CA2493719C - Helical stent having improved flexibility and expandability - Google Patents
Helical stent having improved flexibility and expandability Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2493719C CA2493719C CA2493719A CA2493719A CA2493719C CA 2493719 C CA2493719 C CA 2493719C CA 2493719 A CA2493719 A CA 2493719A CA 2493719 A CA2493719 A CA 2493719A CA 2493719 C CA2493719 C CA 2493719C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- undulations
- struts
- transition
- stent
- central portion
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 12
- 210000004204 blood vessel Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 241000357297 Atypichthys strigatus Species 0.000 description 1
- NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylhydroxytoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000763212 Lype Species 0.000 description 1
- 101100043658 Schizosaccharomyces pombe (strain 972 / ATCC 24843) ste11 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000201776 Steno Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000012790 confirmation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- KSNNEUZOAFRTDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N fominoben Chemical compound ClC=1C=CC=C(NC(=O)C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=1CN(C)CC(=O)N1CCOCC1 KSNNEUZOAFRTDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004594 fominoben Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002513 implantation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940028444 muse Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- GMVPRGQOIOIIMI-DWKJAMRDSA-N prostaglandin E1 Chemical compound CCCCC[C@H](O)\C=C\[C@H]1[C@H](O)CC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCCCCC(O)=O GMVPRGQOIOIIMI-DWKJAMRDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002792 vascular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000005166 vasculature Anatomy 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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- A61F2002/91525—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other within the whole structure different bands showing different meander characteristics, e.g. frequency or amplitude
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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- A61F2/915—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other
- A61F2002/9155—Adjacent bands being connected to each other
- A61F2002/91583—Adjacent bands being connected to each other by a bridge, whereby at least one of its ends is connected along the length of a strut between two consecutive apices within a band
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61F2250/00—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
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- A61F2250/0036—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof having different values of a given property or geometrical feature, e.g. mechanical property or material property, at different locations within the same prosthesis differing in thickness
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- A61F2250/00—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Cardiology (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Transplantation (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Media Introduction/Drainage Providing Device (AREA)
- Prostheses (AREA)
Abstract
A stent includes a central portion of helically wound undulations formed of struts, cylindrical end portions, and transition zones between the helical portion and the cylindrical portions. According to a first aspect of the invention, the torsional flexibility of the stent is maximized by having bridges connecting adjacent winding be interrupted by the maximum possible number of undulations. In a preferred design, each winding includes nineteen undulations around the circumference, bridges are provided every five undulations. According to a second aspect of the invention, uniform opening of the transition zone is achieved by altering the width, and thereby the flexibility, of a series of struts in accordance with their lengths.
Specifically, the long transition zone struts are made wider.
Specifically, the long transition zone struts are made wider.
Description
1 HELICAL STE1VT HAVxTtIG ItKPROVED FLEXIBILITY AND EXPAD1DA~TLIT'Y
2 BACKGROUND OF THE I1~IVENTION
~.. Field of the Tnvention 6 This invention reJ.ates broadly to arterial prosthesis. More 7 particularly, this invention relates to vascular scents, and even 8 mere particularly to helical stents.
2. State of the Art 11 Transluminal prostheses are widely used in Lhe medical arts 12 for implantation ~.n blood vessels, biliary ducts, or other similar 13 organs of the living body. These,~rostheses are commonly known as 14 sterrts and are used to maintain, open, or dilate tubular structures.
'! 6 17 Scents are either balloon expandable or self-expanding.
18 Balloon expandable scents are typically made from a solid tube of 19 stainless steel. Thereafter, a series of cuts are made in the wall of the stent. The stent has a first smaller diameter 21 configuration which permiLS the scent to be delivered through the 22 human vasculature by being crimped onto a balloon cathenex. The 23 scent also has a second, expanded diameter configuration, upon the 24 application, by the balloon catheter, from the interior of the tubular shaped member of a radially, outwardly directed force, CONFIRMATION COPY
1 Self-expanding stents act like springs and recover to their 2 expanded or implanted configuration after being compressed. As
~.. Field of the Tnvention 6 This invention reJ.ates broadly to arterial prosthesis. More 7 particularly, this invention relates to vascular scents, and even 8 mere particularly to helical stents.
2. State of the Art 11 Transluminal prostheses are widely used in Lhe medical arts 12 for implantation ~.n blood vessels, biliary ducts, or other similar 13 organs of the living body. These,~rostheses are commonly known as 14 sterrts and are used to maintain, open, or dilate tubular structures.
'! 6 17 Scents are either balloon expandable or self-expanding.
18 Balloon expandable scents are typically made from a solid tube of 19 stainless steel. Thereafter, a series of cuts are made in the wall of the stent. The stent has a first smaller diameter 21 configuration which permiLS the scent to be delivered through the 22 human vasculature by being crimped onto a balloon cathenex. The 23 scent also has a second, expanded diameter configuration, upon the 24 application, by the balloon catheter, from the interior of the tubular shaped member of a radially, outwardly directed force, CONFIRMATION COPY
1 Self-expanding stents act like springs and recover to their 2 expanded or implanted configuration after being compressed. As
3 such, the stent is irlsexted into a blood vessel zn a compressed
4 state and then released at a site to deploy into an expanded state. One Lype of self-eXpanding scent is composed of a 6 plurality of ~.ndividuaZly resilient and elastic thread elements 7 defining a radially self-expanding he7.fx. This type of scent is 8 known in the art as a "braided stent". Placement o~ such scents 9 in a body vessel'can be achieved by a device which comprises an outer catheter for holding the scent at its distal end, and an 11 ixuaer piston which pushes the stem forward once it is in 12 position. However, braided stents have many disadvantages. They 13 typically do not have the necessary radial. strength to effectively 14 hold open a diseased vessel. Tn addition, the plura7.ity of wires or fibers used to make such scents could become dangerous if 76 separated from the body of the scent, whexe it could pierce 17 through the vess'al , 19 Therefore, recently, se7.f-expanding scents cut from a tube of 2Q superelastic metal alloy have been manufactured. These scents are 21 crush recoverable and have relatively high radial, strength. U.S.
22 Patent No. 5,913,69'7 to Corso, U.S. Patent No. 6,02,597 to Kveen, 23 and WPO Patent Application WO 01/89421-A2 (with inventors Cottone 24 and Backer, and re~erxed to here~.n as "Cottone'~) each teach superelastic eut-tubular scents having a heJ.ically wound Z _ 1 configuration of repeating undulations. Bridge structures connect 2 adjacent circumferential windings by extend~.r~,g between loop 3 portions of undulations on adjacent windings. However, the bridge 4 structures and arrangements do not maximi2e the torsional flexibility of the stents, Tn particular, Cottone describes a 6 scent having a helical pattern of bridges (aonnecCions) connecting 7 windings of the helix which is reverse an handedness from the 8 undulations of the windings which form the central portion of the 9 scent, The design described provides the scent with asymmetr~.c characteristics that cause the scent to resist Lorsional 11 deformations differently ~:n one direction versus the other. Iri 12 addition, each "helix of connections" forms a string of 13 connections in which the connections are interrupted by only one 14 and one-half undulations. As such, that string is resistant to stretching and compression Accordingly, when a scent so designed 16 is twisted toxsionally, that string of connections causes 17 constriction of the scent when twisted in the "tightening"
18 direction (i.e., in the direction of the windings) and expansion 19 of the stent when twisted in the opposite "loosening" direction.
This differeriCial toxsional reaction results in the undulations of 21 the stent being forced out o~ the cylindrical plane of the surface 22 of the scent, such that the steno appears to buckle when twisted 23 in the "loosening" direction.
1 =n fact, even zf the stm t were constructed opposite to 2 Cottone's preferred embodiment (that .is. with a helix of bridges 3 having the same handedness as the helix of undulations), the same 4 effect results. Stems built with Constructions containing a str~.ng of bridges,separated by only a small number of undulations f> behave poorly when twisted. That is, they react differently if 7 the stent is twisted one way versus the other, and the surface of 8 the scent tends to buckle ~rhen twisted only slightly in the 9 "loosening" diretti,on.
11 Moreover, due to the helical Hrindings of the stents, the 12 stents described by Corso and Kveen terminate uneven~.y at the end 13 of the helical windings. As such, the terminus of the final 14 winding fails to provide a unifoxm radial expansion force 360 therearound. Cottone addresses this problem by providing a sterit 16 constructed with a, helically wound portion of undulations in the 1T central port~.owof~ the stmt, a cylindrical portion of undulations 18 at each end of the~stent, az~d a transiCion zone of undulations 19 joining each cylindrical portion tv the central helically wound port~.on. The undu7.ati,ons of the transition zone include struts 21 which progressively ck~ange in length.
23 secause the transition zone must mate directly to the 24 cy7.indrical portioz~ on one side and to a helically wound portion on the other side, the transition zone must creato a free end from _ g which the helical portion extends, must contain a bifurcation, and 2 must depart from a uniform strut length for the struts around the 3 circumference of the transition zone sv that the transition from 4 Lhe helically wound portion to the cylindrical portion can occur.
However, if there are longer struts in a portion of the 7 trans~,tion zone, that portion tends to expand more than 'the 8 portion with shorter struts because the bending moments created by 9 longer struts are greater than these created by shorter struts.
Also,~for the same opening angle between two such struts when the 11 stent is in an expanded state, the opening distance between such 12 struts is greater if the struts are longe=. These two factors 13 combine their effects in the portion of the transition zone with 14 7.onger struts so that the apparent opening distances are much larger than. in the portion where the struts are shorter. As such, 16 the simple transition zone described by Cot~tone is not amenable to 17 uniform expansion and compression, which is a requirement of an 18 efficient self-expanding scent.
Moreover, except ~.n the case of the Cottone he~.ical. stent 21 which is provided with a transition zone, and except where there 22 are different strut le~,gths in the undulations at the ends of a 23 scent, scents generally contain struts of one length thxoughouC
24 their design. Accordingly, in order to achieve uni.torm openingr of
22 Patent No. 5,913,69'7 to Corso, U.S. Patent No. 6,02,597 to Kveen, 23 and WPO Patent Application WO 01/89421-A2 (with inventors Cottone 24 and Backer, and re~erxed to here~.n as "Cottone'~) each teach superelastic eut-tubular scents having a heJ.ically wound Z _ 1 configuration of repeating undulations. Bridge structures connect 2 adjacent circumferential windings by extend~.r~,g between loop 3 portions of undulations on adjacent windings. However, the bridge 4 structures and arrangements do not maximi2e the torsional flexibility of the stents, Tn particular, Cottone describes a 6 scent having a helical pattern of bridges (aonnecCions) connecting 7 windings of the helix which is reverse an handedness from the 8 undulations of the windings which form the central portion of the 9 scent, The design described provides the scent with asymmetr~.c characteristics that cause the scent to resist Lorsional 11 deformations differently ~:n one direction versus the other. Iri 12 addition, each "helix of connections" forms a string of 13 connections in which the connections are interrupted by only one 14 and one-half undulations. As such, that string is resistant to stretching and compression Accordingly, when a scent so designed 16 is twisted toxsionally, that string of connections causes 17 constriction of the scent when twisted in the "tightening"
18 direction (i.e., in the direction of the windings) and expansion 19 of the stent when twisted in the opposite "loosening" direction.
This differeriCial toxsional reaction results in the undulations of 21 the stent being forced out o~ the cylindrical plane of the surface 22 of the scent, such that the steno appears to buckle when twisted 23 in the "loosening" direction.
1 =n fact, even zf the stm t were constructed opposite to 2 Cottone's preferred embodiment (that .is. with a helix of bridges 3 having the same handedness as the helix of undulations), the same 4 effect results. Stems built with Constructions containing a str~.ng of bridges,separated by only a small number of undulations f> behave poorly when twisted. That is, they react differently if 7 the stent is twisted one way versus the other, and the surface of 8 the scent tends to buckle ~rhen twisted only slightly in the 9 "loosening" diretti,on.
11 Moreover, due to the helical Hrindings of the stents, the 12 stents described by Corso and Kveen terminate uneven~.y at the end 13 of the helical windings. As such, the terminus of the final 14 winding fails to provide a unifoxm radial expansion force 360 therearound. Cottone addresses this problem by providing a sterit 16 constructed with a, helically wound portion of undulations in the 1T central port~.owof~ the stmt, a cylindrical portion of undulations 18 at each end of the~stent, az~d a transiCion zone of undulations 19 joining each cylindrical portion tv the central helically wound port~.on. The undu7.ati,ons of the transition zone include struts 21 which progressively ck~ange in length.
23 secause the transition zone must mate directly to the 24 cy7.indrical portioz~ on one side and to a helically wound portion on the other side, the transition zone must creato a free end from _ g which the helical portion extends, must contain a bifurcation, and 2 must depart from a uniform strut length for the struts around the 3 circumference of the transition zone sv that the transition from 4 Lhe helically wound portion to the cylindrical portion can occur.
However, if there are longer struts in a portion of the 7 trans~,tion zone, that portion tends to expand more than 'the 8 portion with shorter struts because the bending moments created by 9 longer struts are greater than these created by shorter struts.
Also,~for the same opening angle between two such struts when the 11 stent is in an expanded state, the opening distance between such 12 struts is greater if the struts are longe=. These two factors 13 combine their effects in the portion of the transition zone with 14 7.onger struts so that the apparent opening distances are much larger than. in the portion where the struts are shorter. As such, 16 the simple transition zone described by Cot~tone is not amenable to 17 uniform expansion and compression, which is a requirement of an 18 efficient self-expanding scent.
Moreover, except ~.n the case of the Cottone he~.ical. stent 21 which is provided with a transition zone, and except where there 22 are different strut le~,gths in the undulations at the ends of a 23 scent, scents generally contain struts of one length thxoughouC
24 their design. Accordingly, in order to achieve uni.torm openingr of
- 5 -1 the stent; all the struts have substantially the same width as 2 well as length.
SU1~IARY OF THE INVENTION
Tt is therefore an object of the invention to provide a cut-? cube self-expanding helical scent which has substantiaJ,ly equal 8 Corsiona7. flexibility and resistance to torsional buckling when 9 twisted in both directions.
17 Zt is another object ox the invention zo provide a'cut-tube 12 self-expanding helical stent having a transition zone and a 13 cylindrical segment at each end thereof, and to improve the 14 expandability of the transition none.
16 zt is a further object of the invention to provide ;a cut-tube 17 self-expanding helical stent having a transition zone in which 18 .openings created between the struts of an expanded stmt can be 19 made more uniform over the entire transition none.
27 In accord with the i~avention~ which will be described in 22 detail below, a cut-tube self-expanding scent havzng a central 23 hel~,cally wound portion comprising repeating v.~adulations formed of 24 struts is provided at each of its ends with a cxlindrical poxtion,
SU1~IARY OF THE INVENTION
Tt is therefore an object of the invention to provide a cut-? cube self-expanding helical scent which has substantiaJ,ly equal 8 Corsiona7. flexibility and resistance to torsional buckling when 9 twisted in both directions.
17 Zt is another object ox the invention zo provide a'cut-tube 12 self-expanding helical stent having a transition zone and a 13 cylindrical segment at each end thereof, and to improve the 14 expandability of the transition none.
16 zt is a further object of the invention to provide ;a cut-tube 17 self-expanding helical stent having a transition zone in which 18 .openings created between the struts of an expanded stmt can be 19 made more uniform over the entire transition none.
27 In accord with the i~avention~ which will be described in 22 detail below, a cut-tube self-expanding scent havzng a central 23 hel~,cally wound portion comprising repeating v.~adulations formed of 24 struts is provided at each of its ends with a cxlindrical poxtion,
- 6 1 and a transition zone between the helical, porczon and each.
2 cylindrical, portion, 4 According to a first aspect of the invention, several criteria are set forth which together provide fox optimal 6 torsional. fZexibi7.ity and expandability in a self-expanding
2 cylindrical, portion, 4 According to a first aspect of the invention, several criteria are set forth which together provide fox optimal 6 torsional. fZexibi7.ity and expandability in a self-expanding
7 helically wound stent. According co a first criterion. the
8 torsional flex~,bility of the stent is maximized by having all the
9 "strings'' of bridges which connect adjacent helical winding be ~.nterrupted by tk~e maximum possible number of undulations. This 11 results in these bridge strings being as sCretchy and compressible 12 as possible. According Co a second criterion, the undulations iii 13 the central portion axe interdigi,tated. According to a third 14 cra.terion, preferred numbers of undulations, bridges, and undulations between bridges are provided. According to a fourth 16 criterion, the bridges preferably extend in a "short" direat~.on, 17 longitudinally crosswise across the helically space separating the 18 helical windings of undulations. Most preferab7.y, the bridges 19 join loops of undulations which are vut of phase by one and one-half undulations.
22 According to a second aspect of the invention, uniform 23 opening of the transition zone is achie~cred by aJ.tering the 24 flexibility of a series of struts in accordance with their lengths, Specifically, the ~.ong transiCion zone struts are made 1 wider (in the cylindrical plane) to corr~pensate for the greater 2 bending moments imposed by the longex strv.ts. This keeps the 3 opening distance (the distance between the open ends of adjacent 4 struts in an expanded stmt) approximately constant throughout the transition zone. More parCicula~~ly, in a typical transition zone, 6 the shortest strut must be approximate~.y half the ler_gth of the 7 longest strut. In order to maintain similar opening d~,stances, 8 the long struts should be wider by approximately the cube rout of 9 2 squared, i.e. ~pproxa.mately 1.59, The ratio may be adjusted to i0 a value near this ratio in order to achieve a uniform opening, 71 ~riv~,ng consideration to the fact that in a transition none two 12 adjacent struts of unequal length both contribute to the bending 13 moment on the flexing connection that joins them, the ratio may 14 also be adjusted to make the opening angle of the shoxtest strut pairs not, exceed a certain value in order to limit the maximum, 16 strains erperienced in that portion of the transition zone.
t~ ' 18 ,'~ditional. objects and advantages of the invention will 19, become apparent to those skilled in the. a.rt upon reference to the detailed description Caken in conjunction with the provided 21 figuxes.
_ g _ 3 Fig. 1 is a broken flattened view of a helical stent 4 accordirig to the invenCion in an unexpanded state, wherein the stex~t has been cut parallel to its longitudinal axis and laid 6 flat;
6 Fig. 2 is an enlarged broken Flattened view of a central portion of the helical scent of Fig. 1~
11 Fig. 3 is an enlarged broken flattened view of a transition 12 zone portion of the helical stene of Fig. 1; and 14 Fig ~ is a schematic view of a plurality~of struts of the transition zone of Fig, 3 shown in an open configuration.
i6 17 DETAILED DESCRTpTION 0f THE PREFERRED E1.'ZHODIMENTS
19 Turning now to Fig. 1, a helical stem 10 according to the in~rention. is shown. The scent has a collapsed configuration with 21 a first smaller diameter for insertion into a body vessel, and 22 self-expands to an expanded or deployed configuration with a 23 second larger diameter for deployment wirhin the vessel. ~,'he 24 scent is preferably a J,aser-cut tubular construction of a superelastic metal alloy such as nickel-tiCanium.
g 1 The stent 10 includes a central portion 22, a cylindrical 2 portion 14 at each end of the stent 10, and a transition zone 16 3 bet~reen the central portion 1,2 a,nd each cylindrical end portion 4 14, The central portion ~.2 is comprised of a plurality of helical, circumferential windings (single turns of a heliX) 18 of 6 substantially like undulations (in length and width) 20, with each 7 undulation 20 being defined by two adjacent struts, e.g., struts 8 22, 24, and a loop 26 connecting the struts (Fig: 2). the 9 cylindrical end portion 14 is comprised of preferably a single cylindrical winding 28 of like undulations 30, with each such 11 undulation 30 being defined by two adjacent struts, e,g., struts 12 32, 34~, and a leop 36 connecting the struts. Optionally, one or 13 more structures 3? adapted to receive or otherwise be coupled to 14 radiopaque marker's (not shown) can be provided at the ends of one or more of the undulatiox~,s 30. The transition. zone 16 is 18 comprised of preferably a single winding 38 of undulations 40 that 17 preferably progressively increase in size, with each such 18 undulation 40 being defined by two adjacent struts, e.g., struts 19 42, 44, and a loop 46 connecting the struts, 21 Tn each of sections 12, 14 and 16, the undulations 20, 30, 40 22 extend in a generally longitudinal direction. That is, when the 23 scent is in a collapsed configuration, as shown in Fig. 1" struts 24 of the helical poxt~.on (e. g., 22 arid 241, cylindrical portion (e. g., 32 and 34) and transiCion zone (e. g., 42 and 44) a~,~. extend - ~.0 -1 substantially parallel to zhe longitudinal axis ,Az of the scent.
2 In the e~cpanded configuration, adjacent ,struts are moved apart and 3 angled relative to each Qther.
a Referring to Fig. 2, paxcicularZy with xespeot to the centxal 6 portion 7.2, as the windings 18a, 18b, 18c axe 7,ongitudinalZy 7 displaced along the length of the stent, bridges, e.g. 50, 52, 54 8 and 56, are provided to connect together the 7.oops 25 of':
9 undulations 20 on adjacent windings, a.g. 18a and 18b, and 18b and 18c, to prevent scent unwinding. The bridges 50, S2, 54. 56 can 11 be seen to be arranged in r~.ght-handed axed left-handed helical ?2 "strings" (right-handed string 60 and left-handed stz'ing 62) which 13 extend about the scent.
1d There are several p7referred design considerations (criteria) 16 which, according to the invention, are preferably used together to 17 identify a desired number az~d placement of undulations in any 13 winding and a number and placement of bridges 50, 52, 54e 56 which 19 connect together loops 26 of undulations on adjacent windzngs (and thereby connect together the grindings 18a, ~.8b, 28c) , zf the 21 central pox'tion 12 is designed in accord with Che following 22 criteria, tho central portion 12 will have a desired tors3onal 23 flexibility and expandability; i.e., be not too stiff, but also be 24 sufficiently Flexible so that the central portion Z2 r~rill not be subject to kinking.
11 _ 1 In accord with a first criterion, the pattern of bridges is 2 as symmetric as possible. That is, the ri.ghz-handed and 3 Left-handed strings 60, 62 of bridges should be as s~.milar as possible. Further, Che torsional flexibiliCy of the stmt is maximized by having each string 60, 62 of bridges be interrupted 6 by the maximum poss~.ble number of undulations 24. This results in 7 the bridge strings being as stxetchy and compressible as possible, 8 In any given stent design, there is a certain numbex of 9 undulaCions which form a Complete circumferentia2 winding (szngle turns of the helical portion). The number of undulations 20 which 11 sepaxate the bridges lying along any one string depends, 12 therefore, on the number of bridges wiChin a Complete 13 circumferential winding. For example, if t'hare are eighteen 14 undulations around a circumferential winding and three bridges, and if ehe bridges on adjacent windings axe staggered, in accord 16 with the invention there should be three undulations separating 17 bridges along each helical strings of bridges.
19 Tn accord with a second criterion, it is preferred that the ,loops 26 of the undulations 20 of the oentral portion 12 be 21 interdigitaCed between the loops of the undu~,ations on an adjacent 22 winding. For example, if there are eighteen undulations around 23 the Circumference, each undulation would. be rotationally displaced 24 from the undulations on the adjacent winding by one-half an undulation (i.e., one thirty-sixth of a circle or ten degrees), so 1 that the "peak" of one loop is directed into the "valley" between 2 two loops on an adjacent winding, 4 In accord with a third criterion, it is necessary to observe how the number (m) of undulations between bridges and the number fi (n or n+1/2 ) of undu~.at~,ons around the circumference interact to 7 create helical strings of bridges. Tk~aC is, with an, increase in n 8 for a stmt of a given diameter, the stent is weakened and subject 9 to kinking. This is because, for a stent of a given diameter, by providing more struts, narrower and weaker struts must be used.
'f1 As n is decreased, the struCs are increased in width and thus 12 stiffness. However., while this may strengthen zhe stmt, the 13 scent is nevertheless.limited in flexibility and may be 14 undesirably stiff. Zn accord with the invention, for the optimum combination of strength and flexibility, it is preferred that n 16 (i.e. the number of undulations) be sixteen to twenty, and more 17 preferably eighteen to nineteen, where n may optionally.be a nox~-1$ integer. In addition, the number of bridges, m, for the preferred 19 number of struts is most preferably three to five bridges per circumferenta.al winding.
22 In accord with a fourth criterion, consideration must be mado 23 as to the locations between which the bridges connect and the 24 direction in which the bridges extend. In accord with the preferred interdigitated criterion, the bridges cannot extend 1 parallel to the longitudinal ax~,s At of the stem, Rather, they 2 preferably extend across loops located one and one--half pitches 3 away; i.e., each bridge connects over two struts relative to 4 directly across from the strut from which the bridge extends. In addition, the bridges extend longitudinally crosswise across the 6 helical space separating the adjacent loops (i.e. ire a "shorr~~
7 direet~.on), as opposed circumferentially aT.ong the helical space 8 separating the adjacent loops (i.e., in a "long" direction).
zn view of Che above, a preferred exemplar central portion 12 11 of the stent 10 illustrating the application of the above criteria 12 is now described. Referring to Fig. 2, the central portion 12 of 13 the scent 10 includes repeating undulations 20 (each comprising 14 two struts.22, 24 and a loop 26) that are helically wound in circumferential windings 18a~ 18b, 18c, etc. There are preferably 16 nineteen undulations 20 in each circumferential winding lAa, 18b, 17 18c and the undulations are interdigitated. With reference to 18 windings 18b and 18c, a bridge 50, 52, 54 is located every five 19 undulations therebetween, az~d. each bridge joins loops of undulations on the adjacent windings 19a, 1,8b which are one and 21 one-half pitches away (vr two struts over from directly across) in 22 the "short" direction. That i,s, all bridges in the central 23 portion 12 of the stent preferably extend in the same direction, z4 longitudina~.ly crosswise across the helical space. This preferred exemplar embodiment provides a very sy~unetri.cal distribution of 1 bxidges. In particczlar, traveling from any one bridge, e.g, 2 bxidge 54. to the next bridge, e,g. bridge 56, along zhe righ~t-3 hand stringy 60 of bxidges, traverses exactly two and one half 4 undulations !or five struts 70, 72, 74, 76 and 78). Moreover, traveling from any one bridge, e.g, br~.dge 52, to the next bridge, fi e.g, bridge 56, along the left-handed string 62 of bridges, also 7 traverses exactly two and one half undulations for five struts 60, A 82, 84, 86 and 88). This design gives very even tors,ional 9 flexibility and expandability, and the stent may be twisted considerably in e~.ther direction without buckling.
12 Referring now to Fig. 3, the transition zone 16 of the scent 13 10 is shown. The transition zone, as stated above, includes 14 struts that progressively increase in length. The long transition zone struts 90, 92 are relatively wider l~.n the cylindrical plane) 16 than the shorter transition zone struts 94, 96 to Qompez~sate for 17 the greater bending moments imposed by the longer struts.
18 Moreover, even the shortest trans~.tion zone strut 98 Zs preferably 19 longer and wider than the struts 22, 24 of the centxal portion 12.' 21 More particularly, referring to Figs. 3 and 4, for 22 substantially~unifozm expansion of the stmt, it is desirable for' 23 the opening distance D (i.e., the distance between the ends of two 24 adjacent struts, e.g. struts 32 and 34, when the anent is in an open configuration) to be approximately even throughout the 1 transition none 16. Accordingly, the opening angle a between 2 pairs of longer struts in the transition zone, e.g. struts 32 and 3 3~1, must be smaller than the opening angle a between shorter 4 struts. e.g. struts 94 and 96. In addition,, the bending stiffness of the longer struts must be even greater than in proportion tv 6 their increased bending moment. The bending stiffness S of a 7 rectangular-section beam is in proportion to the third power of 8 the width (in the bedding direction) W. As such, by way of 9 example, in order. to double the bending sta.ffness of a stxu,t, the width W of the strut must be increased by the Cube root of two.
12 The bending moment .Nt of a strut is in linear proportion to 13 the length L of the strut. The opening angle a. is proportional to 14 the bending moment M divided by the stiffness S. The opening distance D is proportional to the product of the opening angle a 16 multiplied by strut length L. Therefore, the opening distance D
17 is proportional to a * L, which is equal t.o ~(M/S) * L. Since M is 18 linearly proportional to L. the opening distance D is proportional 19 to the square of L div~.ded by stiffness S. In order to keep the openi~.g distance D between adjacent struts (i'.e., pairs of struts) 21 equal throughout the transition. zone 16, the stiffness of the 22 bending segments of the struts must be in proportion to the square 23 of their lengths. Renee. the cube of Che Width muse be 24 proportional to the square of the length:
W3 is proportional to L2.
1 In a preferred transition zone, the shortest strut 9B should 2 be approximately half the length of the longest strut 32.
3 Therefore, in order to maintain similar open~,ng distances, Che 4 longer struts axe most preferably wider by the cube root of 2 squared, or 1.59, relative to the shorter struts. The ratio may 6 be adjusted to a value near tha.s ratio (e.g., t25~, ox 1.19 to 7 1.99) in order to achieve a uniform opening, giving consideration 8 to the face that in a transition zone two adjacent sCru~CS of 9 unequal. length both contribute to the bending moment on~the flexing connection that joins them. Tt may also be desirable to 11 make the opening angle a between the shortest strut pairs not 12 exceed a certain value in order to ~.a.mit the maximum strains ~13 experienced in that portion of Che transition zone.
As such, uniform opening is achieved in the transition zone 16 by altering the flexibility of a series of struts in accordance 17 with their lengths.
19 There have been described and illustrated two aspects of a preferred stent relat~.ng to the helical central, portion and the 21 transition zone. Wlaail.e particular embodiments of the invention 22 have been described, ~,r is not~intended that the invention be 29 limited thereto, as it is intended that the invention be as broad 24 in scope as the art will allow axed that the specification be read likewise. Thus, the two preferred aspects (relating to the _ 17 _ 1 central helical portion and the transition zone) can be used 2 ~ogezher or se~oarately. Moreover, each of the 8esigx~
3 considerations relating to the helical central portion cars be used 4 alone or together w~.th one or moxe of the other considerations.
It will therefore be apprec.iat~d by those sk~,lled in the art that 6 yet other modifications could be made to the provided invention 7 without deviating from its spirit and scope as olaimed.
22 According to a second aspect of the invention, uniform 23 opening of the transition zone is achie~cred by aJ.tering the 24 flexibility of a series of struts in accordance with their lengths, Specifically, the ~.ong transiCion zone struts are made 1 wider (in the cylindrical plane) to corr~pensate for the greater 2 bending moments imposed by the longex strv.ts. This keeps the 3 opening distance (the distance between the open ends of adjacent 4 struts in an expanded stmt) approximately constant throughout the transition zone. More parCicula~~ly, in a typical transition zone, 6 the shortest strut must be approximate~.y half the ler_gth of the 7 longest strut. In order to maintain similar opening d~,stances, 8 the long struts should be wider by approximately the cube rout of 9 2 squared, i.e. ~pproxa.mately 1.59, The ratio may be adjusted to i0 a value near this ratio in order to achieve a uniform opening, 71 ~riv~,ng consideration to the fact that in a transition none two 12 adjacent struts of unequal length both contribute to the bending 13 moment on the flexing connection that joins them, the ratio may 14 also be adjusted to make the opening angle of the shoxtest strut pairs not, exceed a certain value in order to limit the maximum, 16 strains erperienced in that portion of the transition zone.
t~ ' 18 ,'~ditional. objects and advantages of the invention will 19, become apparent to those skilled in the. a.rt upon reference to the detailed description Caken in conjunction with the provided 21 figuxes.
_ g _ 3 Fig. 1 is a broken flattened view of a helical stent 4 accordirig to the invenCion in an unexpanded state, wherein the stex~t has been cut parallel to its longitudinal axis and laid 6 flat;
6 Fig. 2 is an enlarged broken Flattened view of a central portion of the helical scent of Fig. 1~
11 Fig. 3 is an enlarged broken flattened view of a transition 12 zone portion of the helical stene of Fig. 1; and 14 Fig ~ is a schematic view of a plurality~of struts of the transition zone of Fig, 3 shown in an open configuration.
i6 17 DETAILED DESCRTpTION 0f THE PREFERRED E1.'ZHODIMENTS
19 Turning now to Fig. 1, a helical stem 10 according to the in~rention. is shown. The scent has a collapsed configuration with 21 a first smaller diameter for insertion into a body vessel, and 22 self-expands to an expanded or deployed configuration with a 23 second larger diameter for deployment wirhin the vessel. ~,'he 24 scent is preferably a J,aser-cut tubular construction of a superelastic metal alloy such as nickel-tiCanium.
g 1 The stent 10 includes a central portion 22, a cylindrical 2 portion 14 at each end of the stent 10, and a transition zone 16 3 bet~reen the central portion 1,2 a,nd each cylindrical end portion 4 14, The central portion ~.2 is comprised of a plurality of helical, circumferential windings (single turns of a heliX) 18 of 6 substantially like undulations (in length and width) 20, with each 7 undulation 20 being defined by two adjacent struts, e.g., struts 8 22, 24, and a loop 26 connecting the struts (Fig: 2). the 9 cylindrical end portion 14 is comprised of preferably a single cylindrical winding 28 of like undulations 30, with each such 11 undulation 30 being defined by two adjacent struts, e,g., struts 12 32, 34~, and a leop 36 connecting the struts. Optionally, one or 13 more structures 3? adapted to receive or otherwise be coupled to 14 radiopaque marker's (not shown) can be provided at the ends of one or more of the undulatiox~,s 30. The transition. zone 16 is 18 comprised of preferably a single winding 38 of undulations 40 that 17 preferably progressively increase in size, with each such 18 undulation 40 being defined by two adjacent struts, e.g., struts 19 42, 44, and a loop 46 connecting the struts, 21 Tn each of sections 12, 14 and 16, the undulations 20, 30, 40 22 extend in a generally longitudinal direction. That is, when the 23 scent is in a collapsed configuration, as shown in Fig. 1" struts 24 of the helical poxt~.on (e. g., 22 arid 241, cylindrical portion (e. g., 32 and 34) and transiCion zone (e. g., 42 and 44) a~,~. extend - ~.0 -1 substantially parallel to zhe longitudinal axis ,Az of the scent.
2 In the e~cpanded configuration, adjacent ,struts are moved apart and 3 angled relative to each Qther.
a Referring to Fig. 2, paxcicularZy with xespeot to the centxal 6 portion 7.2, as the windings 18a, 18b, 18c axe 7,ongitudinalZy 7 displaced along the length of the stent, bridges, e.g. 50, 52, 54 8 and 56, are provided to connect together the 7.oops 25 of':
9 undulations 20 on adjacent windings, a.g. 18a and 18b, and 18b and 18c, to prevent scent unwinding. The bridges 50, S2, 54. 56 can 11 be seen to be arranged in r~.ght-handed axed left-handed helical ?2 "strings" (right-handed string 60 and left-handed stz'ing 62) which 13 extend about the scent.
1d There are several p7referred design considerations (criteria) 16 which, according to the invention, are preferably used together to 17 identify a desired number az~d placement of undulations in any 13 winding and a number and placement of bridges 50, 52, 54e 56 which 19 connect together loops 26 of undulations on adjacent windzngs (and thereby connect together the grindings 18a, ~.8b, 28c) , zf the 21 central pox'tion 12 is designed in accord with Che following 22 criteria, tho central portion 12 will have a desired tors3onal 23 flexibility and expandability; i.e., be not too stiff, but also be 24 sufficiently Flexible so that the central portion Z2 r~rill not be subject to kinking.
11 _ 1 In accord with a first criterion, the pattern of bridges is 2 as symmetric as possible. That is, the ri.ghz-handed and 3 Left-handed strings 60, 62 of bridges should be as s~.milar as possible. Further, Che torsional flexibiliCy of the stmt is maximized by having each string 60, 62 of bridges be interrupted 6 by the maximum poss~.ble number of undulations 24. This results in 7 the bridge strings being as stxetchy and compressible as possible, 8 In any given stent design, there is a certain numbex of 9 undulaCions which form a Complete circumferentia2 winding (szngle turns of the helical portion). The number of undulations 20 which 11 sepaxate the bridges lying along any one string depends, 12 therefore, on the number of bridges wiChin a Complete 13 circumferential winding. For example, if t'hare are eighteen 14 undulations around a circumferential winding and three bridges, and if ehe bridges on adjacent windings axe staggered, in accord 16 with the invention there should be three undulations separating 17 bridges along each helical strings of bridges.
19 Tn accord with a second criterion, it is preferred that the ,loops 26 of the undulations 20 of the oentral portion 12 be 21 interdigitaCed between the loops of the undu~,ations on an adjacent 22 winding. For example, if there are eighteen undulations around 23 the Circumference, each undulation would. be rotationally displaced 24 from the undulations on the adjacent winding by one-half an undulation (i.e., one thirty-sixth of a circle or ten degrees), so 1 that the "peak" of one loop is directed into the "valley" between 2 two loops on an adjacent winding, 4 In accord with a third criterion, it is necessary to observe how the number (m) of undulations between bridges and the number fi (n or n+1/2 ) of undu~.at~,ons around the circumference interact to 7 create helical strings of bridges. Tk~aC is, with an, increase in n 8 for a stmt of a given diameter, the stent is weakened and subject 9 to kinking. This is because, for a stent of a given diameter, by providing more struts, narrower and weaker struts must be used.
'f1 As n is decreased, the struCs are increased in width and thus 12 stiffness. However., while this may strengthen zhe stmt, the 13 scent is nevertheless.limited in flexibility and may be 14 undesirably stiff. Zn accord with the invention, for the optimum combination of strength and flexibility, it is preferred that n 16 (i.e. the number of undulations) be sixteen to twenty, and more 17 preferably eighteen to nineteen, where n may optionally.be a nox~-1$ integer. In addition, the number of bridges, m, for the preferred 19 number of struts is most preferably three to five bridges per circumferenta.al winding.
22 In accord with a fourth criterion, consideration must be mado 23 as to the locations between which the bridges connect and the 24 direction in which the bridges extend. In accord with the preferred interdigitated criterion, the bridges cannot extend 1 parallel to the longitudinal ax~,s At of the stem, Rather, they 2 preferably extend across loops located one and one--half pitches 3 away; i.e., each bridge connects over two struts relative to 4 directly across from the strut from which the bridge extends. In addition, the bridges extend longitudinally crosswise across the 6 helical space separating the adjacent loops (i.e. ire a "shorr~~
7 direet~.on), as opposed circumferentially aT.ong the helical space 8 separating the adjacent loops (i.e., in a "long" direction).
zn view of Che above, a preferred exemplar central portion 12 11 of the stent 10 illustrating the application of the above criteria 12 is now described. Referring to Fig. 2, the central portion 12 of 13 the scent 10 includes repeating undulations 20 (each comprising 14 two struts.22, 24 and a loop 26) that are helically wound in circumferential windings 18a~ 18b, 18c, etc. There are preferably 16 nineteen undulations 20 in each circumferential winding lAa, 18b, 17 18c and the undulations are interdigitated. With reference to 18 windings 18b and 18c, a bridge 50, 52, 54 is located every five 19 undulations therebetween, az~d. each bridge joins loops of undulations on the adjacent windings 19a, 1,8b which are one and 21 one-half pitches away (vr two struts over from directly across) in 22 the "short" direction. That i,s, all bridges in the central 23 portion 12 of the stent preferably extend in the same direction, z4 longitudina~.ly crosswise across the helical space. This preferred exemplar embodiment provides a very sy~unetri.cal distribution of 1 bxidges. In particczlar, traveling from any one bridge, e.g, 2 bxidge 54. to the next bridge, e,g. bridge 56, along zhe righ~t-3 hand stringy 60 of bxidges, traverses exactly two and one half 4 undulations !or five struts 70, 72, 74, 76 and 78). Moreover, traveling from any one bridge, e.g, br~.dge 52, to the next bridge, fi e.g, bridge 56, along the left-handed string 62 of bridges, also 7 traverses exactly two and one half undulations for five struts 60, A 82, 84, 86 and 88). This design gives very even tors,ional 9 flexibility and expandability, and the stent may be twisted considerably in e~.ther direction without buckling.
12 Referring now to Fig. 3, the transition zone 16 of the scent 13 10 is shown. The transition zone, as stated above, includes 14 struts that progressively increase in length. The long transition zone struts 90, 92 are relatively wider l~.n the cylindrical plane) 16 than the shorter transition zone struts 94, 96 to Qompez~sate for 17 the greater bending moments imposed by the longer struts.
18 Moreover, even the shortest trans~.tion zone strut 98 Zs preferably 19 longer and wider than the struts 22, 24 of the centxal portion 12.' 21 More particularly, referring to Figs. 3 and 4, for 22 substantially~unifozm expansion of the stmt, it is desirable for' 23 the opening distance D (i.e., the distance between the ends of two 24 adjacent struts, e.g. struts 32 and 34, when the anent is in an open configuration) to be approximately even throughout the 1 transition none 16. Accordingly, the opening angle a between 2 pairs of longer struts in the transition zone, e.g. struts 32 and 3 3~1, must be smaller than the opening angle a between shorter 4 struts. e.g. struts 94 and 96. In addition,, the bending stiffness of the longer struts must be even greater than in proportion tv 6 their increased bending moment. The bending stiffness S of a 7 rectangular-section beam is in proportion to the third power of 8 the width (in the bedding direction) W. As such, by way of 9 example, in order. to double the bending sta.ffness of a stxu,t, the width W of the strut must be increased by the Cube root of two.
12 The bending moment .Nt of a strut is in linear proportion to 13 the length L of the strut. The opening angle a. is proportional to 14 the bending moment M divided by the stiffness S. The opening distance D is proportional to the product of the opening angle a 16 multiplied by strut length L. Therefore, the opening distance D
17 is proportional to a * L, which is equal t.o ~(M/S) * L. Since M is 18 linearly proportional to L. the opening distance D is proportional 19 to the square of L div~.ded by stiffness S. In order to keep the openi~.g distance D between adjacent struts (i'.e., pairs of struts) 21 equal throughout the transition. zone 16, the stiffness of the 22 bending segments of the struts must be in proportion to the square 23 of their lengths. Renee. the cube of Che Width muse be 24 proportional to the square of the length:
W3 is proportional to L2.
1 In a preferred transition zone, the shortest strut 9B should 2 be approximately half the length of the longest strut 32.
3 Therefore, in order to maintain similar open~,ng distances, Che 4 longer struts axe most preferably wider by the cube root of 2 squared, or 1.59, relative to the shorter struts. The ratio may 6 be adjusted to a value near tha.s ratio (e.g., t25~, ox 1.19 to 7 1.99) in order to achieve a uniform opening, giving consideration 8 to the face that in a transition zone two adjacent sCru~CS of 9 unequal. length both contribute to the bending moment on~the flexing connection that joins them. Tt may also be desirable to 11 make the opening angle a between the shortest strut pairs not 12 exceed a certain value in order to ~.a.mit the maximum strains ~13 experienced in that portion of Che transition zone.
As such, uniform opening is achieved in the transition zone 16 by altering the flexibility of a series of struts in accordance 17 with their lengths.
19 There have been described and illustrated two aspects of a preferred stent relat~.ng to the helical central, portion and the 21 transition zone. Wlaail.e particular embodiments of the invention 22 have been described, ~,r is not~intended that the invention be 29 limited thereto, as it is intended that the invention be as broad 24 in scope as the art will allow axed that the specification be read likewise. Thus, the two preferred aspects (relating to the _ 17 _ 1 central helical portion and the transition zone) can be used 2 ~ogezher or se~oarately. Moreover, each of the 8esigx~
3 considerations relating to the helical central portion cars be used 4 alone or together w~.th one or moxe of the other considerations.
It will therefore be apprec.iat~d by those sk~,lled in the art that 6 yet other modifications could be made to the provided invention 7 without deviating from its spirit and scope as olaimed.
Claims (20)
1. A stent for insertion into a vessel of a patient, comprising:
a tubular member having a first smaller diameter for insertion into the vessel, and a second larger diameter for deployment within the vessel, said tubular member including a central portion comprised of a plurality of helical circumferential windings separated by a helical space, each of said windings including a plurality of undulations, with each said undulation being defined by two adjacent struts and a loop connecting the struts, wherein adjacent windings are connected with a plurality of bridges, said bridges extending across said helical space between said adjacent windings and connected to said loops of a plurality of said undulations, and further wherein a same number of struts is traversed from any one bridge to a next bridge on each of said windings when traveling in either a right-handed or left-handed direction along each of said windings, and wherein said tubular member includes cylindrical end portions, and a transition zone between said central portion and each of said end portions, said transition zone including a plurality of transition undulations having struts that progressively increase in length, wherein a relatively longer strut of said transition undulations has a relatively wider width than a relatively shorter strut of said transition undulations.
a tubular member having a first smaller diameter for insertion into the vessel, and a second larger diameter for deployment within the vessel, said tubular member including a central portion comprised of a plurality of helical circumferential windings separated by a helical space, each of said windings including a plurality of undulations, with each said undulation being defined by two adjacent struts and a loop connecting the struts, wherein adjacent windings are connected with a plurality of bridges, said bridges extending across said helical space between said adjacent windings and connected to said loops of a plurality of said undulations, and further wherein a same number of struts is traversed from any one bridge to a next bridge on each of said windings when traveling in either a right-handed or left-handed direction along each of said windings, and wherein said tubular member includes cylindrical end portions, and a transition zone between said central portion and each of said end portions, said transition zone including a plurality of transition undulations having struts that progressively increase in length, wherein a relatively longer strut of said transition undulations has a relatively wider width than a relatively shorter strut of said transition undulations.
2. A stent according to claim 1, wherein:
said loops of said undulations on adjacent windings are interdigitated.
said loops of said undulations on adjacent windings are interdigitated.
3. A stent according to claim 2, wherein:
said bridges extend between loops located one and one-half pitches away.
said bridges extend between loops located one and one-half pitches away.
4. A stent according to claim 1, wherein:
said central portion of said stent includes sixteen to twenty undulations.
said central portion of said stent includes sixteen to twenty undulations.
5. A stent according to claim 4, wherein:
said central portion of said stent includes eighteen to nineteen undulations.
said central portion of said stent includes eighteen to nineteen undulations.
6. A stent according to claim 1, wherein:
each winding includes three to five bridges extending therefrom.
each winding includes three to five bridges extending therefrom.
7. A stent according to claim 1, wherein:
each of said bridges in said central portion extends in a same direction in a cylindrical plane of said stent.
each of said bridges in said central portion extends in a same direction in a cylindrical plane of said stent.
8. A stent according to claim 7, wherein:
each of said bridges extends longitudinally crosswise across said helical space.
each of said bridges extends longitudinally crosswise across said helical space.
9. A stent according to claim 1, wherein:
said tubular member is self-expanding from said first diameter to said second diameter.
said tubular member is self-expanding from said first diameter to said second diameter.
10. A stent according to claim 1, wherein:
said tubular member is a laser cut tube.
said tubular member is a laser cut tube.
11. A stent according to claim 1, wherein:
said tubular member is made from a superelastic material.
said tubular member is made from a superelastic material.
12. A stent for insertion into a vessel of a patient, comprising:
a tubular member having a first smaller diameter for insertion into the vessel, and a second larger diameter for deployment within the vessel, said tubular member including a central portion comprised of a plurality of helical circumferential windings separated by a helical space, each of said windings including a plurality of undulations, with each said undulation being defined by two adjacent struts and a loop connecting the struts, wherein adjacent windings are connected with a plurality of bridges, said bridges extending across said helical space between said adjacent winding and connected to said loops of a plurality of said undulations, wherein, for at least one of said windings, for any given number n of undulations on said winding and any given number b of bridges connected to said winding, where n.noteq.b, a plurality of undulations is provided between said bridges, and further including, a transition zone between said central portion and each of said cylindrical end portions, said transition zone including a plurality of transition undulations having struts that progressively increase in length, wherein a relatively longer strut of said transition undulations has a relatively wider width than a relatively shorter strut of said transition undulations.
a tubular member having a first smaller diameter for insertion into the vessel, and a second larger diameter for deployment within the vessel, said tubular member including a central portion comprised of a plurality of helical circumferential windings separated by a helical space, each of said windings including a plurality of undulations, with each said undulation being defined by two adjacent struts and a loop connecting the struts, wherein adjacent windings are connected with a plurality of bridges, said bridges extending across said helical space between said adjacent winding and connected to said loops of a plurality of said undulations, wherein, for at least one of said windings, for any given number n of undulations on said winding and any given number b of bridges connected to said winding, where n.noteq.b, a plurality of undulations is provided between said bridges, and further including, a transition zone between said central portion and each of said cylindrical end portions, said transition zone including a plurality of transition undulations having struts that progressively increase in length, wherein a relatively longer strut of said transition undulations has a relatively wider width than a relatively shorter strut of said transition undulations.
13. A stent according to claim 12, wherein:
said undulations on adjacent windings are interdigitated.
said undulations on adjacent windings are interdigitated.
14. A stent for insertion into a vessel of a patient, comprising:
a tubular member having a first smaller diameter for insertion into the vessel, and a second larger diameter for deployment within the vessel, and defining a longitudinal axis, said tubular member including a central portion comprised of a plurality of helical circumferential windings separated by a helical space, each of said windings including a plurality of undulations, with each said undulation being defined by two adjacent struts and a loop connecting said struts, at least one cylindrical end portion at an end of said central portion, and a transition zone between said central portion and each of said cylindrical end portions, said transition zone including a plurality of transition undulations having struts that progressively increase in length, wherein a relatively longer strut of said transition undulations has a relatively wider width than a relatively shorter strut of said transition undulations.
a tubular member having a first smaller diameter for insertion into the vessel, and a second larger diameter for deployment within the vessel, and defining a longitudinal axis, said tubular member including a central portion comprised of a plurality of helical circumferential windings separated by a helical space, each of said windings including a plurality of undulations, with each said undulation being defined by two adjacent struts and a loop connecting said struts, at least one cylindrical end portion at an end of said central portion, and a transition zone between said central portion and each of said cylindrical end portions, said transition zone including a plurality of transition undulations having struts that progressively increase in length, wherein a relatively longer strut of said transition undulations has a relatively wider width than a relatively shorter strut of said transition undulations.
15. A stent according to claim 14, wherein:
said tubular member has a longitudinal axis and adjacent struts of said transition zone are defined as a pair of struts, said transition zone having a plurality of said pairs, and when said stent has said first smaller diameter, said struts of said central portion and said transition zone all extend substantially parallel to said longitudinal axis, and when said stent has said second larger diameter, an angle is defined between said struts of each said pair of struts, and said angle is substantially the same for each said pair of struts.
said tubular member has a longitudinal axis and adjacent struts of said transition zone are defined as a pair of struts, said transition zone having a plurality of said pairs, and when said stent has said first smaller diameter, said struts of said central portion and said transition zone all extend substantially parallel to said longitudinal axis, and when said stent has said second larger diameter, an angle is defined between said struts of each said pair of struts, and said angle is substantially the same for each said pair of struts.
16. A stent according to claim 14, wherein:
said longest strut of said transition undulations is 1.19 to 1.99 times wider than said shortest strut of said transition undulations.
said longest strut of said transition undulations is 1.19 to 1.99 times wider than said shortest strut of said transition undulations.
17. A stent according to claim 14, wherein:
said longest strut of said transition undulations is approximately 1.59 times wider than said shortest strut of said transition undulations.
said longest strut of said transition undulations is approximately 1.59 times wider than said shortest strut of said transition undulations.
18. A stent according to claim 14, wherein:
said at least one cylindrical end portion is two cylindrical end portions.
said at least one cylindrical end portion is two cylindrical end portions.
19. A stent according to claim 14, wherein:
said struts of said central portion are all of a common length and width.
said struts of said central portion are all of a common length and width.
20. A stent according to claim 14, wherein:
said common length of said struts of said central portion is shorter than a shortest length of said struts of said transition undulations, and said common width of said struts of said central portion is narrower than a narrowest width of said struts of said transition undulations.
said common length of said struts of said central portion is shorter than a shortest length of said struts of said transition undulations, and said common width of said struts of said central portion is narrower than a narrowest width of said struts of said transition undulations.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US10/231,666 | 2002-08-30 | ||
| US10/231,666 US6878162B2 (en) | 2002-08-30 | 2002-08-30 | Helical stent having improved flexibility and expandability |
| PCT/EP2003/009570 WO2004019818A2 (en) | 2002-08-30 | 2003-08-26 | Helical stent having improved flexibility and expandability |
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| CA2493719A1 CA2493719A1 (en) | 2004-03-11 |
| CA2493719C true CA2493719C (en) | 2010-11-23 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2493719A Expired - Lifetime CA2493719C (en) | 2002-08-30 | 2003-08-26 | Helical stent having improved flexibility and expandability |
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| US (5) | US6878162B2 (en) |
| EP (4) | EP1531760B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP4044092B2 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2003260471A1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2493719C (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2004019818A2 (en) |
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2003
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- 2003-08-26 CA CA2493719A patent/CA2493719C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-08-26 EP EP03790935.5A patent/EP1531760B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-08-26 JP JP2004532137A patent/JP4044092B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-08-26 EP EP10177855.3A patent/EP2255750B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-08-26 EP EP16186101.8A patent/EP3115021B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-08-26 AU AU2003260471A patent/AU2003260471A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-08-26 EP EP12155323.4A patent/EP2465475B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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| WO2004019818A2 (en) | 2004-03-11 |
| EP2465475A2 (en) | 2012-06-20 |
| CA2493719A1 (en) | 2004-03-11 |
| US9554927B2 (en) | 2017-01-31 |
| US10463509B2 (en) | 2019-11-05 |
| EP2465475A3 (en) | 2013-09-18 |
| EP3115021B1 (en) | 2018-02-28 |
| JP4044092B2 (en) | 2008-02-06 |
| US20170086994A1 (en) | 2017-03-30 |
| US20130338759A1 (en) | 2013-12-19 |
| EP2255750A2 (en) | 2010-12-01 |
| US6878162B2 (en) | 2005-04-12 |
| JP2005536304A (en) | 2005-12-02 |
| US8038707B2 (en) | 2011-10-18 |
| EP2465475B1 (en) | 2016-10-12 |
| US20040044401A1 (en) | 2004-03-04 |
| EP3115021A1 (en) | 2017-01-11 |
| EP1531760B1 (en) | 2014-04-23 |
| AU2003260471A1 (en) | 2004-03-19 |
| EP1531760A2 (en) | 2005-05-25 |
| US20050159807A1 (en) | 2005-07-21 |
| US8512391B2 (en) | 2013-08-20 |
| EP2255750A3 (en) | 2011-11-30 |
| US20090264986A1 (en) | 2009-10-22 |
| EP2255750B1 (en) | 2014-11-26 |
| WO2004019818A3 (en) | 2004-05-06 |
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