ]; wherein, CE [ 1 ]
comprises flow of C
from CE [1] to Radiator [7]; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow of C from Radiator [7] to H2O
Electrolyis [4]; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow of C from H2O Electrolysis [4]
to Radiator[7];
wherein, CE [1] comprises CE Exhaust flows to Pressure Controller [PC - 10];
wherein, CE [1]
comprises Exhaust flows from PC [10] to a Turbine/alternator/generator [T -9]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises H2O flow from T [9] or PC [ 10] is vented and/or sent to H2O
Storage; wherein, CE [ 1 ]
comprises air flowing through a Turbine [T - 11 ]; wherein, CE [1] comprises air from T - 11 flow through a Filter; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow from the Filter to Compressor [A];
wherein, CE [1] comprises flow from Compressor [A] through at least one of Membranes and PSA; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow from the at least one of Membranes and PSA
to liquefaction [ 12] and/or the CE [ 1 ] as an alternate source of 02 to CE [ 1 ] during periods of low 02 and as an 02 bypass and/or to liquefaction [12]; wherein, CE [1] comprises the at least one of Membranes and PSA comprising a Vent; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2O
Electrolysis [4];
wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 from the H2O Electrolysis [4] to H2 Storage [5];
wherein, CE [1]
comprises 02 from the H2O Electrolysis [4] to the liquefaction unit [12]
and/or to the CE [1];
wherein, CE [1] comprises the H2O Electrolysis [4] having as Options:
Electricity from mechanical energy, Electricity from steam energy, electricity from moving air and/or water energy, and Electricity from photovoltaic cell(s); and wherein, CE [1]
comprises Ew partially used to power at least one of compressor(s): A, 01, 0 and N.

Figure 11 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of. 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates catalytic conversion of steam into H2, along with the separation of air into nitrogen and 02 with at least one of membranes and PSA, as well as alternate methods, processes, systems and apparatus to create electricity for electrolysis to convert H2O into H2 and 02; wherein, CE [1] produces Torque, Ew; wherein, CE
[1] comprises an alternator/generator [2]; wherein, CE [1] comprises a proportional torque/clutch system [3]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 from H2 storage [5];
wherein, CE [1]
comprises 02 from 02 storage [6] and/or liquefaction [12] and/or H2O
Electrolysis [4]; wherein, CE [1] comprises Cooling, C; wherein, CE [1] comprises Combustion H2O;
wherein, CE [1]
comprises a Controller [8] comprising inputs from H2, 02, C and Combustion H2O; wherein, CE
[1] comprises a Radiator [7]; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow of C from Radiator [7] to CE [1];
wherein, CE [1] comprises flow of C from CE [1] to Radiator [7]; wherein, the CE [1] comprises flow of C from Radiator [7] to H2O Electrolysis [4]; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow of C from H2O Electrolysis [4] to Radiator [7]; wherein, CE [1] comprises CE Exhaust flows to Pressure Controller [PC - 10]; wherein, CE [1] comprises downstream of PC [10], CE
Exhaust flows through a Turbine/alternator/generator [T - 9]; wherein, CE [1] comprises after flowing through the T - 9, Exhaust flows to H2 Catalyst Converter [14]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises Exhaust flow from the H2 Catalyst Converter [14] to PC [10] and/or compressor [H1];
wherein, CE [1]

comprises flow from PC - 10 to Vent; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2O and H2 flow from compressor [Hl] to heat exchanger [24]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2O and H2 flow from heat exchanger [24] to expansion and to distillation [25]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises H2 flow from distillation [25] to H2 Storage [5]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 flow from distillation [25] to heat exchanger [24]; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises H2 flow from heat exchanger [24]
to compressor [H 1 ];
wherein, CE [1] comprises H2O Electrolysis [4]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 flow from the H2O Electrolysis [4] to compresser [H1]; wherein, CE [1] comprises 02 flow from the H2O
Electrolysis [4] to liquefaction [12] and/or CE [1]; wherein, CE [1] comprises air flowing through Turbine [T- i I]; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises air flow from T - 11 through a Filter;
wherein, CE [1] comprises flow from the Filter to Compressor [A]; wherein, CE
[1] comprises flow from Compressor [A] through at least one of Membranes and PSA; wherein, CE [1]
comprises flow from the at least one of Membranes and PSA to liquefaction [12]
and/or to the CE [1] as an alternate source of 02 during periods of low 02 and as an 02 bypass and/or to liquefaction [12]; wherein, CE [1] comprises the at least one of Membranes and PSA comprising a Vent; wherein, CE [1] comprises the H2O Electrolysis [4] having as Options:
Electricity from mechanical energy, Electricity from steam energy, electricity from moving air and/or water energy, and Electricity from photovoltaic cell(s); and wherein, CE [1]
comprises Ew partially used to power at least one of compressor(s): A, H1, 01, 0, N and H.

Figure 12 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of: 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates catalytic conversion of steam into H2, along the cryogenic separation of air into nitrogen and 02; wherein, CE [1] produces Torque, Ew; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 from H2 storage [5]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises 02 from 02 storage [6] and/or distillation [20]; wherein, CE [1] comprises Cooling, C; wherein, CE
[1] comprises Combustion H2O; wherein, CE [1] comprises a Controller [8]
comprising inputs from H2, 02, C and Combustion H2O; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises a Radiator [7];
wherein, CE [ 1 ]
comprises flow of C from Radiator [7] to CE [ 1 ]; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises flow of C from CE
[ 1 ] to Radiator [7]; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises Exhaust flow to Pressure Controller [PC - 10];
wherein, CE [1] comprises downstream of PC [10], Exhaust flow to an H2 Catalyst Converter [14];

wherein, CE [1] comprises Exhaust flow from H2 Catalyst Converter [14] to PC
[10] and/or to Filter; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises flow from PC - 10 to Vent; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises air flow through the Filter; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow from the Filter through Compressor [A];
wherein, CE [1] comprises flow from Compressor [A] through heater exchanger [15]; wherein, CE
[1] comprises H2O flow from the heat exchanger [15]; wherein, CE [1] comprises air flow from Heat exchanger [15] through expansion and distillation [17]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises H2O flow from distillation [17] through heat exchanger [16]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2O flow from heat exchanger [16] through heat exchanger [15]; wherein, CE [1] comprises air flow from distillation [17] to the CE and/or Compressor [Dl]; wherein, CE [1] comprises air flow from Compressor [D 1 ] to Heat exchager [ 18]; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises air flow from Heat exchanger [ 18] through expansion and distillation [19]; wherein, CE [1] comprises N2 flow from distillation [19] to distillation [20]; wherein, CE [1] comprises 02 flow from distillation [19] to distillation [20];
wherein, CE [1] comprises N2 flow from distillation [20] to compressor [D2];
wherein, CE [1]
comprises H2 flow from Heat exchanger [18] to compressor [D2]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises N2 and H2 flow from Compressor [D2] to heat exchanger [22]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises H2 and N2 flow from heat exchanger [22] to expansion and distillation [23]; wherein, CE
[1] comprises H2 and N2 flow from distillation [23] to heat exchanger [22]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises H2 and N2 flow from heat exchanger [22] to distillation [21]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 flow from distillation [21] to H2 Storage [5]; wherein, CE [1] comprises N2 flow from distillation [23] to heat exchanger [18]; wherein, CE [1] comprises N2 flow from heat exchanger [18] to heat exchanger [ 16]; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises N2 and any X flow to Vent; and wherein, CE
[ 1 ] comprises Ew partially used to power at least one of compressor(s): D1, D2, 0, N and H.

Figure 13 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of: 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates catalytic conversion of steam into H2, along the separation of air into nitrogen and 02 with at least one of membranes and PSA;
wherein, CE [1] produces Torque, Ew; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 from H2 storage [5];
wherein, CE [1] comprises 02 from 02 storage [6] and/or liquefaction [12];
wherein, CE [1]
comprises Cooling, C; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises Combustion H20; wherein, CE
[ 1 ] comprises a Controller [8] comprising inputs from H2, 02, C and Combustion H2O; wherein, CE [1]
comprises a Radiator [7]; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow of C from Radiator [7] to CE [1];
wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises flow of C from CE [ 1 ] to Radiator [7]; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises CE
Exhaust flows to Pressure Controller [PC - 10]; wherein, CE [1] comprises downstream of PC
[10], Exhaust flows to an H2 Catalyst Converter [14]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises Exhaust flow from the H2 Catalyst Converter [14] to PC [10] and/or compressor [HI];
wherein, CE [1]
comprises flow from PC - 10 to Vent; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2O and H2 flow from Compressor [H1] to heat exchanger [24]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2O and H2 flow from heat exchanger [24] to expansion and distillation [25]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 flow from distillation [25] to H2 Storage [5]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 flow from distillation [25] to Heat exchanger [24]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 flow from Heat exchanger [24] to compressor [HI]; wherein, CE [1] comprises air flowing through a Filter;
wherein, CE [11 comprises flow from the Filter through Compressor [A]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises flow from Compressor [A] through at least one of Membranes and PSA; wherein, CE [1]
comprises flow from the at least one of Membranes and PSA to liquefaction [12] and/or to the CE [1] as an alternate source of 02 during periods of low 02 and as an 02 bypass or to liquefaction [12]; and wherein, CE [1] comprises Ew partially used to power at least one of compressor(s): D1, D2, 0, N and H.

Figure 14 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of. 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature; wherein, the CE [1] produces Torque, Ew; wherein, CE
[1] comprises an alternator/generator [2]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 from H2 storage [5];
wherein, CE [1]
comprises 02 from 02 storage [6]; wherein, CE [1] comprises Cooling, C;
wherein, CE [1]
comprises Combustion H20; wherein, CE [1] comprises a Controller [8]
comprising inputs from H2, 02, C and Combustion H20; wherein, CE [1] comprises a radiator [7];
wherein, CE [1]
comprises flow of C from Radiator [7] to CE [ 1 ]; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises flow of C from CE
[1] to Radiator [7]; wherein, CE [1] comprises CE Exhaust flows through Pressure Controller, PC [10]; wherein, CE [1] comprises downstream of PC [10], Exhaust flows through H2 Catalyst Converter, [14]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 flow from the H2 Catalyst Converter [14] to Compressor [Hl]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 flow from HI to H2 Storage;
wherein, CE [1]
comprises after flowing through the H2 Catalyst Converter [14], Exhaust gas is vented; wherein, CE [1] comprises air flowing through a Filter; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow of air from the Filter to Vent and/or the CE [1] as an alternate source of 02 during periods of low 02 and as an 02 bypass; and wherein, CE [1] comprises Ew partially used to power at least one of compressor(s): H1, 0, N and H.

Figure 15 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of. 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates cryogenic distillation of air into nitrogen and 02; wherein, the CE [1] produces Torque, Ew; wherein, CE [1] comprises an alternator/generator [2]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 from H2 storage [5];
wherein, CE [1]
comprises 02 from 02 storage [6]; wherein, CE [1] comprises Cooling, C;
wherein, CE [1]
comprises Combustion H20; wherein, CE [1] comprises a Controller [8]
comprising inputs from H2, 02, C and Combustion H20; wherein, CE [1] comprises a radiator [7];
wherein, CE [1]
comprises flow of C from Radiator [7] to CE [1]; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow of C from CE
[1] to Radiator [7]; wherein, CE [1] comprises CE Exhaust flows to Pressure Controller [PC -10]; wherein, CE [1] comprises downstream of PC [10], CE Exhaust flows through a Turbine/alternator/generator [T - 9]; wherein, CE [1] comprises after flowing through the T - 9, Exhaust gas H2O is sent a Vent and/or to H2O Storage; wherein, CE [1]
comprises air flow through a Filter; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow of air from the Filter through Compressor [A]; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow from Compressor [A] through a Heater exchanger [15];
wherein, CE [1]
comprises H2O flow from the Heat exchanger [15]; wherein, CE [1] comprises air flow from heat exchanger [15] through expansion and distillation [17]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises H2O flow from distillation [17] through heat exchanger [16]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2O
flow from heat exchanger [16] through heat exchanger [15]; wherein, CE [1] comprises air flow from distillation [ 17] to the CE [ 1 ] and/or Compressor [D 1 ]; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises air flow from Compressor [D 1 ] to Heat exchager [ 18]; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises air flow from heat exchanger [ 18] through expansion and distillation [19]; wherein, CE [1] comprises N2 flow from distillation [19] to distillation [20]; wherein, CE [1] comprises 02 flow from distillation [19] to distillation [20];

I `

wherein, CE [1] comprises N2 flow from distillation [20] to heat exchanger [18]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises N2 flow from heat exchanger [18] to heat exchanger [16]; wherein, CE
[1] comprises N2 and any X flow to Vent; wherein, CE [1] comprises 02 flow from distillation [20] to 02 Storage [6]; and wherein, CE [1] comprises Ew partially used to power at least one of compressor(s): A, D1,0,NandH.

Figure 16 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of: 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates the separation of air into nitrogen and 02 with at least one of membranes and PSA; wherein, CE [1]
produces Torque, Ew; wherein, CE [1] comprises an alternator/generator [2]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises H2 from H2 storage [5]; wherein, CE [1] comprises 02 from 02 storage [6] and/or liqauefaction [12];
wherein, CE [1] comprises Cooling, C; wherein, CE [1] comprises Combustion H20; wherein, CE [1] comprises a Controller [8] comprising inputs from H2, 02, C and Combustion H20;
wherein, CE [1] comprises a Radiator [7]; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow of Cs from Radiator [7] to CE [ 1 ]; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises flow of C from CE [ 1 ] to Radiator [7]; wherein, CE [ 1 ]
comprises CE Exhaust flow to Pressure Controller [PC - 10]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises Exhaust flow from PC [ 10] to a Turbine/alternator/generator [T - 9]; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises H2O flow from T [9] or PC [10] to Vent and/or H2O Storage; wherein, CE [1]
comprises air flowing through a Filter; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow from the Filter to Compressor [A];
wherein, CE [1] comprises flow from Compressor [A] through at least one of Membranes and PSA; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow from the at least one of Membranes and PSA
to liquefaction [ 12] and/or the CE [ 1 ] as an alternate source of 02 during periods of low 02 and as an 02 bypass and/or to liquefaction [12]; and wherein, CE [1] comprises EW
partially used to power at least one of compressor(s): A, 01, 0, N and H.

Figure 17 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of: 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates catalytic conversion of steam into H2, along with cryogenic dstillation of air into nitrogen and 02;
wherein, CE [1] produces Torque, Ew; wherein, CE [1] comprises an alternator/generator [2]; wherein, CE
[1] comprises H2 from H2 storage [5]; wherein, CE [1] comprises 02 from 02 storage [6] or distillation [20];
wherein, CE [1] comprises Cooling, C; wherein, CE [1] comprises Combustion H20; wherein, CE [1] comprises a Controller [8] comprising inputs from H2, 02, C and Combustion H20;
wherein, CE [1] comprises a Radiator [7]; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow of C
from Radiator [7] to CE [1]; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow of C from CE [1] to Radiator [7]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises Exhaust flow to Pressure Controller [PC - 10]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises downstream of PC [10], Exhaust flow through a Turbine/alternator/generator [T -9]; wherein, CE
[1] comprises after flowing through the T - 9, Exhaust flow to H2 Catalyst Converter [14];
wherein, CE [1] comprises Exhaust flow from H2 Catalyst Converter [14] to PC
[10] and/or Turbine/alternator/generator [ 11 ]; wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises air flowing through a Turbine [T -11]; wherein, CE [1] comprises air from T - 11 flow through a Filter; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow from the Filter through Compressor [A]; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow from Compressor [A] through heater exchanger [15]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2O flow from the Heat exchanger [15]; wherein, CE [1] comprises air flow from Heat exchanger [15] through expansion and distillation [17]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2O flow from distillation [17]
through heat exchanger [16]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2O flow from heat exchanger [16] through heat exchanger [15];
wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises air flow from distillation [ 17] to the CE [ 1 ]
and/or Compressor [D 1 ];
wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises air flow from compressor [D 1 ] to heat exchager [
18]; wherein, CE [ 1 ]
comprises air flow from heat exchanger [18] through expansion and distillation [19]; wherein, CE
[1] comprises N2 flow from distillation [19] to distillation [20]; wherein, CE
[1] comprises 02 flow from distillation [19] to distillation [20]; wherein, CE [1] comprises N2 flow from distillation [20]
to Compressor [D2]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 flow from heat exchanger [18]
to compressor [D2]; wherein, CE [1] comprises N2 and H2 flow from compressor [D2] to heat exchanger [22];
wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 and N2 flow from heat exchanger [22] to expansion and distillation [23]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 and N2 flow from distillation [23] to heat exchanger [22];
wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises H2 and N2 flow from heat exchanger [22] to distillation [21 ]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 flow from distillation [21] to H2 Storage [5]; wherein, CE
[1] comprises N2 flow from distillation [23] to heat exchanger [18]; wherein, CE [1] comprises N2 flow from heat exchanger [18] to heat exchanger [16]; wherein, CE [1] comprises N2 and any X
flow to Vent; and wherein, CE [1] comprises Ew partially used to power at least one of compressor(s): A, D1, D2, 0, N and H.

Figure 18 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of the proposed methods, processes, systems and apparatus for a combustion engine fueled by at least one of. 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature, and wherein the fuel system incorporates catalytic conversion of steam into H2, along with the separation of air into nitrogen and 02 with at least one of membranes and PSA; wherein, CE [1] produces Torque, Ew; wherein, CE [1] comprises an alternator/generator [2]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 from H2 storage [5]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises 02 from 02 storage [6] and/or liquefaction [12]; wherein, CE [1] comprises Cooling, C;
wherein, CE [1]
comprises Combustion H20; wherein, CE [1] comprises a Controller [8]
comprising inputs from H2, 02, C and Combustion H20; wherein, CE [1] comprises a Radiator [7];
wherein, CE [1]
comprises flow of C from Radiator [7] to CE [1]; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow of C from CE
[1] to Radiator [7]; wherein, CE [1] comprises CE Exhaust flow to Pressure Controller [PC - 10];
wherein, CE [1] comprises downstream of PC [10], Exhaust flows through a Turbine/alternator/generator [T - 9]; wherein, CE [1] comprises after flowing through the T - 9, Exhaust flow to H2 Catalyst Converter [14]; wherein, CE [1] comprises Exhaust flow from the H2 Catalyst Converter [14] to PC [10] and/or compressor [H1]; wherein, CE [1]
comprises flow from PC - 10 to Vent; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2O and H2 flow from compressor [H1] to heat exchanger [24]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2O and H2 flow from heat exchanger [24] to expansion and distillation [25]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 flow from distillation [25] to H2 Storage [5]; wherein, CE [1] comprises H2 flow from distillation [25] to heat exchanger [24];
wherein, CE [ 1 ] comprises H2 flow from heat exchanger [24] to compressor [H
1 ]; wherein, CE [ 1 ]
comprises air flow through a Turbine [T- 11]; wherein, CE [1] comprises air flow from T - 11 through a Filter; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow from the Filter to Compressor [A]; wherein, CE
[1] comprises flow from Compressor [A] through at least one of Membranes and PSA; wherein, CE [1] comprises flow from the at least one of Membranes and PSA to liquefaction [12] and/or to the CE [1] as an alternate source of 02 during periods of low 02 and as an 02 bypass and/or to liquefaction [12]; wherein, CE [1] comprises the at least one of Membranes and PSA comprising a Vent; and wherein, CE [1] comprises Ew partially used to power at least one of compressor(s):
A, H1, 01, 0, N and H.

Figure 19 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of proposed methods, procedures, systems and apparatus for heating the combustion mixture for a combustion engine that is fueled by at least one of. 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature; wherein, CE [1]
combustion chamber receives H2 from H2 Storage, 02 from 02 Storage and H2O from H2O
Storage; wherein, Ambient Q (heat) and Combustion Engine Q (heat), H2 and 02 prior to the CE [1]
combustion chamber; wherein, Q (heat) from Steam Turbine and/or Metal Catalyst is added to H2 and 02 prior to the QE [1] combustion chamber; wherein, Q (heat) from CE [1] exhaust is added to H2 and 02 prior to the CE [1] combustion chamber; and wherein Combustion Engine, Steam Turbine and/or Metal Catalyst Q (heat) is added to Low 02 Bypass (Air) prior to the CE [1]
Combustion Chamber.

Figures 21 and 21A illustrate in block diagram form a general description of proposed methods, procedures, systems and apparatus for a steam turbine [T] in combination with an alternator or generator, wherein the steam turbine is located in and powered by the exhaust of a combustion engine fueled by at least one of. 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature.

Figure 21A illustrates in block diagram form a general description of proposed methods, procedures, systems and apparatus for a CE in combination with multiple steam turbines [T];
wherein the CE, steam turbines and 02 Separation share a common drive shaft;
wherein, Torque from CE is to 02 Separation; wherein CE has a greater pressure, Pc, and temperature, Tc, than the first Turbine in T1 and P1; wherein, T1 has a greater pressure, P,, and temperature, T1, than the second Turbine in T2 and P2,; wherein, the second turbine has a greater pressure, P2, and temperature, T2, than Turbine three in T3 and P3, etc.; wherein, low pressure steam is to either: 1) discharge, vent, 2) H2 catalyst converter, 3) Steam turbine, or 4) Heat transfer equipment;
wherien H2O is added to CE.

Figure 22 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of proposed methods, procedures, systems and apparatus for an air turbine [T] in combination with an alternator or generator, wherein said air turbine provides electricity to separate H2O into H2 and 02 for a combustion engine, wherein said combustion engine is fueled by at least one of: 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature.

Figures 23 and 23A illustrate in block diagram form a general description of proposed methods, procedures, systems and apparatus for an air turbine [T] in combination with an alternator or generator, wherein said air turbine provides electricity to separate H2O into H2 and 02 for a combustion engine, wherein said combustion engine is fueled by at least one of: 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature.

Figure 24 illustrates in block diagram form a general description of proposed methods, procedures, systems and apparatus for pressue control for a combustion engine, wherein said combustion engine is fueled by at least one of: 02 and H2, air and H2, and wherein H2O is an option to cool the combustion chamber and to cool the combustion temperature;
wherein, the Controller [CONT - 30] takes a signal from PT; and wherein the Controller [30]
controls the Valve [31].

The methods, processes, systems and apparatus of the WCT utilize the heat of combustion of 02 with H2 as the primary energy source for combustion systems to create energy.
A preferred embodiment of this invention would be to combust 02 with H2. A
most preferred embodiment of the WCT would be to add H2O to the combustion chamber to control the combustion temperature. It is an embodiment to cool the engine with H2O in the combustion chamber, wherein the gas of combustion is at least one of water vapor and steam. It is a preferred embodiment of WCT to manage the final temperature in the combustion mixture prior to ignition so that the mixture is in at least one of a gaseous or fluid state.
Since the storage of 02 and H2 would be best accomplished at cryogenic temperatures, cryogenic 02 and/or cryogenic H2 may inhibit combustion. A
preferred embodiment of this invention would be to at least partially control the combustion temperature and/or the engine temperature by the temperature of cryogenic 02 and/or cryogenic H2. It is most preferred to preheat at least one of: 02, H2, and H2O
to a temperature/pressure combination that is allows for efficient combustion. To manage this energy it is a preferred embodiment to heat at least one of the: 02, H2 or H2O
and/or any combination therein by heat exchange from at least one of: engine combustion energy, sugars exhaust steam energy and radiant energy from an electrical resistant heating device and/or any combination therein. It is most preferred to preheat at least one of 02 and H2 from the energy ofthe environment prior to heating either. 02, H2 or H2O by heat exchange from at least one of engine combustion energy and engine exhaust steam energy. Since the heat capacity ofwater is much greater than that of water vapor (steam) and the latent heat of vaporization of water is a significant heat sink, it is amost preferred to heat the H2O to a liquid state and not to a gaseous or fluid state (steam).
Figure 19, approximates the preferred embodiment of combustion heating the combustion mixture.
While not preferred, an embodiment of combustion ofthis invention would be to add H2O with at least one of N2 and Ar to the combustion chamber, utilizing as a heat sink the Het) as well as N2 and/or Ar to control the combustion temperature.
While not preferred, an embodiment of combustion of this invention would be to utilize air instead of 02 as a source of 02o whenever enough 02 is not available, to combust with H2 to produce H2O as the primary coon product, knowing that NOx will be a secondary combustion product. The embodiment for the combustion of air and H2 is preferably accomplished with H2O added to the combustion chamber, thereby utilizing H2O
as a heat sink to reduce the combustion temperature and to produce steam. For brevity, the methods, processes, systems and apparatus of the most preferred embodiment(s), the preferred embodiment(s) and the embodiment(s) of combustion will be herein after referred to as WCT. Methods, processes, systems and apparatus for the WCT are approximated in figures 2 through 23A.
Cryogenic Distillation-Methods, processes, systems and apparatus for the WCT
that incorporate Cryogenic dim are approximated in Figures 5, 7, 8,12,15 and 17.
Cryogenic distillation principals incorporated into the WCT are to be those principles as are currently known in the art of cryogenic distillation. It is to be understood that per the Vapor-Liquid Equiliibrium diagram for each stage of distillation, the temperature of distillation is dependent upon the distillation pressure higher separation pressures lead to higher separation temperatures. It is to be understood that the N2102 separation portion contains two columns for the production of pure 02, the second column may be eliminated to reach purities of 02which are less than that ofpure 02. A most preferred embodiment is to cool the air for distillation utilizing at least one of the Joule Thompson Effect and counter-current heat exchange. A preferred embodiment is to cool the air for distillation utilizing at least one ofthe Joule Thompson Effect and the vaporization of a liquid. An embodiment is to cool the air for distillation utilizing at least one ofthe Joule Thompson Effect and the expansion of a gas doing work in an engine. A most preferred embodiment is to operate the first stage distillation column at 100 to 400 psis. A

preferred embodiment is to operate the first stage distillation column at atmospheric to 500 psis. A preferred embodiment of this invention is the use of recycled N2 as a heat sink, wherein at least one of the recycled N2 and recycled Ar can be used to cool at least one of 02 storage, H2 storage, a cooling system of the combustion engine, a cooling system for electrolysis, the combustion engine, air in an air conditioning system, the gases/liquids within stages of cryogenic distillation of air and/or any combination therein.
A most preferred embodiment of this invention is to cryogenically distill air into its components of O2, Ar and N2, wherein the energy utilized for cryogenic separation is obtained from the WCT and wherein the separated O2 is utilized as a fuel in the WCT.
Figures 5, 7, 8, 12, 15 and 17 approximate methods, processes, systems and apparatus ofthe WCT, wherein cryogenic distillation is used to separate air, wherein O2 from said separation is used as a fuel in said WCT.
Membranes - Membranes, of either organic or inorganic construction, can effectively be used to separate air into 02. Membrane separation principals incorporated into the WCT are to be those principles as are currently known in the art of membrane separation. Staged membrane separation is preferred to produce the purest 02.
With the use of inorganic or organic polymer membranes, it is preferred to place an electrical potential across a membrane designed to hold an electrical potential to facilitate separation. It is most preferred to utilize at least one oforganic and inorganic membranes to separate air, wherein the 02 from said separation is used in the WCT. It is most preferred to utilize the energy of combustion from the WCT to provide mechanical energy, wherein said mechanical energy powers the flow of air trough said membrane(s), wherein said membrane separates air, wherein the 02 from said separation is used as a fuel in said WCT.
PSA - Whether of positiveptue orvacuum adsorption, PSA can effectively be used to separate air. PSA principals incorporated into the WCT are to be those principles as are currently known in the art of PSA. While there are material designs for the adsorption of 02 as well as N2, it is preferred to perform 02 adsorption to mink ize the size of the PSA. It is most preferred to utilize PSA to separate air, wherein the 02 from said separation is used in the WCT. It is most prefirred to utilize the energy of combustion from the WCT to provide mechanical energy, wherein said mechanical energy powers said PSA, wherein said PSA separates air, wherein the 02 from said separation is used as a fuel in said WCT.
Figures 9,10, 11, 13, 16 and 18 approximate methods, processes, systems and apparatus of the WCT, wherein at least one of organic membrane(s), inorganic membrane(s), PSA and/or any combination therein is used to separate air, wherein 02 from said separation is used as a fuel in said WCT. In these figures, liquefaction ofeither H2 or 02 is a depicted option. It is preferred to utilized warm generated 02 and H2 in combustion as a first preference over liquefied 02 or H2; therefore, it is most preferred that any liquefaction be performed in storage as depicted in Figure 20.
This invention relates to chemical methods of producing H2 from steam, since steam is the physical state of the water product from the WCT. Figures 4, 6, 8,11,12, 13,14,17 and 18 approximate methods, processes, systems and apparatus discovered in this aspect ofthe invention. This invention converts steam into H2 utilizing the corrosion process. A preferred embodiment of this invention is to chemically convert the steam produced by WCT into H2 utilizing the corrosion of at least one metal. A
mostpreferred embodiment of this invention is to chemically convert the steam produced by WCT into H2, wherein said H2 is produced by the corrosion of at least one metal, wherein that corrosion is enhanced by an electrical current in the metal(s). A preferred embodiment of this invention is to chemically convert the steam produced by WCT into H2, wherein said H2 is created by the corrosion of at least one metal, wherein said H2 is used as a fuel in said WCT. A most preferred embodiment of this invention is to chemically convert the steam produced by WCT into H2, wherein said H2 is created by the corrosion of at least one metal, wherein said corrosion is enhanced by an electrical current in the metal(s), wherein said H2 is used as a fuel in said WCT. In many of these figures, liquefaction of H2 is a depicted option. It is preferred to utilized warm generated H2 in combustion as a first preference over liquefied H2; therefore, it is most preferred that any liquefaction be performed in storage as depicted in Figure 20.
This invention relates to electrolysis methods, processes, systems and apparatus to electrolytically convert H2O into 02 and H2, wherein said 02-and H2 are used as fuel in the WCT. Electrolysis principals incorporated into the WCT are to be those principles as are currently known in the art of electrolysis. Figures 3, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 11 approximate the methods, processes, systems and apparatus for electrolysis in this invention. It is preferred to utilized warm generated 02 and H2 in combustion as a first preference over liquefied 02 or H2; therefore, it is most preferred that any liquefaction be performed in storage as depicted in Figure 20. As a most preferred embodiment, this invention stores energy by the potential chemical energy available in H2O prior to electrolytic separation, as well as in 02 and in H2. Said 02 and H2 are available for the WCT and/or for a fuel cell to create electrical energy. As a most preferred embodiment, this invention stores energy by the potential chemical energy available in H20, wherein said H2O can electrolytically be converted to 02 and H2, wherein said 02 and H2 are is available forthe WCT and/or for a fuel cell to create electrical energy. As a preferred embodiment, this invention stores energy by the potential chemical energy available in at least one of H20, 02 and H2a as well as in batteries.
Since many types of combustion engines have a mechanical power output or mechanical energy rotating shaft, nearly all applications of this invention have the capability to convert available mechanical rotating energy into electrical energy.
Conversion of available mechanical rotating energy is performed utilizing an electrical generation device; most preferably a generator, wherein it is preferred said electrical energy is created. In cases wherein an alternator is used, an embodiment is to convert said electrical energy from an alternating current to a direct current. In cases where the WCT is performing work other Than electrical, heat or steam generation, activation of said generator is preferably inversely proportional to the work or torque performed by the WCT. It is preferred that the mechanical rotating energy produced by the WCT
enter a transmission, wherein said transmission engage in a manner that is inversely proportional to the torque and/or work output of said combustion system, wherein said transmission output mechanical rotating energy turn said gto create said electrical energy.
It is most preferred that said transmission engage a flywheel capable of storing rotational kinetic energy, wherein said flywheel turns said generator. Figures 3, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 11 approximate methods, processes, systems and apparatus to recycle mechanical energy as discovered in this invention. A preferred embodiment of this invention is the conversion of mechanical energy created by the WCT into electrical energy utilizing an electrical generator device. A most preferred embodiment is wherein said electrical energy is utilized in the electrolysis of H2O into H2 and O. A most preferred embodiment of this invention is the conversion of mechanical energy created by the WCT into electrical energy utilizing an electrical generator device, wherein said electrical energy is utilized in the electrolysis of H2O into H2 and 02, wherein said H2 and/or 02 is used as fuel in said WCT.
Fuel Storage - By the gas law (PV= nRT), it can be surmised that the efficiency of compression and efficiency of storage for 02 and/or H2 is increased significantly if the 02 and/or the H2 is stored at cryogenic temperatures. It is preferred to store at least one of H2 and/or 02 is in a liquid state. Due to the explosive and flammable nature of H2 and 02, it is preferred to utilize N2 as a refrigerant for the storage of at least one ofH2 and 02. Due to the rather extreme explosive nature of 02, it is preferred to limit the required storage of 02 with preference to any of said 02 generating technologies. To maintain fuel storage temperatures, it is preferred to operate a compressor for at least one of:
liquefaction of 02, chilling of 02, liquefaction of H2, chilling of H2 and/or any combination therein. It is most preferred that said compressor be powered by mechanical energy created by the WCT. Figure 20, illustrates in block diagram form chilling and/or liquefaction of 02 and/or H2.

Simce nearly all applications of WCT have an engine exhaust, nearly all applications of this invention will have the ability to convert combustion exhaust steam energy. It is preferred to insulate the combustion engine and/or the steam turbine to retain as much energy as is practical to produce steam, thereby improving engine efficiency.
Conversion of said energy is preferably performed utilizing a steam turbine.
Figures 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 approximate the methods, processes, systems and apparatus to convert steam energy into electrical energy. Steam turbine principals incorporated into the WCT are to be those principles as are currently known in the art of steam turbine technology. A preferred embodiment of this invention is the conversion of steam energy, wherein said steam energy is created by the WCT, wherein said stern energy is converted into electrical energy utilizing a steam turbine, wherein said steam turbine turns a generator creating said electrical energy. It is preferred that said electrical energy be regulated. In the case wherein an alternator is used, it is preferred that said electrical energy be converted from an alternating current to a direct current A most I

preferred embodiment of this invention is wherein at least a portion said electrical energy is utilized in the electrolysis of H20 into H2 and 02. A most preferred embodiment of this invention is the conversion of steam energy created by the WCT into electrical energy utilizing a steam turbine, wherein said steam turbine turns a generator device, wherein said generator device creates an electrical current, wherein at least a portion of said electrical current is utilized in the electrolysis of H2O into H2 and 02, wherein at least a portion of said H2 and/or O2 is used as at least a portion of the fuel in said WCT.
Since there are many applications ofcombustion engines performing some type of movement and/or many applications of combustion engines will have an available source of moving air or moving water, many applications of this invention will have the ability to convert the energy of moving air or water. Figures 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 and approximate the methods, processes, systems and apparatus to convert moving air energy into electrical energy. A preferred embodiment of this invention is the conversion of the energy of moving air or water into electrical energy, wherein said electrical energy is created by a generator from the moving air or water utilizing a turbine which turns in direct consequence of the moving air or water, wherein at least a portion of said electrical energy is utilized in the electrolysis of H2O into H2 and 02. It is preferred that said electrical energy be regulated. In the can wherein a generator is used, it is preferred that said electrical energy be converted from an alternating current to a direct current. A most preferred embodiment of this invention is use of at least a portion of said H2 and/or 02 as fuel in said WCT.

Steam Turbine Method, Process and System The energy of steam is measured in temperature and in pressure. Assuming saturated steam, steam energy is measured by pressure alone, i.e. the steam is normally termed 150, 300 or 400 psig steam, etc. Only in the case superheated steam is steam energy measured by both pressure and temperature. Steam looses temperature and pressure as energy is used. Upon loosing energy, steam temperature and pressure (usually just measured as pressure) reduces and the steam begins condensing water. Once all of the steam energy is depleted, there is no pressure or water vapor, just hot water.
Using this knowledge, one may expect all electrical generation facilities to use every last BTU or psig of steam. Such is not done, because such is not economical, given the required investment. However, in the case of WCT, pollution control equipment is minimized and heat transfer equipment eliminated, thereby reducing investment and improving heat transfer. Heat transfer equipment is minimized or eliminated because the exhaust of the WCT Engine, steam, is directly transferred to the steam turbine. In the case of hydrocarbon combustion, energy of the hot gasses of combustion are transferred via a heat exchanger to water, thereby creating steam, after which said hot gases are transferred to environmental protection equipment. Said heat exchanger(s) are normally called boilers. The discovered WCT eliminate the need for boilers to generate steam, thereby improving heat transfer, thereby improving steam generation efficiency.
It is preferred that steam turbine(s) of the present invention be installed in a configuration, wherein the exhaust of the WCT drive said steam turbine(s), wherein condensation is removed. It is most preferred to transfer said condensation to electrolysis. Said removal of steam energy is most preferably performed in a staged system, wherein at each stage a portion ofthe energy of the steam is removed by a steam turbine and the resulting condensation is removed prior to the next steam turbine or stage of energy removal. It is most preferred that all of the steam energy (pressure) be removed by the steam turbine/water removal system(s). It is preferred that at least a portion ofthe energy of the steam (pressure) be removed by the steam turbine/ water removal system.
Figures 21 and 21A approximates the methods, processes, systems and apparatus to convert steam energy into electrical energy, as discovered in this invention.

Air and Water Motion Turbine Method and System The energy of moving air or water is measured in mass and velocity. Since the mass of air or water into an air or water turbine is equals the mass out of said turbine, the change in velocity is the measure of energy removal. That energy difference can be directly calculated using the laws of physics, specifically kinetic energy.
However, it must be noted that the difference in velocity, the removed energy, which can be converted into electrical energy by the turbine will have an opposite drag force. For a stationary combustion engine of the discovered WCT, said drag force can be counterbalanced by the support structure ofthe turbine. However, in transportation applications wherein the drag force is counter to the direction of motion, said drag force will reduce transportation efficiency. In transportation applications, the vehicle inherently contains a drag force that reduces transportation efficiency. To the extent that said contained drag force can be utilized to convert moving air or water energy into electrical energy at a cost that is less than the energy losses in said contained drag force, is to the extent that said wind and/or water turbine will have practical application. One such application is that of a sail boat, wherein the drag force is in the same direction as the direction of motion.
Figure 22 approximates the methods, processes, systems and apparatus to convert moving air energy into electrical energy, as discovered in this invention.
In water applications, wave energy (vertical energy) is much greater than the energy of the water's movement (horizontal energy). It is preferred in water applications that a generator be driven by the energy of the vertical wave movement.
Figures 23 and 23A approximates the methods, processes, systems and apparatus to convert moving water energy into electrical energy, as discovered in this invention. It is preferred to use said electrical energy from said water energy to electrolytically convert H2O
into H2 and 02. It is most preferred to use said H2 and/or said 02 as fuel for said WCT, Photovoltaic Cells In all applications of the discovered WCT, wherein light is available, it is an embodiment to utilize photovoltaic cells to create electricity. It is preferred to use said electricity from said photovoltaic cells to electrolytically convert H2O into H2 and 02. It is most preferred to use said H2 and/or said 02 as fuel for said WCT.

Fuel Celt In all applications of the discovered WCT, wherein electricity is created, it is an embodiment to utilize fuel cells to create electricity. In such applications, a fuel cell would replace a battery for the storage of electrical energy. It is preferred to create said electricity with a fuel cell when the WCT Engine is not in operation. It is most preferred to utilize discovered WCT to create electricity.

Heating The discovered WCT is especially suited for applications to generate heat.
Heat generation may be performed using the discovered WCT in both industrial and in domestic applications. In the case of heating a gas or a liquid, the heat energy of the discovered WCT can be effectively transferred via any heat exchange equipment as is known in the art of heat transfer.
In the case of heating air, wherein the combustion components are those discovered in the WCT, it is most preferred that the exhaust of combustion be discharged directly into said air to be heated. In the case of heating air to be used in an enclosed human, plant and/or animal application, wherein the combustion components are at least one of 02 and H2; and 02, H2 and H20, it is most preferred that the exhaust of combustion discharge directly into said air to be heated, thereby providing humidified heated air.
In the case of heating water, wherein the combustion components are those discovered in the WCT, it is most preferred that the exhaust of combustion discharge directly into said water to be heated, wherein the water heater or hot water storage has a vent to release generated NOx. In the case of heating water, wherein the combustion components are at least one of: 02 and H2; and 02, H2 and H2O, it is most preferred that the exhaust of combustion can be discharged directly into said water to be heated, and wherein the water heater or hot water storage has a pressure relief device, as is known in the art.

It is most preferred in heating applications that the combustion engine create electricity, as well as heat the subject gas and/or liquid. System configurations for the heating of a gas or a liquid are limited to the creativity of the designer;
however, configurations approximating the discovered WCT System, wherein the heating of a gas or a liquid is performed is approximated in Figures 2 through 18, wherein heat transfer can be performed either in the exhaust of said combustion or in the block of said CE. (In this case cooling said CE is not a loss of efficiency since the removed heat has apurpose.) Cooling The discovered WCT is especially suited for applications to remove heat. Heat removal may be performed using the discovered WCT, wherein at least one of cryogenic distillation is performed and/or the WCT provides mechanical energy and said mechanical energy powers a refrigeration system. In the case of cooling a gas or a.liquid, the heat sink capability of the chilled N2 from said cryogenic distillation is preferably transferred via heat exchange equipment, as is known in the art of heat transfer. In the case of cooling a gas or a liquid, a refrigeration unit is preferably used, wherein said refrigeration unit is powered by mechanical energy, wherein said mechanical energy is created by the WCT.
In the case of cooling air or water, it is most preferred that the heat sink capability of the chilled N2 from said cryogenic distillation be transferred either directly to said air and/or via any heat exchange technology as is known in the art of heat transfer.
It is most preferred in cooling applications that the combustion engine create electricity, as well as cool the subject gas and/or liquid. System configurations for the cooling of a gas or a liquid are limited to the creativity of the designer.

Water Chemistry Water is the most efficient and economical method of storing 02 and/or H2.
Electrolysis of water is the preferred method of converting stored H2 and/or 02 as H2O
into combustible form. Electrolysis is best performed with a dissolved electrolyte in the water, the dissolved electrolyte or salt will improve conductivity in the water, thereby reducing the required electrical energy to perform electrolysis. In this invention it is an embodiment to perform electrolysis upon water that contains an electrolyte. In this invention it is preferred to perform electrolysis upon water that contains a salt. However, many dissolved cation(s) and anion(s) combination(s) can precipitate over time reducing the efficiency of electrolysis. Due to inherent solubility, in this invention it is a preferred embodiment to perform electrolysis upon waterthat contains a Group IA/Group VIIA salt (including acids). Further, as temperature is increased, hard water contaminants may precipitate; therefore, it is preferred that the water of electrolysis be distilled or de-ionized prior to the addition of a Group IA/Group VILA salt.

A dispersant is preferably added to water to prevent scale. Dispersants are low molecular weight polymers, usually organic acids having a molecular weight ofless than 25,000 and preferably less than 10,000. Dispersant chemistry is based upon carboxylic chemistry, as well as alkyl sulfate, alkyl sulfite and alkyl sulfide chemistry; it is the oxygen atom that creates the dispersion, wherein oxygen takes its form in the molecule as a carboxylic moiety and/or a sulfoxy moiety. Dispersants that can be used in this invention which contain the carboxyl moiety are, but are not limited to:
acrylic polymers, acrylic acid, polymers of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, firmaric acid, itaconic acid, crotonic acid, cinnamic acid, vinyl benzoic acid, any polymers of these acids and/or any combination therein. Dispersants that can be used in this invention which contain the alkyl sulfoxy or allyl sulfoxy moiety include any alkyl or allyl compound, which is water soluble containing a moiety that is at least one of SO, SO2, SO3, and/or any combination therein. Due to the many ways in which an organic molecule can be designed to contain the carboxyl moiety and/or the sulfoxy moiety, it is an embodiment ofthis invention that any water soluble organic compound containing at least one of a carboxylic moiety and/or a sulfoxy moiety. (This is with the knowledge that not all dispersants have equivalent dispersing properties.) Acrylic polymers exhibitvery good dispersion properties, thereby limiting the deposition of water soluble salts and are most preferred embodiments as a dispersant in this invention. The limitation in the use of a dispersant is in the dispersants water solubility in combination with its carboxylic nature and/or sulfoxy nature.
Water is inherently corrosive to metals. Water naturally oxidizes metals, some with a greater oxidation rate than others. To minimize corrosion, it is preferred that the water have a pH of equal to or greater than 7.5, wherein the alkalinity of the pH is from the hydroxyl anion. Further, to prevent corrosion or deposition of water deposits on steam turbines, it is preferred to add a condensation corrosion inhibitor to the water.
Corrosion inhibitors are added to water to prevent corrosion. Chelants can be used to prevent corrosion, as well as complex and prevent the deposition ofmany cations, including hardness and heavy metals. Chelants or chelating agents are compounds having a heterocyclic ring wherein at least two kinds of atoms arejoined in a ring.
Chelating is forming a heterocyclic ring compound by joining a chelating agent to a metal ion.
Chelants contain a metal ion attached by coordinate bonds (i.e. a covalent chemical bond is produced when an atom shares a pair of electrons with an atom lacking such a pair) to at least two nonmetal ions in the same heterocyclic ring. Examples of the number of chelants used for mineral deposition in the present invention are water soluble phosphates consisting of phosphate, phosphate polymers, phosphate monomers and/or any combination thereof. The phosphate polymers consist of, but are not limited to, phosphoric acid esters, metaphosphates, hexametaphosphates, pyrophosphates and/or any combination thereof Phosphate polymers are particularly effective in dispersing magnesium silicate, magnesium hydroxide and calciumphosphates. Phosphate polymers are particularly effective at corrosion control. With proper selection of a polymer, along with maintaining an adequate polymer concentration level, the surface charge on particle(s) can be favorably altered. In addition to changing the surface charge, polymers also f action by distorting crystal growth. Chelants lock the metals in the water into soluble organic ring structures of the chelants. Chelants provide reactive sites that attract coordination sites (i.e. areas of the ion that are receptive to chemical bonding) of the cations. Iron, for example, has six coordination sites. All coordination sites of the iron ion are used to form a stable metal chelant. Chelants combine with cations such as calcium, magnesium, iron and copper that could otherwise form deposits. The resulting chelated particles are water soluble. The effectiveness of chelant(s) is limited by the concentration of competing anions, alkalinity and temperature.
The effect of adding sufficient amounts of the number of chelant(s) by the present invention is to reduce available free metal ions in the water and therefore, reduce the phosphate demand. Phosphate, such as phosphoric acid and/or pyrophosphoric acid is used to complex or form metal phosphates, which are insoluble. In the preferred embodiments, phosphate polymers, such as metaphosphate and/or hexametaphosphate is used as a corrosion inhibitor and as a chelant to prevent correspondingly any precipitation of calcium and/or magnesium, while providing corrosion control. Metaphosphate and/or hexametaphosphate, as well as polymers based upon this chemistry, soften the water by removing the free calcium and/or magnesium ions from the water and by bringing the metal ions into a soluble slightly-ionized compound or radical. In addition, the water containing any excess metaphosphate and/or hexametaphosphate will actually dissolve any phosphate or carbonate which may deposit. Metaphosphate and/or I

hexametaphosphate do not throw the metal ions out of solution as is the case of usual water softening compounds, but rather lockup the metal ions in a metaphosphate and/or a hexametaphosphate complex molecule; these molecules provide a one or two molecule thickness coating on metal surfaces to limit metal corrosion. This is particularly important for heavy metal materials.

Operating Pressure Relief The WCT Engine will have applications wherein the recycling or re-use of the exhaust gasses of combustion create high operating pressures. Further, it is very feasible that there may be unintended operating situations, wherein the operating pressure becomes greater than the design pressure of the equipment employed; any such situation can be a significant safety issue. In the case of the internal combustion engine, a significant industry paradigm shift may be required for the industry to even consider trapping and recycling combustion engine exhaust gases. The discovered WCT
will contain at least one of: H2, N2, 02, H2O and/or any combination therein at various pressures in many aspects of the invention. To ensure that the WCT operates safely, in the event of an equipment operating failure or of equipment operating in excess of the intended pressure, pressure relief is preferred. Pressure relief can limit the potential event of a catastrophic failure. It is preferred that pressure relief device(s) be installed throughout the WCT as those devices are known in the art and as are normally located via a Failure Mode and Effect Analysis and/or a Fault Tree Analysis. Example devices include pressure relief valves, rupture discs and pressure relief control loops. It is most preferred that a pressure relief device be installed downstream of any compression generating portion of the WCT. As such, it is most preferred that pressure relief device(s) be installed immediately downstream of any compressor and in the combustion engine exhaust Figures 2 through 18 approximate the location of pressure control/relief in the combustion engine exhaust. Figure 24 approximates pressure relief designs.

WCT Engine and Apparatus Referring to figures 3 through 18, a combustion engine (CE) is symbolically shown for receiving as fuel H2 and at least one of 02 and air. Said combustion engine may be of any type, wherein combustion is performed to generate at least one of mechanical torque, heat, electricity and/or any combination therein. It is preferred that H2O be received in the combustion chamber, along with said fuel, said H2O is to be termed combustion H20-H2 flowing to CE is to have a flow. 02 flowing to CE to have a flow. Air flowing to CE is to have a flow. Means to measure said H2 flow, measure said 02 flow and measure said air flow are to be provided such that a proportional signal in relation to flow is sent to the CE controller (CONY) from each of said H2 flow measuring device, said 02 flow measuring device and said air flow measuring device. H2 flowing to CE is to have flow valve(s). 02 flowing to CE to have flow control valve(s). CONT is to have as input said H2 flow signal, said 02 flow signal and said air flow signal. Said controller is to receive an input signal from an external source indicating the combustion setpoint. Said controller is to compare said combustion setpoint to said H2 flow signal, sending a proportional signal to said H2 flow control valve that is in proportion to the difference in the combustion setpoint and the H2 flow signal, thereby proportioning said H2 flow control valve. CONT is to compare said 02 flow signal and said air flow signal to an H2/02 ratio setpoint, providing a proportional signal to an 02 flow control valve and to an air flow control valve, wherein: said 1-12 flow, said 02 flow and said air flow are such that the molar ratio of H2/02 is approximately 2:1. In the case wherein said 02 flow control valve signal is not near approximately 100%, CONT sends a signal to close said air flow control valve. In the case wherein said 02 flow control valve signal is near approximately 100%, CONT compares said O2 flow signal and said air flow signal to said H2/02 ratio setpoint obtaining an air flow difference, sending a proportional signal to said air flow control valve that is in proportion to said difference, thereby proportioning said air flow control valve.
To conserve energy, as depicted in Figure 20, it is preferred that the H2 flow control valve(s) consist of a two staged system of flow control valves. The first H2 flow control valve, downstream of generated H2 and downstream of H2 storage is to control H2 flow to CE. The second H2 flow control valve (for installations that have generatedH2) is to be located from the generated H2 line and be located in the H2 line flow from H2 storage. The second H2 flow control valve is to remain closed until the first H2 control valve is near approximately 100 % open (thereby assuring full usage of generated H2 prior usage of stored H2) at which time the second H2 flow control valve will begin opening to supply H2 from storage.
To conserve energy, as depicted in Figure 20, it is preferred that the 02 flow control valve(s) consist of two staged flow control valves. The first 02 flow control valve, downstream of generated 02 and downstream of 02 storage is to control 02 flow to CE. The second 02 flow control valve is to be located from the generated 02 line and be located in the 02 line flow from 02 storage. The second 02 flow control valve is to remain closed until the first 02 control valve is near approximately 100 %
open (thereby assuring full usage of generated 02 prior usage of stored 02) at which time the second 02 flow control valve will begin opening to supply 02 from storage.
It is preferred that said combustion H2O have f low to said combustion chamber(s) in CE. It is preferred that a source of coolant flow to and/or through the block of CE. It is preferred that a temperature measurement device have a means of measuring combustion temperature and/or CE block temperature near the combustion chamber(s) of CE. Means to measure said combustion H2O flow and measure said combustion temperature are to be provided such that a proportional signal is sent to a controller (CONT) from each of said combustion H2O flow measuring device and said combustion temperature measuring device. CONT is to have as input said combustion H2O
flow signal, afore said H2 flow signal and said temperature signal. It is preferred that CONT
have a hot temperature setpoint, a coolant temperature setpoint, a warm temperature setpoint and an H2/H20 ratio setpoint. It is preferred that CONT compare afore said H2 flow signal and said combustion H2O flow signal to said H2/H2,0 ratio setpoint, in combination with comparing said temperature signal to said warm temperature selpoint, said coolant temperature setpoint, said hot temperature setpoint and provide a proportional signal to said combustion H2O flow control vale and to said coolant flow control valve.
In the case wherein said temperature signal is less than said warm temperature setpoint, less than said coolant temperature setpoint and less than said hot temperature setpoint, it is preferred that CONT send a signal to said coolant flow control valve to close said coolant flow control valve; and send a signal to said combustion H2O flow control valve to close said combustion H2O flow control valve.
In the case wherein said temperature signal is equal to or greater than said warm temperature setpoint, less than said coolant temperature setpoint and less than said hot temperature setpoint, it is preferred that CONT send a signal to said coolant flow control valve to close said coolant flow control valve; and send a signal to said combustion H2O
flow control valve, wherein said signal is proportional to the difference between said measured temperature signal and the warm temperature setpoint, and wherein the ratio is greater than said H2/H20 ratio setpoint, thereby proportioning said combustion H2O flow control valve.
In the case of said temperature signal greater than said warm temperature setpoint, equal to or greater than said coolant setpoint and less than said hottemperature setpoint, it is preferred that CONT send a signal to the combustion H2O flow control valve, wherein the H2/H20 ratio is equal to said H2/H20 ratio setpoint, thereby proportioning said combustion water flow control valve; and send a signal to said coolant flow control valve, wherein said signal is proportional to the difference between said temperature signal and said coolant setpoint, thereby proportioning said coolant flow control valve.
In the case wherein the temperature signal is greater than said warm temperature setpomt, greater than said coolant setpoint and equal to or greater than said hot temperature setpoint, it is preferred that CONT send a signal to open the combustion H2O
flow control valve 100%, which obtains a H2/H20 ratio less than said H2/H20 setpoint;
and send a signal in proportion to the difference between the temperature signal and said coolant setpoint to said coolant flow valve, thereby proportioning said coolant flow control valve; and send a signal to said H2 flow control valve, thereby closing said H2 flow control valve; and send a signal to said 02 flow control valve, thereby closing said 02 flow control valve; and send a signal to said air flow control valve, thereby closing said air flow control valve.
It is most preferred that the WCT Engine operate at a temperature between said warm temperature setpoint and said coolant temperature setpoint. It is preferred that energy not leave the WCT engine via coolant. It is most preferred that required engine cooling be performed by the addition of combustion H2O to the combustion chamber(s).
Said WCT Engine is to preferably obtain 02 from at least one of. 02 storage, cryogenic distillation, membrane separation, PSA, electrolysis of H2O and/or any combination therein. Said cryogenic distillation is to obtain OZ from at least one of air and/or electrolysis of H2O. Said membrane separation and/or said PSA is preferably to obtain 02 from air. Said cryogenic distillation and/or said membrane separation and/or said PSA is to preferably be powered by said WCT Engine. Said 02 storage is to preferably be performed at cryogenic temperatures. The mechanical energy for said cryogenic storage is preferably created by said WCT Engine.
Said WCT Engine is preferably to obtain H2 from at least one of: H2 storage, steam corrosion of a metal(s), electrolysis of H2O and/or any combination therein. Said steam, to produce H2 from said corrosion, is preferably an exhaust product of said WCT
Engine. Said H2 storage is to preferably be performed at cryogenic temperatures. The mechanical energy for said cryogenic storage is preferably created by said WCT
Engine.
More said electrolysis of H2O is preferably to obtain electrical energy for electrolysis from a generator driven by at least one of: a steam turbine, mechanical rotating energy, an air turbine powered by the energy of moving air, a water turbine powered by the energy of moving water and/or any combination therein and/or photovoltaic cell(s). It is preferred that said electrical energy be regulated. In the case wherein an alternator is used, it is preferred that said electrical energy be converted from an alternating current to a direct current. Said steam turbine is most preferably powered by steam generated by afore said WCT Engine. Said mechanical rotating energy is preferably powered by afore said WCT Engine.
The WCT Engine is to preferably generate mechanical energy in the form of torque. It is preferred that said mechanical energy turn a generator, wherein said generator create electrical energy. Exhaust from said WCT Engine is preferably to turn a steam turbine, wherein said steam turbine turns a generator, wherein said generator creates electrical energy. It is preferred that at least a portion of said electrical energy is used to electrolytically convert H2O into H2 and 02. It is most preferred to use a portion of said H2 and/or said 02 as fuel for said WCT Engine.
Materials of construction for the WCT Engine, the fuel and energy management systems and apparatus are to be those as known in the art for each application as said application is otherwise performed in the subject art. For example, various composite and metal alloys are known and used as materials for use at cryogenic temperatures.

i L

Various composite and metal alloys are known and used as materials for use at operating temperatures of over 500 OF. Various ceramic materials can be conductive, perform at operating temperatures of over 2,000 OF, act as an insulator, act as a semiconductor and/or perform other functions. Various iron compositions and alloys are known for their performance in combustion engines that operate approximately in the 200 to 1,500 OF
range. Titanium and titanium alloys are known to operate over 2,000 and 3,000 T.
Tantalum and tungsten are known to operate well over 3,000 OF. It is preferred to have at least a portion of the construction of the WCT Engine contain an alloy composition wherein at least one of. a period 4, period 5 and/or a period 6 heavy metal is used, as that metal(s) is known in the art to perform individually or to combine in an alloy to limit corrosion and/or perform in a cryogenic temperature application and/or perform in a temperature application over 1,000 OF. While aluminum is lightweight and can perform limited structural applications, aluminum is limited in application temperature. Due to the operating temperatures involved in the WCT Engine, thermmoplastic materials are not 1s preferred unless the application of use takes into account the glass transition temperature and the softening temperature of the thermoplastic material.

Example 1 A traditional gasoline internal combustion engine obtains approximately 20 miles per gallon. Performing an energy balance on the engine, according to Figure 2:
EF=Ew+EBx+Ec+Eat+Ec EF=--20%EF+w'35%Ep+-- 35%Ep+-- 9%EF+=I%E1r EF = Ew + sti 800/9 EF in energy losses for internal CE(s).
EF = 20 mpg + 80% EF
Again, EF=Ew+Emc+Ec+Eajo+Ec Assuming: 1) complete engine insulation, 2) a steam turbine with 80%
efficiency, 2) a generator with 90% efficiency and 3) an electrolysis unit with 80% efficiency turns Ex and Ec, Ewcr, into approximately 30% Ep using WCT, EF=Ew+0.30Ep+99%EF+sz1%EF
Ew(WCT)=50%EF

Example 2 Referencing CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, the total available combustion energy for n-Octane is approximately 1,300 keel/mole; at 114 lb/lb mole EF =
11.4 kcal/lb. (This excludes endothermic losses in the formation of NOx.) Further, the density of n-Octane is approximately 6.7 lb/gallon, which leads to energy figures for n Octane in the average automobile:
EF - 100 mpg = 15 mile/lb. = 11.4 kcal/lb.; Ew z 20 mpg = 3 mile/lb. = 2.3 kcal/lb.
The total available energy for the combustion of hydrogen is 68 kcal/mole; at 2 lb/lb mole EF = 34 kcal/lb. Therefore, on a mass basis, H2 = 34/11.4 3 times more energy per pound.
Therefore, using WCT, H2 and 02 are 50%/20% = 2.5 times more efficient.
Correlating, energy figures for WCT in the average automobile:
First, the fuel availability must be calculated. H2 is 100% as delivered Since cryogenics are at least approximately 16% efficient, the production of 02 is estimated to be 16% efficient. ' 2/3X1+1/3X0.16^~70%
(Therefore, approximately 30% of the energy of the H2 and 02 is used to generate 02.) EF 15 mile/lb, X 0.70 X 34 kcal/Ib.H2 X 2.5 = 31 m/lb.; Ew 15 mile/lb. H2 11.4 kcal/lb. n-Octane (Note: Every lb. of H2 requires V2 lb. of generated 02.) Example 3 According to the Chemical Market Reporter, H2 has a current market price of approximately $0.50/lb. and gasoline has a price of approximately $1.60 per gallon or approximately $0.24 per pound. Utilizing traditional hydrocarbon combustion technology in transportation, the cost per mile for fuel is:
$0.24 per lb. / 3 mile per lb. = $0.08 per mile for gasoline Utilizing the WCT with the current cost of H2, the cost per mile for fuel is:
$0.50 per lb. / 15 mile per lb. = $0.03 per mile Example 4 Electrical power plants currently produce electricity using a natural gas turbine followed by a steam turbine, wherein the energy for steam generation is transferred via a boiler from the exhaust gas of the natural gas turbine. As is typical in the industry:
^ The efficiency of combustion is approximately 99 percent.
^ The efficiency of the natural gas turbine is approximately 20 percent.
= The efficiency of the boiler is approximately 85 percent.
= The efficiency of the steam generator is approximately 90 percent Utilizing the above, the efficiency of electricity generation is approximately:
0.99 X 0.20 + 0.99 X 0.20 X 0.85 X 0.90 = 35 percent For WCT utilizing the configuration in Figure 23A, appropriate assumptions for efficiency would be approximately:
^ The efficiency of combustion near 99 percent.
= The efficiency of 02 generation (cryogenics are 16%) near 16 percent, ^ Hydrogen is delivered, thereby having 100% delivery efficiency.
= Heat loss of water at exhaust (1200 OF - 212 OF = 80%) new 80 percent.
= Friction losses now 12 percent.
Utilizing the above, the efficiency of electricity generation is approximately:
0.99X(2/3X1+1/3X0.16)X0.80X0.88=50 percent Utilizing the above, incorporating:
= A H2 price of approximately $0.50 per pound.
^ A natural gas price of approximately $6.00 per thousand cubic feet.
= A natural gas energy value of approximately 212 kcallmole.
The cost of electricity production for WCT on a kcal basis is:
$0.50/lb. X 0.50 / 34 kcal/lb. = $0.007/kcal The cost of electricity production for a traditional natural gas plant on a kcal basis is:
First convert cubic feet to pounds at STP and convert to kcal/lb.:
1000 cubic feet (tef) / 360 cubic feet per lb. mole = 2.8 lb. mole 2.8 lb. mole X 16 Ib./Ib. mole = 45 lb.
212 kcal/mole / 16 IbJIb. mole = 13.25 kcal/lb.
Second, estimate economics:
($6.00 per tcfl451b. per tcf) X 0.36 / 13.25 kcal/lb. _ $0.010/kcal Example 5 In residential heating, natural gas is often used. Referencing above, the cost of natural gas heating, assuming 80% heat transfer efficiency is:
($8.00 per tcf/45 lb. per tcf) X 0.80 / 13.25 kcallib. = $0.011/kcal For WCT using membranes and referencing above:
$0.50/lb. X (2/3 X 1 + 1/3 X 0.40) X 0.80 / 34kcal/lb. _ $0.009ftal Certain objects are set forth above and made apparent from the foregoing description. However, since certain changes may be made in the above description 1 o without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matters contained in the foregoing description shall be interpreted as illustrative only of the principles ofthe invention and not in a limiting sense. With respect to the above description, it is to be realized that any descriptions, drawings and examples deemed readily apparent and obvious to one skilled in the art and all equivalent relationships to those described in the specification are intended to be encompassed by the present invention.
Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention. It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described, and all stetements of the scope of the invention, which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall in between.

Claims (31)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. A combustion system, comprising a fuel mixture of oxygen, as 02, hydrogen, as H2, wherein at least a portion of said oxygen is obtained by the separation of air, wherein said separation of air is carried out by a method selected from the group consisting of (a) cryogenic air separation, (b) membrane air separation and (c) pressure swing absorption air separation, and combinations thereof, wherein at least a portion of the energy of combustion powers at least a portion of the air separation, and wherein combustion occurs in a combustion chamber and combustion temperature is at least partially controlled with the addition of water to the combustion chamber.

2. A combustion engine comprising a combustion chamber, wherein a mixture of oxygen, as O2, and hydrogen, as H2, are combusted, wherein at least a portion of said oxygen is obtained by the separation of air and wherein the separation of air is carried out by a method selected from the group consisting of. (a) cryogenic air separation, (b) membrane air separation, and (c) pressure swing absorption air separation and combinations thereof and wherein at least a portion of the energy of combustion powers at least a portion of said air separation, and wherein the temperature of combustion is at least partially controlled with the addition of water to said combustion chamber.

3. A method of combustion, comprising using a fuel mixture of oxygen, as O2 and hydrogen, as H2, wherein at least a portion of said oxygen is obtained by the separation of air and wherein said separation of air is carried out by a method selected from the group consisting of (a) cryogenic air separation, (b) membrane air separation, (c) pressure swing absorption air separation and combinations thereof and wherein at least a portion of the energy of combustion powers at least a portion of said air separation, and wherein combustion occurs in a combustion chamber and the temperature of combustion is at least partially controlled with the addition of water to said combustion chamber.

4. A system of Claim 1 or an engine of Claim 2 or a method of Claim 3 wherein the steam produced by combustion turns at least one steam turbine, and wherein said steam turbine(s) turn a generator to create electrical energy.

5. The system of Claim 1 or tho engine of Claim 2 or the method of Claim 3, wherein mechanical rotating energy is created by said combustion, and wherein said mechanical rotating energy turns a generator to create electrical energy.

6. The system of Claim 1 or the engine of Claim 2 or the method of Claim 3, wherein nitrogen or argon is in said fuel.

7. The system of Claim 1 or the engine of Claim 2 or the method of Claim 3, wherein at least a portion of the steam produced by combustion is converted to hydrogen by the corrosion of at least one metal.

8. The system or engine or method of Claim 7, wherein the production of hydrogen is increased by an electrical current in said metal(s).

9. The system or engine or method of Claim 7 or Claim 8, wherein at least a portion of said hydrogen is used as part of said fuel mixture.

10. The system of Claim 1 or the engine of Claim 2 or the method of Claim 3, wherein a generator turns due to the movement of air or water, and wherein said generator creates electrical energy, and wherein said electrical energy is at least partially utilized in the electrolysis of water to hydrogen or oxygen, and wherein at least a portion of said hydrogen and/or at least a portion of said oxygen is used as part of said fuel mixture.

11. The system or engine or method of Claim 4 or Claim 5, wherein said electrical energy is at least partially used in the electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen and oxygen.

12. The system or engine or method of Claim 11, wherein at least a portion of said hydrogen and/or at least a portion of said oxygen is used as part of said fuel mixture.

13. The system of Claim 1 or the engine of Claim 2 or the method of Claim 3, wherein a photovoltaic cell creates electrical energy, and wherein said electrical energy is at least partially used in the electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen or oxygen, and wherein at least a portion of said hydrogen and/or at least a portion of said oxygen is used as part of said fuel mixture.

14. The system of Claim 1 or the engine of Claim 2 or the method of Claim 3, wherein during said separation of air, argon is substantially removed from said oxygen.

15. The system of Claim 1 or the engine of Claim 2 or the method of Claim 3, wherein nitrogen from air separation is used to cool any portion of: stored oxygen, stored hydrogen, an electrolysis system, said combustion and any combination thereof.

16. The system of Claim 1 or the engine or Claim 2 or the method of Claim 3, wherein separation of air is carried out by cryogenic air separation and nitrogen from air separation is used to cool said cryogenic air separation system.

17. The system of Claim 1 or the engine of Claim 2 or the method of Claim 3, wherein nitrogen from said separation of air is at least partially used to cool air or water.

18. The system of Claim 1 or the engine of Claim 2 or the method of Claim 3 wherein at least one of: a corrosion inhibitor, a chelant, a dispersant and any combination thereof is added to the water that is added to the combustion chamber.

19. The system of Claim 1 or the engine of Claim 2 or the method of Claim 3 wherein at least one of oxygen and hydrogen is stored in a liquid state, the liquid state being achieved by liquefaction.

20. The system or engine or method of Claim 19, wherein liquefaction is effected by at least one compressor and said compressor(s) is powered by at least one of: a fuel cell and said combustion.

21. The system or engine or method of Claim 20, wherein said compressor(s) is powered by a fuel cell and said fuel cell is powered by at least one of oxygen and hydrogen.

22. The system of Claim 1 or the engine of Claim 2 or the method of Claim 3, wherein at least one of hydrogen, oxygen and water are preheated prior to combustion with the energy from at least one of: ambient temperature, said combustion, said combustion exhaust, an electrical radiant heat source and/or any combination thereof.

23. The system or engine or method of Claim 5, wherein said mechanical rotating energy from combustion enters a transmission, wherein said transmission engages in a manner that is inversely proportional to the torque and/or work output of said combustion, wherein said transmission output mechanical rotating energy turns said generator to create said electrical energy.

24. The system or engine or method of Claim 23, wherein said transmission engages a fly wheel capable of storing rotational kinetic energy, wherein said fly wheel turns said generator.

25. The system of Claim 1 or the engine of Claim 2 or the method of Claim 3, wherein a pressure control device is installed in the combustion exhaust.

26. A system of Claim 1 or the engine of Claim 2 or the method of Claim 3, wherein the combustion exhaust is used to heat at least one of a gas and a liquid.

27. A system or engine or method of Claim 26 in which the combustion exhaust is used to heat either air or water.

28. The system or engine or method of Claim 27 in which the combustion exhaust discharged directly into said air or water.

29. The system of Claim 1, wherein the system is insulated.

30. The engine of Claim 2, wherein the engine is insulated.

31. The method of Claim 3, wherein the combustion apparatus is insulated.